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International Education Guide FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA .ii INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .iii INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Welcome to the Alberta Government’s International Education Guides The International Qualifications Assessment Service (IQAS) developed the International Education Guides for educational institutions, employers and professional licensing bodies to help facilitate and streamline their decisions regarding the recognition of international credentials.

These guides compare educational systems from around the world to educational standards in Canada. The assessment recommendations contained in the guides are based on extensive research and well documented standards and criteria. This research project, a first in Canada, is based on a broad range of international resources and considerable expertise within the IQAS program.

Organizations can use these guides to make accurate and efficient decisions regarding the recognition of international credentials. The International Education Guides serve as a resource comparing Alberta standards with those of other countries, and will assist all those who need to make informed decisions, including: • employers who need to know whether an applicant with international credentials meets the educational requirements for a job, and how to obtain information comparing the applicant’s credentials to educational standards in Alberta and Canada • educational institutions that need to make a decision about whether a prospective student meets the education requirements for admission, and that need to find accurate and reliable information about the educational system of another country • professional licensing bodies that need to know whether an applicant meets the educational standards for licensing bodies

The guides include a country overview, a historical educational overview, and descriptions of school education; higher education; professional, technical, vocational education; teacher education, grading scales, documentation for educational credentials and a bibliography.

The guides also include placement recommendations for comparison and application in Alberta, Canada.

Prepared by International QualificationsA ssessment Service (IQAS) Government of Alberta 9th Floor, 108 Street Building, 9942 – 108 Street NW Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T5K 2J5 Phone: 780-427-2655 Fax: 780-422-9734 www.immigration.alberta.ca/iqas

© 2011 the Crown in right of the Province of Alberta, Government of Alberta International Qualifications Assessment Service (IQAS) Revised December 2016 ISBN: 978-0-7785-5892-7 .iv INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .v INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Contents

Country Overview 1 Land 1 People and Languages 1 Population 1 Religion 2 Languages 2 History 2 Early history 2 Colonial rule 2 After independence 3 Administration 4 Historical Education Overview 6 Outline of Education System 6 Administration 6 Language of instruction 7 School year 7 Indigenous Education 7 Islamic Education 7 Western-Style Education 8 British period (1843–1960) 8 After independence (1960–) 8 School Education 12 Over view 12 Early Childhood Education (Ages 3 to 5) 14 Primary Education (Grades 1 to 6) 14 Junior Secondary Education (Grades 7 to 9) 15 Senior Secondary Education (Grades 10 to 12) 16 West African Senior School Certificate (WASSC) 16 Senior School Certificate, National Examinations Council 17 Higher Education 18 Overview 18 Administration 18 Funding 18 Quality assurance and accreditation 19 Program structure 20 Academic year 21 Language of instruction 22 Grading scales 22 Institutions 22 Admissions 22 Programs and Credentials: General Education 23 Certificates and diplomas 23 Bachelor’s degrees 24 Postgraduate diplomas 24 Master’s degrees 25 Master of Philosophy degrees 25 Doctoral degrees 25 Programs and Credentials: Specialized and Professional Education 25 Agriculture 25 Architecture 26 .vi INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Education 26 Engineering 26 Law 27 Medicine and dentistry 27 Medical laboratory science 28 Nursing 28 Pharmacy 28 Technical and Vocational Education 30 Overview 30 Administration 32 Institutions 32 Admission 32 Grading scale 33 Federal Trade Test Certificate 33 National Vocational Certificate and National Innovation Diploma 33 National Technical and Business Certificates 34 National Diploma and Higher National Diploma 35 Nursing and Allied Health Services 36 Nursing 36 Pharmacy 37 Dental therapy and dental technology 37 Teacher Education 38 Overview 38 Administration 38 Types of institutions 38 Teacher certification 38 Pre-Primary Education (Children Ages 3 to 5) 39 Primary Education (Grades 1 to 6) 39 Secondary Education (Grades 7 to 12) 40 Technical and Vocational Education 40 Grading Scales 42 Senior Secondary Education 42 Higher Education 42 Technical and Vocational Education 43 Documentation 44 Secondary Education 44 Document format 45 Higher Education and Technical and Vocational Education 45 Administrative and issuing bodies 46 Document format 46 References 47 Print Resources 47 Internet Resources 48 International websites 48 Nigerian university websites 48 Nigerian websites 49 .vii INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendices 50 Appendix A—Placement Recommendations 50 Appendix B—Nigerian Universities 51 Federal Universities 51 State Universities 51 Private Universities 52 Appendix C—Sample Program Structures 54 Appendix C1. Bachelor of Science 54 Appendix C2. Master of Science and Master of Technology 56 Appendix C3. Master of Philosophy 58 Appendix C4. Bachelor of Agriculture 59 Appendix C5. Bachelor of Science (Architecture) 62 Appendix C6. Postgraduate Diploma 65 Appendix C7. Bachelor of Engineering 66 Appendix C8. Bachelor of Laws (LLB) 69 Appendix C9. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery 71 Appendix C10. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 72 Appendix C11. Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science 76 Appendix C12. Bachelor of Nursing Science 79 Appendix C13. Bachelor of Pharmacy 82 Appendix C14. National Technical Certificate and Advanced National Technical Certificate 85 Appendix C15. National Diploma and Higher National Diploma 87 Appendix C16. Bachelor of Education 90 Appendix D—Sample Documents 93 Appendix D1. West African School Certificate 93 Appendix D2. West African GCE O and A Levels 94 Appendix D3. West African Senior School Certificate 96 Appendix D4. NECO Senior School Certificate 97 Appendix D5. Nursing Registration and Transcript 98 Appendix D6. Midwifery Certificate and Transcript 100 Appendix D7. National Diploma and Higher National Diploma and Transcripts 102 Appendix D8. Bachelor of Science Degree Certificate and Transcript 108 Appendix D9. Postgraduate Diploma, Examination Result and Transcript 111 Appendix D10. Master of Science Degree Certificate and Transcript 114 .viii INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

List of Figures Figure 1. Map of Nigeria 1 Figure 2. National Flag and of Nigeria 4 Figure 3. Outline of Older School System 12 Figure 4. Outline of Current School System 13 Figure 5. Outline of Higher Education System 20 Figure 6. Outline of Technical and Vocational Education System 31 .ix INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

List of Tables Table 1. Nigeria’s Three Major Ethnic Groups 2 Table 2. 36 States of Nigeria 4 Table 3. Three Educational Subsectors 6 Table 4. WAEC and NECO Grading Scale and IQAS Equivalency 16 Table 5. WASSC Examination Results for November and December 2008 16 Table 6. Student Enrolment in Nigerian Universities, 2006–07 18 Table 7. NUC Program Accreditation Criteria 19 Table 8. NUC Accreditation Results 19 Table 9. Academic Calendar (2008–09), University of 21 Table 10. Academic Calendar (2009), University, 21 Table 11. Undergraduate Academic Calendar (2008–09), 21 Table 12. Undergraduate Academic Calendar (2009–10), 21 Table 13. Generic Grading Scale, Higher Education 22 Table 14. General Admission Guidelines, 23 Table 15. Technical and Vocational Institutions 32 Table 16. Technical and Vocational Grading Scale 33 Table 17. WAEC and NECO Grading Scale and IQAS Equivalency 42 Table 18. Generic Grading Scale, Higher Education 42 Table 19. Grading Scale and Degree Classifications, Babcock University 42 Table 20. Grading Scale and Degree Classifications, 42 Table 21. Grading Scale and Degree Classifications, University of 43 Table 22. Classifications in Technical and Vocational Education 43 Table 23. Major Types of Secondary Credentials 44 Table 24. Major Types of Technical and Vocational Credentials 45 Table 25. Major Types of Higher Education Credentials 46 Table 26. Bachelor of Science (Biochemistry), Obafemi Awolowo University 54 Table 27. Master of Science (Biochemistry), Obafemi Awolowo University 56 Table 28. Master of Technology (Biochemistry), Federal University of Technology, Yola 57 Table 29. Master of Philosophy in Crop Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University 58 Table 30. Bachelor of Agriculture in Animal Science, , Nsukka 59 Table 31. Bachelor of Science (Honours) Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University 62 Table 32. Postgraduate Diploma in Architectural Conservation, Obafemi Awolowo University 65 Table 33. Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering), University of 66 Table 34. Bachelor of Laws (LLB), University of Nigeria, Nsukka 69 Table 35. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, University of Lagos 71 Table 36. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM), 72 Table 37. Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science (BMLS), Babcock University 76 Table 38. Bachelor of Nursing Science (BNSc), Babcock University 79 Table 39. Bachelor of Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 82 Table 40. National Technical Certificate (NTC) in Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work 85 Table 41. Advanced National Technical Certificate (ANTC) in Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work 86 Table 42. National Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology, National Board for Technical Education 87 Table 43. Higher National Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology, National Board for Technical Education 88 Table 44. Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood Education), Tai Solarin University of Education 90 Table 45. Postgraduate Diploma in Education, Obafemi Awolowo University 92 .x INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .1 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Country Overview Niger continues south and empties into the Atlantic at the .

Land The expansive valleys of the Niger and Benue rivers form Located in West Africa, the Federal Republic of Nigeria Nigeria’s largest topographical region. High plains and borders to the east, to the northeast, Niger hills rise to the north of the valleys. Southwest of the to the north, Benin to the west, and the Gulf of Niger stand the rugged Yoruba highlands. A mountainous on the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It has a surface area of zone stretches along the eastern border and includes the 923,768 square kilometres, including about 13,000 square country’s highest point, Chappal Waddi (2,419 metres). kilometres of water. In the south, the coastal zone along the Gulf of Guinea consists of low-lying plains.

Alberta’s 661,190 square kilometres equate to just Nigeria has a tropical climate with wide regional variations. over two-thirds of the total area of Nigeria. Temperatures are generally high, averaging from 25 to 28 C. In the Niger and Benue river valleys, there are two seasons: the wet season from April to October and the dry season Abuja, a city planned and built in the 1970s and 1980s in from November to March, sometimes called “Harmattan” the interior, has been the national capital since December after the dry, dusty wind that blows from the Sahara toward 1991. Previously, the capital was based in the country’s the Atlantic during this time. The seasons are less defined largest city, Lagos, on the southwest coast. in the south, which has high humidity all year due to the

Figure 1. Map of Nigeria warm moist air from the Atlantic. Annual rainfall decreases northward, ranging from 4,000 millimetres in the Niger Delta to less than 1,000 millimetres in the north.

Nigeria boasts rich natural resources, with the world’s tenth largest reserve of oil at 36.2 billion barrels and the seventh largest reserve of natural gas at 184 trillion cubic feet (2009 estimate). Oil and natural gas constitute the main source of Nigeria’s export earnings.

People and Languages Population Nigeria is by far the most populous country in Africa. Its population of 140 million (2006 census) has an annual growth rate of over two per cent. Over 40 per cent of the Source: United Nations Cartographic Section. people are younger than 15 years. Population density is Nigeria has a single time zone, Nigeria Standard Time, high, with about 150 people per square kilometre. Much of which is one hour ahead of Universal Coordinated Time. the population is concentrated along the coast and in the north. Slightly less than half of the population lives in cities. The most populous cities in Nigeria are Lagos (8 million), Alberta is seven hours behind UTC and thus eight (3.8 million), Ibadan (2.6 million), (1.7 hours behind Nigeria. million), (1.3 million) and Benin City (1.1 million). Life expectancy is 47 years. The adult literacy rate for the whole population is estimated at 72 per cent (UN Nigeria takes its name from its chief river, the Niger, which Statistics Division, 2007). enters the country from the northwest. The Benue River enters the country from the northeast and joins the Niger Nigeria is a country with great ethnic and cultural diversity. at the city of in the central south, from where the The more than 250 ethnic groups are distinguished by .2 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

