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Diplomarbeit DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Das moderne Wohnprinzip“. Kleinwohnungsgestaltungen der Ateliergemeinschaft unter der Leitung von Friedl Dicker und Franz Singer. Verfasserin Katharina Hövelmann angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, Jänner 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 315 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuerin: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Daniela Hammer-Tugendhat INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 EINLEITUNG ................................................................................................. 3 2 FORSCHUNGSSTAND, QUELLENLAGE, METHODE ................................ 5 3 INNENARCHITEKTUR IM WIEN DER ZWISCHENKRIEGSZEIT .............. 10 3.1 Innenraumgestaltung .............................................................................. 10 3.2 Kleinwohnung und Einraumwohnung – neue Wohnraumkonzepte ........ 21 4 ATELIERGEMEINSCHAFT SINGER/DICKER ........................................... 29 4.1 Studium am Bauhaus in Weimar ............................................................ 29 4.1.1 Vorkurs ............................................................................................. 29 4.1.2 Werkstättenunterricht ....................................................................... 31 4.2 „Werkstätten Bildender Kunst“ in Berlin .................................................. 37 4.3 Geschichte der Ateliergemeinschaft in Wien .......................................... 38 4.3.1 „Das moderne Wohnprinzip“ – Theoretische Grundlagen und Charakteristika der Raum - und Möbelgestaltung ............................ 43 4.3.2 Beispielhafte Möbel- und Einrichtungsentwürfe ............................... 48 4.3.3 Ausstellungsbeteiligungen im Österreichischen Museum für Kunst und Industrie ..................................................................................... 51 5 KLEINWOHNUNGEN DER ATELIERGEMEINSCHAFT ............................ 53 5.1 Wohnung Dr. Hans Heller ....................................................................... 53 5.2 Wohnung Ehepaar Else und Erwin Reisner ............................................ 56 5.3 Wohnung Dr. Herbert Fritz Lehr .............................................................. 58 5.4 Wohnung Dr. Ella Reiner ........................................................................ 60 5.5 Wohnung Alf Breslauer ........................................................................... 64 5.6 Vergleich der Kleinwohnungen auf Grundlage der theoretischen Forderungen ........................................................................................... 65 6 EINORDNUNG UND KRITIK ....................................................................... 69 6.1 Einflüsse des Bauhauses ........................................................................ 69 6.1.1 Raumdarstellung, Möbelentwürfe und Wohnraumgestaltungen ....... 69 6.1.2 Farbe ................................................................................................ 73 6.2 Zeitgenössische Kleinwohnungen und Möbelentwürfe im Vergleich ...... 76 6.3 „Raumersparnis und Verwandelbarkeit“ - Funktionalistische Prinzipien?81 7 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ............................................................................... 89 8 ANHANG ..................................................................................................... 93 1 8.1 Literaturverzeichnis ................................................................................ 93 8.2 Archive .................................................................................................. 102 8.3 Abbildungnachweis ............................................................................... 102 8.4 Abbildungen .......................................................................................... 109 8.5 Quellentexte ......................................................................................... 146 8.6 Tabellarischer Lebenslauf Friedl Dicker / Franz Singer ........................ 149 8.7 Kurzzusammenfassung ........................................................................ 153 8.8 Lebenslauf ............................................................................................ 