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D Andrea Bastian.Pdf ANDREA VERRI BASTIAN MÉTODOS E TÉCNICAS DE BAIXO CUSTO PARA LEVANTAMENTO MÉTRICO DE SÍTIOS HISTÓRICOS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade Federal da Bahia como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Arivaldo Leão de Amorim Salvador 2015 B324 Bastian, Andrea Verri. Métodos e técnicas de baixo custo para levantamento métrico de sítios históricos / Andrea Verri Bastian. 2015. 269 f. : il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Arivaldo Leão de Amorim. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Arquitetura, Salvador, 2015. 1. Documentação - Arquitetura. 2. Fotogrametria - Sítios históricos. I. Universidade Federal da Bahia. Faculdade de Arquitetura. II. Amorim, Arivaldo Leão. III. Título. CDU: 72 ANDREA VERRI BASTIAN MÉTODOS E TÉCNICAS DE BAIXO CUSTO PARA LEVANTAMENTO MÉTRICO DE SÍTIOS HISTÓRICOS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade Federal da Bahia como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Salvador, 18 de setembro de 2015. Banca examinadora: Arivaldo Leão de Amorim – Orientador____________________________________ Doutor em Engenharia de Transportes pela Universidade de São Paulo Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA Natalie Johanna Groetelaars____________________________________________ Doutora em Arquitetura e Urbanismo pela Universidade Federal da Bahia Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA Gilberto Corso Pereira_________________________________________________ Doutor em Geografia pela Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA Eva Savina Malinverni_________________________________________________ PhD in Geodetic and Surveying Sciences pelo Politecnico di Milano, Itália Università Politecnica delle Marche - UNIVPM AGRADECIMENTOS Meus agradecimentos a todas as pessoas que direta ou indiretamente colaboraram com esta pesquisa, em especial: Ao caro professor Arivaldo Leão de Amorim pelo exemplo, apoio e incentivo recebidos, pela dedicação, paciência na orientação e comentários imprescindíveis para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Aos professores Gilberto Corso e Eva Savina Malinverni pela disponibilidade em participar da banca examinadora. À professora Natalie Groetelaars pelas importantes contribuições durante as etapas de qualificação. Ao professor Gabrielle Fangi pela cessão do Pacote Sphera, pelos ensinamentos e pela geração dos panoramas utilizados na pesquisa. À equipe de professores e estudantes dos cursos de graduação e pós–graduação da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) – Prof. Fernando Luiz Tavares Marques, Mayra Martins Silva, Pamela Anne Bahia Vieira da Silva e Stephanie Assef Mendes pelo apoio na etapa de coleta de dados em campo. À equipe de professores e estudantes dos cursos de graduação e pós–graduação da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA) – Prof. Arivaldo Leão de Amorim, Bianca Brito Lima Feitosa, Francisco Melo Oliveira, Lucas Alves Ribeiro, Marilia Maristela Lima da Paz, Thatiana Furquim e Yse Vinhais Dantas pelo apoio na etapa de coleta de dados em campo. Ao colega Humberto Diniz Guerra Santos pela cessão da planta base de Mucugê e imagens de satélite utilizadas na pesquisa. Ao Dr. Mauricio Correali pela colaboração e apoio. À minha família pelo carinho, estímulo e apoio permanentes. À minha filha Sylvia e à minha mãe Irma pela presença constante, carinho e apoio. BASTIAN, A. V. Métodos e técnicas de baixo custo para levantamento métrico de sítios históricos. 2015. 271 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Arquitetura e Urbanismo) – Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 2015. RESUMO Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo sobre métodos e técnicas de baixo custo para o levantamento métrico de sítios históricos, iniciando com os conceitos de patrimônio cultural e as primeiras recomendações internacionais para conservação e restauro de monumentos. Foram discutidos também, a crescente preocupação com a proteção de bens no Brasil e os diversos inventários já realizados. Foram apresentadas as principais tecnologias para levantamento de formas arquitetônicas baseadas em imagens com ênfase na Fotogrametria Digital, os conceitos e processos envolvidos, os requisitos e orientações para levantamentos fotogramétricos e os principais programas utilizados para restituição. A pesquisa, também, tratou do problema de extração de feições a partir de imagens digitais, discutindo os conceitos e etapas de processamento. A parte prática mostra os estudos de caso realizados com o objetivo de apreender e testar três ferramentas (PhotoModeler, Orthoware e pacote Sphera), avaliando qualidade, limites e potencialidades, gerando como produtos: ortofotos, ortofotomosaico