Electron Microscope Analyses of the Bio-Silica Basal Spicule from the Monorhaphis Chuni Sponge
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(1104L) Animal Kingdom Part I
(1104L) Animal Kingdom Part I By: Jeffrey Mahr (1104L) Animal Kingdom Part I By: Jeffrey Mahr Online: < http://cnx.org/content/col12086/1.1/ > OpenStax-CNX This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Jerey Mahr. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Collection structure revised: October 17, 2016 PDF generated: October 17, 2016 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 58. Table of Contents 1 (1104L) Animals introduction ....................................................................1 2 (1104L) Characteristics of Animals ..............................................................3 3 (1104L)The Evolutionary History of the Animal Kingdom ..................................11 4 (1104L) Phylum Porifera ........................................................................23 5 (1104L) Phylum Cnidaria .......................................................................31 6 (1104L) Phylum Rotifera & Phylum Platyhelminthes ........................................45 Glossary .............................................................................................53 Index ................................................................................................56 Attributions .........................................................................................58 iv Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col12086/1.1> Chapter 1 (1104L) Animals introduction1 -
Review of the Mineralogy of Calcifying Sponges
Dickinson College Dickinson Scholar Faculty and Staff Publications By Year Faculty and Staff Publications 12-2013 Not All Sponges Will Thrive in a High-CO2 Ocean: Review of the Mineralogy of Calcifying Sponges Abigail M. Smith Jade Berman Marcus M. Key, Jr. Dickinson College David J. Winter Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications Part of the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Abigail M.; Berman, Jade; Key,, Marcus M. Jr.; and Winter, David J., "Not All Sponges Will Thrive in a High-CO2 Ocean: Review of the Mineralogy of Calcifying Sponges" (2013). Dickinson College Faculty Publications. Paper 338. https://scholar.dickinson.edu/faculty_publications/338 This article is brought to you for free and open access by Dickinson Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © 2013. Licensed under the Creative Commons http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- nc-nd/4.0/ Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: PALAEO7348R1 Title: Not all sponges will thrive in a high-CO2 ocean: Review of the mineralogy of calcifying sponges Article Type: Research Paper Keywords: sponges; Porifera; ocean acidification; calcite; aragonite; skeletal biomineralogy Corresponding Author: Dr. Abigail M Smith, PhD Corresponding Author's Institution: University of Otago First Author: Abigail M Smith, PhD Order of Authors: Abigail M Smith, PhD; Jade Berman, PhD; Marcus M Key Jr, PhD; David J Winter, PhD Abstract: Most marine sponges precipitate silicate skeletal elements, and it has been predicted that they would be among the few "winners" in an acidifying, high-CO2 ocean. -
The Lower Bathyal and Abyssal Seafloor Fauna of Eastern Australia T
O’Hara et al. Marine Biodiversity Records (2020) 13:11 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41200-020-00194-1 RESEARCH Open Access The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia T. D. O’Hara1* , A. Williams2, S. T. Ahyong3, P. Alderslade2, T. Alvestad4, D. Bray1, I. Burghardt3, N. Budaeva4, F. Criscione3, A. L. Crowther5, M. Ekins6, M. Eléaume7, C. A. Farrelly1, J. K. Finn1, M. N. Georgieva8, A. Graham9, M. Gomon1, K. Gowlett-Holmes2, L. M. Gunton3, A. Hallan3, A. M. Hosie10, P. Hutchings3,11, H. Kise12, F. Köhler3, J. A. Konsgrud4, E. Kupriyanova3,11,C.C.Lu1, M. Mackenzie1, C. Mah13, H. MacIntosh1, K. L. Merrin1, A. Miskelly3, M. L. Mitchell1, K. Moore14, A. Murray3,P.M.O’Loughlin1, H. Paxton3,11, J. J. Pogonoski9, D. Staples1, J. E. Watson1, R. S. Wilson1, J. Zhang3,15 and N. J. Bax2,16 Abstract Background: Our knowledge of the benthic fauna at lower bathyal to abyssal (LBA, > 2000 m) depths off Eastern Australia was very limited with only a few samples having been collected from these habitats over the last 150 years. In May–June 2017, the IN2017_V03 expedition of the RV Investigator sampled LBA benthic communities along the lower slope and abyss of Australia’s eastern margin from off mid-Tasmania (42°S) to the Coral Sea (23°S), with particular emphasis on describing and analysing patterns of biodiversity that occur within a newly declared network of offshore marine parks. Methods: The study design was to deploy a 4 m (metal) beam trawl and Brenke sled to collect samples on soft sediment substrata at the target seafloor depths of 2500 and 4000 m at every 1.5 degrees of latitude along the western boundary of the Tasman Sea from 42° to 23°S, traversing seven Australian Marine Parks. -
The Unique Skeleton of Siliceous Sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) That Evolved first from the Urmetazoa During the Proterozoic: a Review” by W
