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Australian Army Chaplains AUSTRALIAN ARMY CHAPLAINS SOUTH WEST PACIFIC AREA 1942-1945 R.W.TIPPETT. UNIVER3! • wF N.S.W. 7 h AUG 1393 LIBRARIES AUSTRALIAN ARMY CHAPLAINS SOUTH WEST PACIFIC AREA 1942-1945. BY RODNEY W. TIPPETT, B.A., B.SOC.SCI. A THESIS submitted to the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY of the AUSTRALIAN DEFENCE FORCE ACADEMY A COLLEGE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES. in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS(Hons). SEPTEMBER, 1989. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I wish to gratefully acknowledge the encouragement and guidance of my supervisors, PROF. A. D. Gilbert and Dr R. Thompson together from February 1986, and Dr Thompson from June 1987 to the present. I also wish to thank the librarians and staff of the Royal Military College (in particular, Miss Patty Bourke) and the Australian Defence Force Academy for their diligence in locating various works and for arranging for inter-library loans. I wish to thank my superior officers in the Australian Regular Army, World War II chaplains, my present and former colleagues in the Royal Australian Army Chaplains' Department for their interest and encouragement. My wife, Jennifer, has not only shown those two qualities, but patience endurance as well, for which I thank her most sincerely. CONTENTS. I. BACKGROUND. THE LINK WITH WORLD WAR I. p.l. DENCSS ATIONAL AIMS, AMBITIONS & PRIORITIES. DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL FACTORS, p.31. III. CHAPLAINCY IN AUSTRALIA, p.82. IV. CHAPLAINCY OVERSEAS, p.162. V. CHAPLAINS AS PRISONERS OP WAR. p.240. VI. AN EVALUAT1ON. p.2 8 9. VII. APPENDICES, p.328. ABBREVIATIONS. AAChD Australian Army Chaplains’ Department. AAMC. Australian Army Medical Corps. AAMWS. Australian Army Medical Women’s Service. AANS. Australian Army Nursing Service. A/CHAPGEN. Assistant Chaplain General. ADJ. Adjutant. ADJGEN. Adjutant General. AGH. Australian General Hospital. AHS. Australian Hospital Ship. A. I. F. Australian Imperial Forces. A. M. F. Australian Militia Forces. AMH. Australian Military Hospital. AMR* & 0. Australian Military Regulations Orders. ANG. Anglican.(see also CE) AUS.DIV.ORD. Australian Division Ordnance. AWAS. Australian Women’s Army Service. BAPT. Baptist. BDE. Brigade. BFBS. British And Foreign Bible Society. BN. Battalion. BRIG. Brigadier. CAPT. Captain. CBE. Commander of the Order of the British Empire. CHAP Chaplain. CHAPGEN. Chaplain General. CHAPSGEN. Chaplains General. CC Churches of Christ. CCS. Casualty Clearing Station. CE. Church of England.(see also ANG) C-IN-C. Commander In Chief. CMF. Citizen Military Force. CPL. Corporal. CO. Commanding Officer. COL. Colonel. CPAFW. Catholic Patriotic Armed Forces Welfare Organization. CON.DEP. Convalescent Depot. CONG. Congregational. CS. Christian Scientist. CUSA. Catholic United Servicemen’s Auxilliary. DAAG. Deputy Assistant Adjutant General. DACHAPGEN. Deputy Assistant Chaplain General. DCHAPGEN. Deputy Chaplain General. DIV. Division. ED. Efficiency Decoration. ELCA. Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia. GOC. General Officer Commanding. GRO. General Routine Order. HEB. Hebrew. HQ. Headquarters. LO. Liaison Officer. L. of C. Lines of Communication. LUTH. Lutheran. LTCOL. Lieutenant Colonel. LTGEN Lieutenant General. MAJ. Major MAJGEN. Major General. MAJSGEN. Majors General. MBE. Member of the Order of the British Empire. MC. Military Cross. MD. Military District. MID. Mentioned In Dispatches. MDS. Medical Dressing Station. METH. Methodist. OBE. Officer of the Order of the British Empire. OCTU. Officer Cadet Training Unit. OPD. Other Protestant Denomination. PD. Protestant Denomination. POW: Prisoner of War. PRES. Presbyterian. PTE. Private. QCWO. Queensland Catholic Welfare Organization. QMG. Quartermaster General. RAChD. Royal Army Chaplains’ Department. RAF. Royal A5r Force. RAN. Royal Australian Navy. RAAF. Royal Australian Air Force. RAAChD. Royal Australian Army Chaplains’ Department. RC. Roman Catholic. RO. Routine Order. R.of 0. Reserve of Officers. SDA. Seventh Day Adventist. SENCHAP. Senior Chaplain. SGT. Sergeant. SWPA. South West Pacific Area. UB. United Board. UC. United Churches. UELCA. United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia. US/USA. United States of America. VC. Victoria Cross. VD. Valour Decoration. VD. Venereal Disease. YMCA. Young Men's Christian Association. YWCA Young Women's Christian Association. ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate 1. Conference of United Church chaplains, Sydney, NSW. p.85. Plate 2. Detail of the chaplains' uniform.(Class 4, and CHAPGEN) p.145. Plate 3. Burial of Australian soldiers killed during the breakout of .Japanese POWs, Cowra, 1944. p. 155. Plate 4. Dedication of the cenotaph, Tarakan War- Cemetery, Tarakan Island, 1945. p.229. Plate 5. Church service prior to the Battle for Gona, New Guinea, 1942. p.231. Plate 6. Holy Communion in the Rarnu Valley, New Guinea, 1943. p. 233. Plate 7. The military funeral of Colonel P.J. Me Cormack, DSO, OBE, VD, Victoria, 1943. p. 235 Plates 8 & 9. The burial ground at Gilli Gilli, New Guinea, and the simple cross to mark the first grave of CPL. J.A. French, VC. p.237. Plate 10. A sketch by a POW of a burial ground in Thai land. p. 275. Plate 11. A Christian altar in Singapore, p.277. Plate 12. Interior of the Jewish synagogue, Changi. p.279 Plate 13. A contemporary photograph of the Roman Catholic chapel, Changi. p.281. Plate 14. Bishop Mayne and Principal Chaplain G. Cudmore inspect the cross from the Roman Catholic chapel, Changi. p. 283. Plate 15. A rosary carved by Mr W.J.Jouaneau from a mahjong tile, Changi. 