their geographical location, language, clothing style, family Kanem-Bornu. The kingdom of Kanem emerged east of organization and traditional beliefs. The three largest Lake Chad in the ninth century AD and moved across the groups—Hausa–Fulani, Yoruba and Igbo—account for lake into Bornu in what is now northeast Nigeria between about 70 per cent of the population. the 12th and 14th centuries. It lasted for a thousand years until it was absorbed into the Wadai sultanate to the east. Table 1. Nigeria’s Three Major Ethnic Groups Name Population (%) Region Hausa-Fulani. The Hausa city-states were established to Hausa–Fulani 29 north the west of Bornu, in what is now north and northwest Yoruba 21 southwest Nigeria, around the same time as the emergence of the Kanem kingdom. Among the competing Hausa states, Igbo or Ibo 18 southeast none became powerful enough to gain complete control Religion of the region. In the jihad (Islamic holy war) of 1804–08, the Fulanis conquered the Hausa states and set up the Religious affiliation is split among Islam (45 per cent), caliphate, a loose federation of 30 emirates. The (53 per cent) and indigenous beliefs (2 per dominated the region throughout the 19th cent). Islam dominates in the north and Christianity in the century before falling to British conquerors in 1903. south. Yoruba and Benin. Ife was established around the 11th Languages century as the first of the Yoruba city-states in what is now The official language is English. There are about 350 native southwest Nigeria. According to Yoruba mythology, Ife languages, with Hausa, Yoruba and Igbo spoken by more was the centre of the universe. Its cultural influence spread than 50 per cent of the population and designated as far beyond the borders of the small city-state. Another national languages. Yoruba city-state, Oyo, rose to supremacy in the 16th and 17th centuries and replaced Ife as the political centre of History the region. The Fulani expansion to the south caused the collapse of Oyo in the early 19th century. The area of present-day Nigeria has known human settlement for at least 10,000 years. It was home to various Benin emerged to the east shortly after the rise of Ife. ethnically based kingdoms and tribes when the Europeans When Oyo was becoming dominant to the west, Benin arrived in the late 15th century. The ensuing slave trade in developed into a major kingdom with trade both within the the 16th to the 19th centuries and formal colonization by region and later with Europe. According to Benin legends, Britain in the late 19th century drastically reshaped the its first rulers were descended from an Ife prince. There was area. After achieving independence in 1960, Nigeria went much trade and cultural exchange between Benin and the through frequent coups and long periods of military rule Yoruba states. until 1999, when a civilian government was elected and a new constitution adopted. Igbo and the delta states. The Igbo people in southeast Nigeria did not develop kingdoms, but lived in villages or Early history tribal communities. The same was true in much of the Niger Delta. After the arrival of the Europeans, more centralized The Nok people, who lived in north Nigeria between the forms of government emerged. Aro rose to dominance in fourth century BC and the second century AD, created the the 17th and 18th centuries and was a major partner in the earliest identifiable culture in Nigeria. They were skilled slave trade. artisans and ironworkers, famous for their finely crafted figurines. Colonial rule For centuries thereafter, kingdoms, city-states and tribal The Portuguese first reconnoitred the West African coast communities controlled different regions of present-day in the late 15th century and initiated the transatlantic slave Nigeria. The major ethnic groups of the country can trace trade. They were followed by the Dutch, the French and their origins to those earlier states. the British. By the 18th century Britain had become the .3 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria dominant colonizing power. The slave trade flourished in After independence southern areas near the coast. In 1807 Britain abolished By an act of the British Parliament, Nigeria became an the slave trade, which went underground and was gradually independent country within the replaced by the trade of commodities, especially palm oil. on 1 October 1960. It became a republic in 1963. For At the Berlin West Africa Conference in 1885, the almost four decades after independence, regional and ethnic European powers carved Africa into spheres of influence. tensions often led to heated disputes and violent conflicts, To secure its claim to Nigeria, Britain moved to consolidate and military coups rather than elections determined the its occupation, crushing indigenous resistance. In 1890 it country’s leadership. Balewa, the first prime minister, created the two protectorates of northern and southern was killed in a military coup in 1966. He was succeeded Nigeria. In 1914 it joined the two protectorates into a single by Army General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, an Igbo, who state called the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria, with was assassinated in a countercoup a few months later and Lagos as its capital. Thus a new country was created in a replaced by Yakubu Gowon. The massacre of thousands of land that had diverse ethnicities, cultures and languages, Igbo in northern Nigeria ensued. and little sense of a national identity. The two former In May 1967 Gowon announced the division of the protectorates retained their own distinctive systems of country into 12 states. (The number of states has since administration, and the dichotomy of north and south has increased to 36.) The Igbo-dominated eastern region continued to this day. declared independence as the Republic of Biafra, and civil The British attempted to govern the colony by indirect war broke out. Millions of Nigerians died from hostilities rule, employing local leaders to administer their traditional and starvation during the 30-month war. Federal forces lands and collect taxes. The practice worked more effectively overcame the rebels in January 1970. in the north than in the south. The subjugation of the The end of the civil war coincided with the oil boom, indigenous people to serve British colonial needs caused with Nigeria soon becoming one of the world’s largest oil growing discontent and opposition in the form of both producers. The rapid growth in national wealth aided in passive resistance and occasional violent conflicts. By the the restoration of peace and the repair of war damage, but end of the Second World War, several influential political did not lead to political stability. Beset with widespread parties had emerged. The conflicting interests of those corruption and inefficiencies, the Gowon government faced regionally based parties have become an enduring feature of increasing opposition. A military officer, Murtala Ramat Nigerian politics. Muhammad, took over the government in a bloodless In 1947 Britain introduced a new constitution (amended in coup in July 1975. He introduced many popular reforms 1951 and 1954) that divided the colony into three ethnically to fight corruption and planned to hand over power to based regions, each with its own appointed legislative an elected government by 1979. After his assassination assembly, overseen by a federal government: in an unsuccessful coup in February 1976, his successor, Olusegun Obasanjo, continued the reforms. He also • northern region – Hausa–Fulani (Muslim) initiated plans to move the national capital from Lagos • eastern region – Igbo (Catholic) to Abuja. In 1979 Nigeria adopted an American-style • western region – Yoruba (Muslim and Anglican) constitution and held national elections.

The Northern People’s Congress, thanks to the large The National Party of Nigeria led by Alhaji Shehu Shagari population of the northern region, won the general elections won the election and formed a minority government, in 1959. The head of the NPC, Sir Abubakar Tafawa ushering in what is known as the second republic (1979– Balewa, entered a coalition with the National Council of 83), as opposed to the first republic (1960–66). Amid Nigeria and the , a major party from the eastern high expectations, it launched ambitious programs for region, and became prime minister of Nigeria in January national development, some of which proved costly and 1960, on the eve of independence. unproductive. The economy worsened with the end of the oil boom in 1981, and the government was overthrown in a military coup at the end of 1983. The nation’s leadership .4 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

changed hands in two subsequent coups, in 1985 and 1993, and the Federal Court of Appeal at the national level when Army General assumed power. This and high courts, sharia courts (in 12 northern states) and was a period of political uncertainty, economic recession customary courts at the state level. and rising religious strife between Christians and Muslims. Religious riots broke out in several states in the early 1990s. Nigeria is divided into the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) and 36 states in six zones (see Table 2). The administrative Abacha’s government was characterized by rampant division has evolved from three regions in 1960 to four corruption and ruthless suppression of dissidents. In 1995 regions in 1963, 12 states in 1967, 19 states in 1976, 21 Nigeria was suspended from the Commonwealth due to states in 1987, 30 states in 1991 and 36 states in 1996. Each its human rights violations. Upon Abacha’s death in 1998, state has an elected governor and House of Assembly. The Army General Abdulsalami Abubakar assumed control and Federal Capital Territory is headed by a minister appointed proceeded to return Nigeria to civilian rule. In 1999 former by the president. The states are further divided into more leader Obasanjo was elected president, and his party, the than 700 local government areas. Local government People’s Democratic Party, won a parliamentary majority. councils, as the third tier of government, administer basic Obasanjo won a second term in 2003. In 2007 Umaru health care and primary education. Musa Yar’Adua of the PDP won the presidential election. Table 2. 36 States of Nigeria The civilian rule that began in 1999 is sometimes referred Zone States to as the third republic. South–West Lagos, Ekiti, Ogun, Ondo, Oshun and Oyo Readmitted to the Commonwealth in 1999, Nigeria has South–South Akwa Ibom, Bayelsa, Cross River, Delta, Edo maintained its multiparty democracy, though there have and Rivers been criticisms of electoral irregularities and fraud. The rise South–East Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu and Imo of oil revenue has boosted the economy, but the government North–West Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Jigawa, Kebbi, Sokoto still faces serious challenges, as longstanding religious, and Zamfara regional and ethnic tensions lead to disruption, violence and North–Central Benue, Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, Niger and lack of cooperation, hindering national development. Plateau North–East Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba Administration and Yobe According to the 1999 constitution, Nigeria is a federal republic with a democratically elected government made The Nigerian currency is the naira (NGN). As of mid-2010, of separate executive, legislative and judicial branches. The the exchange rate was about N144 to one Canadian dollar. president, elected to a four-year term, is both the chief of Figure 2. National Flag and Coat of Arms state and head of government. The president heads the of Nigeria Federal Executive Council, which wields executive power at the national level and has 19 federal ministries, including the Federal Ministry of Education.

The bicameral National Assembly consists of an upper chamber (Senate) and a lower chamber (House of Representatives). The Senate has 109 seats: three for each of the 36 states and one for the Federal Capital Territory. The House of Representatives has 360 seats, allocated to the states by population. Members of the National Assembly The Nigerian flag has three equal vertical bands of green, may serve a maximum of two four-year terms. white and green. The green represents agriculture and the white, peace and unity. Nigeria’s legal system features a combination of statutory law, English common law, customary law and sharia The Nigerian coat of arms features an mounted on (Islamic law). The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court a black shield. The eagle stands for strength and the black .5 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

shield represents fertile soil. The two silvery bands on the shield symbolize the Niger and Benue rivers. Two white chargers support the shield and at its base is a wreath of spectabilis, Nigeria’s national flower. The “Unity and Faith, Peace and Progress” is inscribed on the base.

Canada and Nigeria are both members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Canada has provided development assistance to Nigeria mainly in the agriculture, environment and health sectors. Nigeria is Canada’s second largest trading partner in sub-Saharan Africa and one of the top African countries as a source of immigrants to Canada, with 2,255 Nigerians having obtained permanent resident status in 2007 (Citizenship and Immigration Canada, 2007). .6 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Historical Education local government areas. According to the 1999 constitution, federal, state and local governments share responsibilities Overview for education. The federal government is responsible for overall policy, planning and funding of education, Outline of Education System maintaining quality within the system, and encouraging Formal , based on Western-style innovation. It administers the federal universities and a education from the British colonial period, underwent reforms small number of secondary schools. State governments in the 1980s to resemble the American system. It follows the administer state universities and the majority of secondary 6+3+3+4 pattern, consisting of six years of primary school, schools. Primary education is under the management of three years of junior secondary school, three years of senior local governments. secondary school and four years of undergraduate study A number of central agencies assist the Federal Ministry leading to a bachelor’s degree in most fields. of Education in policy advice and coordination, research, The first nine years of schooling, called basic education, examination, and certification of institutions. Prominent is supposed to be compulsory and free, but the transition among them are commissions established for different rate from primary to junior secondary school remains low. subsectors of the education system and national The majority of junior secondary graduates seek admission examining bodies. into general senior secondary schools; others attend • National Council of Education—Chaired by the technical colleges or vocational training centres, or enter Federal Minister of Education, NCE includes all the apprenticeship training. State Commissioners of Education and members of the Table 3. Three Educational Subsectors Joint Consultative Committee of Education. It is the highest policy-making body in educational matters. Subsector Types of Institutions • Joint Consultative Committee on Education—JCCE Basic education Pre-primary classes, primary schools, junior secondary schools, nomadic and adult literacy is an independent body of educational professionals classes who make policy recommendations to the NCE and Post-basic education Senior secondary schools, technical colleges, state ministries of education. secondary vocational schools, vocational • National Universities Commission—Established in enterprise institutions (VEIs), apprentice centres 1962 as an advisory agency, NUC became a statutory Tertiary education Universities, polytechnics and monotechnics, body in 1974. It is responsible for maintaining the colleges of education, innovative enterprise institutions (IEIs) quality of higher education and for approving the

Source: Nigeria FME, 2009. establishment of degree-granting institutions and academic programs. In addition to formal education, there are two other distinct systems of education: indigenous and Islamic. In • Universal Basic Education Commission—Formerly the indigenous system, children learn the skills of farming the National Primary Education Commission, and indigenous crafts and trades. It operates almost entirely UBEC adopted its current name in 2000. It advises in the private sector and has yet to be integrated into the government on funding and development of basic the formal system. Islamic education operates mainly in education and allocates resources for primary education northern Nigeria, where many children learn the Quran at through state educational authorities and local a young age from a local religious teacher. While some of governments. these children move on to the formal school system, others • National Mass Literacy, Adult and Non-Formal attend Quranic schools, with a small number advancing to Education Commission—NMEC was established in higher education programs in Islamic studies offered at a 1990 as part of a national drive to eliminate illiteracy. few universities. • National Commission for Colleges of Education— NCCE coordinates all aspects of non-degree teacher Administration education in the country. Nigeria is divided into the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja) • National Board for Technical Education— and 36 states, which are further divided into more than 700 Established in 1977, NBTE is responsible for .7 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

curriculum standards and program accreditation in School year technical and vocational education and training at both The school year lasts over ten months, running from secondary and post-secondary levels. January to December or from September to August. It is • National Examinations Council—Established in divided into three terms of 10 to 12 weeks each at the pre- 1999, NECO conducts exit examinations at both primary, primary, junior and senior secondary levels. The junior secondary and senior secondary levels. academic year at most universities runs from October or • National Business and Technical Examinations November to June or July, divided into two terms of 18 to Board—Established in 1992, NABTEB administers 20 weeks each. technical and business examinations such as the National Technical Certificate and National Business Indigenous Education Certificate examinations. Indigenous education in Nigeria existed long before the • Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board— arrival of the Europeans. Often referred to as traditional or Established in 1978, JAMB is the central body community-based education, it provides practical training responsible for administering applications to to turn individuals into productive members of the society higher education institutions including universities, and serves the function of preserving and transmitting polytechnics and colleges of education and for cultural heritage from one generation to another. It instills conducting the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Exam. culturally accepted norms and values such as integrity, Several other federal ministries and agencies also play hospitality, respect for elders, self-reliance and hard work. important roles in education. For example, the Ministry Intellectual training includes the study of local history, of Women’s Affairs and Social Welfare, together with the legends, poetry, reasoning, and riddles and proverbs. State Commission for Women, promotes the education of Indigenous education lacks the modern classroom setting, women and girls. a uniform documented curriculum and the guidance of professional teachers. Funding for education comes from various sources, but relies mainly on the government. The level of funding has A main feature of indigenous education is the traditional remained low, accounting for less than 12 per cent of total apprentice mode whereby apprentices work under a master government expenditure in recent years, much less than for a number of years to learn a trade before striking out the 26 per cent recommended by UNESCO. Funds are on their own. Some crafts and trades are also passed distributed among primary, secondary and higher education down in families. Education is gender-based and varies by roughly in the proportion of 30:30:40. Funding and geographical areas. Boys are trained for male-dominated assistance also come from international agencies such as the occupations such as farming, hunting, construction, and UNESCO. blacksmithing, leather-work, truck driving, traditional medicine, and so on. Girls learn skills that assist in their Language of instruction future roles as wives and mothers, such as singing, dancing, cooking, poultry farming, weaving, dyeing, pottery and Language is one of the many challenges facing education traditional midwifery. The indigenous system operates in Nigeria. While English is the official language, there almost entirely in the private sector, with virtually no are about 350 indigenous languages, of which Hausa, government regulation. Yoruba and Igbo are designated as national languages and spoken by more than 50 per cent of the population. As the less common languages do not have written form, it is Islamic Education difficult to design instructional material in those languages. Islamic education originated in the 11th century in the Generally speaking, the medium of instruction is the local northern parts of Nigeria. The jihad of 1804–08 and language for the first three years of primary education and establishment of the Sokoto caliphate helped spread and English thereafter. consolidate Islamic studies in various parts of the country. The medium of instruction was Arabic. In the 20th century the British introduced English to replace Arabic as the .8 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

language of government administration in northern Nigeria Before independence, the country had developed a three- and established schools with English as the language of tiered system of primary, secondary and higher education instruction. based on the British model. All three regions had enacted their own education laws (the west in 1955, both the east Today Islamic education with Arabic used for instruction and north in 1956). Rapid educational growth in the 1950s continues to play an important role in northern Nigeria, led to the introduction of a Universal Primary Education though it operates mainly outside the formal education program (in the western region in 1955 and the eastern system. Quranic schools provide education at various levels region in 1957). to thousands of students in the northern states. The levels are determined not strictly by age but by the competence The West African Examinations Council was set up in of the students. Efforts have been made to integrate 1952 as a corporate body charged with the responsibility Islamic education into the formal system, for example by of conducting public examinations in West Africa. Such introducing secular subjects such as English, mathematics, examinations were to qualify candidates for certificates and geography. A three-year diploma in Islamic equivalent to those from similar examining authorities studies entitles the holder to seek admission to bachelor’s in Britain, such as the University of London Local degree programs in the same field offered by a number of Examinations Syndicate and the University of Cambridge universities, such as the Bayero University, Kano. Local Examinations Syndicate.