Biogeosciences Discuss., 4, S262–S276, 2007 Biogeosciences www.biogeosciences-discuss.net/4/S262/2007/ BGD Discussions c Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed 4, S262–S276, 2007 under a Creative Commons License. Interactive Comment Interactive comment on “The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review” by W. E. G. Müller et al. W. E. G. Müller et al. Received and published: 3 April 2007 3rd April 2007 Full Screen / Esc From : Prof. Dr. W.E.G. Müller, Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Ange- wandte Molekularbiologie, Universität, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz; GERMANY. tel.: Printer-friendly Version +49-6131-392-5910; fax.: +49-6131-392-5243; E-mail: [email protected] To the Editorial Board Interactive Discussion MS-NR: bgd-2006-0069 Discussion Paper S262 EGU Dear colleagues: BGD Thank you for your email from April 2nd informing me that our manuscript entitled: 4, S262–S276, 2007 The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review by: Werner E.G. Müller, Jinhe Li, Heinz C. Schröder, Li Qiao and Xiaohong Wang Interactive Comment which we submit for the Journal Biogeosciences must be revised. In the following we discuss point for point the arguments raised by the referees/reader. In detail: Interactive comment on “The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hex- actinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Pro- terozoic: a review” by W. E. G. Müller et al. By: M. -
The Unique Skeleton of Siliceous Sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) That Evolved first from the Urmetazoa During the Proterozoic: a Review
Biogeosciences, 4, 219–232, 2007 www.biogeosciences.net/4/219/2007/ Biogeosciences © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. The unique skeleton of siliceous sponges (Porifera; Hexactinellida and Demospongiae) that evolved first from the Urmetazoa during the Proterozoic: a review W. E. G. Muller¨ 1, Jinhe Li2, H. C. Schroder¨ 1, Li Qiao3, and Xiaohong Wang4 1Institut fur¨ Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany 2Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, 266071 Qingdao, P. R. China 3Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, P. R. China 4National Research Center for Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, 100037 Beijing, P. R. China Received: 8 January 2007 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 6 February 2007 Revised: 10 April 2007 – Accepted: 20 April 2007 – Published: 3 May 2007 Abstract. Sponges (phylum Porifera) had been considered an axial filament which harbors the silicatein. After intracel- as an enigmatic phylum, prior to the analysis of their genetic lular formation of the first lamella around the channel and repertoire/tool kit. Already with the isolation of the first ad- the subsequent extracellular apposition of further lamellae hesion molecule, galectin, it became clear that the sequences the spicules are completed in a net formed of collagen fibers. of sponge cell surface receptors and of molecules forming the The data summarized here substantiate that with the find- intracellular signal transduction pathways triggered by them, ing of silicatein a new aera in the field of bio/inorganic chem- share high similarity with those identified in other metazoan istry started. -
The Lower Bathyal and Abyssal Seafloor Fauna of Eastern Australia T
The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia T. O’hara, A. Williams, S. Ahyong, P. Alderslade, T. Alvestad, D. Bray, I. Burghardt, N. Budaeva, F. Criscione, A. Crowther, et al. To cite this version: T. O’hara, A. Williams, S. Ahyong, P. Alderslade, T. Alvestad, et al.. The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia. Marine Biodiversity Records, Cambridge University Press, 2020, 13 (1), 10.1186/s41200-020-00194-1. hal-03090213 HAL Id: hal-03090213 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03090213 Submitted on 29 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. O’Hara et al. Marine Biodiversity Records (2020) 13:11 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41200-020-00194-1 RESEARCH Open Access The lower bathyal and abyssal seafloor fauna of eastern Australia T. D. O’Hara1* , A. Williams2, S. T. Ahyong3, P. Alderslade2, T. Alvestad4, D. Bray1, I. Burghardt3, N. Budaeva4, F. Criscione3, A. L. Crowther5, M. Ekins6, M. Eléaume7, C. A. Farrelly1, J. K. Finn1, M. N. Georgieva8, A. Graham9, M. Gomon1, K. Gowlett-Holmes2, L. M. Gunton3, A. Hallan3, A. M. Hosie10, P. -
Formation of Giant Spicules in the Deep-Sea Hexactinellid Monorhaphis Chuni (Schulze 1904): Electron-Microscopic and Biochemical Studies
