SHIPYARD CUM CAPTIVE JETTIES INCLUDING LNG TERMINAL at Nana Layja, Kutch District, Gujarat

KUTCH G U J A R A T

CLARIFICATIONS TO MoEF OBSERVATIONS APRIL 2017 Submitted By

SPPL AND GIMCO INFRASTRUCTURE LEASING & FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED (IL&FS) - DEVELOPER/PROMOTER

EIA Consultant:

L&T INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING LIMITED (Formerly Known as L&T-RAMBØLL CONSULTING ENGINEERS LIMITED) C1121310 CLARIFICATIONS TO MoEF OBSERVATIONS

1 As per page 2-3 of EIA report, it is mentioned that project was falling in forest land. Pl. give the status of stage -1 forest clearance As per the latest revised project layout subsequent to GCZMA clearance, the project facilities are planned only on 181 HA of reclaimed land and no onshore land or forest land is involved. The latest layout has been developed after public hearing and GCZMA appraisal process as briefed below.

I. Initially, Shipyard cum Captive Jetties including LNG Terminal is proposed to be developed in an area of about 336 Ha; out of which approximately 181 Ha will be reclaimed land. The balance 155 Ha is onshore area, among 155 ha approximately 79 Ha of land is under project proponent possession and remaining 76 Ha is of government land which was to be applied.During public consultation with stakeholders, concern raised regarding onshore government land to be applied belongs to forest department. Since proponent has to apply for this land, an alternative layout was prepared by excluding the forest/government land with an area of 260 Ha i.e., 181 Ha of reclaimed land and 79 Ha of onshore land available with the project proponent was prepared and submitted to Gujarat Coastal Zone Management Authority (GCZMA) for CRZ recommendation. II. Subsequently, During GCZMA appraisal process, committee advised to keep the onshore land intact and hence development of project facilities were shifted completely to reclaimed land and layout was revised to an area of 181 ha. Therefore, project development does not involve any forest land. The revised layout superimposed on CRZ demarcation map prepared by NIO is enclosed as Appendix 1.

2 Fix the land for the proposed activity and give details of Survey nos. of land. Project development is planned on reclaimed area of sea of 181 ha avoiding onshore area requirement. No survey numbers are applicable.

3 Submit a declaration (if applicable) that any changes that were made in the layout were a result of the recommendations made in the Public hearing report and the recommendations of the Gujarat CZMA The declaration is enclosed as Appendix 2.

4 Give the impact of temperature differences on the ecology of the impact zone at sea From the proposed Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal, 3.0 MLD of treated wastewater is proposed to be disposed into sea along with return cooling water discharge from the power plants, reject brine from 60 MLD Captive Desalination plant, CETPs treated discharge of SEZ through common marine outfall system.

A mathematical model study on advection and dispersion has been conducted to understand the dispersion pattern of the plume, increase in ambient concentration of temperature, salinity and other parameters etc., to identify the suitable location for disposal of treated wastewater and assess the impact on ecology due to proposed outfall location.

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The Outfall location is proposed at 2.3 km into sea at (-) 10.3 m CD at sufficiently deep water with effective diffuser arrangement to ensure dilution and faster attainment of ambient condition. The excess temperature is extracted at 100 m and 500 m radius from proposed outfall location. The excess temperature is found to be stabilising over the time. The excess temperatures do not exceed 0.15oC and 0.200C beyond 500 m and 100 m of the outfall point.

In the project region, the seasonal variation in seawater temperature and salinity is observed more than the predicated excess temperature and salinity. The species located in these areas are well adapted to the seasonal variations and thus discharge of return cooling water may not have impact on ecology in the outfall zone. As per USEPA guidelines, the maximum acceptable increase in the weekly average temperature resulting from artificial sources is 1oC during all seasons of the year, providing the summer maxima are not exceeded. The excess temperature falls well within the acceptable limits as specified in USEPA guidelines.

5 Conservation plan for sand dune and turtle to be prepared in consultation with the Wildlife Department of the State Government The study report for Sand Dune and Sea Turtle Nesting which includes conservation plan was submitted to State wildlife department by GCZMA (communication of GCZMA to State Wildlife Department is attached as Appendix 3). The study report & conservation plan drawn for sand dunes & turtle nesting was reviewed by the Wildlife department and provided their recommendation to GCZMA for according CRZ recommendation. Subsequently, GCZMA accorded CRZ recommendation vide Ref.No. ENV-10-2015-152-E (T Cell) dated June 29, 2016. The recommendation by Wildlife department is included in the GCZMA letter referred above and the relevant part is reproduced below;

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6 Details of the air pollution control measures to be undertaken for the coal handling berth and well as bulk cargo handling berth. As a part of development plan, two bulk cargo handling (coal) berths are proposed. Dust suppression equipment will be provided for efficient control of dust pollution on environment during storage and handling of Coal at berth and stockyard. An efficient dust suppression system will contain dust particles before it is airborne.

Following different type of dust suppression system is proposed at different locations as detailed i n Table 6-1.

Table 6-1 Details of Dust Suppression System S. Dust Suppression Location No. System 1 Ship Unloaders Dry Fog System 2 Stacker cum Reclaimers Dry Fog System Swivelling plain Water 3 Coal Stackyard Sprinkling 4 Transfer Towers Dry Fog System

Ship Unloaders

Dust at the ship unloader is generated when grab drops coal into the hopper. It is proposed to provide Dry Fog Dust Suppression System which is more effective system than simple sprinkling to contain this.

The Dry Fog Type Dust Suppression System operates on the Agglomeration Principle i.e.; air borne dust particles are enveloped by a fine Dry Fog (Droplet Spectrum of 0 to 10 microns), the innumerable collisions of dust particles with that of equalized droplet of water in the fine Dry fog makes the Dust particles Agglomerate, become heavy enough and fall back on to the running stream of material. In effect fine Dust of even respirable type (less than 3 microns) is suppressed even before it is air borne.

Transfer Towers

Dust emission in the transfer tower will be little less than in Unloaders but slightly higher than in stockyard. Hence dry fog dust suppression system will be provided at all transfer points along the conveyor.

Stackers cum Reclaimers

On board stacker cum reclaimers, it is proposed to provide Dry Fog Type Dust suppression system as well.

Coal stockyard

Water sprinkling system at high pressure with swivelling type nozzles will be installed to cover entire stockpile. Nozzles will be installed on pipes at different levels from ground. Nozzles will be installed along stockpile at regular intervals to cover stockpile height and width. While stacking / reclaiming Coal nearest two sprinklers will be operated to control dust generation due to discharge / reclaiming. At other areas of stockpiles, two sprinklers at a time will be operated sequentially to control dust generation due to winds. The schematic layout of Dust Suppression System (DSS) at coal stockyard is shown in Figure 6-1.

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Figure 6-1: Schematic arrangement of Dust Suppression System around Coal Stackyard

In addition to the above green belt is planned along the stockyard area. There is a multipurpose / general cargo berth proposed in the project to service SEZ requirements. The commodities that will be handled at this berth are not expected to generate dust. However it is proposed to use water sprinkling by means of tankers periodically at this berth area.

7 It was noted that ground level concentration of particulate matter seems to be in higher side. Therefore, reduce the ground level concentration of particulate matter by taking various onsite air pollution control measures. Kindly furnish the details The air pollution control measures to be adopted are as follows:

1. Greenbelt development along the coal stockyard and development of green areas in the project site

2. Covered conveyor galleries for transport of coal from berth to coal stockyard

3. Dust suppression system with various types such as Dry Fog system, Plain water system etc., at all susceptible areas of dust pollution during coal handling and storage.

4. Trucks proposed for break bulk cargo transport susceptible for fugitive suspension will be covered with tarpaulin

5. Enough stack height for shipyard process and Sub merged combustion vaporiser (SCV) for LNG regasification (standby technology).

After adopting the above control measures, prediction of ground level concentrations due to coal handling, storage and also other sources of air pollution such as shipyard process stack emissions, LNG regasification SCV stack emission and vessel emissions during berthing time were carried out by using AERMOD software. The incremental concentrations predicted at the selected receptor locations are given in Table 7-1.

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st Table 7-1: 1 24-hour Average Incremental & Resultant Concentration of PM10 & PM2.5,

SO2 and NOx Location 1st – Highest 24-Hour Average Incremental Concentration in µg/m3 No. PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NOx AAQ1 2.74 1.83 1.98 4.19 AAQ2 11.23 7.49 0.15 0.30 AAQ3 4.81 3.21 0.27 0.33 AAQ4 3.26 2.16 1.18 2.28 AAQ5 2.81 1.87 0.28 0.22 AAQ6 2.94 1.96 0.15 0.18 AAQ7 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.10 AAQ8 1.33 0.89 1.22 1.25

It may be noticed from above table, incremental concentration due to proposed project is minimal and resultant concentrations are well within the NAAQ standard.

8 Layout map of greenbelt proposed around the coal handling berth and bulk cargo berth. Coal handling jetties are offshore jetties connected to reclaimed land by about 1.2 km approach trestle. The stockyard area is about 12 Ha and only three days storage is envisaged (normally varies from 15- 60 days).

Green belt of width 20- 25 m is planned along the coal stockyard area for 500 m length and around the multipurpose berth area as shown below:

Figure 8-1: Greenbelt Development

9 Coordinates of the dumping ground of dredged materials to be furnished Based on COWI mathematical model study, Location 2 was preferred for dredged spoil dumping location. The coordinates of Location 2 are provided in Table 9-1.

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Table 9-1: Co-ordinates of Dredge Spoil Disposal Location Disposal Area -2 Location Easting Northing A 524266 2517453 B 524092 2516498 C 525613 2517454 D 525613 2516506

Figure 9-1: Dredge Spoil Disposal Location 1 (west of channel) and 2 (east of channel)

10 Measures to be taken to minimize the impact of dredging and dumping of dredge material on the nearby protected areas From proposed project coast, no protected areas are located within 15 km radius. The project requires about 22 million cum of capital dredging and estimated maintenance dredging per annum is 2 million cum. Most of the dredged material especially from the harbour basin area will be used for reclamation purpose and only about 5.3 million cum shall be dumped at the identified off shore dumping ground.

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The extent and potential impacts of sediment plumes generated during the dredging works are determined by the type of dredger, dredging methodology, dredging cycle (including dredging travel and disposal times), daily production rates, type of sediments and flow conditions during dredging works. These impacts are usually limited to the duration of the dredging works, however dredging works need to be managed properly to minimise the temporary impacts. Considering the above factors, a dredge plume model study has been carried out to find the effect of dredging. The plume results at the dredging location show that the maximum suspended sediment concentration varies between 200 and 250 mg/l at a distance of 1000m to the west and east of the dredging area for basin area and channel dredging at its bend. The maximum concentration is much lower and varies between 130 to 140 mg/l while dredging the end portion of approach channel in deep waters. Similarly, the results show that the simulated suspended sediment concentration is less than 200 mg/l at a distance of 1000m from disposal area. The results also show that the simulated suspended sediment concentrations reduce to the ambient concentrations within a few days after the completion of the dredging operations.

Apart from Dredging Management Program before implementation, it is proposed to manage the dredging works based on actual observations during dredging to ensure that that no unforeseen impacts are realized and that dredging works are carried out with minimal temporary impacts

Hence, the following mitigation measures will be followed to minimise impact of dredging and dumping of dredge material

 A schedule for dredging shall be prepared and list of DO(s) and DO NOT(s) shall be circulated among the people involved in construction activities  It is proposed to check turbidity levels during construction phase with baseline turbidity levels as a reference during dredging.  It will be ensured that suitable dredging equipment is deployed to minimise the suspension of fine sediments at the dredge site. The turbidity at the dredged site will also be minimised through adoption of less intrusive dredging techniques along with timing of the dredging activity (avoiding sensitive periods).  Dredging activity will be regulated during rough sea conditions.  Environmental Monitoring Programme comprising of monitoring of marine water quality, marine sediment quality and marine ecology will be initiated one week prior to commencement of dredging and will be carried out throughout dredging period.  It will be ensured that barges/workboats have slop tanks for collection of liquid/solid waste generated on board. Discharge of wastes into sea will be prohibited.  Spill control measures will be adopted while fuelling dredgers, barges, workboats, etc.  Pre and post dredge material disposal bathymetry survey at disposal location shall be carried out to ensure that the thickness of deposition to be less than 0.3 m from pre disposal bed level.  Dredging and dredged material disposal will be monitored for compliance with proposed mitigation measures.  The suspended sediment concentrations at surface, mid depth and bottom of the sea are to be measured by taking water samples at the two locations of dumping to monitor the overall behavior of the proposed dumping grounds.

11 Details of hazardous wastes generated from the proposed ship building and repair units and its management plan as per the provisions of the Hazardous Waste Management rules The hazardous waste shall be mainly generated in the shipyard from paint chippings and waste grit from the blasting ships hulls to remove old paint systems. The total volume of hazardous is estimated

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to be approximately 500 T per annum. The waste will be captured and taken off site for disposal, in accordance with regulatory procedure, to nearby TSDF facility. The abrasive agents used in blasting will be collected, cleaned and reused.

For dismantling of asbestos contained in ship structures, the operation shall take place in an enclosed limited area, away from other activities, accessible to authorized persons only who have been trained in handling asbestos and properly equipped. Asbestos removal facilities shall have concrete/asphalt flooring, side walls and roof, wetting system, safe storage facilities for asbestos waste and packaging facility.

PCBs are a group of substances which are good electrical insulators. Typically, PCBs may be present as constituents of hydraulic oils or dielectric fluids in electrical switchgear, transformers and fluorescent light starters.

Asbestos Management: Asbestos-containing material (ACM) in ships can be found in following1:

 Concrete and tiling on the floor  Wall and ceiling panels and the fire insulation behind them  Doors  Glues and sealants in the windows and furniture  Heat insulation and lagging  Electrical cables  Brake linings and gaskets  Mooring ropes  Firemen’s outfits; Boiler cladding  Furnace firebricks  Welding shop curtains and welders gloves.

As long as ACM remains in good condition and is not disturbed, exposure is unlikely. When ship maintenance, repair, renovation or other activities disturb ACM, or if it is damaged, asbestos fibers are released.

 The shipyard authorities will not only protect their workers from asbestos, but they will also comply with SOLAS (The use of asbestos on board ships is governed by Chapter II, Regulation 3-5 of the International Maritime Organization’s Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention).  The authority will perform risk assessment for each ship coming into the facility and have management procedures in place for cases when asbestos is suspected.  Workers will be trained to know what items could contain asbestos and be able to respond accordingly. Special training shall be given to certain workers who may be carrying out high-risk tasks. These might include boiler and steam pipe fitters, people installing insulation in the accommodation, or people renewing linings.  Planned repairs or removal of such materials will be carried out by specialist personnel. For dismantling of asbestos contained in ship structures, the operation shall take place in an enclosed limited area, away from other activities, accessible to authorized persons only who have been trained in handling asbestos and properly equipped.  Asbestos removal facilities shall have concrete/asphalt flooring, side walls and roof, wetting system, safe storage facilities for asbestos waste and packaging facility.  It is also proposed that where large portions of pipe and boiler insulation must be removed, containment barriers will be erected to achieve full range of worker protections. Containment bags may be used instead of constructing containment barriers around the work area. Figure 11-1 shows the containment bags positioned around the pipe insulation

1 Asbestos on ships How to manage it safely- Lloyd’s Register, March 2013

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to be removed, and sealed to the pipe with tape. (Ref EPA Purple Book- Guidance for Controlling Asbestos Containing Material in Buildings)

Figure 11-1: Containment bags for repairing or removing pipe insulation.

Figure 11-2: Clearly labelled asbestos-containing materials – an example of good asbestos management

12 Quantity of wastewater generation from the ship building /repair units and its management and disposal plan to be submitted. The total quantity of waste water (Sewage) generated in the project area, its proposed treatment and disposal is presented in Table 12-1.

Table 12-1: Waste Water Generation and its Treatment & Disposal Wastewater Captive Shipyard LNG terminal Treatment Final Disposal Generation Jetties Total (MLD) Sewage 1.634 Greenbelt 1.535 0.080 0.019 STP (in MLD) Development Effluent 1.407 1.360 - 0.047 ETP Marine Outfall (in MLD) Total 2.895 0.08 0.066 3.041 (Rounded off to 3 MLD)

1.7 MLD STP has been proposed for the treatment of Sewage water and 1.4 MLD ETP for the treatment of effluents. The treated water from STP will be used for the greenbelt development. During rainy season/days, treated water from STP will be sent to marine outfall proposed by the SEZ developer along with ETP discharge. Thus 3 MLD of wastewater will be disposed to sea through marine outfall proposed at latitude 22° 48' 52.63"N, longitude 69° 13' 49.13"E.

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13 Onsite and offsite disaster management plan.

13.1 Onsite Emergency Plan

Onsite emergency plan for Shipyard cum Captive Jetties including LNG Terminal is formulated based on potential hazards, manpower and resources. These plans would serve as a significant input for formulating an integrated plan for entire Shipyard cum Captive Jetties including LNG Terminal which would be further collated to formulate the offsite emergency plan. The plan would have the following components:

 Formulation of DMP and Emergency Services  Organisation Structure  Roles and Responsibilities of Emergency Teams  Communication  Emergency Control Centre  Alarm Systems & Assembly Points  Mutual Aid Scheme  Onsite Emergency Plan and Rehearsals  Spillage & Contingency Plan  Formulation of Disaster Management Plan for Cyclones

13.1.1 Formulation of DMP and Emergency Services

The assessment of the risks and hazards leads either to improvements being made at the installation in the form, for example, of additional safeguards or better procedures, or the decision being taken that the risk is sufficiently small to be accepted. The DMP must be related to the final assessment and it is the responsibility of the PROJECT Management to formulate it. The plan will include the following elements:

 Assessment of the magnitude and nature of the events foreseen and the probability of their occurrence  Formulation of the plan and liaison with outside authorities, including the emergency services  Procedures for raising the alarm and communication both within and outside the shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal.  Appointment of key personnel and their duties and responsibilities (organizational structure)  Emergency Control Centre  Action on site and Action off site

13.1.2 Organization Structure

The first few minutes after the incident /accident are invariably the most critical period in prevention of escalation. Therefore, the personnel available at or near the incident site (and often responsible for or carrying out that particular activity) and on a round the clock basis play a vital role in an emergency. This concept is made use of in nominating the KEY PERSONS. In each hazardous location it is necessary to nominate a functionary as the "Incident Controller" who is invariably shift-in-charge of the facility. The Incident Controller tackling the emergency in real terms requires support from various other services e.g. fire & safety, medical services, security, engineering, administration, technical services covering communication, transport and personnel functions, etc. A KEY PERSON for each one of these services, therefore, should be nominated.

The "SITE MAIN CONTROLLER" (SMC) will be the Unit In-charge. The various controllers selected to carry out the work will co-ordinate with the SMC through the functional KEY PERSONS at the incident

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site. The KEY PERSONS will generally be at the site of incident and the CONTROLLERS will report at the EMERGENCY CONTROL CENTRE.

