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Indoor Radon Measurement in Dwellings of Khorramabad City, Iran

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Indoor Radon Measurement in Dwellings of Khorramabad City, Iran Iranian Journal of Medical Physics ijmp.mums.ac.ir Indoor Radon Measurement in Dwellings of Khorramabad City, Iran Hedieh Hassanvand1, Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand2, Mehdi Birjandi3, Bahram Kamarehie 4, Ali Jafari4 1. Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorranabad, Iran. 2. Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran 3. Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran 4. Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Environment Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Article type: Introduction: Exposure to indoor radon increases the risk of lung cancer. This study examined the level Original Article of indoor radon in dwellings of Khorramabad city, by using passive alpha-track detector (CR-39) during winter of 2016. Article history: Materials and Methods: In the present study, we detected the concentration of indoor radon in 56 Received: Jul 28, 2017 dwellings. A passive sampling instrument (alpha-track detector with CR-39 polycarbonate films) was Accepted: Oct 29, 2017 utilized to measure indoor radon gas concentration. The distribution map of indoor radon concentration was prepared using Arc GIS software. Keywords: Results: Radon concentration in the dwellings varied from 1.08 to 196.78 Bq/m3, with a mean value of Air Pollution 3 43.43±40.37 Bq/m . The average annual effective dose received by the residents of the studied area Indoor was estimated to be 1.09 mSv. Our results showed a significant difference between the average radon Radon concentrations in houses and apartments, with a higher level in houses. Rn-222 Conclusion: Indoor radon concentration in 10.1% of the dwellings was determined to be higher than 3 the limit (100 Bq/m ) recommended by the World Health Organization. ►Please cite this article as: Hassanvand H, Hassanvand MS, Birjandi M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A. Indoor Radon Measurement in Dwellings of Khorramabad City, Iran. Iran J Med Phys 2018; 15:19-27. 10.22038/ijmp.2017.24851.1252. Introduction Radon occurs widely in the environment, Everyone is exposed to a range of natural and especially in rocks, soil, building materials, and water man-made radiation sources [1]. The natural radiation [8, 9]. It is also released from some artificial sources sources are responsible for most of the radiation such as radioactive waste landfills [9]. Radon enters exposure, and radon typically constitutes up to 50% of the residential environment via cracks and holes in the background radiation [2]. The average annual concrete floors and walls, drainage pipes, connecting effective dose from all the natural radiation sources parts of buildings, hollow block walls, and heating, was estimated to be about 2.4 mSv, of which ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) ducts [10, approximately 1 mSv is due to the inhalation of radon 11]. In outdoor environments, radon is usually in indoor environments [3]. Radon is a short-lived, released in the air, while in indoor spaces like naturally occurring, radioactive gas formed during the buildings, mines, and caves, it can accumulate to cause normal decay of uranium and thorium to stable lead the risk of lung cancer [12]. The most important [4]. Radon has 27 known isotopes among which are factors controlling the migration and accumulation of three naturally occurring isotopes [5]: actinon (219Rn) radon gas in buildings include: 1- the characteristics of is in the 235U series with a half-life of 4 s; thoron the bedrock and soils that affect fluid transport (220Rn) is in the 232Th chain with a half-life of 55.6 s, (permeability and porosity), 2- the structure and while radon (222Rn) originates in the 238U decay series construction of the building and the type, design, with a half-life of 3.82 days [6]. The most stable radon operation, and maintenance of the HVAC system, and isotope is 222Rn [7]. 3- environmental factors like temperature (high heating during the colder months causes a chimney *Corresponding Author: Nutrition Health Research Center, Department of Environment Health, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran. Tel: +98 6633408176, Email: [email protected] Hedieh Hassanvand et al. Indoor radon in Khorramabad effect, which draws soil gases like radon into the from south, and from west it neighbours with home), wind speed, and wind direction, which can Kermanshah and Ilam provinces (Figure 1). The further the chimney effect [13, 14]. Radon and its major cities in this province are Khorramabad, progeny, dispersed in the aerosols from indoor and Borujerd, Aligoodarz, Dorood, Koohdasht, Azna, outdoor air, pose significant radioactive hazards to Alashtar, Noor Abad, and Pol-e-Dokhtar. human lungs. During respiration, radon progeny is Khorramabad city, the capital of Lorestan deposited