e desenhos de restituição de fachadas, que foram utilizados como fonte de dados para geração de modelos geométricos. Ainda, foram realizados experimentos para extração automática de feições (vetorização automática) de imagens com o intuito de facilitar o processo de vetorização das ortofotos. Pode-se comprovar que a Fotogrametria Digital é uma ferramenta acessível, de custo reduzido que atende à demanda existente de documentação, de forma rápida e precisa; mas, para que isso seja possível, se deve levar em conta o conhecimento das diversas técnicas, a definição dos produtos desejados e as ferramentas existentes para que a escolha recaia sobre a técnica mais adequada. Palavras–chave: Documentação de patrimônio histórico. Fotogrametria Digital. Fotogrametria esférica. Técnicas de levantamento baseadas em imagens. Vetorização. BASTIAN, A. V. Low-cost methods and techniques for metric surveying historic sites. 2015. 271 f. Master Dissertation – Faculdade de Arquitetura, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, 2015. ABSTRACT This thesis presents a study on methods and low-cost techniques for historic sites surveys, it starts with the concepts of culture heritage and the first international recommendations for conservation and restoration of monuments, this study discussed about the evolution of the concern for the protection of property in Brazil and the various inventories already made. It presented the survey technologies for architectural documentation based on images with emphasis on Digital Photogrammetry, the concepts and processes involved the requirements and guidelines for photogrammetric surveys and the main photogrammetric software used to restitution. The survey also addressed the problem of features extraction from digital images, discussing the concepts and processing steps. The practical part presents some case studies that allowed to the apprehending and also the testing of three tools (PhotoModeler, Orthoware and Sphera package), as a way to assess quality, limits and potential to generate products as orthophotos, ortofotomosaico and facades restitution drawings, which were used as data source for generating geometric models. Still, experiments for automatic feature extraction were performed (automatic vectorization) of images in order to facilitate the process of vectorization from orthophotos. Digital Photogrammetry proved to be a handy low-cost tool, which meets the existing demand for documentation, as quickly and accurately as possible, but in order to make this possible is necessary to know the different techniques, the definition of the desired products and existing survey methods to select the most appropriate technique. Keywords: Heritage documentation. Digital Photogrammetry. Esferical Photogrammetry. Survey techniques based on image. Vectorization. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Sítios históricos destruídos nos últimos 15 anos: Budas 24 gigantes de Bamiyan (a); Cidade de Bam (b); Portão de Namdaemun (c) Figura 2 – São Luís do Paraitinga: devastação provocada pela 25 enchente em 2010 Figura 3 – Modelo de ficha de inventário usada no IPAC-BA (frente) 45 Figura 4 – Conjunto arquitetônico e paisagístico de Mucugê (Bahia) 48 Figura 5 – Parati: Cidades Históricas, Inventário e Pesquisa: dados 49 dos imóveis Figura 6 – Sistema de Informações do Patrimônio Cultural da Bahia 51 (SIPAC) Figura 7 – Ficha do Município (SIPAC) 51 Figura 8 – Modelo de ficha do Bem Cultural Material IPAC–MG 53 Figura 9 – Projetos Cyark 55 Figura 10 – Documentação realizada pela Cyark 56 Figura 11 – Projeto Virtual Pelourinho 56 Figura 12 – Técnicas de levantamento caracterizadas pela precisão e 60 dimensões do objeto Figura 13 – Representação esquemática de um dispositivo de varredura 62 a laser Figura 14 – Parâmetros utilizados determinação de um ponto no espaço 62 Figura 15 – Varredura a laser: sistema de tempo de voo 63 Figura 16 – Varredura a laser: sistema de diferença de fase 64 Figura 17 – Varredura a laser: esquema de sistemas de triangulação 64 Figura 18 – Processo fotogramétrico – do objeto ao modelo 70 Figura 19 – Processo fotogramétrico 70 Figura 20 – Fotogrametria baseada em uma única imagem 72 Figura 21 – Imagem: original (a); retificada (b) 72 Figura 22 – Edifício Town Hall: reprodução da fotografia original (a); 73 fotografia retificada (b) Figura 23 – Levantamento fotográfico baseado em Estereoscopia 74 Figura 24 – Estereopar: imagem esquerda (a); imagem direita (b) 74 Figura 25 – Desenho de fachada obtido através de estereorrestituição 75 Figura 26 – Exemplo de fotogrametria baseada em fotos convergentes 76 Figura 27 – Princípio da Fotogrametria baseada em fotos convergentes 76 Figura 28 – Projeção plana: polar (a); equatorial (b); horizontal
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