The duties and responsibilities of various KEY PERSONS AND CONTROLLERS will be written down ensuring no grey areas or overlapping responsibilities. Various Controllers will be drawn from the organisation and clear-cut responsibilities will be spelt out for the following controllers:

 Operation Controller  Maintenance Controller  Fire and Safety Controller  Communication Controller  Environment Controller A Succession chart will be developed as above nominating second-line controller who would act as controller in the absence of any of the above officials. An emergency organisation chart is as follows:

13.1.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Emergency Team i) Site Main Controller (In-charge)  To assess the extent and magnitude of the damage by maintaining communication with the Site Incident Controller (SIC).  To determine how far the emergency control plan can be extended  Prepare action for monitoring and controlling the emergencies  To decide whether any section /process /area to be shut down /isolated in the event of any accident  To finalise the means of evaluation and explore the possibilities of taking help from offsite sources  Review the fire fighting operations in consultation with Safety Coordinator  Co-ordination with the safety officer regarding evacuation and shelter rehabilitation aspects  Arrange for restoration and normalcy in consultation with Incident Controller  Announcement of conclusion of emergency  Issuance of authorised statements and ensures that all evidences of the incident are preserved. (ii) Site Incident Controller (Shift in-charge)

 Establish Emergency Control Centre and inform SMC  Ensure availability of Controllers/Team members  Priority decisions for strategy for development of resources for incident control  Periodic assessment of actual disaster zone and resource deployment (own /external)  Periodic status report of SMC  Seek help for: o Fire Fighting o Medical Aid o Rescue o Transport o Traffic Arrangement

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o Law and Order  Inform the following authorities about the incident through zonal/sector authorities: o District Collector o Superintendent of Police o District Environmental Engineer o District Health Officer o Inspector of Factories o Neighbouring Installations  Establish contacts with the following, through controllers: o Superintendents of nearby hospitals o Chief Fire Officer of nearby fire services o Insurance Company o Establish First Aid Centre through Safety Coordinator  Establish Information Centres

13.1.4 Emergency Co-ordinators

Logistics Coordinator: The duties and responsibilities in the event of any emergency include:  Report at the affected area to the SMC & SIC  Arrange to attend all maintenance jobs as instructed by SIC  Ensure that all essential services like power, water etc are maintained without interruption  Ensure adequate manpower availability at the affected area  Reporting all the incidents to SIC  Arrange for all the tools, materials at the site of emergency Communication Coordinator: Responsibilities include:

 Report to SMC & SIC  Removal of non essential personnel from the emergency area in consultation with SIC  Contact with SIC and arrange for necessary facilities  Control over entry and maintain law & order and arrange for police help in consultation with SMC  Liaison with external agencies in consultation with SMC  Co-ordination of transportation requirements for moving personnel for first aid, evacuation, rehabilitation etc.  Maintenance of inventory systems in the Emergency Control Centre Safety Coordinator: Responsibilities include:

 Immediate Reporting to SIC  Co-ordination with Security officer and security personnel  Ensure availability of all safety equipments at site  Co-ordination of all rescue operations  Co-ordination of availability of first aid to all injured personnel  Advice to SIC on fire fighting operations  Ensure availability of necessary antidotes/medicines in case of toxic release

13.1.5 Communication

An essential component of any emergency preparedness programme is the communication links for gathering information needed for overall co-ordination e.g. emergency control centre with in-house as well as outside emergency services. Too much reliance on the telephone system, fixed lines/mobile phones is risky as it can soon be overloaded in an emergency situation. A computer with internet and printer facility and photocopying machine, wireless networks, fax, intercom units are recommended for higher reliability. Help line numbers will be setup for emergency related queries.

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The description of the tasks and responsibilities, reporting place, etc. for each key functionary will be, as far as possible, so drafted as to reduce the communication needs between the interacting groups and permit good mutual understanding and well co-ordinated independent actions to tackle emergency situations.

13.1.6 Emergency Control Centre

The emergency control centre shall be established for the shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal and shall be equipped with the following:  An adequate number of external telephones. If possible, one should accept outgoing calls only, in order to bypass jammed switchboards during an emergency  An adequate number of internal telephones, Radio equipment/pager system  A layout plan of the facility showing  Location of possible spillage/fire points  Sources of safety equipment and other fire-fighting system elements.  Escape Routes  A nominal roll of employees at the facility  A list of Key Personnel with addresses, telephone numbers, etc.  An adequate number of personnel protective/safety equipment available on site/backup in warehouse or with other member groups of mutual aid programme  Locations of various fire fighting arrangements at the facility

13.1.7 Alarm Systems

The emergency (due to fires or spillages) should be initiated by the first person noticing it by activating the fire alarm from the nearest call-point or by contacting the fire control room immediately on the internal telephone in case of any emergency.

In the opinion of the shift in-charge in consultation with the fire safety officer, the severity of the emergency is such that it can primarily be coped with by available own resources (aided by fire fighting appliances from the fire brigade, if required) the siren for ONSITE CRISIS will be sounded through the hooter. The siren codes for distinguishing between an ONSITE & OFFSITE CRISIS will be clearly established. The onsite/offsite siren codes should be informed to the neighbouring population of the facility.

13.1.8 Mutual Aid Scheme

Assistance in terms of equipment and manpower will be taken from the neighbouring installations under a Mutual Aid Scheme/Zonal Disaster Management Plan.

13.1.9 Onsite Emergency Plan and Rehearsals

Once the emergency programme is finalised, it will be made known to all the personnel so that each one knows his or her role in the event of an emergency. The plan will be regularly tested through rehearsals, at a regular frequency and updated accordingly.

13.1.10 Mock Drills and Training Mock Drills:

Mock drills on overall emergency response plan may be carried out once in 6 months to ensure continued familiarity to the Key Personnel with the emergency procedure and to check if the hardware infrastructure provided for emergency management is in good condition. OSHA recommends visit of the emergency controller (Incident controller) to the Emergency Operations Centre once every three months, to familiarize himself with the facilities available.

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Training:

The key personnel will be required to undergo a special in – plant training programme to understand clearly their role in On-site emergency management and to develop the skills required for the purpose.

Most of the employees are to be given “Basic Fire Fighting” training, for operating portable extinguishers in an emergency. The rest of the employees including supervisory and management personnel will be required to undergo this course. Also, the emergency response team members will be required to undergo annual training including refresher courses in the following areas:

 Use of specialized protection equipment including practical drills  Emergency communication  Fire Fighting using equipment like fire hydrant, portable pumps, monitors etc.  Any other specialized training commensurate with the defined role  Information on the extent of spill  Measures to contain spill to a limited area  Measures to remove oil  Measures to dispose the spilled oil

Mock drills will be carried out to test the effectiveness of the contingency plan.

13.1.11 Evacuation plan for Emergency and Assembly Points

In order to manage emergencies more effectively, decision makers may benefit from having in-place evacuation plans for scenarios which are most likely to happen, even though real-time design or re- evaluation of evacuation plans may be required after the disaster strikes. Based on the disaster scenarios, pre-warning for sudden/onset of disasters can leave enough time for evacuations prior to the event. In case of natural disasters the probability of their occurrence and effects is one of the influential factor. Seasonal disasters, even if sudden, pose lesser problems than non-seasonal disasters so evacuation plans can be in place for either situation.

Building Evacuation: As soon as the pre-warning is given the first step is to evacuate the building. The Evacuation action plan which includes following steps to follow during a disaster:  On the sound of an alarm, begin immediate evacuation  In case of fire, activate the nearest pull station and call Emergency  Evacuate via the nearest stairwell or grade level exit  Go to your pre-determined Evacuation Assembly Point/Shelter Area  If trapped by smoke, stay low, cover your mouth with wet cloth, stay near a window  Open it but do not break it, hang something out the window to let fire personnel know you are there and put something in cracks around the door, phone emergency if possible  These layout maps showing exit routes will be placed at all important places also pamphlets indicating same will be placed with the First Aid Kit  Be familiar with the location of first aid kits, fire alarms, and extinguishers, as well as persons with first aid skills  DO NOT USE THE ELEVATORS Site Evacuation: The process involved in the evacuation from the source is as follows,

 Identify the area vulnerable to disasters to which the evacuation plan will be applied  Identify number of shelters surrounding the source of origin  Identification and choice of the evacuation routes

Best assembly point can be identified during the disaster by proper planning within the Emergency Team. The basic idea is to use an algorithm for finding the paths in the network from the disaster area

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(origin) to each shelter (destination). The route with the smallest travel time and based on the capacity of evacuation associating to each path will help to evaluate each route with one another.

No shipping movement will be allowed to take place within a safety zone of 350m from the manifold point over the unloading platform of LNG jetty, and the berths shall be planned in such a way to allow fast evacuation of ship/through boats in case of emergency.

13.1.12 Spillage and Contingency Plan

The purpose of this plan is to identify, prevent and control all probable spillages in the project facility for safe and healthy working of the personnel and machinery.

Probable materials for spillage:  Cargo Spillage  Liquid and solid wastes  Water  Oil system area (Lubricant oil, Hydraulic oil and control oil) Spillages in the plants can lead to:  Causing loss of property  Interfaces with safe moving of personnel  Damage to equipment when left unattended  Health hazard i.e., toxic when released in air or mixes with the main drain system and further to town drain  Fire hazard Prevention of spillage: Routine checks of the system have to be made to ensure that no leak or spill starts. Any minor leakage has to be reported to the concerned person (Shift In-charge, Operation & Maintenance team member). Leakage has to be arrested in the shortest possible time. Necessary arrangements have to be made to collect the leakage and to store in proper place. In case of spillage the following measures would be adopted:

 Oil spill on the land should be properly cleaned using absorbents, cotton waste, sand, saw dust etc.  The collected oil is disposed to SPCB/CPCB authorized agency

13.1.13 Management Plan for Natural Hazards

In line with the Disaster Management Plan of Kutch District, Proponents of Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal shall develop a customised DMP to cope during disasters from natural calamities such as cyclones, Floods, Tsunami, storm surges and earthquakes, etc. Proper planning can reduce the potential damage from disasters in terms of losses to human lives, assets, and environmental damage and rehabilitation costs.

13.1.13.1 Cyclones

Based on Kutch District Disaster management plan 2012, entire Mandavi taluk is falling under high sensitivity for cyclone. It is expected to occur once in five years. The Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal management shall follow the four-stage warning system developed by Indian Meteorological Department for cyclone: (Ref: GSDMA web link www.gsdma.org/pdf/cyclone.pdf)

1) This warning is about the possibility of a cyclone when a low pressure depression develops in oceans. For Gujarat, the development of such a depression in the Arabian Sea is indicative of a cyclone attack.

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The Alert stage

2) This warning is given 48 hours prior to the expected cyclone which will hit the land.

The Warning stage

3) This is the stage when a cyclone gets formed. The warning is given 24 hours before the anticipated time of arrival of a cyclone. 4) Cyclone arrival: This warning is issued 12 hours before a cyclone is due to hit the land. The warning gives information about cyclone and will continue until the winds subside. In sea ports, danger signal flags are hoisted about the impending cyclone

13.1.13.2 Disaster Management Plan for Cyclones/Floods

Flooding frequency is quite frequent in many talukas of the project district. Strict enforcement of flood zone regulations needs to be done to prevent construction on the riverbanks.

Community awareness should be built up so that people respond effectively to the floods. Persons living in the low lying parts of floodplains, areas are unsafe. Some aspects of flood planning and response are:

 Issuing warnings at the local levels  Participating in flood fighting by organizing work parties to repair  Embankments or clear debris from drainage areas, pile sandbags  Stockpile needed materials  Facilitating agricultural recovery  Planning emergency supplies of flood and clean drinking water  To conduct trainings on search and rescue for Search and Rescue  Teams formed at District, Taluka and Village level from time to time In line with the Disaster Management Plan (DMP) of Kutch District, project proponent will develop a customised DMP to cope during disasters from natural calamities such as rough weather conditions, cyclones, Tsunami and floods, etc. Proper planning can reduce the potential damage from disasters in terms of losses to human lives, assets, and environmental damage and rehabilitation costs. The DMP for Cyclones and Tsunami will be prepared by project proponent in consultation with the Government of Gujarat and GMB. The rough weather operations will be controlled in three stages:  Green Status – The operations of loading /unloading will be carried out as planned.  Yellow Status – This is an alert stage indicating possibility of rough weather. Still operations can be continued with all emergency precautions  Red Status – Emergency situations or rough weather; operation will be suspended.

Activities controlled by in-charge of emergency operations. The vessel/tanker are to be moved to safe anchorage or will be advised to proceed to sea.

The main components of the DMP for cyclones will include the following:  Pre-Disaster (or Pre-Cyclone/Flood) Plan  On (or During Cyclone/Flood) Disaster Plan  Post (or After Cyclone/Flood) Disaster Plan Pre-Cyclone/Flood Plan:

Pre-Cyclone/Flood Measures: Facility will maintain and exchange information continuously with the local IMD authorities for continuous updates of meteorological conditions in general and emerging /predicted weather phenomenon such as cyclones in particular. Upon issue of a cyclone warning by the IMD, the management would immediately initiate the Pre-Cyclone Measures. The Department of Ports

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and District Collector of Kutch would be informed of the imminent cyclone. All officials dealing with operations and disaster management will be informed.

Pre-Cyclone/Flood Exercise: On signalling of a cyclone alert, the Control Room will be manned 24 hours a day for disaster management. The ‘Weather Signals’ depending on the data available about the cyclone and it’s threat perception will be informed to all personnel. The marine side operations will be regulated as per the rough-weather classification and will be continued with all emergency precautions. The different personnel would assume their roles and responsibilities as previously identified for disaster management. The standby arrangement for power supply will be checked. Pre- identified ‘Rescue Centres’ will be kept ready. A pre-alert will be issued regarding suspension of all operations in case of emergency and to await instructions regarding the same. All Port Crafts and Ships will be fully secured inside the harbour area. Communication system including standby arrangement will be tested for working condition. Vehicles involved in rescue operations will be checked for working condition. Port crafts to be engaged in rescue will be kept in readiness. The safety in the project area will be ensured.

The following Flood warning messages will also be given:

 Flood Alert – Flooding is possible  Flood Warning – Flooding of homes, businesses and main roads is expected  Severe Flood Warning – Severe flooding may cause Imminent danger  All Clear – No Flood Alerts or Warnings are in force When a flood warning message is received, an Emergency team In-charge shall alert relevant agencies. The following advice shall be given to the Public:

 Flood warning: 'GO IN, STAY IN, TUNE IN'  Stay calm  Ensure that neighbours know of the warning, and be prepared to help them  Monitor local radio  Make a flood kit: medications, warm clothing, sealed food, blankets, matches, candles, flashlights, portable radio, spare batteries, rubber gloves, personal documents

During Cyclone/Flood Plan: The emergency alarm siren will be raised as per the ‘Alarm System’. All personnel will be evacuated except essential operational personnel and personnel dealing with disaster management. The cargo handling operations will be suspended. The vessel will be moved to safe anchorage or will be advised to proceed to sea. Power supply will be disconnected and alternative power supply will be restored in essential operational areas. Port Crafts and Tugs will continue to be in readiness for rescue.

Depending upon the scale of potential flooding, the following steps shall be taken:  Care of evacuated, hurt or homeless people  Protecting of utilities  Availability of transport  Flood alleviation e.g. clearing blocked culverts and drains  Providing emergency health advice  Providing road barriers and signs  Coordinating emergency support

Post Cyclone/Flood Plan: This would be the rescue and rehabilitation stage after passing of the cyclone. The damages would be assessed and rehabilitation work initiated to restore operations at the earliest. The records of the events during the cyclone will be maintained and reviewed for possible enhancements to the DMP.

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13.1.13.3 Earthquakes

As discussed in Chapter 4, proposed site and entire Kutch district is falling under Seismic zone V which represents the highest risk scenario. Hence, the site is sensitive to the earthquake. Following are important measures for management of earthquakes:

Before Earthquake:  All employees shall be familiar with the location of first aid kits, fire alarms, and extinguishers, as well as personnel with first aid skills.  Site evacuation plan and emergency assembly points shall be available at all locations. During Earthquake:

 Do not panic

Inside a Building:

 Take cover immediately under a desk, table, or chair, in a corner away from windows, along a wall in a hallway, or in a structurally strong location such as a hall by a pillar.  Watch for falling objects such as light fixtures, bookcases, cabinets, shelves, and other furniture that might slide or topple. Stay away from windows. Do not run outside.  Do not dash for exits since they may be damaged and the building's exterior brick, tile, and decorations may be falling off.  Do not use the elevators.  If fire breaks out, drop on the floor and crawl towards the exist

Outside a Building:  Remain outside, preferably in a vehicle.  Stay clear of electrical wires, poles, trees, or anything that might fall.

After a MAJOR Earthquake:  Listen to radio-TV and other media for Government Announcement  Examine walls, floors, doors, staircases and windows to make sure that the building is not in danger of collapsing  Do not enter into unsafe or risky houses or buildings

The site emergency controller shall:

 Check for injuries to personnel in your area. Do not attempt to move seriously injured persons unless they are in immediate danger. Render first aid assistance if required.  Check for fires or fire hazards, spills of flammable or combustible liquids, or leaks of flammable gases. These activities must not significantly delay departure from the building or put the Evacuation Warden in danger.  For small isolated spills, use spill cleanup procedures as outlined in Laboratory Standard Operating Procedures. If SOP or chemical spill cleanup kit is not available, then evacuate lab and notify authorities. For larger spills, evacuate building and notify authorities.  Turn off ignition and heat sources if properly trained and it is safe to do so.  Shut off all gas sources if trained to do so.  Exit the building, if possible, and go to the EAP to report on injuries, damages, and potentially hazardous conditions. Take emergency/first aid kit and personal belongings.  Switch off electric lines

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13.1.13.4 Flood

As per Kutch district disaster management plan, around 12 villages of Mandvi Taluk are falling under low lying areas which are flood prone. However, basic steps to be taken and avoided after flood are presented below: (Ref: GSDMA publication www.gsdma/pdf/flood.pdf)

The important Do’s and Don’ts after Flood  There is a possibility of spread of water borne diseases after flood, and hence medical treatment should be taken immediately.  Do not go near the riverbank even after the floodwater has receded.  Sprinkle medicines in the stagnant dirty water.  Check properly all the electric circuits, floor level furnace, boilers, or electric equipments like motor pump etc. Check whether any inflammable or explosive item has not entered along with the floodwater.  Switch off the main electric supply, if any damage is noticed to the electric equipments.  Sewerage system should be checked and any damage should be repaired immediately so as to curtail spread of diseases.  Check gas leakage which can be known by smell of gas  Rescue work should be undertaken immediately after flood situation as per the instruction. Do not follow any shortcut for rescue work.

