2 IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | www.iasscore.in www.iasscore.in IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | CONTENTS
Biodiversity Hotspots ...... 1 Biodiversity Hotspots in India ...... 2 Biodiversity Hope Spots ...... 5 Biosphere Reserves ...... 5 www.iasscore.in IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | 1
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES
Biodiversity Hotspots
A biodiversity hotspot is a region with a high level of endemic species that are under threat from humans. The term hotspot was introduced in 1988 by Norman Myers. According to the Conservation International the criteria for determining a hotspot are: " The area should support >1500 endemic species, " It must have lost over 70 % of the original habitat The North American Coastal Plains is the latest addiƟ on to the list of Biodiversity Hotspot of the world to become the 36th Biodiversity Hotspot.Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in wild in atleast 50% in their 10 years) " It is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the world. 2 IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | www.iasscore.in
World’s 36 Biodiversity Hotspots I. Africa Wallacea The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka Cape Floristic Region Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa III. Europe and Central Asia Eastern Afro-montane Guinean Forests of West Africa Caucasus Horn of Africa Irano-Anatolian Madagascar* It has been declared as the Mediterranean Basin hottest hotspot. Mountains of Central Asia Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany The Succulent Karoo IV. North and Central NOTE: Eastern and Coastal Forests of Tanzania/Kenya have been declared as America the hottest hotspot. California Floristic Province Caribbean Islands* It has been II. Asia-Pacifi c declared as the hottest hotspot. East Melanesian Islands Madrean Pine-Oak Woodlands Himalaya Mesoamerica Indo-Burma North American Coastal Plains Japan Mountains of Southwest China V. South America New Caledonia Atlantic Forest* It has been declared New Zealand as the hottest hotspot. Philippines Cerrado Polynesia-Micronesia Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests Southwest Australia Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena Forests of Eastern Australia (new) Tropical Andes Sundaland
Biodiversity Hotspots in India
Himalaya: Includes the entire Indian Himalayan region (and that falling in Pakistan, Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, China, and Myanmar). Indo-Burma: Includes entire North-eastern India, except Assam and Andaman group of Islands (and Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and southern China). Sundaland: Includes Nicobar group of Islands (and Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Philippines). The Western Ghats and Sri Lanka: Includes entire Western Ghats (and Sri Lanka). NOTE: Except Himalaya Hotspot, other biodiversity hotspots in India have been declared as the hottest hotspot. www.iasscore.in IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | 3 4 IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | www.iasscore.in www.iasscore.in IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | 5
Biodiversity Hope Spots
Hope Spot are special places that are critical to the health of the ocean. Dr.Sylvia Earle introduced the concept of Hope Spot because a very less number i.e. only 6% of the ocean is protected while comparing with the land which is 12% protected. Hope Spot Network is a joint initiative of Mission Blue and International Union Of Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The Andaman and Nicobar and the Lakshadweep islands have been designated as ‘Hope Spots’ by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 2013. The two islands are the fi rst spots in India to be named hope spots and part of 31 new spots across the world in addition to the existing 19 hope spots.
Biosphere Reserves
The fi rst biosphere reserve of the world was established in 1979. There are 701 Biosphere reserves across 124 countries in the world which also include 21 trans-boundary sites. The largest Biosphere reserve in India is the Gulf of Mannar and the smallest Biosphere Reserve in India is Panna in Madhya Pradesh.
S. MAB Year Name State Type Key Features No List
Key Species: NilgiriTahr, Lion-Tailed Macaque
National Parks: Mukurthi National Park, Tamil Nadu, Bandipur National Park, Nilgiri Biosphere Western 1 Kerala, and Nagarhole National Park,
1986 Reserve 2000 Ghats Karnataka Silent Valley National Park
Wildlife Sanctuary: Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, Wayanad Wildlife sanctuary
East Key Species: Asian 2 Nokrek Meghalaya
1988 2009 Himalayas Elephants and Red Panda
Key Species: Nilgiri Tahr, Snow leopard, Himalayan Western 3 Nanda Devi Uttarakhand Black Bear, and bharal/
1988 2004 Himalayas blue sheep.
