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Article 515810 C7ae12f0ffb4af9

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Article 515810 C7ae12f0ffb4af9 ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ 1 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 1388 (، 313-305 ) داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨ ﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘ ﺎت ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﭘﺎ 4668- 2008 ( ﻋﻠﻤﻲ- ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻲ) http://jer.entomology.ir ﺟﻠﺪ 1 ، ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ، ﺳﺎل 1388، (5 4-31 32) ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻓ ﻮﻧﺴﺘﻴﻚ و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Encyrtidae در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن و ﻣﺮﻛﺰي * ﺳﻴﺪه ﺷﺮاره ﮔﻠﭙﺎﻳﮕﺎﻧﻲ1 ، ﻋﻠﻲ اﺻﻐﺮ ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻲ2 ، ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﻄﻔﻌﻠﻲ زاده3 ، اﺣﺴﺎن رﺧﺸﺎﻧﻲ4 -1 داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ، ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه آزاد اﺳﻼﻣﻲ، واﺣﺪ اراك -2 دا ﻧﺸﻴﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﺣﺸﺮه ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﺪرس، ﺗﻬﺮان -3 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آﻓﺎت و ﺑﻴﻤﺎريﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ -4 اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر، ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻛﺸﺎورزي، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه زاﺑﻞ، زاﺑﻞ ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎر ازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ( Hem., Coccoidea ) از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Encyrtidae ﻃﻲ ﺳـﺎل 1386 در ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن و ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺑـﻪ دﺳـﺖ آﻣـﺪه، 11 ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ زﻧﺒـﻮر ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد، دو ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﺎره ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه اﻧـﺪ ﺑـﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ : : Blastothrix sericea (Dalman, 1820) Discodes coccophagus (Ratzeburg, 1848) Encyrtus aurantii (Geoffory, 1785) Microterys cuprinus (Nikol'skaya, 1952 )* Microterys hortulanus Erdos, 1956 Cheiloneurus claviger Thomson, 1876 Habrolepis dalamanii (Westwood, 1837) Zaomma lambinus (Walker, 1837) Metaphycus lounsburyi (Howard, 1898) Metaphycus chermis (Fonscolombe, 1832)* Metaphycus sp. وﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ، داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ و اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻮن ﺣﺸﺮات اﻳﺮان ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺤﺚ و ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي: Hymenoptera ، ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، Encyrtidae ، ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ، اﻳﺮان * ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه راﺑﻂ ، ﭘﺴﺖ اﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﻜﻲ : [email protected] ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ درﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ( /8/7 88 -) ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﭘﺬﻳﺮش ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ /7( /11 )88 ٣١٥ ﻛ ﻬﺮارﻳﺎنﮔﻠﭙﺎﻳﮕﺎﻧﻲ وو ﻫﻤﻜﺎران:ﻫﻤﻜﺎران : ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺖﻓﻮﻧﺴﺘﻴﻚ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎريزﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﻛﺮ م ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺧﻮار ﻧﺨﻮد Heliothis viriplaca ... Encyrtidae ... ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Encyrtidae ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Chalcidoidea ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﺑﺎ دارا ﺑﻮدن 19 ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده، 90 زﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده و ﺑﻴﺶ از ﺑﻴﺴﺖ و دو ﻫﺰار ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﺷﺪه ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺑﺰرگ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه ﻫـﺎي ﻋﻮاﻣـﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﻛﻨﻨـﺪه ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Noyes, 2008 .) ﺑﻴﺶ از 800 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ از زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Chalcidoidea در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ دو ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Aphelinidae و Encyrtidae ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ Noyes) .