13.1.13.5 Tsunami

The management plan for likely emergency of Tsunami is addressed below: Characteristics: Tsunamis are a series of enormous waves created by an underwater disturbance such as an earthquake, landslide, volcanic eruption, or meteorite. A tsunami can move about 500 miles per hour in the open ocean. Once the wave approaches the shore, it builds in height. The topography of the coastline and the ocean floor will influence the size of the wave. There may be more than one wave and the succeeding one may be larger than the one before. Tsunami waves and the receding water are very destructive to structures. The Tsunami warning is issued on earthquake having intensity of more than 6 on Ritcher scale.

Documentary Record to be maintained

Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal Complex Authority shall prepare and maintain the following documents:

 A tsunami hazard map graphically shows damage-prone areas with expected degrees of damage caused by possible tsunami  A map showing inundation depth and probable inundation areas of project area shall be prepared.  Evacuation maps shall be prepared and placed in the facility premises  Display of evacuation route on inundation maps

Warning/Confirmation

Early warnings/confirmation from the following sources shall be carefully examined:  Meteorological Station  TV and radio News

Dissemination of Tsunami Warning Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal authorities shall have multiple channels for receiving early warning, including a direct channel from national meteorological agency. Communication shall be made through telecommunications, loud speakers and siren. When an early

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warning is received by the authority, the warning shall disseminate to the personnel including those in the vessels, also to personnel in and around the site

Figure 13-1: Tsunami Warning and Evacuation

Onsite Action Plan

 Alarm system to be initiated  Through Signal Station inform all the ships to evacuate from the berth to open sea. Signal Station keeps in touch with all vessels on VHF.  Move tugs and launches to safe areas or deep water anchorages  Crew to wear life jackets.  Cease cargo operations immediately.  Arrange transport to evacuate to safer inland areas  Keep sand bags ready  Ensure proper secure of the cargo handling equipment and the shore cranes.  Evacuation of Personnel and cordoning off the area  Treatment of injured personnel

Evacuation

 At least one or two evacuation places such as high rise building shall be identified within the Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal complex (Administrative building and Medical Aid Centre)  The evacuation place shall be safe and have enough space to accommodate the expected people  The evacuation place shall be clearly identifiable and route shall be clearly indicated on the map  Vessels shall be evacuated from the jetty area  Counter measures against Tsunami that can be taken up by ships as given in Table 13-1.

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Table 13-1: Ship Action Policy against Tsunami2 Ship Action Time Moored ships at Berth Navigating Ship until Large Ship, Anchored ship, Large Tsunami Forecast tsunami Medium ship Small Ship buoy-moored Ship, Small Ship arrival (Cargo handling (Port crafts) ship Medium /working ship) ship Offshore Halt cargo handling, Land evacuation/Land Short Use engine land evacuation evacuation evacuation after berthing Landing and Offshore Major Halt cargo handling, lashing/land evacuation/Landing tsunami Use offshore evacuation (in and lashing after (3m, Medium engine/offshore Offshore evacuation/land some cases, berthing (in some 4m, 6m, evacuation evacuation evacuation offshore cases, land 8m evacuation) evacuation) >10m) Landing and Offshore lashing (in Halt cargo handling, Offshore evacuation/Landing Long some cases, offshore evacuation evacuation and lashing after offshore berthing Tsunami evacuation) Warning Halt cargo handling, Offshore land Land evacuation/Landing Short Use engine evacuation/Strength evacuation and lashing after en mooring berthing Landing and Offshore Halt cargo handling, lashing/land evacuation/Landing offshore Use Tsunami evacuation (in and lashing after Medium evacuation/land engine/offshore Offshore (1m, some cases, berthing (in some evacuation/Strength evacuation evacuation 2m) offshore cases, land en mooring evacuation) evacuation) Landing and Halt cargo handling, Offshore lashing (in offshore Offshore evacuation/Landing Long some cases, evacuation/Strength evacuation and lashing after offshore en mooring berthing evacuation) Attention to Halt cargo handling, conditions (in Landing and Tsunami Landing and Tsunami Strengthen some cases, Offshore lashing/Offshore warning lashing/offshore Advisory mooring/offshore offshore evacuation evacuation/strength (0.5 m) evacuation evacuation evacuation/use en mooring of engine) Notes - Offshore Sea areas - evacuation is where rapid suggested if tsunami currents there is a sea are anticipated area where should be even small investigated ships are safe beforehand against tsunami outside the jetty and if there is adequate time for evacuation

2 Source: Japan association of marine safety, 2004

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NOTES:

Time until tsunami arrival:

 Short: Little time is available for evacuation after tsunami warning (until a ship is under safe conditions such as offshore evacuation, landing and lashing etc.).  Medium: Between long and short.  Long: Adequate time is available for evacuation after tsunami warning (until a ship is under safe conditions such as offshore evacuation, landing and lashing etc.). Land evacuation: Crew members take refuge in a high land area because evacuation by ship is anticipated to involve a high degree of risk. Also prevent the outflow of ships and exercise safety precautions regarding dangerous goods. Offshore evacuation: Ships evacuate to deep and wide offshore area outside the jetty (if there is no time for offshore evacuation, ships should wait).

Landing and lashing: Crew members land small ships such as port crafts/tug boats and lash them to prevent from being washed away by tsunami.

Use of engine: Crew members start the engine of an anchored ship to drive, if necessary.

Attention to conditions: Although crew members do not take evacuation measures, they pay attention to changing conditions and take measures for ship safety until the cancellation of tsunami advisory.

13.1.13.6 Thunderstorm and Lightning strikes

Thunderstorm is invariably accompanied by lightning. A single stoke of lightning has 125,000,000 volts of electricity. That’s enough power to light a 100 watt light bulb for more than three months or enough to seriously hurt or kill someone. Knowing what steps to be take in the event of an oncoming thunderstorm or lightning can save lives. (Ref: GSDMA publication www.gsdma/pdf/lightning.pdf). Better management practices such as turnoff electric transmission, supply etc shall be followed.

13.2 Offsite Emergency Plan

Under the Environmental Protection Act, the responsibility of preparation of Off-Site Emergency plan lies with the state government. The Collector/Deputy Collector are ordinary nominated by State Government to plan Off-Site Emergency Plan. The District Collector or his nominated representative would be the team leader of planning team, who shall conduct the planning task in a systematic manner. The members of planning team for off-site emergencies are Collector/Deputy Collector, District Authorities in charge of Fire Services and police and members drawn from Medical Services, Factory Inspectorate, Pollution Control Board, Industries and Transport. In addition to these members, there are Co-opted Members also from district authorities concerned, civil defence, publicity department, Municipal Corporation, and non-official such as elected representative (MPs, MLAs, voluntary organization, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), etc).

Off site emergency plan for proposed Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal shall be prepared based on consultation with district authorities & district disaster management plan. Off-site emergency plan would follow the on-site emergency plan. When the consequences of an emergency situation go beyond the project boundaries, it becomes an off-site emergency. Off-site emergency is essentially the responsibility of the public administration. However, the Project Proponent management will provide the public administration with the technical information relating to the nature, quantum and probable consequences on the neighbouring population.

A summarised version of action procedures detailing the “Role of Essential Staff in Major Emergency” would be issued in a flip chart like booklet form to all concerned persons (officers and supervisors) at work places and also to senior officers of the civic administration.

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The components of an offsite emergency plan would include:

 Identification of locations of hazardous or dangerous substances, personnel and emergency control rooms  Technical information such as chemical and physical properties, dangers, etc. Background information, past accidents, control techniques and effects of hazardous materials of relevance  Identification of facilities and transport routes for toxic materials  Contact for further advice such as meteorological information, transport, temporary food and accommodation, first aid and hospital services, water, etc.  Establishing communication links including fire fighting materials, damage control and repair items  Detailing emergency response procedures  Notification to public at large; Evacuation arrangements  Press /media handling; Addressing longer term environmental cleanup

13.2.1.1 Disaster Management Committee -Taluka/City/Zone Level3

Member details of taluka/city level disaster management committee to combat any disaster is given in Table 13-2.

Table 13-2: Disaster Management Committee – Taluka Level The Taluka Liason Officer Chairman The Chief Taluka Panchayat Officer Member The local MP/MLA Member The Mamalatdar Member-Secretary The Taluka Development Officer Member The Police Sub inspector Member The Medical Officer (Primary Health Centre) Member The Executive Engineer, R&B Member The Executive Engineer, P.W.D. Member The Executive Engineer, Irrigation Department Member The Executive Engineer, Drainage Member The Executive Engineer, Water Supply Member The Executive Engineer, GWSSB Member The Deputy Director of Education Member The Divisional Manager, Railways Member The Zonal Officers Member The Regional Manager, G.S.R.T.C. Member Representative of Cooperative societies Member Representative of NGO/Voluntary organizations Member

14 Issues raised during public hearing and commitments made by the project proponent in the form of tabular chart with financial budget for complying with the commitments made. As per Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) office memorandum no: J- 11013/41/2006-IA.II(I) dated December 24, 2010 on consideration of Integrated and interlinked projects and MoEF&CC Office memorandum F.No: 19-103-/2012-IA III on SEZ dated November 01, 2012 on simplification of clearance procedures for SEZs, Common/ Integrated draft EIA report (Volume I and II) covering all the project components and Executive Summary (both English & Gujarati) was prepared after obtaining Terms of Reference (ToR)s from respective Expert Appraisal Committees (EAC) of MoEF&CC.

3 Source: DMP, Kutch District

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Public hearing was held on December 12, 2014, summary of public hearing is given in Table 14-1.

Table 14-1: Summary of Public Hearing (Main Issues/Concerns and Responses S.No Public Concerns Replies given during Public Action Plan Hearing 1 Loss of grazing land As per revenue records, there is The Action Plan include within the project area. no grazing land within the project • Development of existing pasture lands in the area. However, Company is villages considering action through CSR for • Extension Services to farmers cultivating the the development of existing fodder crop pasture (Gauchar) lands in the • Establishment of community managed cattle villages, provide extension feed centres in the villages services to farmers cultivating • Supporting paravet services and veterinary fodder crop. Cattle feed centres services have already been started in • Strengthening the dairy value chain Ratadiya and Padampur villages • Piloting animal hostel concept and similar centres shall be set up • Strengthening and capacity building of milk in other villages. cooperatives 2 Business of fishery & Company / Proponent has Company / Proponent has appointed experts and livelihood of fishermen appointed experts and carried out carried out the impact study on fishermen. will be affected due to the study. We started CSR activity Fishermen exclusively practicing pagadiya fishing upcoming port. How 6 months before. We have created are expected to be affected due to project. It may much is the provision welfare group for the fishermen. be noted that however Pagaidiya fishing is made for CSR? If the We have created association. We subsistence fishing and has become secondary fishermen' loses their have started the activity prior to occupation. Pagaidiya fishing is not sustainable as livelihood then what coming up of the project. Nana livelihood activity in future even without the project. about their children? Layja will be the most affected The boat fishing at Nana Layja and Salaya is What plan has been amongst the 5 villages. Village unorganised and of small scale fishing. Villages prepared? Give it with Kathda, Nana Layja, Bhada, Kathda, Nana Layja, Bhada, Bambhdai, Salai are figures. Bambhdai, Salai are included in included in intervention plan prepared by Company plan prepared by us. We have villagewise. prepared plan for each village. We have also appointed program Action plan prepared by the Company include; manager. Paghadia fishermen are critical stake holder, there up • Improve access to resource and creating gradation is required. Paghadia scope for target species – fishermen are required to be • Crafts and gears to pagadiya fishers engaged in boat fishing. It has now (Provision of pagadiya kit comprising of become secondary occupation in bicycle, head torch nets and ice box) village Kathada, village Bhada and • Transforming pagadiya fishermen from village Bhambhadai. We have Nana Layja to boat fishing and upskilling created their association. Boats will boat fishers to long haul fishing (3-5 be given to them. days) instead of current practice of 1 -1 .5 days Training will also be given to them • Institutionalization and capacity building of to increase their income. Scheme Fishermen Groups and Associations of welfare group is also prepared • Strengthening Value Chain including landside for their housewives infrastructure for NL and Salaya and market linkages Fishing kits were given to 50 • Community development activity Health, Pagadias and we have prepared Education, Financial Inclusion, Sanitation for concrete plan and it is under fishermen family for enhancing the coping implementation and this matter is mechanism taken seriously. This is for • Fish rearing and harvesting high value fishermen of Nana Layja, for 650 species- CMFRI Veraval appointed for piloting active fishermen, for 2000 families cage culturing for which Rs 25 crores are allotted. • Formation Self Help Groups for fisher women and Income Generation Activities There is arrangement for Pagadia • Skill training for those who want to take up fishermen to be engaged in boat alternate livelihood fishing, in which boats will given to • Resource conservation and enhancement

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S.No Public Concerns Replies given during Public Action Plan Hearing association. activities such as mangrove regeneration, awareness programme, sea turtle There is provision of 5 boats for 68 conservation active Nana Layja fishermen in first • Fishermen Welfare Fund for emergency relief stage, we have contacted them The Implementation of plan will be monitored, and they have given what type of supervised and evaluated time to time by the design of boat is required. Fisheries expert. 3 Impact on fishing in Creek area is located outside of Refer S.No 2 above creek area project area and the fishermen will be allowed to use the existing natural creek area without any hindrance. Proposed bridge is on the extreme end of the creek where no activity related to fishing is reported. 4 There will be There is proper navigation channel Navigation channel shall be equipped with proper movement of ship in in shipping. And there will be buoys to provide signals to fishermen to remove sea due to upcoming buoys. Only two ships will come in their nets before it reaches in navigation channel plant. The net which a day. There will be no such traffic and get damage. is set/spread by us in as you are thinking & around the the sea is not at a world where ever the fishing harbor single place. Net is and port co exist both get benefit there from bhambrai from each other. to Mandvi and net will be damaged due to movement of ship, hence there will be chances of accidents in the future also. 5 Project has more Positive Aspects of the project The 4000 MW TPP would have approx. 4600 disadvantages than • Creation of Employment employment during construction period and 1000 advantages Opportunities employment during operations period. It is • Sustainable long term proposed to target maximum possible (through skill employment opportunities up gradation) and at least about 25% of the total • Up gradation of skill sets and employment during construction period and about employability preference to 10% of the total employment during operations for the local population based on local people depending on the skills availability. the qualification The skill training programme is proposed for • Significant increase in number building local employment capacity for the project of indirect employments for skilled/semiskilled & unskilled Besides it proposed to provide employment linked work force skill training for unemployed youth in the Bhuj • Overall increase in industrial District. About 5000 youth will be targeted. Post growth of the region due spin training the trainees will be provided in job off to other industries placement outside the project • CSR activities to improve Health/ A multi-skill school will be for skill training and Education/Livelihood/Infrastru entrepreneurship training. cture etc., to improve the standard of living. • Boost to the local economy and enhance the quality of life of the people living in the project region 6 During the Either in Construction and Water being critical resource, the water resource construction phase, operation phase the natural development management plan has been prepared the leveling of land will drainage pattern and natural water for 30 villages for water conservation, rain water take place which will bodies like check dams, ponds, harvesting and ground water recharging. create barrier for river lakes, etc shall not be disturbed. The water resource management plan will be

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S.No Public Concerns Replies given during Public Action Plan Hearing stream, natural Degenerated water bodies shall be implemented in convergence with various streams & rainwater regenerated government schemes runoff. There will also there The water resource management plan includes: will be harmful effect - Surface water development desilting of tanks, on agriculture, check repairs and rehabilitation of existing structure, dam, river, lake. construction of new structures, subsurface check dams - Ground water management- construction recharge tube wells, existing dug well recharge - Soil moisture conservation – farm bunding, grazing land development - Salinity Prevention- Bandharas at Nana Layja and Kathda - Rainwater Harvesting – Roof top rainwater harvesting for all schools - Water Conservation : promotion of micro irrigation and water saving technologies, awareness programmes, village level institutions for participatory water management 7 Coal dust will spread Proposed to use closed coal Company is committed to include the following in in Godhra & conveyors for transportation of coal the project: surrounding villages. from the Captive Jetty to the Power • Covered coal conveyors This will cause health plant and shall use other dust • ESP (>99.8% efficiency ) to minimize the PM issues. suppression systems within the emissions plant, hence no coal dust is • Stack height of 275 m to get better dispersion envisaged to be spread on • Dust Control Systems at Stockyard and surrounding area Transfer Points Further it is proposed address access to preventive healthcare and secondary healthcare through CSR. The action plan include: - A secondary hospital with trauma centre and community outreach programme is proposed in SEZ area which will improve the access to quality healthcare - The mother and children programme focusing of women health, malnutrition etc - Student Health Programme for schools - Capacity building of ASHA workers, Aganwadi workers and Village Water and Sanitation Committee - Mobile Creche for construction labour 8 Question raised The project proponent is yet to Alternate layout (excluding the government land to regarding Forest Land apply for the Government land. If be acquired) is included in final EIA Report patch in Kathda village there would be issues in transfer of falling in the Shipyard/ this Government land to the Captive Jetty/ LNG proponent, the facilities layout will Terminal Project Area be revised to avoid this part of onshore land. 9 Question raised It was informed that out 3473 acres Balance private land is under process of regarding non land, 2318 acres of SEZ land has acquisition and Government land is under process acquisition of land for been acquired and is under of transfer. the SEZ project and ownership of the SEZ project application for land not proponent and balance land is yet submitted under process of acquisition and transfer 10 Question raised that Land details are provided in Not required

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S.No Public Concerns Replies given during Public Action Plan Hearing land details with Appendix P of the EIA Report survey nos. have not (Volume 1) and the same was been provided and shown to the public during the they want survey Public Hearing numbers of the total land area for the project including TPP 11 Olive Ridley Turtles We will take appropriate care that Appropriate measures as recommended in EIA mentioned in EIA no disturbance will occur to the report to avoid disturbance to the turtles during the Report are present in turtles during the nesting period. nesting period the area and falls We will discuss with the members under the Schedule I of Mandvi Turtle Conservation In accordance with the committee member’s of Environment & Centre and will prepare plan suggestion and an initial meeting on 23rd Forest Act 1972 which accordingly. January’15 with the officials of Mandvi Turtle is an endangered Conservation Centre with regard to preparation of turtle and activity of a detailed plan, Rs. 5.0 Crores budget has been nesting of eggs by the agreed and allocated for a period of 30 years. turtles has been recorded by the forest department 12 Impact of marine Company proposed Closed Cycle To minimize the impact on marine life and to discharge considering Cooling Water System for the TPP maintain a differential temperature of less than 5°C the high temperature which includes cooling towers for at the discharge point at sea, Company is at outfall point each unit to maintain a differential committed to adopt Closed Cycle Cooling Water temperature of less than 5°C at the System for the 4000 MW TPP. Company to invest discharge point at sea to minimize around Rs. 600 Crs for 6 cooling tower units. the impact on marine life. A video in Gujarati voiceover Company has also decided to implement effective depicting comparison of once diffuser arrangement to ensure effective dilution through vis-à-vis closed cycle cooling systems was presented during PH. Company to invest around Rs. 600 crores for 6 cooling tower units. 13 Handling and impact The project design integrates During the design stage of 2000 MW gas based of gas leakage, if any various design and operational power plant the effects from natural disaster would from the pipeline safety measures which eliminates be considered as per IS: 1893 (Part- 1). and reduces the risks. The Risk Assessment for the project has The project design integrates various design and been undertaken and probability of operation safety measures which eliminates and occurrence of such event is very reduces the risks. low. Further, the Disaster The Risk Assessment for the project has been Management Plan including on-site undertaken and probability of occurrence of such and off-site emergency plan has event is very low. Further, the Disaster been prepared. Precautionary Management Plan including on-site and off-site measures would be built in/ emergency plan has been prepared. Precautionary implemented. measures would be built in/ implemented. 14 Contamination of the No contamination of ground water Company is committed to include water pollution drinking water due to will occur and no impact on the preventive measures in the project such as : project dam water is envisaged due to the • STPs/ETPs/CETPs (Zero discharge, proposed control measures by the wherever feasible) company. • Marine Outfall Some of the proposed water • Well planned Storm water System considering pollution preventive measures the natural drainage pattern considered are given below. • Ash Pond with LDPE Liner • STPs/ETPs/CETPs • Separate drainage system for coal stockyard • Marine Outfall with settling pond • Well planned Storm water System considering the

