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Electrochemical Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application

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Electrochemical Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application Organic and Medicinal Chemistry International Journal ISSN 2474-7610 Review Article Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ Volume 5 Issue 2 - February 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Cesar AC Sequeira DOI: 10.19080/OMCIJ.2018.05.555660 Electrochemical Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application Cesar A C Sequeira* Center of Physics and Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal Submission: February 6, 2018; Published: February 19, 2018 *Corresponding author: Cesar AC Sequeira, Center of Physics & Engineering of Advanced Materials, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal, E-mail: Abstract medical use. The synthesis of these nanoparticles (NPs) has been the basis of many studies, each proposing different synthesis methods yielding Because of their magnetic and superparamagnetic properties, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have many potential applications for thus exploring their potential use in biomedical applications. The chemical, physical and magnetic properties of these nanostructures are examinednanostructures to determine of different their properties. possible application In this review in magnetic the synthesis resonance of biologically imaging compatible(MRI) contrast IONPs enhancement by electrochemical and thermal deposition activation is described, therapy. NPs characterization and demonstration of their potential uses pave the way to the development of smart magnetic IONPs for targeted diagnostics andKeywords therapeutics : of human diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease. Abbreviations Iron : IONP:oxide IronNanoparticles; oxide Nanoparticle; Electrochemical NP: Nanoparticles; Deposition; MNPS:IONPs MagnetiteBiomedical nanoparticles; Applications. TON : ON-time ; TOFF: OFF-Time; PRC: Pulse- microbalance; TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; SEM: Scanning electron microscopy; STM: Scanning tunneling microscopy; AFM: Atomic forcereverse microscopy; current; PC: ESTM: Pulse Electrochemical current; RDE : scanningRotating tunnelingdisc electrode; microscopy; RRDE: XRD:Rotating X-ray ring diffraction; disc electrode; XPS: X-ray EQCM: photoelectron Electrochemical spectroscopy; quartz crystal TDD: Targeted drug delivery; QD: Quantum dots Introduction An iron oxide nano particle (IONP), in nanotechnology, is a to date. These are Fe(OH) , Fe(OH) , Fe HO .4H O, Fe O , FeO, oxides, i.e., oxides, hydroxides3 or 2oxy-hydroxides5 8 2 are3 4known O . Characteristics of in terms of its transport and properties. Particles are further 2 3 particle defined as a small object that behaves as a whole unit these oxide compounds include mostly the trivalent state of the five polymorphs of FeOOH and four of Fe classified according to size: in terms of diameter, fine particles iron, low solubility and brilliant colors [3]. All the iron oxides cover a range between 100 and 2500 nanometers. On the other are crystalline except Schwertmannite and ferrihydrite which hand, ultrafine particles and Nanoparticles (NPs) are sized are poorly crystalline. These oxides can be synthesized by all between 1 and 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles may or may known wet chemical methods but to tailor the particle size in not exhibit size-related properties that differ significantly from nano range and morphology towards a particular application those observed in fine particles or bulk materials [1]. include chemical precipitation, sol-gel, hydrothermal, surfactant still remains a challenging task. Some of the synthesis techniques above outline, individual molecules are usually not referred mediated-precipitation, emulsion-precipitation, microemulsion- Although the size of most molecules would fit into the to as Nanoparticles. Nanoclusters have at least one dimension precipitation, electrodeposition, and micro wave assisted between 1 and 10 nanometers and a narrow size distribution. hydrothermal, surfactant mediated-precipitation, oxides find Nanopowders are agglomerates of ultrafine particles, applications as catalysts, sorbents, pigments, flocculants, nanoparticles, or nanoclusters [2]. Nanometer-sized single Iron oxide nano-composites have potential applications to as nanocrystals. Nanoparticle research is currently an area coatings, gas sensors, ion exchangers and for lubrication [4-9]. crystals, or single-domain ultrafine particles, are often referred in areas such as magnetic recording, magnetic data storage of intense scientific interest due to a wide variety of potential Iron oxides are one of the most important transition metal devices, toners and inks for xerography, and magnetic resonance applications in biomedical, optical, electronic and other fields. 