Drained by Rishi Ganga 6 IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | www.iasscore.in
Key Species: Saltwater Andaman Crocodile Great Nicobar 4 and Nicobar Islands National Parks: Cambell
1989 Biosphere Reserve 2013 Islands Bay National park, Galathea National Park
Key Species: Dugong or Sea Cow 5 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu Coasts The estuaries of 1989 2001 Thamirabarani River of south India
Key Species: Royal Bengal Tiger It is the largest single Gangetic 6 Sundarbans West Bengal block of tidal halophytic
1989 2001 Delta mangrove forest in the world To the east it is bordered by the Baleswar River
Key Species: Golden Langur, Red Panda, East 7 Manas Assam Bengal Florican, Pygmy 1989 Himalayas Hog Manas River
Key Species: Gaurs, Royal Bengal Tiger, Wild elephant Deccan 8 Simlipal Odisha Waterfalls like Joranda
1994 2009 Peninsula and Barehipani Santhal tribal settlements, Meghasani, the highest peak in the national park
Key Species: Golden Langur East 9 Dibru-Saikhowa Assam Rivers: Brahmaputra
1997 Himalayas River; Lohit River; Dibru River
Key Species: Red Panda, Asiatic Black Bear National Parks: Mouling Arunachal Eastern 10 Dihang-Dibang National Park
1998 Pradesh Himalaya Wildlife Sanctuary: Dibang Wildlife Sanctuary
Key Species: Giant Pachmarhi Madhya Squirrel, Flying Squirrel, 11 Semi-Arid
1999 Biosphere Reserve Pradesh 2009 Chinkara, Nilgai, Wild Dogs www.iasscore.in IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | 7
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Satpura National Park, Bori Sanctuary, Pachmarhi Sanctuary
Key Species: Snow Leopard, Red Panda, East Sloth Bear, Rusell’s Viper 12 Khangchendzonga Sikkim
2000 2018 Himalayas There are many glaciers in the park famous one is Zemu Glacier
Key Species: NilgiriTahr, Elephants, Lion Tailed Macaques Wildlife Sanctuary: Agasthyamalai Kerala, Tamil Western 13 Kalakkad Mundanthurai
2001 Biosphere Reserve Nadu 2016 Ghats Tiger Reserve (TN), Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Shenduruny Wildlife Sanctuary.
Key Species: Chital, Madhya Wild Bear, Leopard, Tiger Achanakamar - Maikala 14 Pradesh, Panthera, striped Hyaena.
2005 Amarkantak 2012 Hills Chhattisgarh Rivers: The Narmada, the Johilla and the Son River
Key Species: Indian Wild Ass Rivers: Luni River drains into it Wildlife Sanctuary: Indian Great Rann of Wild Ass Sanctuary, Kutch 15 Gujarat Desert Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, 2008 Kutch Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, Kutch Bustard Sanctuary
Banni Grasslands Reserve and Chari-Dhand Wetland ConservaƟ on Reserve
Key Species: Snow Leopard National Park: Pin Valley Himachal Western 16 Cold Desert National Park
2009 Pradesh Himalayas Wildlife Sanctuary: Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary; Sarchu Wildlife Sanctuary
Key Species: Red Andhra Eastern 17 Seshachalam Hills Sanders and Slender
2010 Pradesh Ghats Loris. www.iasscore.in IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | 9 10 IAS 2021 | BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS, BIOSPHERE RESERVES | www.iasscore.in
Key Species: Tiger, Chital, Chinkara, Sambhar Madhya 18 Panna Ken River and Sloth bear
2011 Pradesh River: Ken River passes through it
The fi rst Biosphere Reserve in India is the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve that is a part of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Kerala. NOTE: The Bold Biosphere Reserves have been included in UNESCO’s MAB List.
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