154 2 1 EINLEITUNG Friedl Dicker (1898 Wien - 1944 Theresienstadt) und Franz Singer (1896 Wien - 1954 Berlin) bezogen mit ihrem innenarchitektonischen Werk eine Stellung zur Wiener Wohnraumkultur, die aus dem innenraumgestalterischen Umkreis der Wiener Zwischenkriegszeit hervortritt. Beide gehörten zu der Gruppe von SchülerInnen, die bei Johannes Itten in Wien studierten und ihm 1919 an das neu gegründete Bauhaus in Weimar folgten. Nach ihrem Verlassen des Bauhauses im Jahr 1923 und erster beruflicher Tätigkeit in Berlin führte sie ihr Weg wieder zurück nach Wien. Dort leiteten sie von 1925-1931 eine Ateliergemeinschaft. Sie entwarfen Möbel, kunstgewerbliche Arbeiten und Stoffentwürfe, mit denen sie allein in Wien mehr als fünfzig Innenräume gestalteten. Ihr Erfolg ermöglichte ihnen auch die Tätigkeit und Produktion im Ausland. Zahlreiche Artikel in renommierten Architekturfachzeitschriften, wie „Domus“, „Decorative Art“, „Die Form“, „Innendekoration“ und „Österreichische Bau- und Werkkunst“ legen Zeugnis darüber ab. Und dennoch sind die innenarchitektonischen Werke Friedl Dickers und Franz Singers heute nur Wenigen bekannt, resultierend aus der Tatsache, dass keine der Wohnraumgestaltungen erhalten geblieben ist und eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Aufarbeitung dieses Werkbereichs bisher ausblieb. Um so mehr erscheint es erforderlich, nach der letzten Einzelausstellung im Jahr 1988 das innenarchitektonische Werk näher zu untersuchen. In der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit wurde der Bearbeitungsbereich auf das Thema der Kleinwohnungen eingegrenzt. Ziel ist es, die Kleinwohnungsgestaltungen einer kunsthistorischen Betrachtung zu unterziehen und in den Kontext einzuordnen. Erstmals werden, basierend auf der Ausbildung Dickers und Singers am Bauhaus, Rückschlüsse auf Intention und Formgebung ihres innenarchitektonischen Werks hergestellt. Die Gegenüberstellung der Wohnraumlösungen und Möbelentwürfe mit Kleinwohnungsgestaltungen zeitgenössischer Architekten und Architektinnen, vor allem aus Wien, bildet einen weiteren Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit. Als ausschlaggebend für die Untersuchung der Kleinwohnungen sind die Aussagen der Texte „Wohnen – selbst im Raum beschränkt wohnen – ein Vergnügen“ und „Das moderne Wohnprinzip: Ökonomie der Zeit, des Raumes, des Geldes und der Nerven“ anzusehen. In diesen Texten wird die Gestaltung von platzsparenden Wohnraumlösungen auf kleinem Raum als wichtige Aufgabe des Architekten hervorgehoben. Klappbare, ineinander zu schiebende und stapelbare Möbelent- 3 würfe, die in der Ateliergemeinschaft entstanden, veranschaulichen diesen Grundsatz. Ob und inwieweit sie ihren geforderten Prinzipien in den Wohnraumge- staltungen folgten, wird anhand eines Abgleichs zwischen ihren Forderungen im Text und den realisierten Kleinwohnungen näher untersucht. Zunächst wird der Fokus auf die Geschichte der Innenarchitektur in Wien gerichtet, der als Grundlage für die am Ende vorgenommene Einbettung der Projekte der Ateliergemeinschaft, fungieren kann. Anschließend wird die Geschichte der Ateliergemeinschaft, ausgehend von der Ausbildung Friedl Dickers und Franz Singers am Weimarer Bauhaus, näher beleuchtet. Es werden weitere Mitarbeite- rInnen, AuftraggeberInnen, Architekturprojekte, Wohnraumgestaltungen, Möbelentwürfe und theoretische Intention anhand der Texte vorgestellt. Im Hauptteil werden zunächst die fünf ausgewählten Wohnungen einzeln in chronologischer Reihenfolge betrachtet, um die Rechercheergebnisse zu präsentieren. Anschließend werden auf der Grundlage der Prinzipien, welche die Ateliergemeinschaft für sich formulierte, Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede dieser Wohnungen herausgearbeitet. Um die Verbindung zum Bauhaus aufzuzeigen werden im dritten Teil in Gegenüberstellung mit Arbeiten von BauhauskollegInnen sowie Bauhausmeister, Möbelentwürfe und Farbkonzepte näher beleuchtet. Danach widmet sich ein Kapitel der vergleichenden Analyse mit Kleinwohnungen deutscher und Wiener Architekten, das Parallelen und Unterschiede sowie Spezifika der Ateliergemein- schaft aufzeigen soll. Den Abschluss bildet eine kritische Betrachtung zu dem von der Ateliergemein- schaft formulierten Programm möglichst funktionale Raum- und Möbelgestaltungen zu schaffen und dessen Umsetzung im Kontext des Funktionalismus-Begriffs. In Beziehung zum Wiener Architekten Josef Frank, der vehement die Bauhausideolo- gie ablehnte, soll darüber hinaus die Position des innenarchitektonischen Werkschaffens der Ateliergemeinschaft im Wien der Zwischenkriegszeit beleuchtet werden. Der Anhang umfasst neben umfangreichem Bildmaterial, das zum Teil bisher nicht veröffentlicht wurde und Quellentexten, einen tabellarischen, gegenüberstellenden Lebenslauf Friedl Dickers und Franz Singers, der einen Überblick über die zeitlichen Wirkungskreise gibt. 4 2 FORSCHUNGSSTAND, QUELLENLAGE, METHODE Literatur Es sind bisher zwei Ausstellungskataloge mit dem Fokus auf die innenarchitektoni- schen Arbeiten Friedl Dickers und Franz Singers erschienen. Der erste Katalog wurde anlässlich einer Ausstellung vom 31. Januar bis 24. März 1970 im damals noch in Darmstadt befindlichen Bauhausarchiv von Peter Vignau- Wilberg erarbeitet.1 Den Biografien der beiden Künstler schließt sich im Bildteil eine Auswahl der in der Ausstellung gezeigten Objekte an. Ergänzend zu den Abbildungsbezeichnungen gibt der Autor zum Teil Hinweise auf Zeitschriften,
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