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S.No Public Concerns Replies given during Public Action Plan Hearing natural drainage pattern • Ash Pond with LDPE Liner • Separate drainage system for coal stockyard with settling pond 15 Impact of air pollution The emissions/discharges from the Company is committed to include the proposed Air on public health and project will be within prescribed pollution preventive measures in the project such crop limits specified by CPCB/GPCB / as : MOEF. • Covered coal conveyors Some of the proposed Air pollution • ESP (>99.8% efficiency ) to minimize the PM preventive measures considered emissions are given below. • Stack height of 275 m to get better dispersion • Covered coal conveyors • Dust Control Systems at coal Stockyard and • ESP (>99.8% efficiency ) to Transfer Points minimize the PM emissions • Wet Ash Handling System for Bottom Ash to • Stack height of 275 m to get minimize the fugitive emission. better dispersion • Efficient fly ash handling through Pneumatic • Dust Control Systems at system up to silo & HCSD from fly ash silo to Stockyard and Transfer ash dyke to minimize the fugitive emission Points • Fly ash disposal as per MOEF guidelines • Wet Ash Handling System for • Green belt Development Bottom Ash to minimize the fugitive emission. • Efficient fly ash handling through Pneumatic system up to silo & HCSD from fly ash silo to ash dyke to minimize the fugitive emission • Fly ash disposal as per MOEF guidelines • Green belt Development 16 Transmission lines Stringent safety norms are Not required shall pose danger to followed by Govt. for installing life and property transmission lines. Hence it will not pose any danger to life or property. 17 Due to coal dust and Adequate control measures such Company is committed to include the adequate fly ash, people of this as use of ESP, dust suppression control measures such as use of ESP, dust area will feel breathing system, high stack height and suppression system, high stack height and green problems green belt will be adopted. The belt in the project. project proponent has also entered Company will ensure Ash utilization as per MoEF into MoU for off take of fly-ash from guidelines the plant and will ensure ash utilization as per the MoEF guidelines. 18 Labours immigrating Preference shall be given for Preference shall be given for engaging local from other states or engaging local labours. labours. regions for this project The outside Labours shall be The outside Labours shall be engaged after proper resulting in Increase in engaged after proper verification of verification of their background and shall be issued illegal crimes such as their background and shall be proper identity card by employer. theft, robbery, etc. issued proper identity card by Labour camp will be provided within project site. employer. Labour camp will be provided within project site. 19 Constant traffic of Average number of ships expected Traffic surveys were carried out and traffic addition vessels and its impact to call per day is very few i.e. 2 per due to the project is predicted. on marine ecology. day and shall comply with MARPOL convention and avoid Average number of ships expected to call per day any harmful discharges. All the is very few i.e. 2 per day and shall comply with discharges will be treated and MARPOL convention and avoid any harmful

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S.No Public Concerns Replies given during Public Action Plan Hearing checked to meet the marine discharges. All the discharges will be treated and discharge standards before checked to meet the marine discharge standards discharge. before discharge. Traffic surveys were carried out and traffic addition due to the project is predicted. Vessel movements will not disturb the fishing vessels. 20 Due to the proposed Flamingo habitat is around 80 km Company is committed for following mitigation project, wandering NE away from the project site and measures: birds like flamingo will no salt marshes are present in the • As a safety measure it is recommended that be impacted from study area which flamingos usually laying of transmission lines for evacuation of power plant project prefer. Also during primary flora the power to the SEZ and associated area the bird site is and fauna survey, flamingos were structures and facilities shall be planned very near. Due to the not observed in the study area. carefully. generation of heat However, following mitigation • The power lines shall be kept at safe there is a possibility measures are proposed: distances from sensitive bird habitats such as that wandering birds • As a safety measure it is water bodies and plantation areas in order to will be harmed or die. recommended that laying of avoid bird mortalities due to collisions transmission lines for • No pollutants will be discharged into the evacuation of the power to the nearby water bodies SEZ and associated structures and facilities shall be planned carefully. • The power lines shall be kept at safe distances from sensitive bird habitats such as water bodies and plantation areas in order to avoid bird mortalities due to collisions • No pollutants will be discharged into the nearby water bodies

15 A detailed marine diversity conservation management plan based on possible environmental impacts shall be drawn up and implemented as suggested by the National Institute of Oceanography or any other institute on marine ecology. The plan should include the management of marine and intertidal biotopes, corals and coral communities, sea grasses and sea weeds, subtidal habitats, fishes, other marine flora and fauna( Micro, macro and mega) including turtles, birds and marine mammals as also productivity. Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology (CASMB), Annamalai University was engaged for preparation of marine diversity conservation management plan.

The report is enclosed as Appendix 4.

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16 The proponents were advised to respond parawise to the comments from Mr. Debi Goenka, as forwarded to the committee members by the project proponents

16.1 As per EIA report of the company, reclamation activity will be done during dredging by company. For reclamation of land … will absorb mangroves, mud, flora, marine creature and dump them near coastal regulation zone and high tide line area... coral reef, marine creature, marine life and flora of Nana Layja village of Gulf of Kutch will achieve permanent harm. So this project must not be permitted in this green zone” Complaint No.C-Q-07.

Reclamation of sea area is proposed for development of backup facilities proposed as a part of Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG Terminal at Nana Layja Coast.

The harbour area within proposed breakwaters will be reclaimed by using dredge material and while reclaiming the area, bunds will be provided with suitable overflow facilities so that only clear water will be returned to the sea. Ecology in the vicinity of the project site is not anticipated to be disturbed during reclamation activity.

Ecologically sensitive areas like Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and other protected areas (PA) present in Gulf of Kutch are not found within 15 km radius of the Nana layja coast. Ecological sensitive areas and marine protected areas of Kutch District are located beyond 35 km distance from the Nana layja coast near project site proposed for shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG Terminal. The Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the Great Rann of Kutch at a distance of 93 km. The other ecologically sensitive areas found in Kutch district are the Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary (83 km), Kutch Bustard Sanctuary (70 km), Banni Grasslands Reserve and Chari- Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve (81 km). These protected areas are shown in Figure 16-1. Apart from the above, there is a Wild Ass Sanctuary in Kutch District which is located in the Little Rann of Kutch at a distance of 103 km. The coral formations of the Gulf of Kutch are found along the coast of Jamnagar District. The Marine National Parks bordering the southern shore of Gulf support coral and coral reefs. (Source: Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management, ICMAM, Department of Ocean Development, Chennai.

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SEZ

Figure 16-1: Ecological Sensitive Areas around Gulf of Kutch

16.2 Concerns regarding the release of brine and hot water which will increase the salinity and turbidity of the water and impact fishes, including boomla and madeli. Complaint No.C-Q-11.

A common marine outfall system is proposed for discharge from Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG terminal, return cooling water discharge from the power plants, reject brine from 60 MLD Captive Desalination plant and CETPs treated discharge.

A mathematical model study on advection and dispersion has been conducted to understand the dispersion pattern of the plume, increase in ambient concentration of salinity, temperature and other parameters etc., to identify the suitable location for disposal of treated wastewater.

Mathematical model was setup to simulate the hydrodynamic flow conditions in the region of interest and to achieve a calibrated model. The calibration was carried out for both tidal elevations and current speed. The observed data was compared with that of the simulated. The simulated results show close correlation between the observed and the simulated values. The calibrated model was then used for the study on advection-dispersion, to know the fate of the discharged effluents in the sea.

Outfall location is proposed at 2.3 km into sea at (-) 10.3 m CD at sufficiently deep water with effective diffuser arrangement to ensure dilution and faster attainment of ambient condition. The excess salinity and temperature are extracted at 100 m and 500 m radius from proposed outfall location. The excess salinity and temperature are found to be stabilising over the time. The excess salinity higher than 0.25 ppt was never found beyond 500m of the outfall and similarly the temperature do not exceed 0.15oC beyond 500 m of the outfall point. The excess salinity higher than 0.35 ppt was never found beyond 100 m of the outfall and similarly the temperature does not exceed 0.20oC. In the project region, the seasonal variation in seawater temperature and salinity is observed more than the predicated excess temperature and salinity. The species located in these areas are well adapted to the

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seasonal variations and thus discharge of return cooling water may not have impact on fish life. The other pollutants from SEZ industries discharge are diluted because of mixing with the huge return cooling water and reject brine and discharging at a depth of (-) 10.3 m CD is providing significant dilution of pollutant concentrations. Also all these discharges are well within the standards stipulated by CPCB.

As per USEPA guidelines, the maximum acceptable increase in the weekly average temperature resulting from artificial sources is 1oC during all seasons of the year, providing the summer maxima are not exceeded. The excess temperature falls well within the acceptable limits as specified in USEPA guidelines.

The modelling studies carried out to identify the suitable outfall location was reviewed by Dr. T. Balasubramanian, Former Director and Dean, Faculty of Marine Science, Centre of Advanced Studies in Marine biology, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu. He opined that proposed outfall location is more appropriate considering dynamic marine conditions as revealed by investigations.

16.3 Due to Industrialisation in the bay of Kutch including Kandla, Adani, Tuna Hill, Adani Port and Adani Power Plant, Tata Power Plant, the fish catch has decreased year by year. This has caused severe impact on the livelihood of fishermen. The fishermen have become unemployed.” Complaint No.C-Q-15.

The mathematical model study indicates that excess salinity higher than 0.25 ppt was never found beyond 500 m of the outfall and similarly the temperature does not exceed 0.15oC. The excess salinity higher than 0.35 ppt was never found beyond 100 m of the outfall and similarly the temperature does not exceed 0.20oC in the project region, the seasonal variation in seawater temperature and salinity is observed more than the predicated excess temperature and salinity. The species located in these areas are well adapted to the seasonal variations and thus discharge of return cooling water may not have impact on fish life. The other pollutants from SEZ industries discharge are diluted because of mixing with the huge return cooling water and reject brine and discharging at a depth of (-) 10.3 m CD is providing significant dilution of pollutant concentrations. Also all these discharges are well within the standards stipulated by CPCB.

The effect near outfall location is localized and hence effect on the fish resources are not expected to be significant. Pagadiya fishing at Nana Layja / Kathada is subsistence fishing and has become secondary occupation with wage labour being primary occupation. As per the detailed study carried out, Pagadiya fishing is not expected to be sustainable as livelihood activity in future even without the proposed project. At present, the boat fishing in Nana Layja coast is very small scale with low catch of low value due to low endurance for accessing the resources because of improper crafts and gears.

As a part of its CSR programme, Project Proponent has designed livelihood enhancement programme for the fishermen community. Fishermen Livelihood Plan has been prepared through MART in consultation with Dr. Munir Ahmed, International Fisheries Expert based on resource assessment, value chain and socioeconomic assessment of fishermen.

The Fishermen livelihood enhancement Action Plan include  Improving access to resource and creating scope for target species  Crafts and gears to pagadiya fishers (Provision of pagadiya kit comprising of bicycle, head torch nets and ice box)  Transforming pagadiya fishermen from Nana Layja to boat fishing and upskilling boat fishers to long haul fishing (3-5 days)  Institutionalization and capacity building of Fishermen Groups and Associations

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 Strengthening Value Chain including landside infrastructure for Nana Layja and Salaya and market linkages  Community development activity Health, Education, Financial Inclusion, Sanitation for fishermen family for enhancing the coping mechanism  Formation Self Help Groups for fisher women and Income Generation Activities  Skill training for those who want to take up alternate livelihood  Resource conservation and enhancement activities including awareness programme

16.4 Green Sea turtle (Schedule I Endangered) and Oilve Ridley (Schedule I Vulnerable) turtle species are found on the coast of Nana Layja and Kathada. The nesting grounds are confirmed by fishermen on the proposed port project site and reported in the EIA also. So the project should be dropped keeping in mind the nesting ground of turtles.” Compliant No.C-Q-16-877”.

A detailed study for existence of sea turtle nesting ground at proposed location was carried out by Zoological Survey of India (ZSI). The methodology by ZSI include conducting primary survey of the project area, collection of turtle nesting data from secondary sources and Forest Department, compilation of such information and assessment of nesting status at project site. As part of the study, ZSI measured beach profile, conducted interviews with fishermen / coastal dwellers about turtle egg translocation to Mandvi hatchery centre and hatchlings release during the last three years along the Mandvi coast

ZSI observations are provided below; 1. The entire coastal stretch of beach is narrow, varying in width with the backshore sandy ridge rising abruptly from 5-7 m above and dense Prosopis Juliflora vegetation touching HTL. In particular, the proposed project site has narrow width of beach except at the eastern end of mouth of Kharod River (> 50 m) and at extreme eastern end of the proposed site with about 21 m. Also, the major coastal stretch of project has narrow beach width which gets inundated during high tide and is not suitable/not preferred by sea turtle for laying eggs. 2. Since many of the factor for selection of a suitable nesting site are not conducive (beach width, vegetation cover, slope, tidal inundation, presence of animals on the beach), nesting, if all, occurring is therefore highly sporadic at Nana Layja and on occasionally. However, the ~ 7 km stretch between Rukmawati river mouth and Mandvi palace is sandy, vegetation to HTL is wide and much of the sporadic nesting could be taking along this coastal stretch.

3. Verbal interview with fishermen/coastal dwellers about turtle egg translocation and hatchlings release during the last three years along the Mandvi coast revealed that most of the nests are brought to Mandvi by fisherfolks/coastal dwellers within the coastal stretch of Madhvi, Kathda, Mandvi palace and Mandvi beach as well as from Salaya side. Therefore, sea turtle nesting on the coastal stretch of Nana Layja is seldom, very low and considered to be quite sporadic

Therefore, ZSI concluded there is less probability of nesting in proposed project coastline considering the beach slope, availability of beach beyond HTL for nesting.

The project proponent is committed for protection of sea turtles and proposed Conservation Measures for Turtle Nesting around the Project Site. The details of proposed Turtle Nesting Conservation Plan are as below:

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Conservation Plan for Sea Turtle nesting

The following sea turtle conservation plan is under consideration in the project site and in study area (5 km around project site) as applicable;

I. Illumination is one of the major conservation issues for sea turtles especially its hatchlings. The following measures shall be followed to adopt turtle friendly lights in the project area; a. The fixture will be mounted as low as possible to minimize light trespass and the lowest amount of light needed for the task shall be used. b. Long wavelength lights will be used wherever possible. Low pressure sodium (LPS) lights are considered more desirable than HPS sources. Short wavelength (blue) and broad spectrum sources such as metal halide, mercury vapour, fluorescent or halogen lights will be avoided. c. Amber filters on HPS lights will be used if HPS lights use cannot be avoided, d. White lights that emit ultraviolet light will not be used. e. Strong blue or green spectral elements (eg. mercury vapour lights) will be limited as far as possible. f. Lights will be directed downward and will be shielded to avoid overhead glow on cloudy nights

II. To mitigate the erosion related issues, sand by passing / Beach nourishment is considered as one way to mitigate erosion. The classical mitigation measure as shore walls, groynes, etc is completely avoided since it may prohibit access of sea turtles to nearby nesting beaches.

III. Awareness programmes for local fisher population, company labourers and employees shall be undertaken to highlight sea turtle conservation. Awareness regarding fisheries related issues is also necessary among fishing community. Incidental capture of turtles in shrimp trawls and gill nets account for more deaths than all other human activities combined. In addition to the trawl entanglement, sea turtles have been killed after becoming entangled in other types of fishing gear, such as, gill nets, long lines (hook and line), and lobster or crab pot lines. Creation of awareness among villagers and fishermen shall be undertaken as part of conservation measures.

IV. Alternate livelihood option for vada fisherman is under consideration by the project proponent and such plan will improve sea turtle nesting in the study area. Vada fishing is usually done in the inter-tidal region by placing nets at regular intervals and parallel to the shore. During the high tides at night, this method has a potential to prevent sea turtles reaching shore for nesting as well as accidental entanglement and drowning.

Based on the reports and suggestions by PCCF (WL) , GCZMA has accorded recommendation for CRZ Clearance dated June 29, 2016.

16.5 Another Complainant highlighted that mangroves which are 500 metres away from for various birds and will be impacted due to the shipyard and the livelihoods of var the mangroves. It also provided that the mangroves are a safe haven for reptiles an and that waste generated and disposed, from the project will impact the ecosystem.

No mangroves are existing at the Nana Layja coast & surrounding the project location upto 10 km. No mangroves were reported by National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), who was engaged for demarcation of HTL, LTL and CRZ area and moreover GCZMA committee visited the Nana layja coast and have not observed any mangroves at the project coast.

A small patch comprising mainly of Avicinnea sp. was observed at about 11 km radius from project site near the base of a bridge over the Rukmawati river at the entrance to Mandvi town.

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16.6 The absence of Marine EIA is also raised as a concern, which confounded the locals regarding the environmental impact on the marine life, coast, etc. Complainant No. C-Q-23

The EIA/EMP report prepared for the project covers both terrestrial and marine environmental assessment.

Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology, Annamalai University a reputed academic and research institute, was engaged to survey the marine environmental attributes. The marine environment was monitored in terms of:

 Seawater quality  Sediment quality  Marine biology (plankton and benthos)

The baseline environmental conditions are described in Chapter 4 of the EIA report. The impact and mitigation measures on Marine Environment (Costal Hydrology/Bottom Contamination, Sea/Harbour Water Quality) and Biological Environment (Coastal and Marine Ecology) was detailed out in Section 5.4 and 5.5 of Chapter 5. Environmental monitoring program and management plan covering marine environment are addressed in Chapter 6 and 9. The EIA/EMP study was carried out in comprehensive nature by covering terrestrial, marine and socio-economic environments.