Cell Tissue Res (2007) 329:363–378 DOI 10.1007/s00441-007-0402-x REGULAR ARTICLE Formation of giant spicules in the deep-sea hexactinellid Monorhaphis chuni (Schulze 1904): electron-microscopic and biochemical studies Werner E. G. Müller & Carsten Eckert & Klaus Kropf & Xiaohong Wang & Ute Schloßmacher & Christopf Seckert & Stephan E. Wolf & Wolfgang Tremel & Heinz C. Schröder Received: 25 November 2006 /Accepted: 19 February 2007 / Published online: 4 April 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract The siliceous sponge Monorhaphis chuni (Hexa- spicules; it harbors the axial filament and is surrounded by ctinellida) synthesizes the largest biosilica structures on an axial cylinder (100–150 μm) of electron-dense homo- earth (3 m). Scanning electron microscopy has shown that geneous silica. During dissolution of the spicules with these spicules are regularly composed of concentrically hydrofluoric acid, the axial filament is first released arranged lamellae (width: 3–10 μm). Between 400 and 600 followed by the release of a proteinaceous tubule. Two lamellae have been counted in one giant basal spicule. An major proteins (150 kDa and 35 kDa) have been visualized, axial canal (diameter: ~2 μm) is located in the center of the together with a 24-kDa protein that cross-reacts with antibodies against silicatein. The spicules are surrounded by a collagen net, and the existence of a hexactinellidan Carsten Eckert was previously with the Museum für Naturkunde, collagen gene has been demonstrated by cloning it from Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany. Aphrocallistes vastus. During the axial growth of the The collagen sequence from Aphrocallistes vastus reported here, viz., spicules, silicatein or the silicatein-related protein is [COL_APHRO] APHVACOL (accession number AM411124), has been deposited in the EMBL/GenBank data base. -
Phylum Porifera
790 Chapter 28 | Invertebrates updated as new information is collected about the organisms of each phylum. 28.1 | Phylum Porifera By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Describe the organizational features of the simplest multicellular organisms • Explain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges As we have seen, the vast majority of invertebrate animals do not possess a defined bony vertebral endoskeleton, or a bony cranium. However, one of the most ancestral groups of deuterostome invertebrates, the Echinodermata, do produce tiny skeletal “bones” called ossicles that make up a true endoskeleton, or internal skeleton, covered by an epidermis. We will start our investigation with the simplest of all the invertebrates—animals sometimes classified within the clade Parazoa (“beside the animals”). This clade currently includes only the phylum Placozoa (containing a single species, Trichoplax adhaerens), and the phylum Porifera, containing the more familiar sponges (Figure 28.2). The split between the Parazoa and the Eumetazoa (all animal clades above Parazoa) likely took place over a billion years ago. We should reiterate here that the Porifera do not possess “true” tissues that are embryologically homologous to those of all other derived animal groups such as the insects and mammals. This is because they do not create a true gastrula during embryogenesis, and as a result do not produce a true endoderm or ectoderm. But even though they are not considered to have true tissues, they do have specialized cells that perform specific functions like tissues (for example, the external “pinacoderm” of a sponge acts like our epidermis). -
Whole-Ocean Changes in Silica and Ge/Si Ratios During The
Originally published as: Jochum, K. P., Schuessler, J. A., Wang, X.‐H., Stoll, B., Weis, U., Müller, W. E. G., Haug, G. H., Andreae, M. O., Froelich, P. N. (2017): Whole‐Ocean Changes in Silica and Ge/Si Ratios During the Last Deglacial Deduced From Long‐Lived Giant Glass Sponges. ‐ Geophysical Research Letters, 44, 22, pp. 11555—11564. DOI: http://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073897 PUBLICATIONS Geophysical Research Letters RESEARCH LETTER Whole-Ocean Changes in Silica and Ge/Si Ratios 10.1002/2017GL073897 During the Last Deglacial Deduced From Long- Key Points: Lived Giant Glass Sponges • Si isotope and Ge measurements in the deep-sea sponge Monorhaphis K. P. Jochum1,2 , J. A. Schuessler3 , X.-H. Wang4, B. Stoll1,2, U. Weis1,2 , W. E. G. Müller4, chuni provide an archive of climate 2 1,5 6 change, reaching back to at least 17 G. H. Haug , M. O. Andreae , and P. N. Froelich ka B.P. 1 2 • Our data suggest that at the onset of Biogeochemistry Department, MPIC Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, Climate Geochemistry the last deglaciation, deep Pacific Department, MPIC Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, 3GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Ocean dissolved silica was higher and Potsdam, Germany, 4ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Ge/Si lower than at present Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany, 5Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California. San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 6Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Supporting Information: • Supporting Information S1 Abstract Silicon is a keystone nutrient in the ocean for understanding climate change because of the Correspondence to: importance of Southern Ocean diatoms in taking up CO2 from the surface ocean-atmosphere system and K. -
Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with Descriptions of Five New Species