Higher education in Nigeria began with the establishment Western-Style Education of Yaba Higher College in 1932 to train secondary school British period (1843–1960) teachers and “qualified assistants” in medical, engineering and other vocations. In 1948 the University College in Western education came to the country in the mid-19th Ibadan was founded as a residential and tutorial college century, with the first Christian mission school founded under the University of London. In 1962 it became the in 1843. Mission schools taught a curriculum focused on . the four Rs (reading, writing, arithmetic and religion) and prepared students for job opportunities such as pastors, teachers, clerks and interpreters. Most of the schools were After independence (1960–) at the primary level, though a number of secondary schools School education were also established. At the time of independence in 1960, the education system The missionaries were highly successful in introducing the in Nigeria faced many challenges. There was no uniformity Christian religion and Western-style education in southern in the educational system, as each of the three regions Nigeria, but met strong resistance in the predominantly had enacted its own education law. Primary education, Muslim north. The British policy of indirect rule for example, lasted from six to eight years. Capacity for recognized Islamic education in the Northern Protectorate secondary education was low, with a total enrolment of only and restricted the spread of mission schools to the region. 135,434. University College in Ibadan was the only higher Western-style education therefore developed much faster education institution in the whole country. in the south than in the north, resulting in an educational As the British exited the country in large numbers, imbalance that persists to this day. the number of trained teachers decreased even as the For some years Western-style education introduced by the educational needs of the population continued to grow. missionaries developed in Nigeria with little government Many teachers entered the profession after completing assistance or intervention. Starting in 1882 the government short-term training programs that could maintain only enacted a series of ordinances that prescribed codes, minimum standards. regulations and guidelines on the establishment and Education expanded rapidly in the 1960s to meet management of schools, the training of teachers and annual the manpower needs of the new country. The federal evaluation of pupils. It established education boards and government, however, was only able to coordinate appointed inspectors to supervise schools and allocate educational policy and standards across the country government grants. .9 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

effectively after the end of the civil war (1967–70) and with schools. The planned automatic transition from primary to the start of the oil boom. In 1969, a national curriculum junior secondary education was not well implemented, as conference was held in Lagos to review the educational limited space caused many states to administer competitive system and propose changes. This eventually led to the examinations for admission into junior secondary schools. Universal Primary Education scheme in 1976 and the National Policy on Education in 1977. The most profound reform of school education took place in the 1980s, when the British-based system was gradually The NPE of 1977 (revised in 1981, 1995 and 1998) spelled replaced by an American-style system. out the philosophy of Nigerian education and the goals, purposes and orientations of various levels and aspects of Older system (6+5+2+3): Current system (6+3+3+4): the education system. Other important guidelines of the Six years of Six years of NPE included the promotion of Nigerian languages and a primary school primary school diversified curriculum with pre-vocational and vocational– + five years of secondary + three years of junior technical subjects. school secondary school The education system grew rapidly in the late 1970s and + two years of further + three years of senior early 1980s amid concerns about maintaining quality education — General secondary school and standards. The Universal Primary Education scheme Certificate of Education + four years of launched in 1976 was abandoned a few years later due to Advanced Level undergraduate education poor planning, poor management and inadequate funding, (GCE A Level) as well as the generally low quality of teachers recruited to + three years of teach the program. undergraduate education With the end of the oil boom in 1981, education entered a period of instability, financial difficulty and chronic Before the reform, students graduating from primary mismanagement. The education sector continued to expand, schools took an entrance examination administered by the but remained poorly funded. This caused many problems, West African Examinations Council. such as unpaid teachers’ salaries and the deterioration of • Those with low scores could attend secondary modern facilities at all levels. There were frequent strikes in schools schools; at the end of three years they received a and universities. Cheating at major examinations that modern-school leaving certificate, which did not give determined access to employment and the next level of access to further education. education became embedded in many parts of the system, • Those with high scores entered secondary grammar unhindered by the introduction of special tribunals for schools; at the end of five years of study they took speedy trials and harsh penalties. There was a general WAEC examinations to receive the West African decline in the quality of education. School Certificate (multiple subjects) or GCE O Levels In 1990, when the literacy rate for the whole population (single subjects). Some undertook two additional years stood at 51 per cent, the government established the of study, then sat WAEC examinations to receive the National Commission for Mass Literacy, Adult and Higher School Certificate (multiple subjects) or GCE Non-Formal Education as part of a national drive to A Levels (single subjects). University admission was eliminate illiteracy in Nigeria. Another initiative was the based on O Level results. Applicants with the requisite introduction of a free and compulsory nine-year schooling number of A Level passes were granted one year’s program in 1992. The main objective of the program was advanced standing and could earn a bachelor’s degree in to ensure a smooth transition from primary education to most fields in three years. junior secondary school and to keep learners in school long Since the reform, six years of primary school is followed enough to acquire basic and life skills. Due to poor funding by three years of junior secondary school and three years of levels, junior secondary education, though nominally senior secondary school. Students graduating from junior tuition-free, charged levies to cover the cost of running the secondary school and senior secondary school receive the .10 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Junior School Certificate and Senior School Certificate • Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (1962)—northern respectively, by passing examinations administered by region WAEC and NECO (since 1992). The GCE O and A Levels • University of Ife, Ile-Ife (1962) (renamed Obafemi have been phased out. Awolowo University in 1987)—western region The reform also involved curriculum changes. Junior • University of Lagos, Lagos (1962)—federal secondary schools now offer both academic and pre- • University of Ibadan (formerly University College in vocational streams. Junior secondary graduates, based Ibadan under the University of London) (1962)— on their examination results, may enter senior secondary federal schools or technical–vocational schools. • University of Benin (1970)—midwestern region

The civilian government enacted a new National Policy In 1962 the National Universities Commission was on Education in 1999 (revised in 2004) and launched a established to coordinate the development of the Nigerian series of initiatives to rebuild the education system that university system and to maintain academic standards. In was, according to the Federal Ministry of Education, “on 1978 the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board was set the verge of collapse.” The FME initiated a partnership up to regulate university admission. with UNESCO to address Nigeria’s reform needs for the entire education system. The UNESCO report identified As the country’s four regions were reorganized into 12 a number of major issues: infrastructure, human resource states and new states continued to emerge, the federal capacity, access and equity, quality, funding mechanisms, government proceeded to take over all the regional literacy and community education, curriculum relevance, universities and set up federal universities in the new states. cultism in higher education and examination malpractice. Between 1975 and 1977, seven new federal universities were launched. State governments also began to establish their The civilian government also relaunched the Universal Basic own universities, with the first state university founded in Education program in 1999. Designed as an improvement in 1979. In general, federal universities are on the Universal Primary Education initiative, the UBE better funded than state universities. aims to eventually provide free and compulsory education for nine years covering primary and junior secondary school, By 1980 the higher education system in Nigeria was well thus enabling all citizens to acquire appropriate levels of established, with some institutions, such as the University literacy, numeracy, and communicative, manipulative and of Ibadan and the University of Ife, enjoying a reputation life skills. UBE was signed into law in 2004 as the UBE Act, for high-quality instruction and research. The end of the and a new nine-year basic education curriculum began to oil boom in 1981, however, brought economic hardship be implemented in first-year primary and junior secondary and drastically reduced spending on higher education. In classes in 2008. the meantime, universities continued to be established and overall enrolment increased by over 10 per cent annually in Higher education the 1980s. In 1959 the Nigerian government set up the Sir Eric Ashby Rising enrolment and inadequate funding resources Commission to identify the future high-level manpower partially accounted for the decline in the quality of higher needs of the country. The Ashby Report recommended education, as indicated by high unemployment among upgrading the University College in Ibadan to a university university graduates, especially in the fields of engineering and establishing three new universities in the country. It and technology. At the same time, overseas universities also proposed the establishment of a university commission seemed reluctant to recognize Nigerian degrees. to maintain uniform academic standards. Inadequate funding caused problems such as deterioration In the early years of independence, six federal and regional of facilities, shortage of books and journals in the libraries universities were established: and of equipment and supplies in the laboratories, and • University of Nigeria, Nsukka (1960)—eastern region limited support for research. Overcrowding was also .11 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

considered a major factor in emerging cultism and inter-cult A decade later, the government recognized that the rising rivalry on university campuses. Low salaries, poor working demand for higher education could not be met by public conditions and political repression, among other factors, universities, which were under-funded and stretched to caused a series of staff and student strikes during the 1990s. capacity. Therefore it passed the National Minimum The entire university system was shut down in 1992 and Standards and Establishment of Institutions Amendment in 1996. Decree of 1993, which repealed the 1984 act and allowed for the establishment of higher education institutions by Widespread corruption and cheating were reported among individuals, corporations, local governments and other teachers and students at all levels, including in higher organizations. In the same year the National Universities education. This mainly took the form of examination Commission set up a standing committee on private malpractice, since institutions used major examination universities to process applications. Not until 1999, results as the primary criterion for granting exit credentials however, were the first private universities established under and for determining access to the next level of education. the 1993 decree. Since then the number of approved private Most Nigerian universities, for example, followed the universities has increased to 41. British practice of using final examinations as the basis for granting degrees. Many have since changed to the American The government also promoted access to higher education system of course credits. by reviving the National Open University of Nigeria in 2001. Courses are delivered through printed and Since the restoration of civilian rule in 1999, the audiovisual materials and radio and TV programs as government has introduced reforms to revitalize the higher well as through face-to-face contacts at 20 study centres education sector and to deal with the major problems of throughout the country. NOUN offers bachelor’s and access, funding and quality assurance. Development of master’s degree and postgraduate diploma programs to private universities is a key policy component for increasing more than 30,000 students. access to higher education. Back in 1984 the military government issued the Private Universities Abolition and Prohibition Act, closing down 24 private universities that offered programs of questionable quality at the time. .12 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

School Education to prepare for the West African Higher School Certificate or the West African GCE A Level examinations. A Overview bachelor’s degree in most fields, with admission based on the West African Higher School Certificate or the requisite For more than twenty years after independence, formal number of West African GCE A Level passes, took three school education in Nigeria largely followed the British years to complete. pattern. After completion of primary school (six years), students took the common entrance examination, the Technical and commercial schools offered five-year results of which determined what type of post-primary programs that included a combination of academic and education they would receive. Those achieving high scores technical or commercial subjects. Graduates took the same could enter grammar schools (academic programs). Those external examinations as did grammar school graduates to with lower scores could enter technical and commercial receive the West African School Certificate or the GCE O schools, teacher training colleges or modern schools. Level.

Grammar schools offered five-year academic secondary Teacher training colleges offered secondary teacher programs (forms one through five). Upon completion of education programs such as the Grade II Teacher grammar school, students took external examinations Certificate, which involved five years of full-time study and administered by the West African Examinations Council was the minimum requirement for teaching at primary to receive the West African School Certificate and/or the schools until 1998. West African GCE O Level, both of which gave access to university study. A bachelor’s degree in most fields, with Secondary modern schools offered three-year programs that admission based on the West African School Certificate included a combination of academic and vocational subjects. or the requisite number of GCE O Level passes, took four Graduates received a Modern School Leaving Certificate, years to complete, including one year of preliminary study. which did not give access to further academic study.

Graduates of grammar schools could also complete two additional years of study at a Sixth Form school or college

Figure 3. Outline of Older School System

Sixth Form School → West African Higher School Certificate / GCE A Level (2 years)

Secondary Grammar School → West African School Certificate / GCE O Level (6 years)

Primary School → Primary School Leaving Certificate (5 years) .13 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

In 1982 Nigeria changed from the British-based system WAEC continued to conduct GCE O and A Level (6+5+2) to an American-style system (6+3+3) consisting of examinations for a number of years after the change of the six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary school system, but eventually phased them out in 1989. school and three years of senior secondary school. After However, Nigerians can still take GCE O and A Level completion of senior secondary school, students take examinations conducted by the University of Cambridge external examinations administered by WAEC or the Local Examinations Syndicate, the University of London National Examinations Council (NECO, since 1992) to Local Examinations Syndicate or the Interim Joint receive the Senior School Certificate, which gives access to Matriculation Board. Nigerian universities continue to university study. A bachelor’s degree in most fields, with accept GCE O and A Level results for admission into their admission based on the Senior School Certificate, takes programs. four years to complete.