16.7 GCZMA Observations regarding Sand dunes and Sea turtle nesting

A detailed study for existence of sea turtle nesting ground at proposed location was carried out by Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) and a detailed study for existence of sand dunes at proposed location was carried out by Centre for Coastal and Marine Research (CCMR) with help of pool of experts from Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology (GUIDE), Kachchh, Bhuj, M.S.University of Baroda (MSU), Vadodara and Gujarat Ecology Society (GES), Vadodara and the reports were submitted to GCZMA

GCZMA has forwarded the above two reports to PCCF (WL) for his review and based on the recommendations of PCCF (WL) the GCZMA have recommended the proposal for CRZ clearance with specific conditions that sand dune area shall be kept intact without disturbing except the Utility Corridor which would go 1 m above height of sand dune and to collect field data for sea turtles & adhere to sea turtle conservation plan proposed.

16.8 Integrated projects – Form 1 applications to MoEF

As per EIA notification, 2006 and subsequent amendments, MoEF office memorandum dated 24th December, 2010 on consideration of Integrated and interlinked projects, the project proponents have prepared a common EIA report after obtaining TORs from each of the respective Expert Appraisal Committees as detailed below;

Project proponent, Sealand Ports Private Limited (SPPL) has obtained Terms of Reference (ToR) by submitting Form 1 and Draft ToR application for conducting the EIA study for SEZ/FTWZ and DTA from Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) on Building/Construction Projects/Township and Area Development Projects, Coastal Regulation Zone, Infrastructure Development and Miscellaneous projects, MoEF.

Nana Layja Power Company Limited (NLPCL), project SPV incorporated for two major components in SEZ/FTWZ – i.e. the 4000 MW TPP and 2000 MW CCPP, have obtained the ToRs for conducting the EIA study from EAC on Thermal Power and Mining Projects, MoEF by submitting separate Form 1 and Draft ToR applications.

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Gujarat Integrated Maritime Complex (GIMCO) has obtained ToR for Shipyard cum Captive Jetties including LNG Terminal from EAC, CRZ, Infrastructure Development and Miscellaneous Projects, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) by submitting Form 1 and Draft ToR application.

The details of ToRs obtained from EACs, MoEF are given in the Table 16-1. Table 16-1: Details of ToRs Obtained Project Component ToR Reference ToR Dated SEZ/FTWZ F.No.21-68//2011-IA-III March 05, 2013 4000 MW TPP J-13012/13/2011-IA.II (T) December 28, 2011 2000 MW CCPP J-13012/10/2012-IA.II (T) September 24, 2012 Shipyard cum Captive Jetties F.No.11-87/2011-IA.III November 14, 2013 including LNG Terminal

Draft EIA report has been prepared by strictly adhering to EIA notification 2006 and subsequent amendments and as per TOR prescribed by MOEF for all the above components. Draft EIA report includes Cumulative impact assessment for the study area as per Prescribed TOR by MOEF. As the project is integrated and interlinked draft EIA report has been prepared in two Volumes and Submitted to GPCB and others following the procedures laid in EIA notification 2006 and amendments.

 Volume- I of Draft EIA report includes SEZ, FTWZ, DTA including utility corridor. 4000 MW Thermal power plant and 2000 MW Gas based power project are part of industries within proposed SEZ. This also covers anticipated cumulative impacts, Emissions/discharges from proposed projects of SEZ and mitigation measures, environmental monitoring programmes, EMP.  Volume- II of Draft EIA report includes Shipyard cum Captive Jetties including LNG Terminal. Marine environment, impact assessment, mitigation measures, environmental monitoring programme, EMP, livelihood of fishermen is described in this volume.

The public consultation was held on December 12, 2014. The Final Integrated/Common EIA report was prepared after duly incorporating the responses to written representations and the Public Consultation minutes. In order to obtain the Environmental and CRZ Clearance for all the integrated project components, the EIA reports in following three volumes were submitted simultaneously on 24 December, 2014 to respective EACs at MoEF:  Volume I – Final EIA/EMP Report of Multi Product SEZ/FTWZ & DTA including Power Plants & Desalination Plant  Volume II – Final Comprehensive EIA/EMP Report of Shipyard cum Captive Jetties & LNG Terminal  Volume III – Public Consultation Documents

The respective EAC’s are considering the project proposals based on Integrated EIA report.

Page 36 APPENDIX 1 – CRZ DEMARCATION MAP PREPARED BY NIO

APPENDIX 2 – DECLARATION BY PROJECT PROPONENT

APPENDIX 3 – COMMUNICATION OF GCZMA TO STATE WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT

APPENDIX 4 – MARINE DIVERSITY CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

MARINE DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN

Development of Shipyard cum Captive Jetties including LNG Terminal proposed at Nana Layja Coast, Mandvi Taluk, Kutch District, Gujarat

(April 2017)

Prepared by

Annamalai University Faculty of Marine Sciences Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology (CASMB) Parangipettai - 608 502 Tamil Nadu

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction ...... 1 2 Project Location ...... 2 3 Project Facilities ...... 3 3.2 Captive Jetties including LNG Terminal ...... 4 4 Baseline Marine Environmental Status ...... 5 4.1 Coastal Hydrology/Geomorphology ...... 5 4.1.1 Offshore Winds ...... 5 4.1.2 Met-ocean Data ...... 5 4.1.3 Bathymetry ...... 5 4.1.4 Seismic and Side Scan Sonar Survey ...... 5 4.1.5 Tides ...... 5 4.1.6 Currents ...... 6 4.2 Status of Physico-Chemical Parameters ...... 6 4.2.1 Study Area ...... 6 4.2.2 Marine Water Quality ...... 7 4.2.3 Sediment Quality ...... 9 4.3 General Classification of Marine Life ...... 11 4.4 Status of Marine Life in the Study Area ...... 12 4.4.1 Phytoplankton (Primary Producers) with Primary Productivity ...... 12 4.4.2 Zoo Plankton ...... 13 4.4.3 Benthic Communities (Micro/ Meio/Macro) Both Inter Tidal and Offshore ...... 14 4.4.4 Fishes ...... 15 4.4.5 Sea Turtles Nesting Study ...... 20 4.4.6 Marine Mammals ...... 22 4.4.7 Mangroves ...... 22 4.4.8 Coral/Coral Reefs ...... 23 4.4.9 Seaweed/ Sea Grasses ...... 23 5 Impact, Mitigation, Conservation and Management Plan ...... 23 6 Marine Environment Monitoring Programme ...... 25 7 ALTERNATIVE AND ADDITIONAL LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS ...... 29 8 Budgetary Estimate for Key Conservation Activities ...... 31 9 Summary and Conclusion ...... 31 Annexure I ...... 33

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: Project Location ...... 2 Figure 2-2: Ecological Sensitive Areas around Gulf of Kutch ...... 2 Figure 4-1: Marine Sampling Locations ...... 7 Figure 4-2: Variation in Phytoplankton Density ...... 12 Figure 4-3: Variation in Finfish Egg Density ...... 14 Figure 4-4: Variation in Finfish Larval Density ...... 14 Figure 4-5: Variations in Population Density of Macrobenthos ...... 15 Figure 4-6: Variations in Population Density of Meiobenthos ...... 15 Figure 4-7: Composition of Fishes in Different Seasons ...... 17 Figure 4-8: Different Fish Species Caught by Local Fishermen ...... 20

LIST OF TABLES Table 3-1: Ship Building Facilities ...... 3 Table 3-2: Ship Repair Facilities ...... 3

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Table 3-3: Captive Jetties ...... 4 Table 4-1: Tide Levels ...... 6 Table 4-2: Seasonal Variations in Marine Water Physico-Chemical Parameters ...... 7 Table 4-3: Seasonal Variations in Marine Water Nutrient Parameters ...... 8 Table 4-4: Seasonal Variations in Marine Water Heavy Metals ...... 9 Table 4-5: Variations in Marine Sediment Physico-Chemical Parameters ...... 9 Table 4-6: Variations in marine sediment heavy metals ...... 10 Table 4-7: Seasonal Variations in phytoplankton ...... 12 Table 4-8: Seasonal Variations in Marine Biological Parameters ...... 13 Table 4-9: Seasonal Variations in Zoo Plankton ...... 13 Table 4-10: Seasonal Variations in Planktonic Parameters ...... 13 Table 4-11: Seasonal Variations in Benthic Density ...... 15 Table 4-12: Fishery resources in Study Area ...... 17 Table 4-13: Major Fish species caught by Pagadiya and Boat based fishermen ...... 18 Table 4-14: Fishery Resource Distribution in Study Area ...... 19 Table 4-15: Fishery Resource in Different Habitats/Time Periods in Study Area ...... 19 Table 4-16: Sea turtle nesting along Gujarat coast (4 districts) based on information from GSFD/GUIDE/GEC/WWF REPORT ...... 20 Table 7-1: Environmental Monitoring Program ...... 26

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Marine Diversity Conservation Management Plan

1 Introduction Gujarat Integrated Maritime Complex Private Limited (GIMCO) and Sealand Ports Private Limited (SPPL) proposed to develop Shipyard cum captive jetties including LNG Terminal (Project) at Nana Layja in Mandvi Taluka, Kutch District, Gujarat. The project was accorded CRZ recommendation by Gujarat Coastal Zone Management Authority (GCZMA) and application for Environmental/CRZ clearance is submitted to Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). Project was considered by Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) in its 11th meeting held on 24- 25th November, 2016. During the appraisal, one of the information sought by EAC through its MOM is to submit a detailed marine diversity conservation management plan. GIMCO/SPPL approached Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology (CASMB), Annamalai University a reputed academic and research Institute, to prepare the marine diversity conservation management plan as suggested by EAC, MoEF&CC. Accordingly, this report is prepared by CASMB. The data used while preparing this report include;  Various study reports available for the Project  Primary data collected specific to the project study area i.e., within 15 km radius  Secondary data/literature pertaining to the project region The following is the list of major studies that have been carried out for the Project and referred while preparing this report;

S. No Study Institution /Consultant Oceanographic measurements, Bathymetry, Side M/s. Indomer Coastal Hydraulics Limited, 1 scan sonar survey Chennai National Institute of Oceanography 2 HTL/LTL, CRZ Demarcation (NIO), Visakhapatnam Mathematical Model Studies for, a. Wave Tranquility 3 b. Sediment Transport COWI India Private Limited c. Navigation Simulation d. Dredged Spoil Disposal Study 4 Shoreline Changes Study COWI India Private Limited CEIA for Shipyard Cum Captive Jetties L&T-Infrastructure Engineering Limited 5 including LNG Terminal (LNTIEL) Green Support Services, (GSS) Gandhi 6 Flora and Fauna Study Nagar Designing a Sustainable Livelihood Strategy for 7 MART, Ahmedabad the Fishermen of Nana Layja Project L&T-Infrastructure Engineering Limited 8 Intake/Outfall Modelling Study (LNTIEL) Centre for Coastal and Marine Research 9 Sand dune study (CCMR), Tuticorin Sea Turtle Nesting at the Proposed Project 10 Zoological Survey of India, (ZSI) Kolkata Location

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2 Project Location The project site is located on the southern part of Gulf of Kutch at Nana Layja coast in Mandvi Taluka, Kutch District, Gujarat. The project site location is shown below:

Figure 2-1: Project Location The location of ecologically sensitive area like Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and other protected areas (PA) along the Kutch coast and in Kutch district are shown below:

Figure 2-2: Ecological Sensitive Areas around Gulf of Kutch The southern coast of Kutch has more diverse physical conditions with many islands and marine ecosystems. More than 40 islands on Southern coast has live corals. The islands and coast on southern side are charectarised by dense mangrove forest. The southern coast from Okha to innermost Gulf can be classified into ecologically sensitive zone as is being occupied with mangroves, corals, intertidal

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and high tildal mud flats. Along the northern coast, the thickest mangrove vegetation have been noticed between Jakhau and Kori creek The coral formations of the Gulf of Kutch are found along the coast of Jamnagar District. The Marine National Parks bordering the southern shore of Gulf support coral and coral reefs. (Source: Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management, ICMAM, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Chennai). The Project location is considerably far away from the biologically rich part of Gulf of Kachh and no environmental sensitive areas are located within radius of 35km from project site. Project site is far away from the marine protected area of Gulf of Kutch and moreover it is near Mandvi coast where the Govt. of Gujarat identified as the ideal zone for developing industries in view of the strategic location with minimal ecological impact and lesser livelihood damage. 3 Project Facilities Following facilities are proposed to be developed as a part of Project;

3.1 Shipyard

3.1.1 Ship Building Table 3-1: Ship Building Facilities S No Facility Details 350m x 90m semi-tandem dry dock which can 1 Dry Dock accommodate 2- handysize ships of 210m long & part further 2 handysize ships 2 Dry Berths 3 nos for small ships (covered) Outfitting 3 740 m long Quay Supporting Associated workshops, buildings, internal roads 4 Infrastructure & utilities

3.1.2 Ship Repair Table 3-2: Ship Repair Facilities S Facility Details No 225m x 36m shiplift of lifting capacity 33,000 T 1 Shiplift capable of lifting 250m Panamax ship

2 Dry Berths 6 nos capable of handling Panamax size ships

2 nos 810 m long & one 395 m long for afloat 3 Piers repairs Supporting Associated workshops, buildings, internal roads 4 Infrastructure & utilities

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3.2 Captive Jetties including LNG Terminal Table 3-3: Captive Jetties

S Type of Capacity Facility Details No Jetty (MTPA)

 Nos of 350m long berths with alongside depth of -20.2 mCD

1 Coal 17  Approach trestle of about 1.2 Km length

 Coal stockyard of about 12 Ha

 One berth of 275m length with alongside depth of -13 mCD 2 Multiproduct 3  Covered & open storage yard of about 10 Ha

 One jetty of 370m length with alongside depth of -14.6 mCD

3 LNG 5  Shore based LNG storage & regasification facility of capacity 5 MTPA including 2 nos of storage tanks of 1,60,000 Cum capacity each

3.3 Breakwaters Two rubble mound breakwaters are proposed to protect harbour area and berths. Western Breakwater – 3330 m long Eastern Breakwater – 1925 m long

3.4 Dredging & Reclamation Harbour area will be dredged to accommodate a Turning Circle of 600m diameter with design dredged depth of (-) 17.6 m CD. Approach channel will be about 8100 m long with width of 275m-325m (channel width from harbour entrance till the 14 m contour (i.e. about 2900 m) will be 325 m) having South South-East Orientation. Design dredged depth in the Approach Channel will be -19.4 m CD. The quantity of capital dredging is estimated as 22 million cum. A reclaimed area of about 181 Ha will be created by using dredged material. The quantity of fill required for reclamation is estimated as 18.7 million cum

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4 Baseline Marine Environmental Status

4.1 Coastal Hydrology/Geomorphology

4.1.1 Offshore Winds COWI, as part of its mathematical model study have collected offshore wind data and have analysed. As per the data, the offshore wind climate at Nana Layja coast is mostly governed by south-west monsoon wind. The predominant wind direction is from WSW (250°), with winds from SW (220º) to ENE (70º) contributing to approximately 94% of the total wind climate

4.1.2 Met-ocean Data M/s Indomer Coastal Hydraulics Private Limited, Chennai have carried out site surveys consisting of bathymetry, side scan sonar along with tide & current measures at project location, brief details of which is provided in the following paragraphs along with historical tide levels;

4.1.3 Bathymetry An area of 5.5 km along the coast and 10 km with 200 m spacing into the sea was covered during bathymetric survey. A closer spacing of 100 m covered an area of 4.2 km along the coastline and 3.5 km offshore. The survey results indicate that contours upto -5.0 m runs nearly parallel to existing shoreline with a slope of 1:150 and at a distance of about 750 m from shore, marked by uneven pattern of contours beyond -5.0 m contour and up to -10.0 m contour with a slope of 1:500, somewhat regular pattern with a slope of 1:250 in between -10.0 m contour and -15.0 m contour and thereafter a very steep slope beyond -15.0 m contour. The general bathymetry shows the gentle sloping seabed from the coastline.

4.1.4 Seismic and Side Scan Sonar Survey An area of 5.5 km along the coast and 10 km into the sea was covered during seismic and sonar survey. The side scan sonar data collected over the area shows that the seabed between the shoreline and 5.0 km offshore is of a rugged terrain with an undulating rocky bed. The part of the area between 2.0 km and 4.0 km offshore is evenly covered with mud on the top of the undulating rocky bed. The area between 5.0 km and 10 km offshore has numerous protruding rocky outcrops which are the remnants of hard areas left after seabed erosion. The survey data further shows the presence of recent sediments in the form of large ripple marks caused by wave action. These ripple marks are more prominent in the eastern part of the survey area. Apart from these geological features, the side scan survey does not show any artificial objects such as, sunken ships, anchors or other debris on the seafloor.

4.1.5 Tides The project site located approximately 12 km to the west of Mandvi port. Hence, tidal elevation at the project site can be considered to be similar to those at Mandvi port. The tidal elevations at Mandvi port with respect to chart datum as provided in the Naval Hydro graphical Chart (No. 203) is given in Table 4-1. The mean sea level (MSL) is +2.6 m above Admiralty Chart Datum (CD), and the mean high water spring (MHWS) is +4.1 m CD

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Table 4-1: Tide Levels Level wrt Tide Description Abbreviation CD Mean High Water MHWS + 4.1 Spring Mean High Water MHWN + 3.5 Neap Mean Sea Level MSL + 2.6 Mean Low Water MHWN + 1.7 Neap Mean Low Water MLWS + 0.9 Spring Tide data were also measured at project site (Latitude 22°48’25”N and Longitude 69°14’48”E and it is observed, the measured tide levels are nearly same as historical tide data.

4.1.6 Currents Current speed and direction was measured at four (4) stations covering surface, mid depth and bottom current values at each location. In location 1 current speed varies up to 1.24 m/s at surface and at location 2 maximum current speed reached up to 1.51 m/s at surface. In location 2, at mid depth, the maximum current speed reached up to 1.29 m/s and At bottom level, the maximum current speed reached up to 0.65 m/s. The surface current speed varied up to 1.81 m/s at location 3. In location 4, the maximum current speed at surface reached upto 1.48 m/s at surface and at mid depth, the maximum current speed at mid depth reached up to 1.36 m/s. In location 4, at bottom level, the flood tidal flow was very low i.e., less than 0.15 m/s and the ebb tidal low was stronger reaching up to 0.74 m/s indicating the existence of undertow currents at this location. At all locations, it was observed that currents are predominantly induced by tides.

4.2 Status of Physico-Chemical Parameters

4.2.1 Study Area An extensive Marine Ecological Survey was carried out by a team of experts from the Centre of Advanced Study (CAS) in Marine Biology of Annamalai University, spanning three to four days covering three seasons during September 2012- May 2013 in the proposed project area. The data were collected in September 2012 (Post Monsoon season), January 2013 (winter season) and May 2013 (Summer season). Water and sediment samples for physico-chemical, petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals and biological analysis were collected from Twenty Six (26) locations both in high tide and low tide. During survey, marine water samples were collected across two different depths (surface and subsurface), besides sediment and biological samples (plankton, benthos and microbial samples) from all the baseline locations. A map showing the marine sampling locations is given in below Figure 4-1.