2O3, nanoparticles can be used oxides of technological importance. Sixteen pure phases of iron imaging, wastewater treatment, bioseparation, and medicine [10-18]. Below a critical size Fe Organic & Medicinal Chem IJ 5(2): OMCIJ.MS.ID.555660 (2018) 001 Organic and Medicinal Chemistry International Journal and nanoclusters. These nanomaterials have been used for due to their durability, shade, UV absorption and added value for niche applications like transparent iron oxide pigments, the fabrication of high performance electrodes for water [19]. Careful control of the preparation process of transparent electrolysers, low temperature alkaline fuel cells and other iron oxide pigments results in the formation of pigments with energy devices [52-65]. not scatter light and are hence completely transparent. A brief very small primary particle sizes. When fully dispersed, they do Recently, based on experience gained with the preparation initiated preliminary studies of electrosynthesis of iron oxide application of various forms of nano iron oxides in the above of nanoparticles electrocatalysts for energy applications, we literature scan is reported in the present review considering the nanoparticles, motivated by their biomedical applications. The effects of experimental parameters of the electrosynthesis such fields. as imposed cell current, imposed cell potential, interelectrode ferromagnetic, is Magnetite (Fe O distance, dc pulse, pulse time, pulse height, relaxation One of the most important3 iron4 oxide, black in color and and Fe (III). Although stoichiometric magnetite has Fe (II)/ time, pulse frequencies, number of pulse cycles, solution ) which contains both Fe (II) temperature, pH, electrolyte concentration, synthesis additives stoichiometric results in a Fe3+ Fe (III) equals to 0.5 but magnetite, which is frequently non- deficient layer. Magnetite has an and so on are being investigated in order to find the optimum cell having an edge length of 0.839 nm and 32 oxygen atoms. In nanoparticles. In this context, the present short article outlines inverse spinel crystal structure with a face-centered cubic unit conditions to synthesize iron oxides, and particularly, magnetite this particular crystal structure Fe2+ and half of the Fe3+ occupy octahedral sites and the other half of the Fe3+ occupies tetrahedral range for biomedical applications. the electrochemical method to synthesize iron oxides in the nano Electrochemical Synthesis sites. Divalent iron atoms prefer to take octahedral sites to obtain higher crystal field stabilization energy. However, the trivalent Electrochemical method has been utilized to generate iron atoms occupy the two octahedral and tetrahedral sites and magnetite nanoparticles. An electrochemical synthesis (crystal field stabilization energy=0). The actual crystal types of different iron oxide nanoparticles phases like maghemite surface area in the range of 4 to 100 m2g-1. can be basically interpreted by passing an electric current magnetite consist of octahedron and rhombodecahedron with Magnetite has been attracting attention in the biomedical cathode located in an electrolyte. In this technique, the anode between two or more elctrodes which is called the anode and applications because of its biocompatibility and low toxicity catalyst for many reactions of important industrial productions can be oxidized to metal ion species in the electrolyte and the in the human body [20,21]. Also magnetite has been used as a such as the NH production, alcohol oxidation, and Fisher- metal ion is later on reduced to metal by the cathode with the 3 interface of electrode-electrolyte. Here, several characteristics of Tropsch synthesis for hydrocarbons and it can catalyse assistance of stabilizers. In fact, the synthesis occurs at the it from other generation techniques. Electrochemical synthesis electrosynthesis method will be introduced which differentiate oxidation/reduction reactions [22-26]. On the other hand, method occurs near to the electrode in the electric double layer, -1 magnetite was used in pigment and related industries [27]. Iron ). oxide (magnetite) can also be used in wastewater purification The synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles of controlled shapes owningAccording high potential to these gradient conditions, (105 Vcmelectrochemical reactions [28]. It can be an absorbent for heavy metal from water [29]. has attracted much attention because the physical and chemical a chemical synthesis. The product is deposited on the electrode usually give rise to products which is not possible to gain from As reported above, recently several chemical methods are properties depend strongly on particles size and morphology. normally in the forms of a coating or a thin film. Additionally, a employed to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles such as solid-liquid interface favors the growth
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