Figure 4. Outline of Current School System

Senior Secondary School → Senior School Certificate (3 years)

Junior Secondary School → Junior School Certificate/Certificate of Basic Education (3 years)

Primary School → Primary School Leaving Certificate (6 years) .14 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

The Universal Basic Education Act of 2004 stipulates The government plans to make early childhood education a that the first nine years of school education, called basic component of compulsory basic education and to increase education, shall be compulsory and free. the pre-primary school enrolment rate to 70 per cent by 2015. In 2004 the National Council on Education approved School year the Integrated Early Childhood Curriculum for 0–5 The school year usually consists of three terms of 10 to 13 Years. A small portion of the government’s basic education weeks each, running from January to December or from funding is allocated to early childhood education. September to August. Most childcare centre workers are untrained. The minimum qualification for teaching at pre-primary classes is the Grade Administration II Teachers Certificate. The Basic and Secondary Education Department within the Federal Ministry of Education and the state ministries Primary Education of education are responsible for administering school education. Local governments play an important role in (Grades 1 to 6) managing primary schools. Primary education, sometimes called lower basic education, lasts six years. According to official guidelines, children The Universal Basic Education Commission, which start primary education at age 6 and complete the program replaced the National Primary Education Commission in at 12. Many children, however, start school late. While 2000, advises the government on funding and development the majority of primary schools are public, private sector of basic education and allocates resources for primary participation in primary education has been growing in education through state educational authorities and local recent years. governments. The six years of primary school are legislated as universal, The federal government funds and directly manages 102 free and compulsory. The lack of funding, qualified secondary schools, called federal government colleges or teachers and infrastructure, however, continues to hinder “unity schools.” The first unity schools were established in both growth in the primary education sector and the 1970, at the end of the civil war, with the aims of fostering implementation of the UBE scheme. Primary school unity among future leaders from different parts of the attendance is much higher in the south than in the north. country and of providing models of excellence to other Primary school completion rate is about 30 per cent across secondary schools. Admission is based on the National the country. Common Entrance Examination administered by the National Examinations Council, with quotas assigned to For the first three years of school the language of instruction all states across the country to recruit students of different is the local language, with English taught as a principal language, ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Teachers and subject. In subsequent years English is used progressively staff at unity schools are federal government employees. as the language of instruction. In private schools, English is the language of instruction from Grade 1. The majority of secondary schools are owned and funded by the states. There are also a few private secondary schools, Main subjects include: which usually charge high tuition fees and tend to have 1. Indigenous language smaller classes, good facilities and well-trained teachers. 2. English 3. Mathematics Early Childhood Education 4. Science (Ages 3 to 5) 5. Social studies 6. Physical and health education Early childhood education is not compulsory and operates 7. Religious knowledge mainly in the private sector. Less than half of the children 8. Vocational subjects (for example, agriculture, home aged 3 to 5 attend non-formal childcare centres. Another economics) 20 per cent enrol in pre-primary classes, usually established within primary schools. .15 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

The indigenous language could be the student’s mother Group A Group B Group C tongue if it has written form and if adequate learning (eight core (pre-vocational (non-vocational resources are available, or it could be a language of wider subjects electives) electives) communication such as one of the national languages (Hausa, Yoruba or Igbo). English Agriculture Religious A new nine-year basic education curriculum began to be knowledge French Business studies implemented in Grade 1 in 2008, introducing new subjects Physical and such as civics and information and computer technology. local language Home economics health education (L1) Upon completion of primary education, students receive the Local crafts Fine art Primary School Leaving Certificate. The certificate has been one major awarded on the basis of continuous assessment since 2004. Nigerian Computer Music Previously, students had to sit an external examination in language other education order to receive it. The government will eventually abolish than the local Arabic the Primary School Leaving Certificate to help ensure that language (L2) all children complete nine years of basic education. Mathematics Primary school teachers must hold a Nigeria Certificate in Education. Those who do not have the NCE are required Science to upgrade their qualifications through in-service teacher Social studies training programs. and citizenship education Junior Secondary Education (Grades 7 to 9) Introductory technology Junior secondary education lasts three years. It is supposed to be free and compulsory according to the Universal Basic Upon completion of junior secondary school, students Education Act of 2004, but students often have to pay levies must sit external examinations to receive the Junior to cover the costs of running the schools. The transition rate School Certificate or the Certificate of Basic Education. from primary to junior secondary school is less than 50 Most students sit examinations administered by the state per cent. ministries of education. NECO conducts examinations for Previously, primary school graduates were required to pass unity schools and private schools across the country and for the common entrance examination conducted by WAEC in state-owned schools in a few states. order to attend junior secondary school. Since 2004, entry The first junior school certificate examination was to junior secondary education is based on possession of the conducted in 1988. Students must pass at least six subjects Primary School Leaving Certificate. To get into one of the (including English and mathematics) in order to receive the unity schools, however, candidates must pass the National Junior School Certificate. Common Entrance Examination conducted by NECO. Many private schools also administer their own entrance The new nine-year basic education curriculum began to be examinations. implemented in Grade 7 in 2008. Junior secondary students choose 10 to 13 subjects, including all subjects from Group A and at least one subject each from Group B and Group C. .16 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Senior Secondary Education West African Senior School (Grades 10 to 12) Certificate (WASSC) Senior secondary education lasts three years, with entry The West African Senior School Certificate examination based on possession of the Junior School Certificate. The is conducted twice a year, in May–June and November– official age for schooling at this level is 15 to 17 years. December. Students who sit the exam in the third year of Government guidelines call for the streaming of junior senior secondary school are called school candidates. The secondary graduates to senior secondary schools (60 per cent), exam is also open to private candidates, such as people who technical colleges and colleges of education (20 per cent), have taken the examination previously, or those with three vocational training centres (10 per cent), and apprenticeship GCE O Level passes, three passes at Grade II Teacher schemes (10 per cent). In reality, due to the preference for the Certificate examination or any other qualification deemed academic stream and the lack of capacity for technical and equivalent. vocational education, about 90 per cent of junior secondary Candidates must sit for all six core subjects plus two or graduates who continue their studies go on to attend senior three electives in order to receive the WASSC. WAEC can secondary schools. The majority of senior secondary schools issue official statements of results to educational institutions are combined with junior secondary schools. and employers upon student request and fee payment. Senior secondary students must take six core subjects plus Examination results can also be verified online at one to three electives. They may drop one of the electives in www.waecdirect.org with the purchase of a scratch card. the third year. Table 4. WAEC and NECO Grading Scale and IQAS Equivalency The six core subjects include: Grade Descriptor IQAS (%) 1. English A1 Excellent 95 2. Mathematics B2 Very good 85 3. A major Nigerian language B3 Good 75 4. A science subject (physics, chemistry or biology) 5. Literature in English, geography or history C4 70 6. Agricultural science or a vocational subject C5 Credit 65 C6 61 The exit credential of senior secondary education is the D7 57 Senior School Certificate, based 30 per cent on continuous Pass assessment and 70 per cent on the national examination E8 52 conducted by either WAEC or NECO (since 2000). The F9 Fail Fail General Certificate of Education O Level and A Level examinations based on the British system have been Table 5. WASSC Examination Results for November and December 2008 phased out. Candidates Number Percentage The Nigerian Educational Research and Development All 372,600 100 Council has developed a new senior secondary curriculum Those with credits or above in at least that is expected to be implemented in 2011. Students will five subjects, including English or 127,200 34.1 take five compulsory subjects (English, mathematics, civic mathematics education, information and computer technology, and trade Those with credits or above in at least or entrepreneurship) plus three or four elective subjects. five subjects, including English and 85,910 23.1 mathematics To teach at the senior secondary level, one must hold either Those being investigated for a bachelor’s degree in education or a bachelor’s degree or alleged involvement in examination 54,071 14.5 Higher National Diploma in a relevant field plus teaching malpractice qualification such as a postgraduate diploma in education. Source: WAEC, 2009. Many teachers, especially in mathematics and science, do not have the required qualifications. .17 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

The West African Senior School Certificate, with credit Students must choose eight to nine subjects, including the level passes in English and four other subjects, allows six core subjects. They must achieve C or above in English, an individual to seek university admission by taking the mathematics and at least three other subjects in order to national university entrance exam conducted by the Joint receive the certificate. NECO uses the same grading scale as Admissions and Matriculation Board. WAEC.

Senior School Certificate, National Examination results may be verified online at www. Examinations Council neconigeria.org with the purchase of a scratch card.

The National Examinations Council was established in The Senior School Certificate issued by the National 1999, based on the former National Board for Educational Examinations Council allows an individual to seek Measurement. It conducts the following Senior School university admission by taking the national university Certificate examinations each year: entrance exam conducted by the Joint Admissions and • SSC examination (internal) in June–July for students Matriculation Board. in the third year of senior secondary school (since 2000) • SSC examination (external) in November–December each year for out-of-school candidates (since 2002) .18 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Higher Education Overview The system of higher education in Nigeria is divided into university and non-university sectors. This chapter focuses on university education. The non-university sector, comprising colleges of education, polytechnics, and other technical and vocational institutions, is discussed in two subsequent chapters, Technical and Vocational Education and Teacher Education.

The university sector includes 27 federal universities, 36 state universities and 41 private universities, with a total enrolment of over one million.

Table 6. Student Enrolment in Nigerian Universities, 2006–07 Type of Institution Sub-degree Bachelor Graduate Total Percentage Federal 49,999 503,154 57,300 610,453 55.7 State 8,734 419,901 19,459 448,094 40.9 Private 357 36,641 767 37,765 3.4 Total 59,090 959,696 77,526 1,096,312 100

Source: NUC, 2008.

Administration • processing applications for the establishment of private universities The federal government has established supervisory and coordinating agencies for each group of institutions: • allocating government grants to federal universities • the National Universities Commission for the • channelling external aid to Nigerian universities universities The management of each institution is headed by a chief • the National Board for Technical Education for the executive officer: vice-chancellor at universities, rector polytechnics at polytechnics and provost at colleges of education. A • the National Commission for Colleges of Education for new government policy introduced in 2000 has given the colleges of education greater autonomy to universities and returned to them the decision-making powers formerly held by NUC and other The government has announced a consolidation plan to government agencies, including the authority to appoint eventually convert all polytechnics and colleges of education senior officials and to determine curricula and admission into campuses of neighbouring federal universities and to standards. combine NUC, NBTE and NCCE into one supervisory agency. Funding First established in 1962 and reconstituted as a statutory Funding for higher education comes mainly from the body in 1974, the NUC is responsible for the development federal government. It has been inconsistent over the years of universities in the country. Its main functions include: and unable to keep up with inflation and rising enrolment. • approving and accrediting academic programs at This has resulted in a decline in financing per student. universities There is a huge gap between the NUC parameters for funding and allocations from the federal government. • setting and maintaining minimum standards of higher education The universities receive little financial support from the • advising governments on the creation of new public through gifts or endowment funds. Some generate public universities additional income through activities such as farm product .19 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

sales and consultancy services. A World Bank report on The National Universities Commission is empowered to the reform of federal universities, however, concluded that lay down minimum academic standards for universities income generation activities might distract institutions and to accredit their academic programs. It first published from teaching and research. minimum academic standards for 13 disciplines in 1989 and later established minimum standards for additional With tuition fees for all undergraduate programs abolished disciplines. In 2004 it conducted an expert review of by the federal government since the 1970s, student fees the standards and published the benchmark minimum typically account for no more than five per cent of a academic standards (BMAS). These standards serve as the university’s income. In recent years institutions have started reference documents for program accreditation. offering part-time undergraduate programs for fee-paying students. Some part-time programs, however, have been NUC accreditation is a process by which to evaluate closed down due to quality concerns. academic programs offered at Nigerian universities and determine whether they meet minimum academic Quality assurance and accreditation standards. Programs are assessed in areas such as academic Concerns over deteriorating quality in higher education matters, staffing, facilities, resources, and employers’ rating have existed since the 1980s. At both federal and state of graduates. Institutions may receive full accreditation, universities, steady increase in student enrolments without interim accreditation or be denied accreditation, depending corresponding growth in financial and other resources has on their scores. made it difficult to maintain standards.

Table 7. NUC Program Accreditation Criteria Accreditation Full Accreditation Interim Accreditation Denied Accreditation Type Score 70% aggregate score and a score of 70% 60% aggregate score or 70% aggregate Less than 60% aggregate score in four core areas score but a score of less than 70% in one of the four core areas Timeline Valid for 6 years, with a mid-term 2 years to make up deficiencies, followed No further admission into the program appraisal after 3 years by automatic reappraisal Reappraisal at institution’s request

The first program accreditation was undertaken in 1990– 91, followed by a second round in 1999–2000. A large-scale accreditation was conducted in 2005. In 2006 the NUC began accreditation of open and distance learning and MBA programs. It plans to extend accreditation to more graduate programs and to introduce institution-level accreditation.

Table 8. NUC Accreditation Results Accreditation Status Year Programs Evaluated Full Interim Denied 1990–91 837 185 (22.1%) 572 (68.4%) 79 (9.5%) 1999–2000 1,119 128 (11.4%) 801 (71.6%) 190 (17%) 2005–06 1,670 748 (44.8%) 810 (48.5%) 112 (6.7%) 2007 872 599 (68.7%) 247 (28.3%) 26 (3.0%)

Source: Okojie, 2008. .20 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Program structure and technology, law, medicine and dentistry, nursing and pharmacy take four to six years to complete. Duration of Higher education in Nigeria shows the strong influence of study may have changed over time, for example, from four the British system, but has undergone reforms to bring it in years to five years for a number of fields such as engineering, line with American-style education. It follows the three-tier law, nursing and pharmacy. degree structure (bachelor’s, master’s and PhD). In addition, certificate and diploma programs are offered at both Master’s degrees involve one or two years of full-time study undergraduate and graduate levels. beyond the bachelor’s degree. The Master of Philosophy is a pre-doctoral program that takes one to two years after General bachelor’s degrees (arts and science) involve four completion of a master’s degree. years of full-time study. They are usually offered as honours degrees and awarded with classification (First Class, Second Doctoral (PhD) degrees are earned with at least two years Class Upper Division, and so on). of study following the achievement of a master’s degree. Some established universities require candidates to have Bachelor’s degrees in specialized and professional fields an MPhil for admission into their PhD programs or offer such as agriculture, architecture, education, engineering combined MPhil–PhD programs.