Zootaxa 4664 (1): 047–082 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4664.1.2 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4434E866-7C52-48D1-9A6B-1E6220D71549 Hexactinellida from the Perth Canyon, Eastern Indian Ocean, with descriptions of five new species KONSTANTIN TABACHNICK1, JANE FROMONT2,5, HERMANN EHRLICH3 & LARISA MENSHENINA4 1P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Academy of Sciences of Russia, Moscow 117997, Russia. E-mail:[email protected] 2Department of Aquatic Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australia 6986, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] 3Institute of Electronic and Sensor materials, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Gustav-Zeuner Str. 3, 09599 Freiberg, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 4Biophysical department, Physical Faculty, MSU-2, b.2 Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia. 5Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Glass sponges (Class Hexactinellida) are described from the Perth Canyon in the eastern Indian Ocean, resulting in 10 genera being recorded, including 11 species, five of which are new to science. In addition, the study resulted in two new records for Australia, Pheronema raphanus and Monorhaphis chuni, and one new record for the Indian Ocean, Walteria flemmingi. A second species of Calyptorete is described over 90 years after the genus was first established with a single species. A significant difference was noted between the condition of sponges collected on the RV Falkor, which used an ROV, and the earlier RV Southern Surveyor expedition, which used sleds and trawls. -
Circumferential Spicule Growth by Pericellular Silica Deposition in the Hexactinellid Sponge Monorhaphis Chuni
2047 The Journal of Experimental Biology 214, 2047-2056 © 2011. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi:10.1242/jeb.056275 RESEARCH ARTICLE Circumferential spicule growth by pericellular silica deposition in the hexactinellid sponge Monorhaphis chuni Xiaohong Wang1,2, Matthias Wiens1, Heinz C. Schröder1, Klaus P. Jochum3, Ute Schloßmacher1, Hermann Götz4, Heinz Duschner4 and Werner E. G. Müller1,* 1ERC Advanced Grant Research Group at the Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany, 2National Research Center for Geoanalysis, 26 Baiwanzhuang Dajie, Beijing CHN-100037, China, 3Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Postbox 3060, D-55020 Mainz, Germany and 4Institute of Applied Structure- and Microanalysis, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Obere Zahlbacherstr. 63, Geb 911, D-55131 Mainz, Germany *Author for correspondence ([email protected]) Accepted 15 March 2011 SUMMARY The giant basal spicule of the hexactinellid sponge Monorhaphis chuni represents the longest natural siliceous structure on Earth. This spicule is composed of concentrically arranged lamellae that are approximately 10m thick. In the present study, we investigated the formation of outer lamellae on a cellular level using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. It is shown that the formation of an outermost lamella begins with the association of cell clusters with the surface of the thickening and/or growing spicule. The cells release silica for controlled formation of a lamella. The pericellular (silica) material fuses to a delimited and textured layer of silica with depressions approximately 20–30m in diameter. The newly formed layer initially displays 40m wide, well-structured banded ribbons and only attains its plain surface in a final step. -
Predicting the Impacts of Nodule Mining in the Pacific Ocean
SUPPORTED BY Research Team Peer Reviewers Editorial Team Dr. Andrew Chin, Prof. Alex David Rogers, Dr. Helen Rosenbaum, College of Science and Science Director, REV Ocean, Deep Sea Mining Campaign, Engineering, James Cook Oksenøyveien 10, NO-1366 Australia University, Townsville, Australia Lysaker, Norway. Mr. Andy Whitmore, Ms. Katelyn Hari, Dr. Kirsten Thompson, Deep Sea Mining Campaign, College of Science and Lecturer in Ecology, University of United Kingdom Engineering, James Cook Exeter, United Kingdom Dr. Catherine Coumans, University, Townsville, Australia Dr. John Hampton, Mining Watch Canada Dr. Hugh Govan, Chief Scientist, Fisheries Ms. Sian Owen, Adjunct Senior Fellow, School of Aquaculture and Marine Deep Sea Conservation Coalition, Government, Development and Ecosystems Division (FAME), Netherlands International Affairs, University of Pacific Community, Noumea, the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji New Caledonia Mr. Duncan Currie, Deep Sea Conservation Coalition, Dr. Tim Adams, To cite this report New Zealand Fisheries Management Consultant, Chin, A and Hari, K (2020), Port Ouenghi, New Caledonia Design: Ms. Natalie Lowrey, Predicting the impacts of Dr. John Luick, Deep Sea Mining Campaign, mining of deep sea polymetallic Oceanographer, Australia nodules in the Pacific Ocean: Flinders University of South A review of Scientific literature, Australia, Adelaide, Australia For Correspondence: Deep Sea Mining Campaign and Dr. Helen Rosenbaum, MiningWatch Canada, 52 pages Prof. Matthew Allen, DSM Campaign Director of Development [email protected] Studies, School of Government, Development and International Affairs, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji FRONT COVER: A SPERM WHALE AND FREEDIVER. IF NODULE MINING DEVELOPS DEEP-DIVING WHALES LIKE THE VULNERABLE SPERM WHALE COULD BE ADVERSELY IMPACTED.