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Природа №8 2018 88 1188 Issn 0032874X Индекс 70707 ISSN 0032874X ПРИРОДА №8 2018 88 1188 ISSN 0032874X. ПРИРОДА. 2018. №8. 1–96 ISSN 0032874X. ПРИРОДА. 2018. №8. ЕЖЕМЕСЯЧНЫЙ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОНАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК Издается с января 1912 года 18 Главный редактор в следующем номере 99 академик, доктор физико5математических наук А.Ф.Андpеев Заместитель главного редактора доктор физико5математических наук А.В.Бялко доктор биологических наук А.С.Апт, доктор геолого5минералогических наук А.А.Арис# кин, член5корреспондент, доктор физико5математических наук П.И.Арсеев, О.О.Аcта# xова, доктор биологических наук Ф.И.Атауллаханов, член5корреспондент, доктор юридических наук Ю.М.Батурин, доктор биологических наук Д.И.Берман, доктор био5 логических наук П.М.Бородин, М.Б.Бурзин, доктор физико5математических наук А.Н.Васильев, член5корреспондент, доктор филологических наук В.И.Васильев, канди5 дат биологических наук М.Н.Воронцова, доктор физико5математических наук Д.З.Ви# бе, кандидат физико5математических наук, доктор биологических наук М.С.Гельфанд, академик, доктор физико5математических наук С.С.Геpштейн, профессор А.Глухов (A.Glukhov, США), академик, доктор физико5математических наук Г.С.Голицын, доктор химических наук И.С.Дмитриев, кандидат биологических наук С.В.Дробышевский, академик, доктор физико5математических наук Л.М.Зеленый, академик, доктор биоло5 гических наук Н.А.Зиновьева, академик, доктор биологических наук А.Л.Иванов, про5 фессор Т.Йованович (T.Jovanovic5, Сербия), доктор биологических наук С.Л.Киселев, кандидат географических наук Т.С.Клювиткина, член5коppеcпондент, доктор физико5 математических наук М.В.Ковальчук, доктор биологических наук С.С.Колесников, Е.А.Кудряшова, профессор Е.Кунин (E.Koonin, США), доктор геолого5минералогиче5 ских наук А.Ю.Леин, член5корреспондент, доктор биологических наук В.В.Малахов, профессор Ш.Миталипов (Sh.Mitalipov, США), доктор геолого5минералогических на5 ук Т.К.Пинегина, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук Ю.В.Плугатарь, доктор физико5 математических наук М.В.Родкин, академик, доктор биологических наук Л.В.Розен# штраух, кандидат географических наук Ф.А.Романенко, академик, доктор физико5 математических наук А.Ю.Румянцев, член5коppеcпондент, доктор биологических наук 23 сентября 1918 г. в Петрограде решением Наркомпроса по инициативе профес5 Н.И.Санжарова, доктор физико5математических наук Д.Д.Соколов, кандидат физико5 математических наук К.Л.Сорокина, кандидат исторических наук М.Ю.Сорокина, соров Политехнического института М.И.Неменова и А.Ф.Иоффе был учрежден Н.В.Ульянова, академик, доктор биологических наук М.А.Федонкин, академик, доктор Государственный рентгенологический и радиологический институт (ГРРИ) — физико5математических наук А.Р.Хохлов, академик, доктор физико5математических наук по сути, первая организация, предназначенная для занятия непосредственно на5 А.М.Чеpепащук, академик, доктор физико5математических наук Ф.Л.Черноусько, член5 учными исследованиями. Физико5технический отдел ГРРИ, воссоединенный корреспондент, доктор химических наук В.П.Шибаев, О.И.Шутова, кандидат биоло5 позднее с Ленинградской физико5технической лабораторией, которая была соз5 гических наук А.О.Якименко дана для решения прикладных задач в 1925 г. также благодаря Иоффе, дал жизнь всемирно известному теперь Физико5техническому институту (ФТИ) имени А.Ф.Иоффе РАН. Свой день рождения институт традиционно отмечает в октябре, когда родился тот, чье имя носит институт. «Колыбелью советской физики» на5 зывали в свое время ФТИ, и это вполне справедливо: многие выдающиеся отече5 НА ПЕРВОЙ СТРАНИЦЕ ОБЛОЖКИ. Ковыль волосовидный, или тырса (Stipa ственные физики прошли школу Физтеха, а его филиалы, разбросанные по всей capillata), в крымской степи. См. в номере: Плугатарь Ю.В., Багрикова Н.А., стране, превратились в уникальное семейство физико5технических институтов Костин С.Ю., Крайнюк Е.С., Саркина И.С. Обитатели Южного берега Крыма. СССР в Харькове, Днепропетровске, Свердловске, Томске, Самарканде и других К 45летию природного заповедника «Мыс Мартьян». городах. Сегодняшний Физтех — один из ведущих научно5исследовательских Фото Н.А.Багриковой центров мира, в котором работает более 2 тыс. сотрудников (среди них 18 чле5 нов РАН, около 240 докторов и 560 кандидатов наук). Его столетию мы посвяща5 НА ЧЕТВЕРТОЙ СТРАНИЦЕ ОБЛОЖКИ. Поселение рифтии (Riftia pachyptila) — ем следующий номер журнала. одного из самых крупных беспозвоночных животных — в гидротермальном районе Калифорнийского залива (котловина Гуаймас, глубина 2000 м). Фотография сделана с борта ГОА «Мир». См. в номере: Сагалевич А.М. Роль визуальных наблюдений в глубоководных исследованиях океана. Фото автора © Российская академия наук, 2018 © Составление. Редколлегия журнала «Природа», 2018 №8 • (1236) • АВГУСТ • 2018 В НОМЕРЕ: 40 С.