Figure 5. Outline of Higher Education System

Doctor of Philosophy (2+ years)

Master of Philosophy (1–2 years)

Master’s Degree (1–2 years) Postgraduate Diploma (1–2 years)

Bachelor’s Degree (4–6 years)

Certificate and Diploma (1–3 years)

Senior School Certificate (12 years) .21 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Table 11. Undergraduate Academic Calendar Academic year (2008–09), Babcock University The academic year varies by region, institution and time First Semester period. It usually runs from October or November to June 1 Sep 2008 Classes begin or July. Some universities adopt an academic year similar to the Canadian system, with two semesters, one running 20–23 Oct Mid-semester examinations from September to December and the second from January 5–11 Dec First semester examinations to April. 18 Dec–2 Jan 2009 Semester break

Table 9. Academic Calendar (2008–09), Second Semester University of Lagos 12 Jan Classes begin First Semester 17–24 Apr Second semester examinations 24 Nov 2008 Commencement of lectures, first semester Summer Semester 20 Feb 2009 End of lectures 13 May Classes begin 23–27 Feb Lecture-free week 8–11 Jun Mid-summer examinations 2–14 Mar Examinations 9–13 Jul Summer semester examinations Second Semester 13 Apr Commencement of lectures, second semester Table 12. Undergraduate Academic Calendar (2009–10), University of Ilorin 10 Jul End of lectures Harmattan Semester 20 Jul–1 Aug Examinations 28 Sep 2009 Commencement of online registration Table 10. Academic Calendar (2009), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 30 Sep Commencement of lectures First Semester 23 Jan 2010 End of lectures 2–6 Mar Registration 25 Jan–20 Feb Examinations 9 Mar–4 Apr Lectures, 4 weeks 20–27 Feb Inter-semester break 6–13 Apr Easter break Rain Semester 14 Apr–20 Jun Lectures, 10 weeks 1 Mar Commencement of lectures 22 Jun–4 Jul Examinations, 2 weeks 12 Jun End of lectures Second Semester 14 Jun–3 Jul Examinations 20 Jul–5 Sep Lectures, 7 weeks 5 Jul Commencement of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme 7–12 Sep Mid-term break Note: Harmattan is a dry, dusty wind that blows from the Sahara toward the Atlantic, especially from late 14 Sep–31 Oct Lectures, 7 weeks November to early March. 2–14 Nov Examinations, 2 weeks .22 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Language of instruction 41 in 2009. Many are owned and operated by religious organizations. They offer healthy competition to public The language of instruction in higher education is English. universities, as many boast modern facilities and efficient Grading scales governance structures. Chronic problems in the public system such as frequent strikes and secret cult activities A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and grade are largely absent in the private system. Private universities points are used. Grading scales may vary by institution, also perform well in the NUC accreditation exercises. The level of program, field of study and time period. The marks relatively high tuition and lack of student financial aid, sheets issued by the universities usually provide grading however, has hindered the growth of the private university information. The Nigerian system is low marking. Typically, sector, which accounts for only a small percentage of total 40 per cent is the minimum pass mark and 70 per cent the university enrolment. minimum mark for entering the top segment (A, First Class and so on). Admissions The following table shows a common grading scale and In the early years of independence, each university IQAS conversion. The division or classification of degrees conducted its own entrance examination. In 1978 the Joint is based on a weighted grade-point average for all levels of Admissions and Matriculation Board was established as a courses completed for the program. statutory body responsible for processing applications to Table 13. Generic Grading Scale, Higher Education undergraduate programs at higher education institutions and for conducting the University Matriculation Exam. Percentage Grade Division IQAS (%) (%) Marks JAMB also implements the admission quota policy for 70–100 A First Class 90 federal universities: 60–69 B Second Class 80 Merit alone: 45 per cent Upper Division Residents in catchment area: 35 per cent 50–59 C Second Class 70 Lower Division Students from educationally disadvantaged states: 20 per cent 40–49 D Third Class 60 The list of “educationally disadvantaged states,” most Below 40 F Fail F of which are located in the north, has changed over time. Candidates from the catchment area or from an Institutions educationally disadvantaged state are subject to lower admission standards than merit-based candidates. Nigeria has 104 universities (27 federal, 36 state and 41 private; see Appendix B for a complete listing). Public Before the civilian government came to power in 1999, universities can be established either by federal or by state university vice-chancellors had the privilege of personally governments. Institutions of higher education owned by the selecting 10 per cent of each year’s intake of students: federal government tend to have higher enrolments than Merit alone: 40 per cent those owned by state governments. Residents in catchment area: 30 per cent Federal universities are often grouped into several Students from educationally disadvantaged states: 20 per cent “generations” based on their year of establishment, for example: Discretion of university’s vice-chancellor: 10 per cent • First generation: 1960–62 • Second generation: 1970–75 • Third generation: 1980–92 • Fourth generation: 2002–present

Since the restoration of civilian rule, the number of private universities has increased rapidly: from three in 1999 to .23 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

State universities have their own quota policies, reserving Table 14. General Admission Guidelines, University the majority of spaces for students within the state. For of Lagos example, University admits students based on Mode of Requirements Admission the following quota: UME West African School Certificate, General Certificate Indigenous inhabitants of Lagos: 40 per cent of Education Advanced Level or Senior School Certificate, with credit in at least five subjects Students in Lagos state school system: 40 per cent including English language. Other Nigerian citizens: 20 per cent Candidates for science-oriented courses must have credit in mathematics. In 2008 over one million students sat the UME, competing Candidates for engineering courses must have credit in A Level chemistry. for about 200,000 spaces. Limited access and complicated Direct Entry A first degree from a university recognized by the admission criteria have led to problems, such as cheating University of Lagos Senate for this purpose. in examinations, manipulation of examination scores and General Certificate of Education (or equivalent) with bribery for admission. Research indicates that the purely passes in five subjects, including English language, merit-based student group significantly outperforms of which not less than two have been passed at students admitted on the basis of other criteria. the A Level. Candidates with the National Certificate in In the merit-based process, students who obtained credit Education are normally considered for admission level passes in English and at least four other subjects only in the faculties of education, arts or science provided that, in addition to their two NCE teaching relevant to their desired field of study in no more than two subjects, they have obtained credits or merits in sittings of the Senior School Certificate examination are three other subjects at the GCE A Level or credits eligible to sit for the UME. Candidates must register for or merits in three other subjects in the Teachers Grade II Certificate.A ll candidates are expected to English and three other subjects based on their desired field have credit or merit in English language. of study. While the minimum pass mark on the UME is 50 Holders of the Higher National Diploma or its per cent, cut-off marks for admission vary by institution and equivalent with an overall aggregate mark of at program. least 65 per cent may be admitted directly into 200 level of the BSc Engineering course, subject to The “direct entry” mode of admission is available to each case being considered on its merit. candidates with higher credentials such as GCE A Levels, Admission requirements for master’s degree programs vary the Nigeria Certificate in Education (also called National by institution and program, but generally include possession Certificate in Education), the (Ordinary) National Diploma of a bachelor’s degree in the same or a related discipline, in (OND or ND) and the Higher National Diploma (HND). Second Class or with a grade point average of 3.0 on a four- Direct entry students may receive course waivers or start in point scale. the second year of the university program. Universities may administer additional entrance Programs and Credentials: examinations for candidates who have passed the UME. General Education Called post-UME exams or post-UME screening tests, these have caused some controversy because of the high fees Certificates and diplomas and low admission rates. University certificate and diploma programs are available in a wide range of fields. Entry is usually based on the Senior The University Matriculation Exam was renamed the School Certificate or equivalent with credit level passes in Unified Tertiary Matriculation Exam in 2010. subjects relevant to the program. A university certificate The following table shows the general admission criteria or diploma gives access to employment and may provide adopted by the University of Lagos, a “first-generation” advanced standing for further education in the same or a federal university. related field. .24 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Bachelor’s degrees Postgraduate diplomas For senior secondary graduates, general bachelor’s Postgraduate diploma programs usually involve one year degrees—Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Bachelor of Science of full-time study, with entry based on the completion of (BSc) in a variety of fields—involve four years of full-time a bachelor’s degree (honours or pass) or, in some cases, a study; programs in some specialized and professional fields, Higher National Diploma with at least a credit pass. They discussed later in the chapter, take between four and six are available in a variety of fields such as arts, business years. Most universities use the credit system, with one and finance, education, engineering, management, public credit representing about 15 hours of instruction over an administration and science. In addition to coursework, academic semester or 45 hours of lab or fieldwork. programs may include a practical component such as industrial training for engineering majors or teaching Applicants to general bachelor’s degree programs must practice for education majors, as well as the completion of a have achieved five credit-level passes at the Senior School project or report. The minimum credits required generally Certificate examination or equivalent and also pass the range between 24 and 36. national entrance examination administered by the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board. Many universities Some postgraduate diploma programs admit students conduct an additional screening test called post-UME or with a bachelor’s degree or HND in the same discipline; post-UTME examination. Some universities offer “pre- others are designed for candidates with backgrounds in degree” or remedial courses for candidates who cannot get other disciplines. For example, the postgraduate diploma into bachelor’s degree programs due to academic deficiencies in education is intended for candidates who hold non- such as low UME or UTME scores or only four credit- education degrees. The postgraduate diploma in electrical level passes at the Senior School Certificate level. A typical and electronics engineering offered at the University of pre-degree program lasts one year, at the end of which Lagos admits students with a bachelor’s degree in physics, successful candidates are placed directly in undergraduate computer science, mathematics or any of the allied fields, or programs. in an engineering field other than electrical and electronics engineering. Candidates who hold higher credentials—such as GCE A Level passes, NCE, ND or HND in relevant fields—may Postgraduate diplomas are not only used for employment receive advanced standing, called “direct entry.” They may purposes, but may also help candidates gain access to either receive course waivers or be admitted directly into the further education: second year of an undergraduate program. • Students who want to pursue a master’s degree in a different discipline from that of their bachelor’s degree To receive the bachelor’s degree, students must complete can complete a postgraduate diploma in that discipline the prescribed curriculum including general courses, faculty before applying for admission into the master’s degree courses, major courses, electives, and a research paper or program. project. The minimum credits required for graduation vary by institution and program and generally range between • Some master’s degree programs admit candidates 120 and 160 for a four-year program. whose bachelor’s degrees do not meet entry requirements (for example, a pass degree or a grade Bachelor’s degrees are offered as honours degree programs. point average of lower than B or 3.0 on a four-point Apart from single honours degrees, there are combined scale), but who have obtained a postgraduate diploma honours degrees that allow students to have two areas with good grades. of specialization. At a few universities, a low-performing • Some master’s degree programs admit candidates student who has otherwise met all course requirements may with a Higher National Diploma plus a postgraduate receive an ordinary pass degree. diploma.

See Appendix C1 for a sample Bachelor of Science degree In some cases, a postgraduate diploma may be awarded program structure. as an early exit option for students in a master’s degree program. For example, the African University of Science .25 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

and Technology, Abuja, a private institution established in See Appendix C3 for a sample Master of Philosophy degree 2007, offers several two-year graduate programs leading program structure. to a postgraduate diploma at the end of the first year and a master’s degree at the end of the second. Doctoral degrees TheDoctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree generally involves Master’s degrees at least three years of full-time study. Entry is based on Master’s degree programs such as the Master of Arts (MA) possession of a master’s degree in the same or a related and Master of Science (MSc) involve a minimum of one discipline, with a grade point average of at least B+ or year of full-time study. Many programs are one-and-a-half 3.5 on a four-point scale. PhD study consists mainly of or two years in length. Entry is usually based on possession comprehensive research that leads to the completion and of a bachelor’s degree (honours) in the same or a related defense of a thesis based on original research. field, in Second Class or with a grade point average of B or 3.0 on a four-point scale. Candidates with a bachelor’s Universities may offer combined MA–PhD or MSc–PhD degree in an unrelated discipline may be admitted if they programs. Some established universities require an MPhil hold a postgraduate diploma in a related discipline, or for admission into their PhD programs or offer combined they may be required to pass a university-administered MPhil–PhD programs. Students in a combined Master’s– qualifying exam or take non-credit remedial courses upon PhD program must maintain good performance in order to admission. A Higher National Diploma at an upper credit proceed to the PhD stage. level plus a postgraduate diploma may also give access to Some universities award higher doctorates—such as master’s degree programs. the Doctor of Science (DSc), Doctor of Letters (DLit) A typical two-year master’s degree program involves a and Doctor of Laws (LLD)—based on outstanding minimum of 24 credits of coursework with an average of B+ accomplishments in research and publication. or better, plus the completion and defence of a thesis. Programs and Credentials: A master’s degree gives access to further education in doctoral programs in related fields. Specialized and Professional Education Refer to Appendix C2 for sample Master of Science and Master of Technology degree program structures. Agriculture TheBachelor of Agriculture, with entry based on the Master of Philosophy degrees Senior School Certificate or equivalent and UME or TheMaster of Philosophy (MPhil) is a pre-doctoral UTME, involves five years of full-time study. The first degree that involves one to two years of full-time study, year usually consists of foundation courses. The last two with entry based on possession of a bachelor’s degree or a years offer courses in a number of specializations such as master’s degree in the same or a related discipline. In some agricultural extension, agricultural economics, animal cases coursework completed for the master’s degree may be production, crop production and soil science, and also credited toward the MPhil program. incorporate a substantial period of practical training. Some programs use the entire fifth year for practical training, in The MPhil program usually consists of a combination of accordance with NUC recommendations. coursework and research designed to prepare students for doctoral level study in their chosen field. Some established Applicants with higher credentials—such as the National universities require an MPhil for admission into their PhD Diploma or Nigeria Certificate in Education—may gain programs or offer combined MPhil–PhD programs. direct entry into the second year of the program; those with a Higher National Diploma may be able to complete the Gaining an MPhil degree may help candidates make up a program in three years. About 190 credit units are required deficiency that prevents them from gaining admission to a for graduation in programs of five years of coursework or PhD program, such as low grades on their master’s degree 150 credit units in programs of four years of coursework or a change of discipline from master’s to doctoral study. plus one year of practical training. .26 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Programs in some related disciplines—such as the Education Bachelor of Fisheries Management, Bachelor of Wildlife Bachelor’s degrees in education involve four years of full- Management and Bachelor of Forestry—have program time study, with entry based on possession of the Senior structures similar to that of the Bachelor of Agriculture. School Certificate or equivalent with five credit-level Graduate programs such as the Master of Science and the passes and the UME or UTME. They are usually offered PhD in Agriculture are also available. as Bachelor of Education (BEd), Bachelor of Arts (BA) See Appendix C4 for a sample Bachelor of Agriculture in Education or Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Education. degree program structure. Direct entry to the second year of a four-year program or to a three-year program is available to candidates with higher Architecture credentials, such as a Nigeria Certificate in Education. Some universities also offer master’s and PhD programs in TheBachelor of Architecture, Bachelor of Science in education. Architecture and Bachelor of Technology in Architecture involve four or five years of full-time study. Entry is based Refer to Teacher Education for more information about on possession of a Senior School Certificate with: some of these programs. • credit level passes in at least five subjects including English, math and physics, and Engineering • UME or UTME with four subjects including English Bachelor’s degrees in engineering and technology, such and math as Bachelor of Science (Engineering), Bachelor of Engineering and Bachelor of Technology (Engineering), Direct entry into the second year of the program is available involve five years of full-time study for regular entry to applicants with higher credentials such as a Nigeria applicants who have completed senior secondary school. Certificate in Education, a National Diploma or a Higher Required subjects include English, math, physics and National Diploma. chemistry for both the Senior School Certificate or The Architects Registration Council of Nigeria is the equivalent and the UME or UTME. Some institutions used regulatory body for professional architects in Nigeria. The to offer part-time weekend programs, but these have been Nigerian Institute of Architects, a non-governmental body, discontinued. performs some statutory functions on behalf of ARCON. Direct entry is available for applicants with higher After receiving the degree from an NIA-accredited credentials. For example, those with the required number program, one must complete at least two years of supervised of GCE A Level passes or (Ordinary) National Diploma post-qualification practice before sitting the NIA in a relevant discipline may receive one year of advanced Professional Practice examination and registering with standing. Those with a Higher National Diploma in a ARCON as a professional architect. Those graduating relevant discipline may receive up to two years advanced from non-NIA-accredited programs must take additional standing. examinations. The five-year curriculum usually includes a year of Graduate programs in architecture are available, such as a foundation courses followed by more specialized courses in Postgraduate Diploma in Architecture, Master of Science one of the major engineering fields such as civil engineering, in Architecture, Master of Technology in Architecture, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer Master of Architecture, and PhD in Architecture. engineering and petroleum engineering.

