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Threatened bird species Hunter Region The Whistler 4 (2010): 1-28 The status of threatened bird species in the Hunter Region Michael Roderick1 and Alan Stuart2 156 Karoola Road, Lambton, NSW 2299 281 Queens Road, New Lambton, NSW 2305 Many bird species listed as Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered (collectively referred to as “threatened”) under the Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW) have been recorded within the Hunter Region. The majority are resident or regular migrants. Some species are vagrants, and some seabirds regularly present are not reliant on the Region for survival. The authors have reviewed the regional status of all species, with particular focus on the residents and regular visitors. The conservation status for each species is given, including where relevant the status under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth) and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) review. Recent records for the Region are compared with previous periods, local threats are reviewed and the outlook for each species is discussed. INTRODUCTION is relevant. The two measures of conservation status are: The Threatened Species Conservation (TSC) Act 1995 is the primary legislation for the protection of The Environment Protection and Biodiversity threatened flora and fauna species in NSW. The Conservation (EPBC) Act 1999 is the NSW Scientific Committee is the key group equivalent threatened species legislation at the responsible for the review of the conservation Commonwealth level. status of threatened species, including the listing of those species. More than 100 bird species are A measure of conservation status that can also listed as threatened under the TSC Act, and the be applied at sub-species level was developed Scientific Committee supports the listing of by the International Union for Conservation of additional species. Nature (IUCN 2009). Some species and sub- species that occur in the Region have IUCN The local status of bird species classified as conservation ratings. threatened under the TSC Act is reviewed in this paper, as a benchmark for assessing future changes Because habitats change with time and birds in status. The term “threatened” refers to species respond accordingly, locations where species occur classified as Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically may change and some species will prosper overall Endangered or Presumed Extinct in NSW. In whilst others decline. This review represents our certain circumstances, these classifications may be understanding about threatened species in the applied to a sub-species or to a local population. Hunter Region as at the end of June 2010. In time, the status and future outlooks for the species Seventy-four species or sub-species listed as discussed may change. threatened under the TSC Act have been recorded in the Region. The majority (49 species) are resident or regular visitors. Ten seabird species or GENERAL COMMENTS sub-species regularly present are not reliant on the Region for their survival. A further 15 species are Three information sources were used extensively rare visitors/vagrants. This paper reviews the local for this paper. Discussion about prior local records status of all those species and sub-species, with a relies extensively on Hunter Bird Observers Club prime focus on birds that are resident or regular (HBOC) data as published in the Annual Bird visitors. Reports (ABRs) for the Hunter Region, which thus far span the years 1993-2009 (Stuart 1994-2010). The status under two other important conservation Discussion about the range/distribution for species indicators is also presented, for species where this uses Volumes 1-7 of the Handbook of Australian, 1 Threatened bird species Hunter Region The Whistler 4 (2010): 1-28 New Zealand and Antarctic Birds (HANZAB) and SCA: State Conservation Area The New Atlas of Australian Birds (“Atlas”) SEPP: State Environmental Planning Policy (Barrett et al. 2003) as the main references. To SF: State Forest avoid repetition, these three sources are not SP: State Park specifically cited within the body of the paper. TSC Act: Threatened Species Conservation Act Readers can discern the relevant issue of 1995 (NSW) HANZAB or the Annual Bird Report from the WWW: Walka Water Works context of the discussion for the particular species. We are aware that databases managed by other DISCUSSION organisations contain additional records for the Hunter Region. These may have allowed further Key Threats Summarised insights. Two difficulties confronted us – in some cases, access to the database was not readily Unique threats for species are discussed later in the available and in other cases the vetting process for paper. Some threats apply generically to one or records was considered to have been less rigorous more guilds of species, and these are summarised than desirable. All HBOC records are subjected to below. In instances where there are additional scrutiny by a Records Appraisal Committee, specific threats, these are discussed in the comprising seven experienced local observers, individual species accounts. before they are accepted into the Club‟s database. Waterbirds: Many of these species are nomadic The geographical extent of the Hunter Region is in Australia, responding to local changes in defined in the Hunter Bird Observers Club ABRs rainfall. Coastal wetlands are a crucial resource and illustrated in the following paper in this during times of inland drought. A key threat is the volume of The Whistler (Newman et al. 2010). draining of coastal wetlands for residential and industrial development and mosquito control. Where systematically collected data were available Insalination from rising seawater levels as a result for analysis, this allowed graphs to be generated of climate change would also impact some coastal that very effectively highlight changes. wetlands. Removal of water from inland rivers for Unfortunately, for only a few of the threatened irrigation and other purposes degrades habitat species was this possible. There is a clear quality. This threat has been exacerbated by the opportunity for bird watchers to undertake much prolonged recent droughts. more systematic surveying and record manage- ment for threatened species in the Region. Migratory Shorebirds: The major threat is loss of foraging and roosting habitat within the East The following acronyms have been used: Asian-Australasian Flyway from reclamation of ABR: Annual Bird Report areas of potential habitat for residential and BA: Birds Australia industrial development. Disturbance due to human DECCW: NSW Department of Environment, activities (food gathering, recreational) and Climate Change and Water animals is another key threat, especially when EPBC Act: Environment Protection and birds are trying to increase their energy reserves Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 for migration. An additional threat is incursion of GDR: Great Dividing Range mangroves into foraging and roosting areas due to HANZAB: Handbook of Australian, New Zealand changing tidal prism, and this is likely to be and Antarctic Birds exacerbated by future climate change. The above HBOC: Hunter Bird Observers Club threats are manifested both externally and HCRCMA: Hunter-Central Rivers Catchment regionally. A specific issue for the Region is Management Authority development (both past and planned) within the HEZ: Hunter Economic Zone Hunter Estuary. Although programs to restore HWCA: Hunter Wetlands Centre Australia foraging and roosting habitat are making progress, IUCN: International Union for Conservation of there is heavy reliance on using unproven offset Nature areas to replace proven habitat that is consumed by LGA: Local Government Area development. NP: National Park NPWS: National Parks and Wildlife Service Beach-nesting Birds: Threats include loss of NR: Nature Reserve coastal nesting habitat due to expanding residential NSW: New South Wales developments, predation of eggs and chicks, and 2 Threatened bird species Hunter Region The Whistler 4 (2010): 1-28 disturbance at nesting and roosting areas through Species Accounts beach-combing, fishing, dog-walking, horse- riding, 4WD vehicles. Parent birds often leave the In preparing this paper, the authors‟ main focus nest when approached, exposing their chicks/eggs has been on birds which are resident in the Region to risks of loss of thermal control and accidental or which visit regularly. The status of other NSW destruction. Hydrological changes to estuaries and listed species for which there are records for the other water bodies may modify important areas of Region is briefly discussed. habitat, or affect the availability of food. Some species nest in locations that are vulnerable to Residents and Regular Visitors flooding and king tides; these threats could become exacerbated by future climate change. A Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae specific issue for the Region is the near relentless Conservation Status 4WD vehicular traffic along beaches, particularly The population in the NSW North Coast Newcastle Bight and the Redhead-Blacksmiths BioRegion (which includes Port Stephens and coastline, deterring birds from foraging at the Manning River/Great Lakes) is gazetted as an water‟s edge and disturbing them when roosting. Endangered Population (N.B. the populations of Emu in the west of the Region are not considered Rainforest Birds: Loss of habitat due to logging to be threatened, albeit their numbers are not high). and clearing is the main threat for rainforest
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