В.Васильев, Е.В.Веселовская, О.М.Григорьева, А.П.Пестряков, М.В.Хартанович Завещание Н.Н.Миклухо9Маклая исполнено Знаменитый путешественник и исследователь Н.Н.МиклухоМаклай завещал свой череп науке, но лишь спустя долгие десятилетия реликвия попала в хранилища Музея антропологии и этнографии имени Петра Великого (Кунсткамеры) РАН. Только теперь удалось провести антропологическое изу чение черепа ученого и выполнить два скульптур ных портрета. 51 П.Ф.Свистов, Е.С.Семенец, М.Т.Павлова Атмосферные осадки: А.Н.Суворов 60 лет регулярных наблюдений 3 В 2018 г. исполняется 60 лет наблюдениям за хи О нас и наших мическим составом атмосферных осадков в нашей онколитических бактериях стране. Рассмотрим историю становления этих Довольно давно известно, что инфекции, вызванные работ, вспомним о наиболее важных достижениях патогенными бактериями, могут в некоторых слу и основных результатах, полученных за истекший чаях останавливать рост злокачественных ново период. образований. Однако бактериальная терапия рака сложна и трудно предсказуема. Модификация па тогенов (в частности, стрептококков группы А) методами генетической инженерии позволяет уси 58 А.М.Сагалевич лить противоопухолевые (онколитические) свой Значение визуальных наблюдений ства бактерий, при этом сделать их безопасными. в глубоководных исследованиях океана В XX в. глубоководные обитаемые аппараты сыгра 10 А.С.Хрущева, Н.В.Дорогова, ли определяющую роль в поиске гидротермальных С.А.Фёдорова полей на дне Мирового океана. Во время погружений ученые описали не известные ранее геологические Белковая ловушка: явления и виды животных, маркирующие гидротер как зеленые химеры «ловят» гены мальные проявления. Белковая ловушка — удобный инструмент для ис следования генов, белков и их функций. В настоя щее время созданы коллекции линий модельных ор Научные сообщения ганизмов с различными ловушками, что позволяет Л.Я.Кизильштейн использовать новые методы, не создавая дополни 67 тельных трансгенных животных и генетических Бериллий в ископаемых углях: конструкций. геохимия, ресурсы, экология 18 Р.К.Расцветаева, С.М.Аксёнов 70 Ю.В.Плугатарь, Н.А.Багрикова, Возвращение на родину: С.Ю.Костин, Е.С.Крайнюк, И.С.Саркина сиудаит — новый минерал Обитатели Южного берега Крыма из Хибинского массива К 45летию природного заповедника Впервые сиудаит обнаружил аспирант из Варшав «Мыс Мартьян» ского университета во время минералогической экскурсии в Хибины (Кольский пов). Польские уче ные обратились к московским коллегам за по мощью в исследовании найденного образца. И хотя Времена и люди минерал носит польское имя и хранится в Варша 82 И.А.Стародубцева, И.Л.Сорока ве, история его происхождения и изучения нераз А.П.Павлов о национальных парках: рывно связана с Россией. воспоминания и размышления 24 Д.Я.Фащук 92 Новости науки Черное море: взлеты и падения Создан новый онлайн ресурс для обмена данными о па отечественного рыболовства циентах (92). Броненосцы Бразилии могут заразить леп рой (92). Животные переходят на ночной образ жизни, Историкогеографический анализ отечественного чтобы не встречаться с человеком (94). рыболовства в Черном море показал, что к концу XX в. оно пришло в депрессивное состояние. Есть ли надежда, что былые рыбные запасы и объемы про Объявления мысла здесь когдалибо восстановятся? 95 №8 • (1236) • AUGUST • 2018 CONTENTS: 40 S.V.Vasiliev, E.V.Veselovskaya, O.M.Grigorieva, A.P.Pestryakov, M.V.Khartanovich Nikolas N.Miklouho9Maclay’s Will Was Executed The famous traveler and explorer N.N.MiklouhoMaclay bequeathed his skull to science, but only after many decades the relic fell into the repositories of Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (the Kunstkamera) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Only now it became possible to conduct anthropological studies of the skull of the scientist and perform two sculptural portraits. 51 P.F.Svistov, E.S.Semenets, M.T.Pavlova Atmospheric Precipitation: 60 Years of Regular Observations 2018 marks 60 years of observations of the chemical composition of precipitation in our country. Let us con sider the history of the formation of these works, recall the most important achievements and main results A.N.Suvorov 3 obtained over the past period. About Us and Our Oncolytic Bacteria It is known that infections caused by pathogenic bacte ria can, in some cases, stop the growth of cancer. A.M.Sagalevich However, bacterial cancer therapy is complex and diffi 58 cult to predict. Modification of pathogens (in particular, The Importance of Visual Observations group A streptococci) by methods of genetic engineering in Deep Ocean Research makes it possible to strengthen the antitumor (oncoly Deep submergence manned vehicles played a decisive tic) properties of bacteria and make them safe. role in the search for hydrothermal fields on the bottom of the World Ocean in
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