in the lungs and irradiates the tissue, Province, is located 490 kilometres from Tehran, the thereby damaging cells and causing lung cancer [15]. capital of Iran. Its longitude and latitude are 48°22ˊ The World Health Organization (WHO) and the US and 33°29ˊ, respectively, with the elevation of 1171 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) state that metres above sea level. The average daily radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after temperature in the city of Khorramabad is 16.5°C. smoking [16]. Studies showed that in Europe, 8-15% The population census in 2012 revealed this area to of all lung cancer cases might be attributable to radon have a population of 355,000 people in 6233 km2 in dwellings [17]. Based on a case-control study in the [35]. US and North America, exposure to radon is associated with 15,400 to 21,800 cases or Data Collection approximately 10% of lung cancer cases annually This cross-sectional study was carried out during [18]. winter of 2016. In this study, we used estimation of It should be noted that any radon exposure poses indoor radon measurement points based on area. To some risk and no level of radon is safe. Even radon achieve high-precision results, the scale of 1×1 km2 concentrations below 4 pCi/L (equivalent to 148 was chosen. Accordingly, 65 dwelligs were randomly Bq/m3 based on the directive of the United States recruited using Google Earth software (Figure 1). Environmental Protection Agency) pose some risk The sampling distribution was almost homogenous. [11]. The WHO and International Committee of To determine the parameters affecting the Radiation Protection (ICRP) set 100 Bq/m3 as the concentration of radon in indoor air, a form was used reference value to minimize the health risks caused by to collect information, such as the type of building exposure to radon; they also pin pointed that radon (house or apartment), the age of the building, the concentration should not exceed 300 Bq/m3, which is type of materials, the type of floor, cracking and equivalent to 10 mSv/y [13]. splitting on the wall and roof, and the heating and Worldwide studies were conducted to measure ventilation systems. The geographical coordinates of indoor radon concentration [19-23]. Radon points were recorded using a GPS (Garmin, monitoring has been carried out in many Iranian cities Germany) for radon mapping of Khorramabad city. such as Yazd, Lahijan, Ardabil, Sar-Ein, Namin, The distribution map of radon in the dwellings of Hamadan, Taft, Ashkezar, Mehriz, Harat, Bafgh, Tabas, Khorramabad city was prepared using the ArcGIS Meybod, Ardakan, Abarkooh, Qom, Mashhad, Tabriz, software (ESRI, USA, version 10). Shiraz, and Sari [24-32]. There are two major A passive sampling instrument (alpha-track approaches to prepare the maps of radon: 1) area- detector with CR-39 polycarbonate films) was used based, 2 km, 5 km, and 10 km grid square resolution to measure indoor radon gas concentration. The [33] and 2) population-based, nearly one sample per detector (Track Analysis System, United Kingdom) 5,800 populations [34]. consists of a 2.5×2.5 cm CR-39 polycarbonate film Due to the lack of radon concentration placed inside a plastic holder (Figure 2). For quality measurement in Khorramabad city, radon monitoring assurance and quality control, eight detectors as the was found valuable. Thus, we aimed to measure radon duplicate sample (5-10%) and seven detectors as the in dwellings in the city of Khorramabad to calculate blank sample (5-10%) of all the testing locations the effective dose caused by the inhalation of radon. were used. Thus, in this study, 80 detectors were left in 65 dwellings. Determination of radon was carried Materials and Methods out based on the US Environmental Protection Study Area Agency protocol [36]. Lorestan Province is located in the western part of Iran, and it is neighbouring Hamadan and Markazi provinces from north, Isfahan from east, Khuzestan 20 Iran J Med Phys, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 2018 Indoor radon in Khorramabad Hedieh Hassanvand et al. Figure 1. Location of Lorestan Province in Iran and radon sampling locations in Khorramabad dwellings 21 Iran J Med Phys, Vol. 15, No. 1, January 2018 Hedieh Hassanvand et al. Indoor radon in Khorramabad Figure 2. Detectors to measure radon In this study, six samples were lost by the householders during the sampling period. The The Concentration of Radon in Khorramabad samples were thus collected from 59 points of the Table 1 presents descriptive statistics obtained city. After exposure, all the detectors (74 detectors) from the measurement of the indoor radon were wrapped in their protective aluminium foils concentrations in 56 dwellings of Khorramabad. The and Zip Kips and then delivered to the Reference results of indoor radon measurements in the studied Radon Lab, Central Research Laboratory, area range between 1.08 to 196.78 Bq/m3 with the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
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