& Valentine, 1989) ﺣﺸﺮات راﺳﺘﻪ Hemiptera از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻣﻬﻢ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي Chalcidoid ﺑﻮده و ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ رﺷﺪي آنﻫـﺎ از ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺗﺨﻢ، ﭘﻮره و ﺣﺸﺮه ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻗـﺮار ﻣـﻲ ﮔﻴـﺮد ,Hanson & Lasalle, 1995; Prinsloo) . (1980 زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Encyrtidae ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﻫﺎي داﺧﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از آﻓﺎت ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ اﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﺮاﺣـ ﻞ رﺷـﺪي ﺗﺨـﻢ و ﭘﻮره را ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ . اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻛﻤﻲ ﻫﻢ ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﺣـﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣـﻞ ﻫـﺴﺘﻨﺪ (Ben-Dov & Hogson, 1997) .. اﻋﻀﺎي اﻳـﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﺑـﻪ دو زﻳﺮﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده Tetracneminae ﺑـﺎ 12 ﻗﺒﻴﻠـﻪ و Encyrtinae ﺑـﺎ 36 ﻗﺒﻴﻠـﻪ ﺗﻘـﺴﻴﻢ ﺷـﺪه اﺳـﺖ (Trjapitzin, 1974). اﻋﻀﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاد ه داراي ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، اﻣﺎ ﮔﺮوه اﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده ﻣﺘﻌﻠـﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ ( Hem., Coccoidae) ﺑﻮده ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم ﺗﻦ، ﺳﭙﺮدار ﻫﺎ و ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي آرد آﻟﻮد ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . در ﻣﻴﺎن اﻋﻀﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Encyrtidae ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻧﻔﺮادي و ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ وﺟﻮد دارﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي اﻧﻔﺮادي ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ روي ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن و در ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﭼﻨﺪﻳﻦ ﻓﺮد رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﺧﻮد را روي ﺑﺪن ﻳﻚ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻲ - ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ( Ben-Dov & Hodgson, 1997) . ﻻرو زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳ ﻴﺪ در داﺧﻞ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻳﺎ ﻻرو ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن رﺷﺪ و ﺗﻌـﺪادي در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺷ ﻔﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ دﮔﺮدﻳﺴﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﻠﻮغ ﺧﺮﻃﻮم ﻣﻔﺼﻠﻲ ﻫﺎ، رﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ . ﺣـﺸﺮات ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ داراي ﺑﺎل و زﻧﺪﮔﻲ آزاد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ و اﻏﻠﺐ آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﺴﻠﻚ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻬﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎن ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻏﺬا ﻧﻴﺎز دارﻧﺪ . ﻋﻠﺖ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴـﺖ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮ ﻳﻴﺪ اﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده در ﻛﻨ ﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي، اﻳﻦ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ آن ﻫﺎ داراي ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ در ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ،ﺳﭙﺮداران ﺷﭙﺸﻚﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم ﺗﻦ، ﺷﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﻟﻚ ﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از ﺣﺸﺮات ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗـﻮﺟﻬﻲ از آﻓﺎت ﻫﺪف را در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮد اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادهاﻧﺪ ( Shishehbor, 2002 ). ﺑﺎ وﺟ ﻮد اﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ در ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ در ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺒـﺎﺗﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺧـﺼﻮص ﺷﭙﺸﻚﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم ﺗﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ، اﻣﺎ در اﻳﺮان ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدي و ﻣﻨﻈﻤﻲ در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ و ﻳـﺎ ﺑﺮرﺳـﻲ ﻣﻴﺰان ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ اﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮر ﻫﺎ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﺸﺪه و ﻳﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﻛﻢ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﺑﻪ دﻧﺒﺎل آن، ﺗـﻼش زﻳـﺎدي ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇـﺖ و ﻳـﺎ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺑﻪﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي آنﻫﺎ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺒﺎرزه ﺑﺎ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﻴﻮه ﺳﺮد ﺳﻴﺮي ﺻﻮرت ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ . ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨـﻮان ﻣﺜـﺎل در اﺳـﺘﺎن ﺧﺮاﺳﺎن رﺿﻮي دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ اﻳـﻦ ﺧـﺎﻧﻮاده، ﺷﭙـﺸﻚ (Sphaerolecanium prunastri (Fonscolombe (Hem., Coccidae) را ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار داده اﻧﺪ ( Talebi et al ., 2009 ). ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده از ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﻓـﻖ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي آردآﻟﻮد در اﻳﺮان ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Fallahzadeh et al ., 2009 ). ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﮔﻮﻧـﻪ ﻫـﺎي ﻣﻮﺟـﻮد در اﻳﺮان، ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮان از اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان روﺷﻲ اﻳﻤﻦ ، ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت اﻳـﻦ ﮔﺮوه از آﻓﺎت اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻧﻤﻮد ؛ اﻣﺎ ﻋﺪم آﮔﺎﻫﻲ از ﺗﻮاﻧﺎﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ و اﻗﺪاﻣﺎت ﻧﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ زﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﺗﺪرﻳﺞ زﻣﻴﻨـﻪ از ﺑﻴﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ و ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي اﻳﻦ ﮔﺮوه از آﻓﺎت ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﻮم ﺷﻴﻤ ﻴﺎﻳﻲ را ﻓـﺮاﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﺎﻳـﺪ . ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﻳـﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪن وﺿﻌﻴﺖ اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و درﺟﻪ اﻫﻤﻴﺖ آن ﻫﺎ در ﻛﻨﺘﺮل آﻓﺎت در اﻳﺮان ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان اوﻟﻴﻦ ﻗﺪم در راه ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﻴﺮي از اﻳﻦ دﺷﻤﻨﺎن ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ و ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ آن ﻫﺎ در ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﻛﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ اﺛﺮ ﮔﺬار ﻧﻘـﺶ ﻋﻤـﺪه اي دارد . ٣١٦ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﺣﺸﺮهﺣﺸﺮهﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺟﻠﺪ 1 ،1 ، ﺷﻤﺎره ﺷﻤﺎره 4 ،4 ، ﺳﺎل ﺳﺎل 1388 ،1388 ،( (5 4--30531 32)313 ) اﻳ ﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Encyrtidae ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﮔﺎم ﻣﻬﻢ در ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻨﺘـﺮل ﺗﻠﻔﻴﻘـﻲ آﻓﺎت، ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ، در ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن و ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﻣﻮاد و روش ﻫﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺷﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن و ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺮﻛﺰي در ﺳﺎل 1386 ﺟﻤﻊآوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﻳﻲ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮ ﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮمﺗﻦ و ﺳﭙﺮدارﻫﺎ ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﭙﺸﻚﻫـﺎي ﻧـﺮم ﺗـﻦ و ﺳﭙﺮدارﻫﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﻓﺼﻞ ﺑﻬﺎر و ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎن اﻧﺠﺎم ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻓﺖ . ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎنﻫﺎي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮوﺟﺮد، دورود، اﺷﺘﺮﻳﻨﺎن، ﭼﺎﻻﻧﭽﻮﻻن، اﻟﻴﮕﻮدرز ، ازﻧﺎ و در اﺳﺘﺎن ﻣﺮﻛﺰي ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اراك، ﺧﻤﻴﻦ، ﻣﺤﻼت، ﺷﺎزﻧﺪ، ﺗﻮره و ﺧﻨﺪاب ﺑﻮد . ﺷﺎﺧﻪ و ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم ﺗﻦ و ﺳﭙﺮدار از ﻗﺴﻤﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻗﻄﻊ و ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫـﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻃﻮل ﺣﺪود 25 ﺗﺎ 30 ﺳﺎﻧ ﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ و ﻗﻄﺮ ي در ﺣﺪود ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻗﻴﭽﻲ ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﻲ از درﺧﺘﺎن ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﺟﺪا و ﺳـﭙﺲ داﺧﻞ ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪﻧﺪ . ﭘﺲ از ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺎﺧﻪ و ﺑﺮگ ﻫﺎي آﻟﻮده ﺑﻪ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم ﺗﻦ و ﺳﭙﺮدارﻫﺎ و اﻧﺘﻘﺎل آن ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه، ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎت 6 ﺗﺎ 8 ﺳ ﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮي ﻗﻄﻊ و در داﺧﻞ ﭘﺘﺮي ﻫﺎي در دار ﺑـﻪ ﻗﻄـﺮ 9 و ارﺗﻔﺎع 2/5 ﺳﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ ، در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ آزﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﻗ ﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻣﻴـﺎن ﻧﻤﻮﻧـﻪ و ﻇـﺮف، ﻛـﻒ ﭘﺘـﺮي ﻫـﺎ ﺑـﺎ ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻫﺎي ﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﭘﻮﺷﺎﻧﺪه ﺷﺪ . روي ﻫﺮ ﭘﺘﺮي ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ، ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﻧﺎم ﮔﻴﺎه ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻳﺎد د اﺷﺖ ﺷﺪ . ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻚ ﻛـﺪ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺗﻌﺪادي از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺮم ﺗـﻦ و ﺳـﭙﺮدارﻫﺎ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻈـﻮر ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎ ﻳ ﻲ داﺧـﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺗﻴﻮب ﻫﺎي ﺣﺎوي اﻟﻜﻞ 96 درﺻﺪ ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﺧﺎرجﺷﺪه، ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت زﻧﺪه، ﺗﻮﺳﻂ آﺳـﭙﻴﺮاﺗﻮر از داﺧـﻞ ﻇﺮوف ﭘﺘﺮي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﻫﺎي آزﻣﺎﻳﺶ دربدار ﻣﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﻜﻞ 75 درﺻﺪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . اﻳﻦ روﻧﺪ ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ 30 روز ﭘﺲ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺮوج آﺧﺮﻳﻦ زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎ اداﻣﻪ داﺷﺖ . روي ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻫـﺎي آزﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺘـﻮي زﻧﺒﻮرﻫـﺎي ﺧﺎرجﺷﺪه از ﻫﺮ ﻛﺪ، ﺷﻤﺎره آن ﻛﺪ ، ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ، ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺠﺪدا ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ. زﻧﺒﻮرﻫـﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴـﺪ ﺑـ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺳﺘﺮوﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜ ﻮپ از ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻇـﺎﻫﺮي ، ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻘﺖ ﺑﺎ اﺷﻜﺎل رﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ و ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻛﻠﻴـﺪﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳـﺎﻳﻲ ( Noyes, 2008; Prinsloo, 1980) ﺗـﺎ ﺣﺪ ﺟﻨﺲ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻫﻢ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ. زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ داﺧﻞ ﻟﻮﻟـﻪ ﻫـﺎي آزﻣـﺎﻳﺶ ﺟﺪاﮔﺎﻧـﻪ ﻣﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﺷـﺪﻧﺪ و ﺗﻌـﺪاد زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﻫﺮ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻤﺎرش و ﺛﺒﺖ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ در اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ 11 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ زﻧﺒﻮر از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Encyrtidae ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ ﺷﭙﺸﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺒﺎﺗﻲ از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن و اراك ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎ ﻳﻲ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . از ﻣﻴﺎن آن ﻫﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ,Metaphycus chermis (Fonscolombe (1832 و (Microterys cuprinus (Nikolskaya, 1952 ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . ﻣﺤﻞ و زﻣﺎن ﺟﻤﻊ آوري اﻳﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ در ﺟﺪول 1 و ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎن ﻫﺎي آن ﻫﺎ در ﺟﺪول 2 اراﻳﻪ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ . ٣١٧ ﻛ ﻬﺮارﻳﺎنﮔﻠﭙﺎﻳﮕﺎﻧﻲ وو ﻫﻤﻜﺎرانﻫﻤﻜﺎران: : ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﺑﺮرﺳﻲ زﻳﺴﺖﻓﻮﻧﺴﺘﻴﻚ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎريزﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﻛﺮ م ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﭘﻴﻠﻪ ﺧﻮار ﻧﺨﻮد Heliothis viriplaca ... Encyrtidae ... ﺟﺪول -1 زﻣﺎن و ﻣﺤﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري زﻧﺒﻮرﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳﺘﻮﻳﻴﺪ Encyrtidae در ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از اﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻟﺮﺳﺘﺎن و ﻣﺮﻛﺰي در ﺳﺎل 1386 Table1- Time and place of collected Encyrtid parasitoid in some parts of Lorestan and Markazi provinces in 2008 Encyrtid Species Locality Date Longitude Latitude Oshtorinan 48°40´ 34°01´ Borujerd 48°48´ 33°55´ Chalanchulan 48°41´ 32°28´ Dorud 49°4´ 33°29´ Metaphycus chermis (July, August, September, October) Arak 49°42´ 34°5´ Khomeyn 50° 4' 33° 38' Khondab 49° 10' 34° 23' Shazand 49° 24' 33° 56' Oshtorinan 48°40´ 34°01´ Borujerd 48°48´ 33°55´ Arak 49°42´ 34°5´ Microterys cuprinus (July, August) Khomeyn 50° 4' 33° 38' Khondab 49° 10' 34° 23' Mahallat 50° 27' 33° 55' ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ، اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ و داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻧ ﻲ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ اي ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮاي اوﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳﺮان ﮔﺰارش ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮح زﻳﺮ اﺳﺖ: ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ (Metaphycus chermis (Fonscolombe, 1832 Syns.: Cinips chermis Fonscolombe, 1832 Encyrtus fulvifrons Walker, 1838 Aphycus mayri Timberlake, 1916 Metaphycus fulvifrons (Walker, 1838) اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺪن در ﺣﺸﺮه ﻣﺎده 1 ﺗﺎ 1/3 ﻣﻴﻠﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ، رﻧﮓ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺪن ﻗﻬﻮه اي روﺷﻦ و ﻓﺎﻗﺪ ﺟﻼي ﻓﻠﺰي، ﭼﺸﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺑﺰرگ و ﺗﻴﺮه رﻧﮓ، ﻓﺮق ﺳﺮ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ( ﺷﻜﻞ -1 اﻟﻒ) ، ﺷﺎﺧﻚ 11 ﺑﻨﺪي، ﻓﻮﻧﻴﻜﻮل ﺷﺶ ﺑﻨﺪي، ﮔﺮز ﺳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي، ﭘﺎﻟﭗ آرواره ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻨﺪي، ﻣﺤﻞ اﺗﺼﺎل ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦ ﺗﺮ از ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ زﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺮﻛﺐ، اﺳﻜﺎپ
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