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3. Groundwater Needs Assessment – Okavango-Cubango River Basin

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3. Groundwater Needs Assessment – Okavango-Cubango River Basin GROUNDWATER NEEDS ASSESSMENT OKAVANGO-CUBANGO RIVER BASIN BY Benjamin Mapani UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA AND WATERNET 1 February 2012 Acronyms DWA - Department of Water Affairs DWAF - Department of Water Affairs and Forestry TBA - Transboundary aquifer OBSC - Okavango Basin Steering Commission TDA - Technical Diagnosis Analysis SAP - Strategic Action Plans ITF - Institutional Task Force BTF - Biodiversity Task Force HTF - Hydrology Task Force 2 Table of Contents Acronyms .................................................................................................................................. 2 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4 2. Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 7 3. The basin and its water management ............................................................................... 8 3.1. Bio-physical conditions .............................................................................................. 8 3.2. Socio-economic conditions ...................................................................................... 12 3.3. Hydro-geological conditions .................................................................................... 15 3.3.1. Transboundary aquifers .................................................................................... 16 3.4. Water governance framework for OKACOM ........................................................... 18 3.4.1. Groundwater governance framework .............................................................. 20 4. Interviews ........................................................................................................................ 20 5. SWOT analysis ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 5.1. Strengths .................................................................................................................. 24 5.2. Weaknesses ............................................................................................................. 24 5.3. Opportunities ........................................................................................................... 25 5.4. Threats ..................................................................................................................... 25 6. Conclusions ..................................................................................................................... 26 7. Recommendations .......................................................................................................... 27 8. References ....................................................................................................................... 29 AppendiX 1 Table of basic data for the L/R/ABO AppendiX 2 Transcripts of interviews 3 1. Introduction The Okavango River basin and delta comprises three riparian states of Angola, Botswana and Namibia. The basin consists of rivers that flow from the Angolan highlands into the Okavango delta in Botswana. The delta area was once part of a large lake called Makgadikgadi that dried up in the Holocene times and is now an essentially endoheic basin in common with other sections of the East African Rift (McCarthy and Metcalfe, 1990). The area is mostly inhabited by subsistence farming communities and large scale tourist operators, especially so in Botswana and Namibia. The actual Okavango River Basin area is quite eXtensive, including the Omatako basin in Namibia, which traditionally has not been treated as part of the Okavango basin for economic, social, and administrative reasons. The basin is jointly being managed by the Okavango- Cubango River Basin Commission (OKACOM), which was created when the three riparian states signed an agreement on its creation on 15th September 1994. The relative distribution of area for each riparian state is given in Table 1, below. Table 1 also shows the actual administrative district for each of the riparian states. Table 1. (Source: OKACOM 2010 Annual report, Maun, Botswana) 4 The area of concern for this needs assessment is shown in figure 1, below. Despite the presence of major river systems in this area, several communities live quite far from these water sources, and ground water is their main source of water. These settlements are shown on the map in figure 2a and 2b. This has to do with both cultural and later historical reasons, especially the last civil war in Angola, that necessitated large communities to move neXt to major highways and major settlements where there was security. Figure 1. The map of the Okavango-Cubango River Basin. The stippled area is the inactive part of the basin, which is not covered in this report. Rural water supply has been a major challenge in most African countries. It is estimated that the continent has close to 250 000 hand pumps, and half of them are non-operational (Harvey and Reed, 2006). This goes to show how programmes of rural water supply have become continuous action sectors. In the Okavango-Cubango river basin, this aspect of water supply has been attempted by Angola (1957-1961, Morais, 1997), and in Namibia (1994 up to present). In Namibia, some areas that are close to the “Golden Highway”, the B8 (Figure 2b, in blue) are supplied by tankers. This means of water supply is neither 5 permanent nor reliable, and is testimony to the need of groundwater supply via boreholes that can be community managed. The major industrial activities in the basin are found in the growing towns of Cuangar, Cuando, Kubango, Calai, and Menongue in Angola and Grootfontein and Rundu in Namibia, and Maun in Botswana. In the region between Rundu and Divundu (Figure 2b), the Government of Namibia has introduced irrigation schemes along the Okavango river, where commercial agriculture is currently being practiced. The Okavango River basin has about 600 000 inhabitants, living in an area of 260,379 km2, most of whom live in the rural areas. 54% of the population is in Angola, 36% in Namibia and 10% in Botswana. Figure 2a. The northern part of the Okavango-Cubango basin in Angola, showing major settlements and national parks and reserves. (Map source: Map Studio,2011). 6 Figure 2b. Map showing some of the major settlements and communications in the Botswana-Namibia and southern Angola part of the Okavango Basin (Map source: Map Studio, 2011). 2. Objectives The immediate objective of the needs assessment is to assess the present framework, eXperiences, and capacity for GW management in selected L/RBOs in the Okavango- Cubango River Basin and identify shortcomings for integrated groundwater management as part of integrated and transboundary water resources management (ITWRM). Furthermore, the objective is to develop targeted and prioritized recommendations for enhancing the capacity of L/RBOs for integrated GW management in the basins, based on consultations with the L/RBOs. 7 This work is part of the ongoing efforts by the riparian states and the international community to strengthen the L/RBOs as main actors in national and transboundary water resources management in Africa. The Specific objectives of the study are: (1) to understand how Groundwater water resources are managed in the basin, identify current initiatives that are being undertaken by the River Basin Commission on Groundwater, (2) To document current capacity in groundwater resources management and collaboration being undertaken by the Riparian states, (3) To produce a SWOT analysis for the basin. 3. The basin and its water management 3.1. Bio-physical conditions (a) Geographical, physical and hydrological context The Okavango delta river basin lies within three riparian states, Angola, Botswana and Namibia. The Okavango river has its source in southern Angola, near Huambo, and then flows in south-easterly direction until it reaches the town of Rundu on the Namibia-Angola border (Figure 2c). It then flows easterly for about 200 km, marking the border between Angola and Namibia. Then at Bagani (Divundu) it turns south-easterly again, crossing into Namibia for about 23 km then finally into Botswana where it ends into the inland delta known as the Okavango Delta. The delta has what is known as an active and inactive zones, these are shown in figure 2c below. The active zones of the delta are perennially filled with water, whereas the inactive parts only get flooded during the wet season. The Okavango river rises in Angola as the Cubango, then on the Namibia-Angola border it becomes the Okavango. The main tributaries of the Cubango-Okavango River are the Cutchi 8 and Culela in Angola; as the Okavango, the Cuito and the Omatako become the most important tributaries (Figures 2a and 2b). Other smaller ephemeral streams are the Ncamasere, Xaudum and the Eiseb. Relief As shown in figure 3 below, the relief of the Okavango basin varies greatly, from high relief in Angola (from near the source in Huambo to the Namibian border, near Rundu (circa 1000 km of river length)) and then flattens out in a meander river system from Rundu to near Maun in Botswana (660 km of river length). The implication is that most of the groundwater flow direction would be towards the Namibia border from Angola. Although this pattern is not eXactly followed, but it holds true for the high relief part of Angola (Bereslawski, 1997). Climate and implications for recharge The climate in the Okavango basin is tropical and the
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