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Issue 01, June 2015 HIDDEN VOICES Inside this issue Holding the centre ground Special Civil War issue The strategic importance of the 4 North Midlands from 1642 - 1646 Hidden voices Newark and the civilian experience 12 of the British Civil Wars Treachery and conspiracy Nottinghamshire during the 21 English Civil War 1 PLUS A brief guide to the Civil War • Introducing the National Civil War Centre, Newark • Regional news & events and much more Visit www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] WELCOME & CONTENTS WELCOME HIDDEN VOICES Welcome to East Midlands History and Heritage, Contents the magazine that uniquely WELCOME & CONTENTS WELCOME So write Studying History caters for local history societies, schools and colleges, Holding the centre ground: the strategic importance of for us and Heritage at NTU heritage practitioners and 04 the North Midlands history professionals across 1642 - 1646 Let us have details of your news MA History: Teaching directly reflects the internationally recognised expertise of our staff in and events. medieval and early modern British and European history, modern and contemporary history, the region, putting them public history and global history. Case studies include: Crusades and Crusaders; Early Modern We’ll take your stories about your Religions and Cultures; Slavery, Race and Lynching; Memory, Genocide, Holocaust; Social History in contact with you and community’s history to a larger regional and ‘The Spatial Turn’. The course combines the coherence and support of a taught MA with the Introducing the National audience. We’d also welcome articles challenges of a research degree. you with them. Civil War Centre, Newark about our region’s past. 08 MA Museum and Heritage Development: This unique MA is the manifestation of a vision of There are so many interesting stories to tell: Contact us via our webiste at academic and professional training that provides the skills required by today’s workforce in the about its people, its places and the things that www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email fast changing world of museums and heritage in the 21st Century. Developed in partnership with happened to them. You might wonder what? [email protected] strategic sector bodies, it challenges current thinking and practice through sector embedded Let’s start with the English Civil War – the central A brief guide to the experimentation, activity and debate. theme of this issue – chosen to coincide with Civil Wars We offer an accessible, student-centred approach to teaching and are available for one-to-one 10 tutorial support and guidance. To further support your learning throughout the year we run the opening of the new national Civil War a series of History and Heritage workshops delivered by a wide range of visiting speakers. Museum at Newark. We have a number of bursaries available for October 2015 entry. Charles I always recognised this strategic Hidden voices: Newark and importance of the region; it was in Nottingham the civilian experience of 12 For more information visit www.ntu.ac.uk/hum that he chose to raise his standard on 22 August the British Civil Wars Nottingham Trent University, 1642. Bloody sieges followed, particularly at Burton Street, Nottingham NG1 4BU Newark, but also at Bolingbroke and Ashby-de- Tel: 0115 848 4200 la-Zouch. Nottingham, Lincoln, Gainsborough Saints & malignants: became ‘frontier towns’, decisive engagements Rothley and its neighbours were fought at Naseby, Winceby and Willoughby 15 on the Wolds. The East Midlands became the in the 17th century’s times gateway through which rival armies passed; of turmoil to deny access became a chief objective for both sides. War brought disease, treachery and heroism. Its social costs were high; its legacy in War widows and terms of destruction, disruption and disability maimed soldiers in was far reaching. Read on to find out more…. 18 Northamptonshire after Actually – do more than just read. We‘d like the English Civil Wars you to be become involved. So if you belong, say, to a local history society and have an interesting story to tell, contact us so that Treachery and conspiracy we can help take it to a wider audience. If you in Nottinghamshire during have a forthcoming event or you’re running 21 a school or community research project that the English Civil War you’d like us to help publicise, let us know. 05 06 If you need advice on archival research or display we’d be happy to help. EMHH is Colonel John Hutchinson supported by universities, academic historians, 24 (1615-1664) and archivists and museums specialists across the Nottingham in the English region. But mainly it’s about you. Civil War, 1643 - 1646. News and notices Nick Hayes (Editor) 09 19 23 Welcome 28 2 3 Visit www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] Visit www.eastmidlandshistory.org.uk or email [email protected] HOLDING THE CENTRE GROUND HIDDEN VOICES BY MARTYN BENNETT MARTYN BY Strategic