285. Plate 16. CHAP A. Toms blesses the memorial plaque at Hell Fire Pass, Thailand, p.287. APPENDICES. 1. Army Chaplaincy. A paper by CHAP. K. Henderson. 2. The Chap]ain's Duty In Battle. CHAP F.L1. Hughes. 3. Honours And Awards. (SWPA) Citations of some major awards and examples of citations for those awarded the MID. if. Chaplain’s Letter To A Next Of Kin. S’. Deaths Of Full Time Duty Chaplains (SWPA). f. Prisoners Of War Chaplains (SWPA). j. Statistics OF Communicants And Camp Strengths, Singapore Camps. $. Nomina). Roll Of Chaplains. HAT AND COLLAR BADGES OF THE AUSTRALIAN ARMY CHAPLAINS 1 DEPARTMENT DURING WORLD WAR II. Christian. Jewish. Both badges were in black oxidised copper. Manufacturer not known, (i) (i) Festberg, A.N. Hat Badges of the Australian Army. 'I950~19i*8. Australian Military Publication Service, Melbourne, 1971. NB. Efforts to locate this publisher- and gain permission to reprint this material have been unsuccessful. Any infringement is regretted and would be speedily rectified. CHAPTER 1. BACKGROUND. Wherever Australian soldiers have served in war they have been supported by ministers of religion serving as chaplains to the forces. The Australian Army Chaplains' Department (following the British custom of a Chaplains’ Department rather than a Corps) was not formally organised as a Department within the Army until 1911. Individual ministers of religion served in the Army before that date but did so at their own expense. It was during World War I however, that a pattern of chaplaincy evolved, which was to become the model for chaplains in the later conflicts of World War II, in the Middle East and Asia, particularly the South West Pacific Area, and later in Korea, Malaya, Borneo and South Viet Nam. However, the pattern was to be modified according to the nature of the conflict, the terrain and the changing understanding of the nature of chaplaincy. A distinct pattern of chaplaincy is found throughout the writings of the World War I chaplains. As officers, they were required to keep war diaries, and some of them wrote books after the war. Furthermore, on the outbreak of World War II those with experience of former conflicts either wrote articles or gave lectures on how the work of chaplaincy was to be done. The written records of chaplains selected by Michael McKernan can be used to consider the model of chaplaincy which developed during World War I. The basic premise for having chaplains at all in the army appears to be that "if men are to die or suffer, tradition decrees that their ministers should be with them to help as best they can".(1) To some extent that statement is reminiscent of the attitude that after the doctors have done their best to heal and preserve human life, the clergy (in war, the chaplain) may be called when all other hope is lost. However as McKernan goes on to say, the chaplains did more than bury the dead. The wounded, also needed "consolation and encouragement...kind words and quick humour ...maintaining morale... comforts fund... paper ...tobacco ... lol1ies... coffee. condensed milk".(2) It was probably at this point at which the extended debate over " spiritual" and "practical", that is, we 1f are work began. Also chaplains themselves had to deal with feelings of uncertainty and sudden death or injury, even though the mathematical odds [for chaplains] "may not have been great".(3) 1. McKernan, M. Padre. Australian Chaplains In Gallipoli and France. Sydney, 1986. p.x. 2. ibid, p.91 3. Henderson, K.T. Khaki And Cassock. Melbourne, 1919* p-73- 2 Service by ministers of religion in World War I led to conflict between the military system and within the chaplains themselves. This conflict is noted by McKernan: "Whether they were to be religious guides only, or mainly, or welfare officers, counsellors, fighters, loafers was a matter for the chaplains themselves to decide". There was also a "disparity between role and function" and they were always confronted "with the incongruities of war".(4) The clergy had to fight for a place in the Army as chaplains. (5) However, they very quickly forged links with the Australian Army Medical Corps, probably because of a common humanitarian concern, an historical link dating back to the middle ages and also because many Christians, including Christian ministers in World War II, as in World War I, were to be found in the Medical Corps as orderlies. In fact, chaplains often helped with dressing wounds and caring for the wounded, as CHAP Gillison (PRES) said, "I took up my quarters at the dressing station with the medical officer".(6) Hospitals whether on land or at sea also provided a captive audience with fewer places to hide from the chaplain, were the soldiers inclined to do that.
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