See appendices C5 and C6 for sample Bachelor of Science Established in 1970, the Council for the Regulation of in Architecture degree and Postgraduate Diploma in Engineering in Nigeria is responsible for regulating the Architecture program structures. training and practice of engineering and the registration of all engineering personnel in the country. Institutions offering degree and Higher National Diploma programs in engineering must have COREN accreditation. The .27 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

COREN website (www.corenng.org) provides a list of Graduate programs such as the Master of Laws (LLM) accredited institutions. and a PhD in law are also available from a number of universities. Holders of a bachelor’s degree in engineering must have four years of post-graduation experience under the supervision of See Appendix C8 for a sample Bachelor of Laws degree a registered engineer before they can apply for registration program structure. with COREN and engage in engineering practice in Nigeria. Medicine and dentistry The first professional degrees in medicine and dentistry Refer to Appendix C7 for a sample Bachelor of Engineering are the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degree program structure. (MBBS) and the Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS). Law They both involve six years of full-time study, including a preliminary (pre-med) year. Regular entry is based on The faculties of law at 23 Nigerian universities offer the possession of the Senior School Certificate or equivalent, Bachelor of Law(s) (LLB) or Bachelor of Letters of Law with credit level passes in English, math, physics, chemistry (LLB) degree programs. Duration of study is five years for and biology, plus the UME or UTME. regular entry students, who must hold the Senior School Certificate or equivalent with five credit-level passes, Direct entry to the second year of MBBS and BDS and must pass the UME or UTME with English and programs is available to applicants with higher credentials English literature as required subjects. Applicants with such as GCE A Level passes in biology, physics and higher credentials, such as GCE A Level passes, a first chemistry or a Bachelor of Science at Second Class or better bachelor’s degree, a three-year university diploma, a Nigeria in related disciplines. Certificate in Education, or a Higher National Diploma, may be offered direct entry into a four-year program. MBBS and BDS programs follow curriculum guidelines prescribed by the Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria, The Council of Legal Education must approve LLB whose website (www.mdcnigeria.org) provides a list of 20 programs, which should include the following subjects: universities offering medical programs. The professional • Constitutional law part of the program typically includes two years of • Criminal law preclinical courses and three years of clinical courses. The credit system prevalent in the Nigerian higher education • Law of contract system is not adopted at medical and dental schools. MBBS • Tort and BDS degrees are awarded without classification. • Land law • Equity and trust MBBS and BDS holders may apply for provisional registration with the MDCN. Before applying for full • Commercial law registration as medical professionals, medical graduates • Law of evidence must complete a 48-week rotational internship in medicine, To practise as lawyers in Nigeria, LLB holders must surgery, pediatrics, and obstetrics and gynecology at a complete further study at the Nigeria Law School operated medical facility recognized by the council for such training. by the Council of Legal Education. The program includes Similarly, before applying for full registration as dental civil procedure, company law and commercial practice, professionals, dental graduates must complete a 48-week criminal procedure, law of evidence, legal drafting and rotational internship in oral surgery and oral pathology, conveyancing, professional ethics, legal practitioner’s restorative dentistry, orthodontics and pedodontics and accounts, law office management and a general paper. They periodontology at a dental facility recognized by the council must then pass the Bar Part II examinations in order to for such training. register as legal practitioners in Nigeria. The Bar Part I The first professional degree in veterinary medicine is the examinations are administered for individuals with law Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM), which involves degrees from overseas institutions. six years of full-time study, including a preliminary .28 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

(preprofessional) year. Entry is based on possession of the practice as medical laboratory scientists. Senior School Certificate or equivalent, with credit level passes in English, math, physics, chemistry and biology, plus Refer to Appendix C11 for a sample Bachelor of Medical the UME or UTME. Direct entry to the second year of the Laboratory Science degree program structure. program is available to applicants with higher credentials such as GCE A Level passes in relevant subjects. Nursing The first bachelor’s degree program in nursing was DVM programs follow curriculum guidelines prescribed by launched in 1973 by the University of Ife (present-day the Veterinary Council of Nigeria, the regulatory body for Obafemi Awolowo University). Seven universities now the veterinary profession in Nigeria. The professional part offer theBachelor of Nursing Science (BNSc) program, of the program typically consists of three years of preclinical which involves five years of full-time study and one year of courses and two years of clinical courses. internship in a recognized health care institution. Earlier programs were four years in length. Entry is based on The VCN also approves veterinary institutions and possession of the Senior School Certificate or equivalent, registers individuals qualified to practice as veterinary with credit-level passes in English, math, physics, chemistry surgeons. Its website (www.vcng.org) provides a list of and biology, plus the UME or UTME. accredited institutions. The College of Veterinary Surgeons Nigeria, under the VCN, awards membership and A BNSc holder may register with the Nursing and fellowship diplomas in various veterinary specializations. Midwifery Council of Nigeria to become a Registered Entry to membership and fellowship diploma programs is Nurse. Currently, a three-year general nursing diploma is based on possession of a DVM degree and three or six years the minimum requirement for becoming a Registered Nurse of registration with the VCN. in Nigeria, and most practicing nurses are diploma holders. Some universities offer part-time BNSc programs catering A few universities offer graduate degree programs in to registered nurses. medicine, such as the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and the Master of Surgery (MS). The National Open University of Nigeria offers BNSc programs to both senior secondary graduates and registered See appendices C9 and C10 for sample Bachelor of nurses. NOUN has identified dozens of teaching hospitals Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery degree and Doctor of and medical centres across the country to serve as centres of Veterinary Medicine degree program structures. clinical practice for its students.

Medical laboratory science Graduate-level nursing programs such as the Master of TheBachelor of Medical Laboratory Science (BMLS) Science in Nursing and the PhD in Nursing are available involves five years of full-time study, with entry based on from a number of universities such as Obafemi Awolowo possession of the Senior School Certificate or equivalent, University and the University of Ibadan. with credit level passes in English, math, physics, chemistry and biology, plus the UME or UTME. Graduates must See Appendix C12 for a sample Bachelor of Nursing complete a one-year mandatory internship. Science degree program structure.

The BMLS has replaced the four-yearAssociate Diploma Pharmacy of Medical Laboratory Technology and one-year The Pharmacists Council of Nigeria is the professional Fellowship Diploma of Medical Laboratory Technology body responsible for regulating and controlling the training offered by the Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology and practice of pharmaceutical service providers in the of Nigeria in association with some universities. country. The PCN website (www.pcnng.org) provides a list of nine universities that offer pharmacy programs. Established in 2003, the Medical Laboratory Science Council of Nigeria is the professional body regulating the TheBachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) degree involves practice of medical laboratory science in the country. BMLS five years of full-time study, including one preprofessional holders may register with the MLSCN for professional year and four professional years. Regular entry is based on .29 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

possession of the Senior School Certificate or equivalent, with credit level passes in English, math, physics, chemistry and biology, plus the UME or UTME. Direct entry to the second year of a five-year program or to a four-year program is available to applicants with higher credentials such as GCE A Level passes in biology, physics and chemistry or a BSc at Second Class or better in related disciplines. The BPharm degree is awarded without classification. The minimum pass mark for courses in the professional years is 50 per cent.

Before applying for registration as pharmacists, BPharm holders must complete a one-year internship at an internship centre recognized by the PCN.

Refer to Appendix C13 for a sample five-year Bachelor of Pharmacy degree program structure. .30 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Technical and Vocational Vocational education in Nigeria generally refers to skill- based training programs, usually at the secondary level, that Education prepare students for employment in a specific vocation. Overview Private training providers and employers offer work- The technical and vocational education sector in Nigeria based vocational education, sometimes as part of an faces many challenges, such as low status in public apprenticeship program, leading to the Federal Trade Test perception, inadequate funding and facilities, a lack of Certificates (Grades III, II and I). The Federal Ministry of qualified and well-trained teachers, limited industrial Labour and Productivity administers the final examination participation and the resulting mismatch between training and issues the certificates. The Junior School Certificate or and practice. Since much of vocational education involves equivalent is the minimum qualification for entering such training in technical skills, there is no clear boundary programs. between technical and vocational education either in the Vocational education is also available from two new types common usage of the terms or in government policy and of private institutions: vocational enterprise institutions administration. (VEIs) and innovation enterprise institutions (IEIs), both Technical education in Nigeria refers to programs at regulated by the Federal Ministry of Education. Candidates secondary and post-secondary levels that facilitate the with Junior School Certificates or equivalent may enter acquisition of both technical skills and scientific knowledge VEIs to learn a craft through a variety of short- and and principles. long-term programs and receive a National Vocational Enterprise Certificate. Senior secondary graduates may Technical education at the secondary level is provided by enter IEIs, which offer programs lasting from three months technical colleges in the form of three-year programs that to over two years and award the National Innovative lead to the National Technical Certificate or National Enterprise Diploma. The FME is promoting the IEIs as an Business Certificate. Entry is based on possession of the alternative to university education. Junior School Certificate or equivalent. NTC and NBC holders, after obtaining at least two years of industrial Technical and vocational subjects as part of the school experience, may complete a one-year post-secondary curriculum are offered at junior and senior secondary levels. program at technical colleges to receive the Advanced Students may choose up to four pre-vocational courses National Technical Certificate or Advanced National such as introductory technology, business studies, home Business Certificate. economics, agricultural science and local crafts for either Junior School Certificate or Senior School Certificate Senior secondary graduates who want to pursue technical examinations. education may enter polytechnics to complete a two-year program that leads to the National Diploma. Entry is based on possession of the Senior School Certificate or equivalent, with five credit-level passes in required subjects plus the UTME. ND holders, after obtaining at least one year of industrial experience, may complete a two-year program at polytechnics to receive the Higher National Diploma. Universities may grant advanced standing to ND and HND holders who apply to their undergraduate programs. .31 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Figure 6. Outline of Technical and Vocational System

Universities → Bachelor’s degree Polytechnics/Monotechnics → (4–6 years) Higher National Diploma (2 years)

Work experience (≥ 1 year)

Polytechnics / Monotechnics → National Diploma (2 years) Technical Colleges → Advanced NationalTechnical Technical Colleges / Business→ Innovation Enterprise Certificate Institutions → (1 year) National Innovation Diploma Senior Secondary School → ( ≤ 2 years) Senior School Certificate Work experience (3 years) (≥ 2 years)