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Figure 4-1: Marine Sampling Locations

4.2.2 Marine Water Quality Variations in Physico-Chemical parameters in the study area were given in the Table 4-2. Table 4-2: Seasonal Variations in Marine Water Physico-Chemical Parameters

Parameters Units Post Monsoon Winter Summer

Max. 31.5 27.5 32.5 Temperature °C Min. 28 18 30

Max. 34 33 34 Salinity ‰ Min. 31 27 33

Max. 8.2 8.2 8.2 pH Min. 8.0 7.8 8.1

TSS mg/l Max. 298 156.8 123

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Parameters Units Post Monsoon Winter Summer

Min. 105.2 31.2 55.6

Max. 42 42 116.6 Turbidity NTU Min. 4 9 50.4

Max. 6.11 6.72 6.11 Dissolved Oxygen Min. 4.14 4.04 4.56 mg/l Max. 1.76 1.184 1.92 Biological Oxygen Demand Min. 0.112 0.029 0.168

Variations in Nutrient parameters and Oil and Grease were given in the Table 4-3. Table 4-3: Seasonal Variations in Marine Water Nutrient Parameters

Post Parameters Units Winter Summer Monsoon

Max. 0.938 1.092 1.455

Nitrite (NO2) Min. 0.172 0.134 0.077

Max. 6.903 6.683 5.28 Nitrate (NO3) Min. 2.644 1.419 0.442

Max. 1.89 0.299 0.386 Ammonia (NH4) Min. 0.021 0.004 0.009

Max. 25.903 23.862 23.233 Total Nitrogen (TN) µmol/l Min. 11.81 8.788 14.137

Max. 1.623 1.586 1.21 Inorganic Phosphate (IP) Min. 0.038 0.075 0.34

Max. 2.507 2.832 1.874 Total Phosphate (TP) Min. 0.493 0.628 0.771

Max. 25.156 3.164 1.718

Silicate (SiO4) Min. 14.333 0.134 0.412

Oil & Grease µg/l Max. 1.335 0.605 3.03

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Post Parameters Units Winter Summer Monsoon

Min. 0.1 0.02 0.265

Variations in water heavy metals were given in the Table 4-4. Table 4-4: Seasonal Variations in Marine Water Heavy Metals

Post Parameters Units Winter Summer Monsoon

Max. 3.41 3.78 4.23 Cadmium (Cd) Min. 0.84 0.95 1.06

Max. 53.62 61.05 68.38 Copper (Cu) Min. 24.62 27.57 30.88

Max. 69.2 76.52 86.09 Iron (Fe) Min. 25.46 28.52 32.09 µg/l Max. 34.99 39.1 43.79 Lead (Pb) Min. 16.02 17.94 20.09

Max. 63.47 71.09 79.62 Zinc (Zn) Min. 24.24 27.15 30.41

Max. 0.056 0.062 0.054 Mercury (Hg) Min. 0.012 0.018 0.018

4.2.3 Sediment Quality In the study area, details of sediment composition, total organic Carbon, pH and Oil & Grease with Maximum and minimum values are given in Table 4-5. Table 4-5: Variations in Marine Sediment Physico-Chemical Parameters

Parameters Units Post Monsoon Winter Summer

Max. 92.27 85.52 97.32 Sand Min. 16.42 18.89 52.49 % Max. 78.82 73.1 43.62 Silt Min. 6.93 12.24 0.59

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Parameters Units Post Monsoon Winter Summer

Max. 21.07 53.9 7.63 Clay Min. 0.03 0.1 0.82

Max. 6.831 4.071 7.245 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mgC/g Min. 1.104 0.759 0.207

Max. 8.26 8.27 8.99 pH Min. 7.76 7.61 7.71

Max. 0.596 0.243 3.75 Oil & Grease µg/g Min. 0.008 0.019 0.136

The details of sediment heavy metals and the variations are given in the Table 4-6. Table 4-6: Variations in marine sediment heavy metals

Parameters Units Post Monsoon Winter Summer

Max. 7.56 7.69 8.46 Cadmium Min. 3.00 3.36 3.51

Max. 86.24 96.8 97.78 Copper Min. 40.04 45.05 50.46

Max. 32960 33929 32839 Iron

Min. 5448 6102 8062

Max. 143.52 99.74 91.32 µg/g Lead Min. 6.84 37.99 42.55

Max. 164.56 169.31 125.35 Zinc Min. 28.64 32.08 25.66

Max. 0.038 0.056 0.05 Mercury Min. 0.012 0.024 0.018

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4.3 General Classification of Marine Life The general classification of marine life is given below

PLANKTON (Drifting organisms that cannot swim against water currents)

Whether Plant or Animal Size

Phytoplankton Picoplankton smallest cells, measuring anywhere from 0.2 – 2 μm (1 μm = 10-3 mm or 10-6 m). Zooplankton Nanoplankton measures from 2-20 μm. Microplankton measures from 20-200 μm (= 0.2 mm) Bacterioplankton Mesoplankton measures from 200-2000 μm (= 2 mm) Macroplankton is larger than 2 mm –20 mm (= 2 cm) Megaplankton is larger than 2 cm

NEKTON (free swimmers) This includes fishes, marine mammals and marine reptiles

Pelagic Living in the open ocean

Epipelagic From below the surface to 650 Feet

Mesopelagic From 650 Feet to 3300feet

Bathypelagic From 3300 feet to 13,000 feet

Abyssopelagic From 13,000 feet to 20,000 Feet

Hadopelagic Beyond 20,000Feet

BENTHOS (Bottom Dwellers)

Size Habitat Mobility

Microbenthos (Can be observed Epifaunal: live on the Sedentary: Permanently only with microscope ) eg. Bacteria, surface of the sea bottom. attached to the substratum Foraminerfarans and diatoms. Eg. Starfish, sea and incapable of moving Unicellular Organisms anemones, corals, etc from palce to place, eg. Corals, sea pens, oysters etc

Meiobenthos (multicellular Infaunal: Capable of Mobile: Capable of moving organisms, visible to the naked eye burrowing into the from one place to another. but requires an optical instrument substratum eg. Crabs, Eg. Crabs, bivalves etc like a magnifying glass to observe shrimp bivalves,

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finer details) gastropods etc.

Macrobenthos (Multicellular bottom dwelling organisms that can be clearly seen and observed with the naked eye)

4.4 Status of Marine Life in the Study Area

4.4.1 Phytoplankton (Primary Producers) with Primary Productivity The phytoplankton density ranged between 606 Nos./l at MSL-19 during low tide and 3207 Nos./l at MSL-6 during high tide. The minimum and maximum density was observed during Winter season. Around 56 species of phytoplankton were recorded from the study area. Among the phytoplankton species, Asterionella glacialis, Ceratium furca, Chaetoceros affinis, Coscinodiscus centralis, Coscinodiscus gigas, Ditylum brightwelli, Lauderia borealis, Odontella mobiliensis, Rhizosolenia alata, Rhizosolenia styliformis, Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii, Triceratium favus, Thalassionema nitzschioides,and Thalassiosira species were found to be present in most of the locations. Table 4-7: Seasonal Variations in phytoplankton

Post Parameters Units Winter Summer Monsoon

Max. 1727 3207 2791 Phytoplankton No/l Min. 671 606 789

The details of Phytoplankton density were graphically shown in below figure.

Phytoplankton 3500 Post Monsoon Winter Summer 3000

2500

2000 Conc. in No/lConc.in

1500

1000

500

0

LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT

HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT

MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Location

Figure 4-2: Variation in Phytoplankton Density Variations in Biological parameters were given in the Table 4-8

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Table 4-8: Seasonal Variations in Marine Biological Parameters

Parameters Units Post Monsoon Winter Summer

Max. 93.116 58.084 41.85 Primary Productivity mg (PP) C/m3/hr Min. 3.326 26.808 11.84

Max. 1.025 0.645 0.511 Chlorophyll-a (Chl a) Min. 0.226 0.14 0.107 mg/m3 Max. 0.784 0.532 0.413 Phaeopigment Min. 0.107 0.026 0.009

Max. 37.936 37.638 43.56 Total Biomass (TB) ml/100m3 Min. 10.146 18.402 14.18

4.4.2 Zoo Plankton The Zooplankton Density ranged between 1049 Nos/m3 at MSL-4 during low tide and 6532 Nos/m3 at MSL-1 during high tide. The minimum density was observed during Post Monsoon season and maximum during Summer season. Around 50 species of Zooplankton were recorded from the study area. Among the zooplankton Tintinnopsis beroidea, Tintinnopsis tocantinensis, Acrocalanus gibber, Euterfina acutifrons, Paracalanus parvus and, gastropod veliger were found to be common in all stations. Table 4-9: Seasonal Variations in Zoo Plankton

Post Parameters Units Winter Summer Monsoon

Max. 4580 5031 6532 Zooplankton No./m3 Min. 1049 1896 2127

As part of baseline survey, assessment of Fin Fish Eggs and Fin Fish Larve were carried out. The results indicated that Finfish Egg Density ranged between 1 Nos/m3 at MSL-18 and MSL-21 during low tide and 25 Nos/m3 at MSL-1 during high tide. Both minimum and maximum densities were recorded during Post Monsoon season respectively. The details of Finfish Egg density were graphically shown in Figure 4-3. Finfish Larval Density ranged between 1 Nos/m3 at most of the locations during high tide and low tide in all the sampling seasons to 26 Nos/m3 at MSL-1 during high tide in Post Monsoon season. The details of Finfish Larvae were graphically shown in Figure 4-4.

Table 4-10: Seasonal Variations in Planktonic Parameters

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Post Parameters Units Winter Summer Monsoon

Max. 25 23 11 Finfish Eggs Min. 1 4 2 No./m3 Max. 26 5 5 Finfish Larvae Min. 1 1 1

Fish Eggs 30

Post Monsoon Winter Summer

25 3

20

15 Conc.No/min

10

5

0

LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT

HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT

MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

Location

Figure 4-3: Variation in Finfish Egg Density

30 Fish larvae

Post Monsoon Winter Summer

25 3

20

15 Conc. in No/mConc.in

10

5

0

LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT

HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT

MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Location Figure 4-4: Variation in Finfish Larval Density

4.4.3 Benthic Communities (Micro/ Meio/Macro) Both Inter Tidal and Offshore Macrobenthos: Overall macrobenthos was, represented by 16 taxonomic groups viz., Polychaetes, Bivalves, Amphipods, Cumacea, Gastropods, Foraminiferans, Ostrocodes, Isopods, Gnathostomulida, Crustaceans, Archiannelid, Harpacticoides, Rotifera, Nematodes, Tanaidacea and Decapods. Around 206 species of macrobenthos was recorded. Minimum Density (125 Nos/m2) was observed at MSL-13 during low tide and the Maximum density (2950 Nos/m2) was observed at MSL-26 during low tide. The minimum density was observed during Summer season and the maximum during Winter season.

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The variation in macrobenthic populations are given in the Table 4-11 and graphically shown in Figure 4-5. Meiobenthos: Overall meiobenthos was, represented by 13 taxonomic group’s viz., Nematodes, Foraminiferans, Gastrotricha, Cumacea, Oligochates, Harpacticoids, Ostrocodes, Archiannelid, Tanaidacea, Priapulida, Rotifera, Halacaroidea and Gastrotricha were encountered during the study. Totally 167 species were recorded. The meiobenthos density was ranged between 70 nos/10 cm2 at MSL-3 during low tide and 4699 nos/10 cm2 at MSL-21 during low tide. The minimum density was observed during winter season and maximum during Summer season. The variation in meiobenthos populations are given in the Table 4-11 graphically shown in Figure 4-6. Table 4-11: Seasonal Variations in Benthic Density Parameters Units Post Monsoon Winter Summer Max. 1903 2950 1000 Macrobenthos No/m2 Min. 900 875 125 Max. 2194 4699 168 Meiobenthos No./10m2 Min. 840 967 70

Macrobenthos 3500 Post Monsoon Winter Summer

2 3000

2500

2000 Conc. in No/mConc.in 1500

1000

500

0

LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT

HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT

MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Location Figure 4-5: Variations in Population Density of Macrobenthos

Meiobenthos 5000

4500 Post Monsoon Winter Summer 2

4000

3500

3000

2500 Conc. in No/10cmConc.in 2000

1500

1000

500

0

LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT LT

HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT HT

MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL MSL 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Location Figure 4-6: Variations in Population Density of Meiobenthos

4.4.4 Fishes The Gulf is an important fishing ground for shrimps, lobsters, pomfrets, catfish, Bombay duck mullets, shark and clupeids. The park and sanctuary area supports approximately 200 species of fishes and 27

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species of shrimps. It also supports good landings of gastropods and bivalves especially edible oysters, windowpane oysters and pearl oysters. Based on the average oyster density of 7.6nos.m-2, the biomass of windowpane oysters in the Pindara Bay was estimated to be 6300 tons. Windowpane oyster fishery of Gulf of Kutch is unique and nowhere else along Indian coast except that in Kakinada Bay, Andhra Pradesh it forms an important fishery. The first step in oyster restoration is to determine the locations for potential reefs. This can be done by comprehensive surveys that measure salinity levels, water quality, previous existence of oyster beds, substrate conditions, tidal range, oxygen concentration, algae concentration, prevalence of predators, accessibility and security in the chosen area. Once the location is determined, cultch-fossilized shell, or other similar hard objects designed to provide points of attachment for oysters for restoration. This will help to Gulf of Kutch provides suitable ecological and environmental conditions and sustains a variety of exploitable species of finfishes and shellfishes with an average catch of 1.4x 105 tons/y. The annual fish production of Mandvi-Jakhau coastal zone is nearly 48,300 MT valued at nearly 222 Cr (Kutch Coast –People, Environment & Livelihoods, 2010) MART in partnership with Dr. Munir Ahmed, Fishery Advisor, Technological Assistance for Rural Advancement (TARA), Bangladesh undertook sustainable livelihood intervention study to gauge the possible impacts due to the proposed development on the fishermen communities (pagadiyas and boat fishers, etc.), their livelihoods, their socio-economic conditions, fishery resource base, methods used by fishermen, fish yield etc. and to suggest mitigation measures. There are five (5) fishing villages falling within 15 km radius of study area i.e., Salaya, Bambhdai, Bada, Nana Layja and Kathda. Though, the study was focused on the five fishing villages, in order to understand the fish resources and value chain, preliminary investigations were extended beyond the study area boundaries covering Gulf of Kutch starting from Okha, Sikka, Bhadreshwar, Mundra, Salaya, Nana Layja and Jakhau. The findings of study are described in the following sections

4.4.4.1 Fisheries Biodiversity and Habitat The fish biodiversity mapping along the Nana Layja coast has been gauged using community knowledge format through PRA technique, FGDs with key informants. Bathymetry map were used to map the distribution of species based on the fishermen knowledge. Figure 4-7 shows major and common fish species that are available season wise.

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Figure 4-7: Composition of Fishes in Different Seasons

From the fishermen it is known that Chhodi (Liza parsia) which is about 50% of the catch and Gandhyio (Mugil cephalus) about 35% are most dominant species on annual average basis. This composition pattern differs in different season. In dry season where Chhodi is about 50% but in wet season it is about 10% in the composition but Gandhiyo top the list which is 50%. In pre-monsoon species are quite different where Kongho (Sillagosihama) is in first position in terms of availability. In addition of fishes there are presence of Gastropods, bivalves jelly fish, cuttle fish (cephalopods) etc. in the shore areas. Composition of these varies with the distance and depth. Very common and important fishes of the coastline near the project region are Lapari/Lapri (Chirocentrusnudus), Sher (Polynemousheptadactylus), Surmai (Scomberomoruscommerson), Paplet (Pampusarge-nteus), Bumla (Harpodonnehereus). Available Fishery resources in the study area are given in the Table 4-12, Major fish species caught by Pagadiyas and Boaters are given in the Table 4-13. Fishery resources availability based on distance and depth are given in the Table 4-14 and Fishery resource availability at different environments & in different time periods are given in Table 4-15, Fish species caught by local fishermen at different locations in the region are graphically shown in the Figure 4-8. Table 4-12: Fishery resources in Study Area

Pelagic / Demerssal / S. No. Local name Common name Scientific name other

1 Baloon Lizard fish Saurida sp. Pelagic

2 Chaiya Brown triple tail Lobotes surinamensis Pelagic

3 Chari Mullet Liza sp. Pelagic

4 Chhodi Gold spot mullet Liza parsia Pelagic

5 Chichan Hilsa Tenualosa sp. Pelagic

6 Dangari Seabass Lates calcarifer Pelagic

Gandhiyo/M 7 Mullet Mugil cephalus Pelagic alay

8 Jibh Carrot tonguesoles Cynoglossus dubius Demersal

9 Katiyo Grouper Epinephelus sp. Demersal

10 Khekhara Blue Crab Portunus pelagicus Bentho-pelagic/shell fish

11 Koki Cresent tiger pearch Terapon jarbua Demersal

12 Malay Mullet Mugil cephalus Pelagic

Golden spotted 13 Mandali Coilia dussumieri Pelagic ancovy

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Pelagic / Demerssal / S. No. Local name Common name Scientific name other

14 Noradi Indian flathead Platycephalus sp. Pelagic

Large scale 15 Pakhiya Cypselurus oligolepis Pelagic flyingfish

16 palay Indian Shad Tenualosa ilisha Pelagic

17 Palli Mustached anchovy Thryssa sp. Pelagic

Soniya- 18 Gold shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus Bentho-pelagic/shell fish Zinga

19 Bumla Bombay Duck Harpodon nehereus Pelagic

Pampus argenteus/ 20 Chamani small pomfret Demersal Pampus chinensis

21 Dai Herring Chirocentrus sp. Pelagic

22 Gandhiyo Mullet Mugil cephalus Pelagic

23 Kati Big eye ilisha Ilisha sp. Pelagic

24 Khaga Soldier catfish Osteogeneiosus militaris Demersal

25 Kungho Silver whiting Sillago sihama Pelagic

26 Kui spotted scat Acanthopagrus latus Demersal

27 Lapri Smooth wolf herring Chirocentrus nudus Pelagic

28 Lobster Rock Spiny Lobster Panulirus polyphagus Bentho-pelagic/shell fish

29 Paplet Silver pomfret Pampus argenteus Demersal

30 Shelay Cobia fish Rachycentron canadum Pelagic

Seven finger 31 Sher Polynemus heptadactylus Demersal threadfin

Scomberomorus 32 Shermai Barred seer fish Pelagic commerson

33 Zinga Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus Bentho-pelagic/shell fish

Table 4-13: Major Fish species caught by Pagadiya and Boat based fishermen

S. No. Local Name of the Fishes

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Pagadia Fishermen Boat Based Fishermen