Centre Leicester, Lichfield, Newark and Nottingham. Cheese was produced in the east of the region and there were beans to supplement horse diets grown across the The counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, Rutland and shires. Long before the concept of a national war, all of this was harnessed for Holding the centre Staffordshire were not only at the heart of the kingdom, but they linked the the rival war efforts. royalist territories in the South Midlands where the King was with the Earl of For the first time taxation collection was pushed consistently downwards Newcastle’s command, in the north and east. There were two main routes through the social structure to ensure supply. Anyone with a beast or sheep north-south, through Staffordshire into Cheshire and Lancashire and, more on common pasture land was subjected to taxation levies to fund national importantly, the Great North Road. Both were used for major movements HOLDING THE CENTRE GROUND ground: the strategic level causes. Excise taxes not only penetrated the pockets of anyone buying several times during the war by local and other forces, and by invading firstly ‘luxury’ goods and later foodstuff at the markets but encroached too armies from Scotland. The route from North Wales and Cheshire inland and on womens’ roles, forcing them as well as male dealers to register at the southwards via Staffordshire would be vital when moving troops arriving from local excise office and pay their dues. The full effects of parliament’s excise Ireland and funnelling them southwards towards Oxford and into the Midlands legislation were delayed in this region because of the strong royalist hold on importance of the North as the King hoped. Moreover, the River Trent was a major communications the region’s markets until late in the war, which prevented the full operation link east-west to the continent. So clear was the strategic importance of the of the excise offices in the parliamentarian market towns. When trade took river that somewhat ironically it was effectively neutralised immediately off again, in common with Smithfield market in London, there was anti-excise by parliament’s occupation of Nottingham Castle and Trent Bridge and the rioting led by female market traders. Midlands 1642-1646. royalists’ occupation of Newark. Conflict The Strategic Overview Strategic Resource The strategic position of the North Midlands brought conflict to the region The region had a rich mixture of pasture and arable suitable to provide several times, even though a cursory glance suggests that there were no The strategic importance of the North Midland fodder for the horse and food for the men. There was timber in the decaying major battles in the five counties and even Naseby was on the doorstep rather counties during the civil war should not be underestimated: Leicester forest, iron ore in south Staffordshire, coal in Cannock, Derbyshire than within the counties themselves. As Andrew Hopper suggests, this is a and Nottinghamshire. Charcoal burners in Cannock provided the wherewithal this importance includes the full gamut of seventeenth misplaced notion for it discounts sieges. Each of the major royalist garrisons, for iron production and the bed-cords of the region provided the raw materials century warfare, from location to logistics, which impacted Ashby de la Zouch, Lichfield, Dudley and Tutbury, was besieged at least once: for gunpowder mills at Lichfield. And, of course, there was lead in north the second siege of Newark was strategically crucial and ended bloodily, whilst hugely on the people who lived there. Charles I recognised Derbyshire. There were important markets in Ashby de la Zouch, Derby, this strategic location at the outset, well before the raising of the standard on 22 August 1642. The midland counties provide both a defensive bulwark and a resource for the King’s nascent army. The region was sufficiently far from London and parliament’s equally embryonic army to prevent the development of the royalist force being interfered with, and it provided rich pastures for the horse and potential supplies of ammunition for the foot. Even though the King’s strategy of seizing the county magazines ultimately failed, it does not detract from the importance of the strategic idea. During the spring and summer of 1642 both sides sought, and largely failed, to seize or mobilise the Kingdom’s armed forces and resources. Knowing the King could not be trusted to command the armed forces proposed to combat rebellion in Ireland, parliament had taken control of the process of nominating the militia commanders, the Lord Lieutenants, passing the Militia Bill as an ordinance, thus bypassing the need for the King’s assent. The response was mixed. Only some of the county lieutenants surrendered their commissions and only some nominees took up new ones: it was a guessing game for parliament and the King when trying to divine the loyalties of society leaders.
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