Private Training Providers Vocational Enterprise Institutions → Federal Trade Test → National Vocational Certificates (Grades III-I) Junior Secondary School → Junior School Technical Colleges → National Certificate Technical / Business Certificate ( ≤ 3 years) Certificate / Certificate of Basic Education (9 years) (3 years) .32 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Administration Institutions TheFederal Ministry of Education and the Federal The NBTE approves and accredits technical and vocational Ministry of Labour and Productivity share overall institutions. Its website (www.nbte.gov.ng) provides lists of responsibility for technical and vocational education in the recognized institutions and programs. country. The Tertiary Institutions Division of the Tertiary Table 15. Technical and Vocational Institutions Education Department of the FME manages university Institution Federal State Private Total education, polytechnic education and teacher education. Previously, polytechnic education was administered by Technical colleges 19 110 3 132 the Polytechnic Education Division of FME’s Higher Polytechnics 21 38 12 71 Education Department. The FMLP administers final Colleges of agriculture 17 19 0 36 examinations that lead to the awarding of the Federal Trade Monotechnics and 23 2 2 27 Test Certificates. specialized institutes Colleges of health Established in 1977, the National Board for Technical technology and allied 9 40 1 50 Education handles all aspects of technical and vocational institutions education outside of university education. The NBTE’s Vocational enterprises institutions and main functions include: 0 0 70 70 innovation enterprises • formulation of uniform standards in technical and institutions

vocational education Source: NBTE, 2010. • development, management and regulation of technical and vocational institutions that offer programs at both Admission secondary and post-secondary levels Admission to National Technical or Business Certificate • accreditation of academic programs in technical and programs at technical colleges is based on the Junior School vocational education Certificate or equivalent. Candidates must also pass a • recommendation for the establishment of private common entrance examination administered by NABTEB. polytechnics and monotechnics Before 2010, admission to National Diploma programs at TheNational Business and Technical Examinations polytechnics and other institutes was based on possession Board was established in 1993 to take over technical of the Senior School Certificate or equivalent with four and business examinations previously conducted by the credit-level passes, and the Monotechnics, Polytechnics and Royal Society of Arts, the City and Guilds of London Colleges of Education Matriculation Exam administered by Institute and the West African Examinations Council. The the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board. NABTEB conducts examinations that lead to the awarding JAMB began conducting the MPCE in 1989. With the of the National Technical or Business Certificate, the federal government’s approval, it introduced the Unified Advanced National Technical or Business Certificate and Tertiary Matriculation Exam in 2010 to replace the the Modular Trade Certificate. University Matriculation Exam and the MPCE. Applicants Since 2001 UNESCO has been working with the FME and to ND programs must now have five credit-level passes at NBTE on the project “Support for Revitalizing Technical the Senior School Certificate or equivalent and must take and Vocational Education in Nigeria.” One of the main the UTME. objectives is to review and update technical and vocational education curricula to better meet the needs of the labour market. The NBTE has published NTC, ANTC, ND and HND curricula in 27 fields and disciplines on its website. .33 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Grading scale credit-level passes and people who have been out of school for long periods of time. The NVC programs provide skill- The following classification applies to various awards in based training that prepares students for employment in technical and vocational education, including NTC, NBC, various vocations, such as: ANTC, ANBC, ND and HND. • making of adire and other indigenous fabrics and Table 16. Technical and Vocational Grading Scale products Classification CGPA • welding and sheet metal work Distinction 3.50–4.00 • motor vehicle repair Upper Credit 3.00–3.49 • catering Lower Credit 2.50–2.99 • construction (plumbing, painting, bricklaying, Pass 2.00–2.49 electrical, and so on) Fail Below 2.00 • hairdressing and beauty • performing arts Federal Trade Test Certificate • fashion design TheFederal Trade Test Certificate, also called the Labour Trade Test Certificate, is issued by the Federal Ministry of Long-term NVC programs such as the three-year NVC in Labour and Productivity to candidates who have completed Agriculture include a combination of foundation courses, a period of work-based training, sometimes as part of an trade courses and industrial experience as well as a small apprenticeship program, and passed the final examination number of general education subjects. administered by the FMLP. Duration of training depends NVC holders may seek employment or further education at on the trade, but usually takes one year each for the Federal innovation enterprise institutions. Trade Test Certificate Grade III and Grade II and up to two years for the Federal Trade Test Certificate Grade I. TheNational Innovation Diploma programs last from nine months to two years, with entry based on possession The Federal Trade Test Certificates are for employment of the Senior School Certificate or equivalent with five purposes and do not give access to further education. credit-level passes including English and math. Holders of the National Vocational Certificate with credit-level passes National Vocational Certificate in relevant subjects may also apply. NID programs aim and National Innovation to provide students with practical and innovative skills in Diploma various sectors. The types of institutions that may apply for accreditation as IEIs include: The Federal Ministry of Education is promoting two new • information and communication technology (ICT) types of private vocational institutions called vocational institutes enterprise institutions (VEIs) and innovation enterprise institutions (IEIs) through a public–private partnership. • schools for oil and gas technology The FME is responsible for formulating regulation and • fashion institutes of technology guidelines, setting and maintaining minimum standards, • schools of hospitality and tourism accrediting institutions and providing a one-off grant. The • film academies institutions offer a variety of short- and long-term programs • creative arts academies leading to the National Vocational Certificate and the • construction and engineering institutes National Innovation Diploma. The NBTE website provides a list of 70 accredited VEIs and IEIs established since 2008. • paralegal schools • telecommunications institutes TheNational Vocational Certificate programs last from a • manufacturing institutes few months to three years, with entry based on possession • professional development teaching institutes of the Junior School Certificate or equivalent. They also welcome senior secondary graduates who do not have five • financial institutions .34 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

• welding and fabrication institutes NABTEB offers certificate examinations in four areas: • sport academies • general education • engineering and construction trades Long-term NID programs such as the two-year NID in Agriculture include a combination of foundation courses, • miscellaneous trades trade courses and industrial experience as well as a small • business studies number of general education subjects. Launched in 2001, the UNESCO project “Support for The NID is for employment purposes and does not give Revitalizing Technical and Vocational Education in access to further education. Nigeria” has updated and standardized NTC and ANTC curricula in the following trades. National Technical and Business Building and wood trades Certificates • blocklaying, bricklaying and concreting National technical and business certificate programs • carpentry and joinery provide craft-level training in various trades. They are • furniture design and construction operated by 132 technical colleges accredited by the • painting and decorating National Board for Technical Education. The National Business and Technical Examinations Board conducts final Electrical trades examinations and awards the certificates. • electrical installation and maintenance work • instrument mechanics work Before the establishment of NABTEB in 1993, students • radio, TV and electronic work at technical colleges took examinations administered by the Royal Society of Arts, the City and Guilds of London Mechanical engineering trades Institute or the West African Examinations Council • fabrication and welding engineering to receive their technical or business certificates. These • foundry certificates, such as the Federal Craft Certificate issued by WAEC, had very limited general education content. • mechanical engineering craft • motor vehicle mechanics Since 1995, students at technical colleges, after completing • plumbing and pipe fitting their programs, take examinations administered by the • refrigeration and air-conditioning work NABTEB to receive the National Technical or Business Certificate and the Advanced National Technical or The current NTC and ANTC curricula have three Business Certificate. components: TheNational Technical Certificate or National Business General education 30 per cent Certificate involves three years of full-time study, with Trade theory and practice and related studies 65 per cent entry based on possession of the Junior School Certificate Supervised Industrial Work Experience or equivalent. Applicants without the Junior School Scheme (SIWES) 5 per cent Certificate may be admitted if they hold relevant Federal Trade Test Certificates. The new NTC and ANTC curricula put greater emphasis on general education and science subjects (called “trade- TheAdvanced National Technical Certificateor related studies”). The general education component aims Advanced National Business Certificate program provides to provide students with complete secondary education advanced craft-level trade training. It involves one year in academic subjects such as English, math, physics, of full-time study, with entry based on possession of the chemistry, biology, economics and entrepreneurial studies. NTC or NBC followed by at least two years of industrial This enhances the understanding of the machines, tools experience. and materials of the trade and provides a foundation for .35 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

post-secondary technical education. The aim is to make the Holders of a National Technical Certificate in the same or a technical and business certificates equivalent to a Senior related field with credit level passes in relevant subjects may School Certificate, giving certificate holders access to also apply to ND programs. Candidates with deficiencies further education. may attend a preliminary ND program available at some polytechnics to help them meet the entry requirements. The Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board—the statutory body responsible for processing applications to ND holders are expected to work as technicians either universities, polytechnics and colleges of education and for under supervision or independently. Those who specialize conducting the relevant entrance exams—has listed the in one of the engineering fields may register with the NTC and NBC as adequate qualifications for the purpose Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria as of admission since 2001. High performing graduates of “engineering technicians.” ND holders may be granted one NTC or NBC programs may pursue further education, year of advanced standing for admission into university usually in polytechnics and colleges of education (technical), undergraduate programs in the same or a related discipline. to obtain higher level credentials such as the National Diploma or the Nigeria Certificate in Education. They TheHigher National Diploma involves two years of full- may also seek admission to universities. The National time study. Entry is based on possession of the ND with at Universities Commission has sent an open letter to vice- least lower-credit pass plus at least one year of relevant post- chancellors of all Nigerian universities reiterating that no ND industrial experience. university has the right to reject or discriminate against HND holders are expected to work as technologists. Those applicants who hold NABTEB-issued certificates. who specialize in one of the engineering fields may register Refer to Appendix C14 for sample National Technical with COREN to practise as “engineering technologists.” To Certificate and Advanced National Technical Certificate register as engineers, they must first obtain a postgraduate program structures. diploma in the same field from a COREN-accredited program.

National Diploma and Higher HND holders do not have access to most master’s degree National Diploma programs. For further education, they may enter a university undergraduate program in the same or a related National Diploma and Higher National Diploma programs discipline (with up to two years of advanced standing) or provide post-secondary technical education. They are a postgraduate diploma or MBA program. Some of these offered at 71 polytechnics, 36 colleges of agriculture programs require candidates to have at least upper credit and 27 monotechnics accredited by the National Board in their HND and a period of post-qualification work for Technical Education. The institutions conduct all experience. examinations and issue the diplomas. The federal government has announced its plan to phase TheNational Diploma, also called Ordinary National out the HND and replace it with a four-year Bachelor Diploma, involves two years of full-time study. of Technology (BTech) program. Polytechnics and other Before 2010, entry was based on possession of the Senior institutions currently offering HND programs will be School Certificate or equivalent, with four credit-level upgraded in terms of faculty and other resources in order to passes in subjects as required by the field of study plus the attain degree-awarding status. Monotechnics, Polytechnics and Colleges of Education ThePost Higher National Diploma, also called Full Matriculation Exam administered by the Joint Admissions Professional Diploma, involves a minimum of 18 months of and Matriculation Board. In 2010 JAMB merged the full-time study, with entry based on an HND in the same MPCE with the University Matriculation Exam to form or a related field. Holders of a Post-HND have access to the Unified Tertiary Matriculation Exam. ND applicants further education in master’s degree programs. now must have five credit-level passes on their Senior School Certificate and must pass the UTME. .36 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

The ND and HND programs are available in the following Sciences major areas: • computer science • Agriculture and related technology • science laboratory technology • Art, design and related technology • statistics and information • Business and related studies The current ND and HND curricula have four • Engineering technology components: • Environmental design studies • General education ≤15 per cent • Finance and related studies • Foundation courses 10–15 per cent • Health and related studies • Professional courses 70–80 per cent • Hospitality and related technology • Supervised industrial work experience • Information studies scheme (SIWES) 3–4 months • Science, computing and related technology See Appendix C15 for sample National Diploma and The Post-HND programs are available in the Higher National Diploma program structures. following fields: • Building technology Nursing and Allied Health • Civil engineering technology Services • Chemical engineering technology A few professional bodies such as the Nursing and • Electrical or electronic engineering technology Midwifery Council of Nigeria, the Pharmacists Council of • Mechanical engineering technology Nigeria and the Dental Therapists Registration Board of • Printing technology Nigeria regulate the training programs in their respective • Surveying and geo-informatics areas. Program structure varies by discipline and time • Urban and regional planning period.

The 2001 UNESCO project “Support for Revitalizing Nursing Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria” has The Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria, established updated and standardized ND and HND curricula in more in 1979 with the merger of the Midwives Board of Nigeria than a dozen fields of study: and the Nursing Council of Nigeria, is the professional Business and economics regulatory body for nurses and midwives in the country. • accountancy NMCN prescribes minimum standards and curriculum • banking and finance guidelines for various nursing and midwifery programs. Its website (www.nmcnigeria.org) provides lists of approved • business administration and management institutions. • hospitality management • leisure and tourism management TheGeneral Nursing program, available at 68 approved • office technology and management schools of nursing, involves three years of full-time study, with entry based on possession of the Senior School Engineering Technology Certificate or equivalent, with five credit-level passes • civil engineering and environmental engineering including English, physics, chemistry, and biology or health science. After completing the program, students may apply • building technology for registration with the NMCN to become a Registered • civil engineering technology Nurse. For further education, they may apply for direct • quantity surveying entry into the second year of a four-year Bachelor of • electrical or electronics engineering technology Nursing Science (BNSc) program. • mechanical engineering technology .37 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

ThePost Basic Midwifery program, available at 65 • scaling and polishing approved schools of midwifery, involves 18 months of full- • taking dental radiographs time study (2004 curriculum). Previous programs were one • providing dental health education year in length. Applicants must be RNs. • undertaking routine restorations in both deciduous and In 2003 the NMCN introduced the three-year Basic permanent teeth Midwifery program, which graduated its first students in • extracting deciduous teeth under local infiltration 2006. Entry requirements are the same as for the General analgesia Nursing program. After completing the program, students may apply for registration with the NMCN to become Based on dentists’ directions, a dental technologist a Registered Midwife. For further education, they may (previously called dental technician) makes a variety of take an 18-month Post Basic General Nursing program to dental appliances, such as: become an RN or apply for direct entry into the second year • full dentures of a four-year BNSc program. • removable partial dentures or fixed bridges • crowns and veneers To register in a nursing specialization such as pediatric nursing, psychiatric nursing, orthopedic nursing and • orthodontic appliances and splints occupational health nursing, one must be an RN with Three-year post-secondary diploma programs in dental at least one year of post-registration experience and a therapy (or dental hygiene) and dental technology were completed Post Basic Nursing Certificate in the area of offered until the late 1990s. They have since been replaced specialization. Most programs are one year in duration. by the two-tier program structure of National Diploma They are offered at schools of pediatric nursing and and Higher National Diploma. Students have the option university teaching hospitals approved by the NMCN. to enter the HND program immediately after completing the ND. The current 2+2 program features an expanded Pharmacy curriculum that includes more basic science and related The Pharmacists Council of Nigeria is the professional subjects. body responsible for regulating and controlling the training and practice of pharmaceutical service providers in the country. PCN’s website (www.pcnng.org) provides a list of 20 accredited Schools of Health Technology that offer programs for pharmacy assistants and pharmacy technicians. Some institutes also offer a one-year bridging program for individuals who want to convert from a pharmacy assistant to a pharmacy technician.

Dental therapy and dental technology The Dental Therapists Registration Board of Nigeria and the Dental Technologists Registration Board of Nigeria are the professional bodies responsible for regulating the training and practice of dental therapists and dental technologists in the country.