1. Gandhyio Bumla

2. Khekhra Paplet

3. Congho Lapri

4. Chhodi Gandhiyo

5. Chori Dai

6. Sanyio- Jinga Kati

7. Noradia Khaga

8. Malay Chhodi

9. Melari Lobster

10. Kotiyo Pachadi

Table 4-14: Fishery Resource Distribution in Study Area

Fishery Distribution

Distance (km) Depth (m) Fishery resources

5 5 Lobster Bumla Pamplet

20 20 Jiv/ Lounge Tirayjhinga Chhodi

30-35 40 Boga Narshingo Red Jhinga

100 80 Red Fish Darwara Tiger- Jinga

Table 4-15: Fishery Resource in Different Habitats/Time Periods in Study Area

S. No. Condition of Habitat Indicator Species

1 Clear Water Nursingo, Baga, Jinga

2 Turbid Water Pamplet, Bumla, Jinga

3 Flow/Velocity Bumla, Mundali and Kur

4 Depth Jib, Jhinga, Goura

5 Full Moon Gadera, Surmai, Lapri

6 In Between Aplus, Sapla, Jira

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S. No. Condition of Habitat Indicator Species

7 No Moon -

Figure 4-8: Different Fish Species Caught by Local Fishermen

4.4.5 Sea Turtles Nesting Study ZSI Survey of India has carried out the specific study on sea turtle nesting. Four species of sea turtles are known to occur in the coastal waters of Gujarat of which two species are reported to nest along the coastal stretches. Along the Kutch coast, nesting of two species of sea turtle viz. olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) and Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) have been reported of which olive ridley turtle is known to be predominant (Sundarraj et al. 2002; based on Gujarat State Forest Department (GSFD) data on egg translocation and Sundarraj et al. 2013). Among four coastal districts (Jamnagar, Porbandar, Junagarh and Kutch), number of nests reported along the Kutch coast is less than the other districts. The olive ridley turtle reported to nest between June and early November on the Gujarat coast while green turtle nesting takes place between July and ends of January. However, the data sources silent on the exact nesting season. Moreover, olive ridley peak nesting occurs between July and November. Sporadic nesting takes place throughout the year along Gujarat coast (Sundarraj et al. 2013). A summary of number of nests reported by studies conducted recently are presented in Table 4-16. Table 4-16: Sea turtle nesting along Gujarat coast (4 districts) based on information from GSFD/GUIDE/GEC/WWF REPORT

WWF GSFD/GUIDE/GEC REPORT REPORT

S.No District Beach length No of Nests Observed Number of (Potential 2011- Nests (Km) 2000-01 2006 sites) 12

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WWF S.No District GSFD/GUIDE/GEC REPORT REPORT [in km]

1. Kutch 73 61 17 68* 3 nests (15 km)

2. Jamnagar 92 250 1398** 91 53 nests (116 km)

3. Porbundar 83 155 494 53 74 (83 km)

4. Junagadh 98 124 508 61 104 (86 km)

* Based on state forest department data on nest translocation to hatchery at Mandvi/Nalia for 2007-08 to 2010-11. ** 1398 nests recorded in 12 years. Most of the studies on sea turtle nesting have been carried out along the Saurashtra coast and information available for Kutch coast is only the data from state Forest Department. Except for one- time survey by Sundarraj et al. (2002), there is no long term data available for the coast. The nesting of sea turtles along the coastal stretch Mandvi is quite sporadic as well as high nest predation and therefore it is possible that forest department translocated all the nests to the hatchery. Ex-situ conservation programme are in operation in Gujarat since 1985-86 and sea turtle hatcheries have been established in Nalia and Mandvi along Kutch coast. Sea turtle eggs are reported to have been collected by the forest department staff and hired trained personnel.

4.4.5.1 Study Area ZSI conducted a rapid survey for duration of two months from October 2015 to November 2015 and the field work was conducted from second week of October 2015 to end of November 2015. The coastal stretch between Mandvi Palace and Asar Ma beach was surveyed on a daily basis by the field personnel engaged for the purpose for recording any nesting/crawl marks of turtles along the coastal stretch including stretches along which the project is proposed. Field visits to the project location was made by the ZSI team of scientists twice during last week of October 2015 and third week of November 2015. The team also made an assessment of the coastal and marine habitat along with overall biodiversity of the sites. Data collected on the beach dynamics of Nana Layja and adjacent coastal stretch indicate that average beach width is < 15 m and get inundated during high tide upto the Prosopis vegetation/stabilised dunes, except at river mouth of Kharod which is considerably widen. Therefore, the entire coastal stretch of beach is narrow, varying in width with the backshore sandy ridge rising abruptly from 5-7 m above and dense Prosopis Juliflora vegetation touching HTL. In particular, the proposed project site has narrow width of beach except at the eastern end of mouth of Kharod river (> 50 m) and at extreme eastern end of the proposed site. Also, the entire coastal stretch between project development area due to its narrow beach width, gets inundated during high tide and are not suitable/not preferred by sea turtle for laying eggs. Sandy beach of Nana Layja and adjoining areas have sporadic nesting habitats for sea turtles and nesting activities are quite rare. There is less probability of nesting in proposed project coastline considering the beach slope, availability of beach beyond HTL for nesting. Since many of the factor for selection of a suitable nesting site are not conducive (beach width, vegetation

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cover, slope, tidal inundation, presence of animals on the beach), nesting, if all, occurring is therefore highly sporadic at Nana Layja and on occasionally. Apart from background dense vegetation of Babul (Prosopis juliflora) close to the high tide line, the predominant floral beach composition are that of beach grass and beach binding creekers viz. Launea sarmetosa, Cyperus arenarius, Fimbristylis miliacea, Ipomea pes-capre and Spinifex littoreus. Presence of animals in the coastal stretch of Nana Layja was assessed by direct sighting and tracks and signs. During the field visit, Feral dogs (Canis familiaris) were frequently observed canids on the beach, and common Jackal (Canis aureus) was encountered once. This could be due beach due to dense vegetation cover. Also, fecal pallets of Blue Bull (Boselaphus tragocamelus) observed on the beach indicating this animal visiting the coast during low tide. Considering high level of presence of feral animals and carnivores all along the beach, Gujarat State Forest Department trans locating all the nests to the turtle hatchery at Mandvi and Nalia The olive ridley and the green turtles are annual nesters and lay eggs more than once in a single season. The data of Gujarat Forest Department and Sundarraj et al. (2013) about 68 nests over five years (2007-08 to 2012-13) along the Mandvi coastal stretch (73 km) averages for 14 nests per year that implies 1 nest/5 km beach, which is highly sporadic and is a scenario of entire coastline of India, so far as sea turtle nesting is concern. Also, the 6 km beach between Mandvi palace and Nana Layja reported to be only 6 nests in five years in this coastal stretch. The nesting of sea turtles along the coastal stretch of Mandvi is highly sporadic (Sundarraj et al. 2013). ZSI concluded as below; 1. During the two month daily monitoring during Oct – Nov 2015, no sea turtle nest / fresh or old or crawl marks were observed along the beach surveyed. However, secondary sources of information revealed the coastline of Mandvi as important sea turtle nesting habitat along Kutch. 2. Based on the detailed filed survey & monitoring of sea turtle nesting, due to its narrow width, the Nana Layja beach gets inundated during high tide and thereby unfavorable for sea turtles for laying eggs. 3. However the 7 km stretch between Rukmavati river mouth and Mandvi palace is sandy, vegetation to HTL is wide and much of the sporadic nesting could be taking place along this coastal stretch.

4.4.6 Marine Mammals No marine mammals were recorded in the study area during the survey and also there is no record of this group in the previous literatures. Primary marine ecological survey made during September 2012- May 2013 in Nana Layja Mota coastal waters have not reported any marine mammals.

4.4.7 Mangroves No mangroves are observed at the proposed project site area. A small patch comprising mainly of Avicinnea sp. was observed near the base of a bridge over the Rukmawati river at ~11 km, East from the proposed Project site at the entrance to Mandvi town. Mangrove with scattered individuals like Avicennia alba and Avicennia officinalis were observed at this location.

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4.4.8 Coral/Coral Reefs It is observed that, there are no coral reefs existing in the project site as well as study area. The coral formations of the Gulf of Kutch are found along the coast of Jamnagar District. The Marine National Parks bordering the southern shore of Gulf support coral and coral reefs. (Source: Integrated Coastal and Marine Area Management, ICMAM, Department of Ocean Development, Chennai).

4.4.9 Seaweed/ Sea Grasses No major Seaweed and Seagrass species are reported in the area proposed for the offshore facilities for the projects. The surveyed area was found to have sandy/muddy substratum, which it does not support algal growth. Only Enteromorpha (Chlorophyceae) and some blue-green algae were found in the mangrove region of Mandvi.

5 Impact, Mitigation, Conservation and Management Plan The potential impacts on the marine environment due to the development of Shipyard cum Captive jetties including LNG Terminal have been identified considering the nature and extent of the activities associated with the project implementation and operation and presented in detail in the (C)EIA reports. To mitigate likely environmental impacts during construction and operation phases due to landside and marine side activities, suitable mitigation measures are incorporated as a part of planning process. The Marine Diversity management and conservation Plan along with specific mitigation measures are provided below viz. i) Marine environment - Mitigation measures , ii) Atmospheric Environment - Mitigation measures iii) Measures to promote turtle nesting.

MARINE ENVIRONMENT - MITIGATION MEASURES TOPROTEC THE MARINE LIFE 1. Discharge of waste into the sea will be prohibited 2. Ensure that slop tanks will be provided to barges/ workboats for collection of liquid/ solid waste 3. Marine environmental monitoring as per environmental monitoring programme 4. Turbidity levels will be checked by continuous monitoring 5. Dredge Management Programme shall include suitable type of dredgers and measures to avoid entrapment of macro marine fauna. 6. Care shall be taken to prevent the contaminated runoff from the construction site to the nearby natural streams, if any 7. Optimized utilization of the water 8. Wastewater and sewage generated shall be treated in septic tanks with soak pits 9. The land (Shipyard Cum Port including LNG Terminal (mostly inter tidal) to be reclaimed with dredged material by creating containment bund 10. Discharge of treated wastewater as per marine discharge standards 11. Ships will be prohibited from discharging wastewater, bilge, oil wastes, etc. into the near-shore as well as harbour waters by adopting International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 1974/1978, Consolidated Edition, IMO, 1991, including 1992 amendments to Annex 1 and 2002 amendments 12. Ships shall conduct ballast water exchange at least 200 nautical miles from the nearest land and in water at least 200 m in depth prior to calling at the project facility. 13. As a mitigation measure for Oil spill, if any, contingency plan will be kept ready for implementation 14. Floating, marking buoys, Signboards will be displayed to educating the seafarers about the orientation of approach channel

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15. Acoustic Barriers & Enclosures for the conveyor gallery will be provided. 16. Regular Interactions shall be initiated with the fishing community and conflicts, if any with fishing community shall be amicably resolved in all cases. 17. Shoreline Protection Techniques such as Sand by passing will be carried. 18. The GIMCO/SPPL shall ensure that the existing sand dunes are not disturbed due to the proposed project and shall remain intact. The trestle and approach road for lying pipeline shall be kept at 1.00 m highest height of sand dune.

ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT - MITIGATION MEASURES 1. Scientific and regulated stacking of coal 2. Provision of impermeable surfaces where coal is being handled 3. Periodic cleaning of coal spills, if any 4. Greenbelt Development 5. Use of multi-purpose Cranes such as Gantry Type and dust suppression system etc., 6. Use of low sulphur diesel in DG sets 7. The coal is proposed to be transported through Covered conveyors and gas by pipeline (Gas) to nearby power plants and hence vehicular traffic is reduced. 8. Use of tarpaulin covers and speed regulations for vehicles engaged in transportation 9. Repair of asbestos contained in ship structures, the operation shall take place in an enclosed limited area 10. Asbestos removal facilities shall have concrete/asphalt flooring, side walls and roof, wetting system, safe storage facilities for asbestos waste and packaging facility 11. Closed circuit vacuum blasting at shipyard 12. Use of Water Based Paints to minimise VoC Emissions at shipyard 13. Painting of ships' hulls will be carried out using airless spray painting at shipyard 14. Blast and Paint Cells will be provided with Fume extraction and dilution system at shipyard. 15. Eco friendly LNG Regasification Technology is proposed (Indirect Ambient Air Vaporisation technology)

MEASURES TO PROMOTE TURTLE NESTING

1. The light fixture will be mounted as low as possible to minimize light trespass and the lowest amount of light needed for the task shall be used. 2. Long wavelength lights will be used wherever possible. Low pressure sodium (LPS) lights are considered more desirable than HPS sources. Short wavelength (blue) and broad spectrum sources such as metal halide, mercury vapour, fluorescent or halogen lights will be avoided. 3. Amber filters on HPS lights will be used if HPS lights use cannot be avoided, 4. White lights that emit ultraviolet light will not be used. 5. Strong blue or green spectral elements (eg. mercury vapour lights) will be limited as far as possible. 6. Lights will be directed downward and will be shielded to avoid overhead glow on cloudy nights 7. To mitigate the erosion related issues, sand by passing / Beach nourishment is considered as one way to mitigate erosion. The classical mitigation measures such as shore walls, groynes, etc is completely avoided since it may prohibit access of sea turtles to nearby nesting beaches. 8. Awareness programmes for local fisher population, company labourers and employees shall be undertaken to highlight sea turtle conservation. Awareness regarding fisheries related issues is also necessary among fishing community. Incidental capture of turtles in shrimp trawls and gill nets account for more deaths than all other human activities combined. In addition to the trawl entanglement, sea turtles have been killed after becoming entangled in other types of fishing gear, such as, gill nets, long

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lines (hook and line), and lobster or crab pot lines. Creation of awareness among villagers and fishermen shall be undertaken as part of conservation measures 9. Alternate livelihood option for vada fisherman is under consideration by the project proponent and such plan will improve sea turtle nesting in the study area. Vada fishing is usually done in the inter-tidal region by placing nets at regular intervals and parallel to the shore. During the high tides at night, this method has a potential to prevent sea turtles reaching shore for nesting as well as accidental entanglement and drowning.

6 Marine Environment Monitoring Programme It is suggested that a continuous monitoring programme covering all the seasons on various aspects of the coastal environs need to be undertaken by a competent organisation available in the State or by entrusting to the National Institutes/renowned Universities with rich experiences in marine science aspects. The monitoring should cover various physico-chemical parameters coupled with biological indices such as microbes, plankton, benthos and fishes on a periodic basis during construction and operation phase of the project. Any deviations in the parameters shall be given adequate care with suitable measures to conserve the marine environment and its resources. Further the data collected shall also be compared with secondary data available for the Gujarat coast so as to arrive at a meaningful management plan

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The proposed environmental monitoring program is outlined below: Table 6-1: Environmental Monitoring Program Environ Standards mental Parameters to No. of Sampling Frequency of Methods for Compli Attribut be monitored Locations Monitoring Sampling & ance es Analysis Construction Phase

Marine Physical, Six (6) Bottom Primary Water Chemical and sampler (and water  Kharod river Once a month Quality Biological confluence point analysis by quality both for low tide using standard standard  Shipyard/jetties basin and high tide methods. s for In addition to  1.5 km east of periods coastal the above, eastern during water Alpha, Beta breakwater construction (SW – emitters  1.5 km west of IV) western breakwater  Dredge material disposal site  Outer Approach channel Plankton Phytoplankton, Six (6) Plankton net Baseline and Zooplankton of diameter of marine  Kharod river Once a month Benthic and Benthic 0.35 m, No.25 Plankto confluence point during Commun Communities mesh size 63  n and  Shipyard/jetties construction ities basin and analysis Benthic  1.5 km east of by using Commu eastern standard nity data breakwater methods.  1.5 km west of western breakwater  Dredge material disposal site  Outer Approach channel Sediment Physical, Six (6) Grab Sampling Baseline Quality Chemical and and analysis marine  Kharod river Once a month Biological by using sedimen confluence point during standard t quality  Shipyard/jetties construction basin methods data  1.5 km east of eastern breakwater  1.5 km west of western breakwater

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Environ Standards mental Parameters to No. of Sampling Frequency of Methods for Compli Attribut be monitored Locations Monitoring Sampling & ance es Analysis  Dredge material disposal site  Outer Approach channel Coastal Erosion/accreti 7 km stretch on either Twice a Year GIS, remote Satellite Shoreline on side of shipyard cum sensing imagery jetties breakwaters shall be techniques and obtained ground before verification commen cing the construc tion activity. CRZ Map/CZ MP of project location

Bathymet Changes in Dredge Spoil Disposal Once in Quarter Standard Baseline ry Sea Bed Site Bathymetric Bathym (During Levels Survey using etry Dredging The ECO and Sounder: Disposal) ODOM Echotrac CVM dual frequency Echo Sounder

Operation Phase

Marine Physical, Six (6) Once a month Bottom Primary Water Chemical and  Kharod river sampler (and water Quality Biological confluence point analysis by quality using standard standard  Shipyard/jetties basin methods. s for In addition to  1.5 km east of coastal the above, eastern water Alpha, Beta breakwater (SW – emitters  1.5 km west of IV) western breakwater  Dredge material disposal site  Outer Approach

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Environ Standards mental Parameters to No. of Sampling Frequency of Methods for Compli Attribut be monitored Locations Monitoring Sampling & ance es Analysis channel Plankton Phytoplankton, Six(6) Once a month Plankton net Baseline and Zooplankton  Kharod river of diameter of marine Benthic and Benthic confluence point 0.35 m, No.25 Plankto Commun Communities  Shipyard/jetties mesh size 63  n and ities basin and analysis Benthic  1.5 km east of by using Commu eastern standard nity data breakwater methods.  1.5 km west of western breakwater  Dredge material disposal site  Outer Approach channel Sediment Physical, Six (6) Once a month Grab Sampling Baseline Quality Chemical and  Kharod river and analysis marine Biological confluence point by using sedimen  Shipyard/jetties standard t quality basin methods data  1.5 km east of eastern breakwater  1.5 km west of

western breakwater  Dredge material

disposal site  Outer Approach channel Coastal Erosion/accreti 7 km stretch on either of Twice a Year Satellite Baseline Shoreline on shipyard cum jetties imagery, GIS, Satellite breakwaters remote sensing imagery techniques and procure ground d before verification commen cement of construc tion.

CRZ Map/CZ MP of

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Environ Standards mental Parameters to No. of Sampling Frequency of Methods for Compli Attribut be monitored Locations Monitoring Sampling & ance es Analysis project location

STP/ Physical, Four (4) Daily Grab Sampling As per ETP - Chemical and  STP Inlet/ outlet and analysis GPCB Inlet & Biological  ETP Inlet/ outlet by using stipulati Outlet standard on in Parameters methods CTE/CT O.

7 ALTERNATIVE AND ADDITIONAL LIVELIHOOD OPTIONS In order to conserve the coastal waters adjacent to the project site area and to enhance the livelihood options of the fishermen communities located in and around this area, a holistic environmental management plan with adequate conservation measures, judicious utilisation of marine bio-resources besides novel technologies for adoption by fishermen so as to enhance the additional and alternate livelihood option are outlined below; Marine ornamental fishes Technologies are available nowadays from the CMFRI, Mandapam as well Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University (CASMB, AU) for promotion of culture of marine ornamental fishes such as Clowns, Damsels, ornamental shrimps etc., The proponent can establish a marine ornamental fish village by creating a common facility for the supply of filtered disease free sea water as well the other facilities in the fishermen groups for practising the culture of ornamental fishes including breeding, rearing and development of saleable adult fishes. This will also provide an ample opportunity for the fisherwomen to have additional livelihood options in addition to routine fishing and other related activities Sea weed culture The Red seaweed Eucheuma cottoni (earlier Kappaphycus alvarezii) has the promise to culture in the shallow coastal waters including creeks and estuaries as demonstrated in Tamilnadu coast can also be undertaken as livelihood options. This can be carried out both by rope culture and bamboo raft culture. The technologies are already perfected by the CASMB, AU and they can be involved to offer adequate training for this purpose. Mud crab fattening Water crab or post moult crab represents a stage in crab’s life cycle. During the catch the fishers used to get water crabs every day which fetches cheaper rates as it contains more of water than flesh. This reduces the profit of the fishers. Instead, in the present intervention, the post-moult or water crabs caught by the fishers would be kept in captivity (cage/pen) for a short period of 20- 30 days until they 'flesh out' or normal crabs. Since the fattening period is less, the crabs can be fed with dry and trash fish which is available in the same location. Multiple market and buy-back arrangement will be made with crab collector, buyers and exporters, so that the regular raw material flow will be facilitated.

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Installation of Solar drier Gujarat coast is known for sun drying of fishes in the shore as well adjacent areas. The sun drying of fishes is one of the most important and famous preservative techniques. Due to the operation of the Project the fishermen may have apprehension for drying of fishes in open area due to dust particles. In order to overcome this particular issue as well to enhance quality and quick drying of fishes in a most hygienic way, it is proposed to establish adequate number of solar driers by the proponent on the coastal stretches of Project site. An efficient make and model of the solar drier, which are in operation in Tamil Nadu is also given below for ready reference. The Proponent can consider this under CSR activities.

The solar driers are designed to be suitable for all seasons; it dries fast in summer and dry safe in winter and rainy seasons. The dryers are atomized and user-friendly which finds more utility since these driers are functioning out of Radiation Principle. The product dried will never lose its natural characters besides the natural colours and vitamins will be protected. The products are dried in 550C to 600C. The excess heat and humidity is controlled automatically. The Bio mass heat exchangers will support drying in rainy seasons and also in hard winters where solar intensity is insufficient for drying. In this functioning very minimum of electricity is consumed. Driers can be designed according to the need and necessity, the investment on the proposed Hi-tech models will find pay back within a span of 18 to 24 months. In a nutshell, this system of drying is identified to be more economic, safe and fast in drying technology.

Advantages of solar driers for fish drying 1. Drying time is reduced up to 50% while comparing to open yard drying and also the cost on energy is saved, since solar energy is used. 2. Manpower requirement is less since the product is dried inside the chamber and therefore hygienic as well as uniform drying is ensured. 3. The drying technique used in this process conserves natural characters, vitamins and colours are protected.

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Fish drying inside of solar drier in Poompuhar, Tamil Nadu

8 Budgetary Estimate for Key Conservation Activities Environmental monitoring programme as formulated above will be implemented. The budgetary estimate for complete Environmental Management which includes marine diversity conservation and management during construction phase is INR 113.86 Crores and during operational phase is INR 11.89 Crores.

9 Summary and Conclusion The results of the Primary surveys indicated that the physico-chemical and biological parameters did not vary much except a few parameters which showed only marginal variations. The surface water temperature, salinity, pH, TSS and turbidity were within the permissible level as suggested by Dept. of Oceanography, SOEST, Hawaii (2012). The variation noticed between the stations was only marginal and it might be due to seasonal changes, geographical location and sampling time. The range of ecologically sensitive chemical parameters such as Oxygen, BOD, nutrients was also at the optimal concentration corresponding to the seasonal variation as suggested by Khadanga, 2012. Similarly, the level of Petroleum Hydrocarbon, Heavy metals (Sediment, water and fauna) were also within the permissible limit as per the limits suggested by USA Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. The sand, silt and clay fraction at each of the stations along with their textural classification indicated that the sand and silt percentage was higher during this survey (Jones, 2000). The microbial population showed general trend in water and sediment samples during this survey. The maximum colony count was observed in sediment compared to the water samples. With regard to biological entities, the phytoplankton species belonging to three groups namely diatoms, dinoflagellates, and blue greens were recorded. Of these, diatoms were found to be the dominant group in various stations. Dinoflagellates formed next group and blue green algae came last in the order in all the stations. 3 groups of macro zooplankton namely, calanoids, cyclopoids, and

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harpacticoids and 2 groups of micro zooplankton namely, spirotricha and larval forms and “others” groups of zooplankton were recorded. Of the above said groups, calanoida were found to be the dominant group because calanoida is the largest group than the other mentioned groups. Larval forms came as next dominant group. Cyclopoida came next followed by spirotricha and harpacticoida. While other group showed only meager contributions in the collection. Among the macro benthic organisms, the polychaetes topped the list. Crustaceans were found to be the next dominant group in the order of abundance and followed by Gastropods and bivalves of the total benthic organisms collected. The four groups of meio-benthic organisms namely foraminiferans, nematodes, harpacticoids and ostracodes were recorded. Of these, foraminiferans were dominant. Ostracodes were found to be the next dominant group in the order of abundance and followed by Nematodes and harpacticoids. The primary data during comprehensive survey period as well the secondary data collected do not reflect the existence of any critical flora and fauna in the study area. The information collected on the biodiversity potential of Kutch coast is detailed vide Annexure I. Ecologically sensitive areas like Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and other protected areas (PA) are not found within 15 km radius of the project site. Ecological sensitive areas and marine protected areas of Kutch District are located beyond 35 km distance from the project site. Project site is far away from the marine protected area of Gulf of Kutch and moreover it is near Mandvi coast where the Govt. of Gujarat identified as the ideal zone for developing industries in view of the strategic location with minimal ecological impact and lesser livelihood damage.

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Annexure I Ecological Sensitive Areas and Other Marine Protected Area Gujarat has the longest coastline of 1600 km in the country, comprising of major geomorphic segments namely Gulf of Khambhat, Gulf of Kachchh, Saurashtra coast and Coast of South Gujarat. Of these, Kutch is the integrated part of Gujarat and it is the largest district in India with a total area of 45652 sq km. Out of this, the Rann of Kutch or salt desert occupies nearly 30,000 sq. km or nearly 2/3rd of the area. Kutch Coast is one of the rare ecological zones in the world having rich bio-diversity, which comprises of mangroves, coral reefs, Mudflats, Seaweeds,

Commercial fishes and a few rare marine species. The yet another prominent feature of the Kutch

Coast is the vast intertidal zone comprising a network of creeks, estuaries and mudflats. The Kutch coast provides flattering environment for several sea based traditional avocations like fishing, salt making apart from land based occupations like agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry.

Ecologically sensitive areas like Biosphere Reserves, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and other protected areas (PA) are not found within the 25 km radius of the project site. Ecological sensitive areas and marine protected areas of Kutch District are located beyond 35 km distance from the project site. The Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in the Great Rann of Kutch at a distance of 93 km. The other ecologically sensitive areas found in Kutch district are the Narayan

Sarovar Sanctuary (83 km), Kutch Bustard Sanctuary (70 km), Banni Grasslands Reserve and Chari-

Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve (81 km). Apart from the above, there is a Wild Ass Sanctuary in Kutch District which is located in the Little Rann of Kutch at a distance of 103 km.

Mangrove vegetation

Gulf of Kachchh along with the Western mangroves in and around Khori creek supports the second largest mangrove area in the world. Mangroves in the Gulf have low height due to high tidal amplitude and salinity of the seawater. Mangroves in the four districts-Devbhumi-Dwarka, Jamnagar, Morbi and Kachchh districts have been notified as forests. According to Ecological Profile for Coastal Talukas of Gulf of Kachchh,

(2014) a large part of the notified mangrove area is without mangrove cover and some of it is leased

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out to the salt industries. The common mangrove species recorded in this region are Avicennia marina, which constitutes about 90% of total mangroves and the rest 5% by Rhizophora mucronata, Ceriops tagal, and Aegiceras corniculatum (Singh, 2000).

Other floral resources/ Sand dunes

According to a field survey on sand dune vegetation conducted by (GES, 2014) in and around

Kutch region, 46 different flora were recorded which include 11 tree species, 6 shrubs, 9 herbs, 10 grasses, 6 sedges, 2 creepers and 2 climbers. The tree species Prosopis juliflora, an invasive alien weed plant locally called Kanda Baval is the dominant vegetation in the study area (650 trees- shrubs/ha). Thickets of Prosopis were seen predominantly whose height ranged from 50 cm to 5 meter. The other tree species, Acacia nilotica and Zizyphus nummularia were also reported.

Categorizing the recorded floral forms as per IUCN red data list showed that 39 plants fall under the category ‘Not Evaluated’, 6 plants under ‘Least Concerned’ and 1 plant-‘ Critically Endangered’.

The survey further revealed that the sand dunes are located close to the supratidal zone in most of the places. Sand dunes are inhabited by grasses such as Aleurops lagopoides, Aristida spp.,

Cenchrus biflora, Cenchrus ciliaris and Urochondra setulosus which form patches on the sandy substrate. Sedges such as Fimbristylis cymosa and Cyperus arenarius were recorded on a very few occasion. However, the major vegetation composition of Kutch district showed presence of thorny species like Prosopis juliflora, Zizyphus nummularia and Capparis decidua

Seaweed and Seagrasses

The Gulf contributes to the maximum species and biomass of seaweeds for the west coast of

India. Between the two coasts of Gulf of Kachchh (the northern and the southern) the latter supports luxuriant growth of marine algae because shoreline has gradual slope with high tidal amplitude, moderate wave action and low turbidity. Also, presence of hard substratum both due to coral reefs and other rocks, provide suitable habitat for most of the algal species. The northern shore of the Gulf has poor algal growth, as the sandy/ muddy substratum associated with relatively high turbidity does not support the species. According to a study conducted earlier (Anon, 1992), the number of marine algae

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was found to be 78 species belonging to Rhodophyceae (26), Chlorophyceae (25) and Phaeophyceae

(21).

Distribution of marine algae in the southern and northern coasts of the Gulf exhibited a clear cut contrast between each other. Availability of large inter-tidal area (1-5 km) with gradual slope and the coralline substratum on the southern coast favoured luxuriant growth of diverse species of algae in the marine sanctuary area and most other region. The zonation and distribution pattern of the seaweeds is almost the same at all the stations of the southern Gulf. The supra- littoral zone was dominated by the green algal species (Ulva sp). Other common algae in this region were green e.g., Ernodemis,

Struvea, and Microdictyon and nonarticulated coralline alga – Melobasia (red algae). Brown algae belonging to the order Dictyotales were common in the mid-littoral zone; dominated by Padina, and

Dictyota. Sargassum species contribute the maximum to the total biomass of the Gulf of Kachh region

(>1 kg.m-2 wet weight). The sub-tidal region (below 5m depth) is dominated by species like

Sargassum, Turbinaria and Kjellimania.

Intertidal areas/Mudflats

The intertidal area is the transitional region between land and sea. Intertidal habitats provide ecosystem services such as shoreline stabilization, maintenance of biodiversity and recreation.

Mudflats are critical habitats for migratory shorebirds and many marine organisms, including commercially important species like crabs and a variety of molluscan species. The intertidal extent of the GoK increases towards upstream. The increase is from 0.5 to 2 km. on northern side and around 1 to 10 km. on southern side. Due to such spread of tidal waters, GoK possess many different habitats in the intertidal areas like mud flats (298.2 km2), sandy flats (5.8 km2), rocky areas and etc. (Meena,

2008).

Coral reef ecosystem

The GoK, Mithapur and Dwarka are the only areas in Gujarat where coral reefs exist. As a matter of fact, at a global level, the coral reefs in GoK are found at the northern most limits compared to northern region. The most northerly patches of coral reefs are found at Mungra reef. The age of

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coral reefs in GoK vary from 5240 years B.P. at Salaya to approximately 45,000 years B.P. at Okha.

Based on the existing classification, most of these reefs are grouped into fringing types. However, solitary and soft corals were also reported near Mundra, Mandvi and Kandla in Kachchh region

(Deshmukh et. al. 2000) and in the Arabian Sea along the Saurashtra coast (Raghunathan et. al. 2004).

According to satellite imagery based assessment, coral reefs in GoK occupies an area of about 460 km2.

According to GEC (1997), the available data reveals that the area supports 120 sp. of algae, 70 sp. of sponges, 200 varieties of fishes, 8 types of sharks, 27 species of prawns, 30 species of crab along with lobster and barnacles. The coral fauna is comparatively less diverse when compared to other parts of India. Pillai and Patel (I988) carried out an extensive survey at 15 reef locations in

Kutch viz, Okha, Dholiogugar, Dona, Boria, Magunda, Savaj, Paga, Manmarudi lanmarud, Ajad,

Burel reef, Dhani, Kazimbar reef, Narara reef, Goose reef and Piroten islands and reported 40 species of corals. Ramose corals such as Acropora, Pocillopora, Stylopora and Seriatopora are not found at present though semi-fossilised specimens of Acropora are found on some beaches in moderate density

(Pillai, 1996).

Fisheries

The Gulf is an important fishing ground for shrimps, lobsters, pomfrets, catfish, Bombay duck mullets, shark and clupeids. The park and sanctuary area supports approximately 200 species of fishes and 27 species of shrimps. It also supports good landings of gastropods and bivalves especially edible oysters, windowpane oysters and pearl oysters. Based on the average oyster density of 7.6nos.m-2, the biomass of windowpane oysters in the Pindara Bay was estimated to be 6300 tons. Windowpane oyster fishery of Gulf of Kachchh is unique and nowhere else along Indian coast except that in

Kakinada Bay, Andhra Pradesh it forms an important fishery. Gulf of Kachchh provides suitable ecological and environmental conditions and sustains a variety of exploitable species of finfishes and shellfishes with an average catch of 1.4x 105 tons/y.

Reptiles

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Majority of the reptile species is fossorial in habit; therefore the assessment of reptiles and their diversity etc. holds special significance for any development project. In the present study, a total of 6 species of reptiles were recorded within the core area and 16 species in the buffer area. Of the reported reptiles species in the buffer area, Sea turtles belong to Schedule-I of the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and are classified as ‘Endangered’ and ‘Vulnerable’ by the IUCN respectively. The Indian Flap shell turtle was also reported from water bodies in buffer area which is common throughout country and is also listed as

Schedule-I in WPA 1972 and least concerned by IUCN. Majority of the reptile species (except Sea turtles) reported from the core and buffer area fall in ‘Least Concerned’ category of IUCN. No endangered, rare, threatened or endemic species of reptiles was reported from the core area. However, Spiny tailed Lizard being a protected species with restricted distribution reported from the core area may need specific conservation actions during the project construction and operation phases.

Turtle nesting

The olive ridley turtle reported to nest between June and early November on the Gujarat coast while green turtle nesting takes place between July and ends of January. However, the data sources impedes on the exact nesting season. Moreover, olive ridley peak nesting occurs between July and November. Sporadic nesting takes place throughout the year along Gujarat coast

(Sundaraj et al. 2013). Four species of sea turtles are known to occur in the coastal waters of Gujarat of which two species are reported to nest along the coastal stretches (Sundarraj et al. 2002. Among four coastal districts (Jamnagar, Porbandar, Junagarh and Kutch), number of nests reported along the

Kutch coast is less than the other districts

Birds

A total of 83 bird species were reported in the study area. Majority of the species (81) are resident species whereas only two species were found to be migratory. Of these 83 species, 77 belong to ‘Least Concerned’ category rated by IUCN whereas only two species i.e. White-rumped vulture

(Gyps bengalensis) and Long billed vulture (Gyps indicus) belonged to Critically Endangered

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category. Majority of the birds reported from the core and buffer area belong to the Schedule-IV of

Wildlife Protection Act 1972 whereas White-rumped Vulture, Long-billed Vulture and Indian Peafow l, belong to Schedule-I or IWPA 1972. Majority of the resident species reported in the study area are known to breed in this region as well as in entire Gujarat. No rare, endangered, endemic bird species were found to breed in the core project area. Two species of critically endangered vultures were observed to roost in one of the agriculture farms on coconut tree which is located at 3.8 km in west direction from proposed project boundary. Moreover, there are past reports of sightings of Lesser Florican from Layja/Bayat grasslands (Sankaran, 1994b). Lesser Florican is a rare and endangered species and highly protected by Wildlife Protection Act 1972.

Great Indian Bustard has been reported from Bhada and Panchatia and on the Badamoiti,

Godhra and Don villages in Mandvi taluk during January 1984 (Rahmani and Manikadan,

1990), and Layja village, 15 km west from Mandvi on the Naliya road, January 1985

(Rahmani and Manikadan, 1990). However recent study carried out in Kutch on Great Indian

Bustard did not report any individuals from this region. Closest report of Great Indian Bustard being sighted was from protected grassland of Lathedi village (Munjpara, 2011, Pandey et al.

2008) which is 15.5 km in west direction from the core area.

Mammals

A total of 15 mammal species in the buffer area and six in the core area were recorded. The common mammalian species that were directly observed in the core area include Nilgai,

Wild Pig, Grey Mongoose, Indian Hare and Five striped Squirrel etc. No endangered or Schedule-I species reported form the core area of the project site. However, Indian Wolf belongs to Schedule-I of

WPA 1972 and reported as endangered by IUCN was reported to be present in the buffer area.

Moreover, Chinkara belong to Schedule-I. Indian Jackal, Jungle cat, Indian Fox, Common Mongoose belong to Schedule-II of IWPA 1972. Whereas Hyena, Nilgai, Wild boar belong to Schedule-III. India

Hyena is reported as Near Threatened by IUCN which is reported form the study area. Rest of the species belongs to Schedule-IV of WPA (G.E.C, 1997).

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In short, the seasonal marine ecological survey made during September 2012- May 2013 in

Nana Layja Mota coastal waters suggests that the physico-chemical and nutrient parameters exhibited only marginal variation, which is comparable to the levels recorded in the coastal waters elsewhere.

Further, the results of physico-chemical and biological parameters indicate that the water is well oxygenated and nutrients are adequate supporting fairly good plankton population, the base in the food chain. The other parameters like benthos and fisheries are also appeared to be normal. It is again reiterated that the Gujarat marine biological resources available in the Gulf of Kuchh and GoK may not represent the present project site area.

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