A dental therapist (previously called dental hygienist) can work in all sectors of dentistry including general dental practice and carry out a wide range of procedures, such as: • intra and extra oral assessment .38 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Teacher Education First established in 1993, the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria regulates the teaching profession in Overview Nigeria. TRCN became operational in 2000 and began mandatory registration of all teachers in 2007. Its mandate Modern teacher education originated in Nigeria in the late covers teachers at all levels. 19th century during the British colonial period, when a few institutions were established by Christian missionaries to Types of institutions train teachers for church service and elementary schools. There was virtually no program for training secondary Teacher education in Nigeria is provided by colleges of school teachers before independence; the small number of education (formerly advanced teachers colleges), schools secondary schools mostly employed expatriates who had no of education in polytechnics, faculties of education and teacher qualifications. institutes of education at universities, and the National Teachers Institute. Since Nigeria achieved independence in 1960, teacher education has struggled to meet the growing needs of the Colleges of education mainly offer the Nigeria Certificate in school system, which now boasts 40 million students and Education programs, which involve three years of full-time one million teachers. The low status of teachers in Nigeria study, with entry based on possession of the Senior School has hindered the development of education in general and Certificate or equivalent. In recent years some colleges teacher education in particular, as evidenced by the lack of education, in affiliation with universities, have started of qualified candidates for teacher education programs. In offering bachelor’s degrees and PGDEs. Two have been the early years of independence, a range of post-primary upgraded to universities of education. The NCCE website credentials allowed an individual to teach at primary (www.ncceonline.org) lists 63 colleges of education. schools. Today a post-secondary credential, the Nigeria The schools of education at some polytechnics offer Certificate in Education, is the minimum qualification programs for training technical teachers, such as the for schoolteachers. In-service programs are available to Nigeria Certificate in Education (Technical) and the the large numbers of teachers, especially at the primary Technical Teachers Certificate. school level, who do not meet minimum qualification requirements. Established in 1976, the National Teachers Institute provides both pre-service and in-service training of teachers Administration through distance learning. NTI offers programs leading First established in 1989, the National Commission for to a Grade II Teachers Certificate, an NCE, an Advanced Colleges of Education advises the Ministry of Education Diploma in Education, and a PGDE. on matters related to teacher education and coordinates Universities offer bachelor’s degrees in education to both all aspects of non-degree teacher education in the country. senior secondary school graduates and senior secondary NCCE is responsible for the management, regulation and school teachers who already have NCE qualifications. supervision of colleges of education and other institutions Graduate programs in education, such as the PGDE, that award the Nigeria Certificate in Education. It carries Master of Education and PhD in Education, are also out accreditation of academic programs at those institutions available at a number of universities. once every five years to ensure conformity to minimum standards. Teacher certification TheNational Universities Commission is responsible for For four decades after independence, teaching was not a the management and supervision of universities that offer regulated profession in Nigeria. The Teachers Registration undergraduate and graduate programs in teacher education, Council of Nigeria became operational in 2000 and began such as BA Education, BSc Education, Postgraduate registration of all teachers. A grace period was granted Diploma in Education (PGDE), Master of Education and to practising teachers allowing them to upgrade their PhD in Education. qualifications by the end of 2006. .39 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Starting in 2007, the NCE is the minimum qualification for Before 2010, entry was based on possession of the Senior the purpose of teacher registration, although holders of the School Certificate or equivalent with three credit-level Grade II Teachers Certificate may still apply for provisional passes at one sitting, four credit-level passes at two sittings, registration. Other qualifications include degrees in or the Grade II Teachers Certificate with three credit-level education, such as a Bachelor of Education (BEd), a passes. All candidates for the NCE program must also pass Bachelor of Science in Education (BSc Ed), a Bachelor of the Monotechnics, Polytechnics and Colleges of Education Arts in Education (BA Ed), a Master of Education (MEd) Matriculation Exam administered by the Joint Admissions and a PhD in Education. Those with non-education degrees and Matriculation Board. or diplomas must obtain one of the following: In 2010 JAMB combined the MPCE with the University • Postgraduate Diploma in Education Matriculation Exam to form the Unified Tertiary • Professional Diploma in Education Matriculation Exam. Entry requirement for NCE programs • Technical Teachers Certificate is therefore the same as that for university undergraduate programs: a Senior School Certificate or equivalent with To register as teachers, candidates with the required five credit-level passes plus the UTME. qualifications must also pass the Professional Qualifying Examination administered by TRCN and complete a Due to the low status of the teaching profession, demand period of practical teaching. for teacher education programs remains low. Unable to recruit enough students for their NCE programs through Pre-Primary Education the MPCE or UTME, many colleges of education (Children Ages 3 to 5) have been offering the one-year remedial course called Preliminary NCE for candidates who do not meet the NCE Pre-primary education is non-compulsory and attended entry requirements. by only a small number of children aged 3 to 5, though the government aims to increase its enrolment and eventually The NCE program includes courses in general study, make it part of compulsory basic education. Large numbers education, pedagogy and one or two major school subject of teachers engaged in early childhood education remain areas plus at least 12 weeks of teaching practice. Those untrained. While the minimum qualification for teaching who specialize in technical and vocational education pre-primary classes within primary schools is the Grade must also complete a period of supervised industrial work II Teachers Certificate, the head teacher must hold the experience. The NCE is available in various specializations, NCE. Some colleges of education offer an NCE with such as science education, agricultural education, business specialization in pre-primary education. education, home economics and technical education. It allows an individual to teach at primary and junior Primary Education secondary schools and technical colleges. NCE holders may be granted advanced standing when seeking admission into (Grades 1 to 6) undergraduate programs. Primary education, also called lower basic education, is compulsory. The minimum qualification for primary school Before 1998, the Grade II Teachers Certificate (also teachers has been the NCE since 1998. NCE holders known as the Higher Elementary Teachers Certificate) may also teach at junior secondary schools and technical offered by secondary teacher-training colleges was the colleges. minimum qualification for primary school teachers. It involved four or five years of full-time study after primary TheNigeria Certificate in Education, also called the school or two years of study after junior secondary school. National Certificate in Education, involves three years of Since then large numbers of primary school teachers have full-time study. Part-time or sandwich programs usually upgraded their qualification to NCE level. The NTI offers a take four years to complete. The maximum time of study four-year NCE by distance learning for practising teachers allowed for obtaining an NCE is six years. who hold a Grade II Teachers Certificate. .40 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Secondary Education ThePostgraduate Diploma in Education involves one year of full-time study, with entry based on possession of (Grades 7 to 12) a bachelor’s degree. The PGDE allows an individual with While the NCE is the minimum qualification for teaching a non-teaching bachelor’s degree to teach up to the senior at the junior secondary level (Grades 7 to 9), those teaching secondary level. at the senior secondary level (Grades 10 to 12) must hold either a bachelor’s degree in education or a bachelor’s degree A number of universities offer master’s degrees and PhDs in a school subject plus a PGDE. in education. The master’s degree in education is available as a Master of Education (MEd), a Master of Science in Bachelor’s degrees in education are generally available as Education and a Master of Arts in Education. Program Bachelor of Education (BEd), Bachelor of Arts (BA) in length ranges from one to two years, with entry based on Education, Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Education or possession of a bachelor’s degree in education or a non- Bachelor of Technology (BTech) in Education. Entry is education bachelor’s degree plus a PGDE. Some programs based on possession of the Senior School Certificate or also require candidates to have a period of teaching equivalent, with five credit-level passes and the UTME. experience. Candidates with advanced level credentials such as the NCE may gain direct entry to the second year of the See Appendix C16 for a sample Bachelor of Education program. program structure. The University of Nigeria, Nsukka, first introduced Technical and Vocational bachelor’s degrees in education in 1960. Traditionally, only university faculties of education had such programs. Education In recent years some colleges of education began offering To teach technical and vocational subjects such as degree programs in affiliation with universities. introductory technology, business studies and agricultural science at junior secondary schools, an NCE (Technical) is A four-year bachelor’s degree in education typically involves required. The program is available from the departments of a minimum of 120 credits of coursework, including required technical and vocational education at colleges of education, courses in education and pedagogy, a major teaching several colleges of education (technical) and the schools of subject and a minor teaching subject. Examples of program education at a number of polytechnics. specializations include: • BEd Early Childhood Education To teach technical and vocational subjects at senior • BEd Educational Management secondary schools, technical colleges, polytechnics and business institutes, a Technical Teachers Certificate is • BEd Guidance and Counselling required. The TTC program involves one year of full-time • BA (Ed) Arabic study, with entry based on possession of a recognized • BA (Ed) English technical or business certificate plus at least two years of • BA (Ed) Geography industrial or teaching experience. • BA (Ed) History Undergraduate programs for the training of technical and • BA (Ed) Islamic Studies vocational teachers are available from a few universities, • BSc (Ed) Mathematics such as the University of Nigeria, Nsukka; Ahmadu Bello • BTech (Ed) Mathematics University, Zaria; and , Makurdi. • BSc (Ed) Physics The University of Nigeria also offers master’s and PhD • BTech (Ed) Physics programs in technical education. • BSc (Ed) Chemistry • BTech (Ed) Chemistry • BSc (Ed) Biology • BTech (Ed) Biology .41 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

The Department of Vocational and Technical Education at Benue State University offers theBachelor of Science Education (Technology) in six specialization areas: • Auto mechanics technology • Building technology • Electrical installation technology • Electronics technology • Metalwork technology • Woodwork technology

Entry is based on possession of the Senior School Certificate or equivalent, with five credit-level passes plus the UTME administered by JAMB. Candidates holding the NCE (Technical) with at least one credit-level pass or a National Diploma or Higher National Diploma with an upper credit pass may be granted direct entry into the second year of the program. Candidates with a National Technical Certificate or Federal Craft Certificate must pass the UTME and complete some remedial courses. .42 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Grading Scales Grading scales may vary by institution, the level and field of the program, and time period. The marks sheets issued by Senior Secondary Education the universities usually provide grading information. The Nigerian system is low marking and minimum pass Table 19. Grading Scale and Degree Classifications, Babcock University marks generally range between 30 and 35 per cent. The West African Examinations Council and the National Percentage Grade Grade Points Descriptor (%) Marks Examinations Council use the same grading scale for the Senior School Certificate examinations. 80–100 A 5 Superior 60–79 B 4 Above average Table 17. WAEC and NECO Grading Scale and IQAS Equivalency 50–59 C 3 Average Grade Score (%) Descriptor IQAS (%) 45–49 D 2 Below average A1 75–100 Excellent 95 0–44 F 0 Failure B2 70–74.9 Very good 85 Degree Classification CGPA B3 65–69.9 Good 75 First Class 4.50–5.00 C4 60–64.9 Credit 70 Second Class Upper 3.50–4.49 C5 55–59.9 65 Second Class Lower 2.50–3.49 C6 50–54.9 61 Third Class 2.00–2.49 D7 40–49.9 Pass 57 E8 35–39.9 52 Table 20. Grading Scale and Degree F9 0–34.9 Fail F Classifications, Bowen University Percentage (%) Marks Grade Grade Point Higher Education 70–100 A 5 A combination of percentage marks, letter grades and 60–69 B 4 grade points are used. The Nigeria system is low marking. 50–59 C 3 Typically, 40 per cent is the minimum pass mark and 70 per 45–49 D 2 cent the minimum mark for entering the top segment (A, First Class and so on). 40–44 E 1 0–39 F 0 The following table shows a common grading scale and the IQAS conversion. The division or classification of bachelor’s Degree Classification CGPA degrees is based on a weighted grade point average for all First Class 4.50–5.00 levels of courses completed for the program. Graduate Second Class (Upper Division) 3.50–4.49 degrees and some professional bachelor’s degrees such as the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery are usually Second Class (Lower Division) 2.40–3.49 not classified. Third Class 1.50–2.39 Pass 1.00–1.49 Table 18. Generic Grading Scale, Higher Education Percentage (%) Marks Grade Descriptor Division IQAS (%) 70–100 A Excellent First Class 90 60–69 B Very Good Second Class Upper Division 80 50–59 C Good Second Class Lower Division 70 40–49 D Satisfactory Third Class 60 Below 40 F Failure Fail F .43 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Table 21. Grading Scale and Degree Classifications, University of Ibadan Technical and Vocational Percentage (%) Grade Grade Point Education Marks The following classification applies to various certificates 70–100 A 7 and diplomas in technical and vocational education, 65–69 A- 6 including the National Technical or Business Certificate, 60–64 B+ 5 Advanced National Technical or Business Certificate, National Diploma and Higher National Diploma. 55–59 B 4 50–54 B- 3 Table 22. Classifications in Technical and Vocational Education 45–49 C+ 2 Classification CGPA 40–44 C 1 Distinction 3.50–4.00 0–39 D 0 Upper Credit 3.00–3.49 Degree Classification (Before 2000) GPA Lower Credit 2.50–2.99 First Class 6.2–7.0 Pass 2.00–2.49 Second Class Upper 4.8–6.1 Fail Below 2.00 Second Class Lower 2.9–4.7 Third Class 1.7–2.8 Pass 1.0–1.6

Degree Classification (2000–) CGPA First Class 6.0–7.0 Second Class Upper 4.6–5.9 Second Class Lower 2.6–4.5 Third Class 1.6–2.5 Pass 1.0–1.5 .44 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Documentation Secondary Education

Table 23. Major Types of Secondary Credentials Credential Issuing Body Years of Study General Certificate of Education Ordinary West African Examinations Council (phased out) Level (GCE O Level) University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 11 University of London Local Examinations Syndicate Interim Joint Matriculation Board General Certificate of Education Advanced West African Examinations Council (phased out) Level (GCE A Level) University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 13 University of London Local Examinations Syndicate Interim Joint Matriculation Board West African School Certificate West African Examinations Council (phased out) 11 West African Higher School Certificate West African Examinations Council (phased out) 13 Senior School Certificate West African Examinations Council 12 National Examinations Council

Before 1982 Nigeria followed the British pattern of school After 1982 Nigeria switched to an American-style school education (6+5+2), with the academic stream consisting of system (6+3+3), with the academic stream consisting of six years of primary school, five years of secondary school six years of primary school, three years of junior secondary (forms 1 to 5), and two years of Sixth Form school. After school and three years of senior secondary school. After completing secondary school (11 years), students must completing senior secondary school (12 years), students pass at least six subjects chosen from several course groups must pass seven to nine subjects (including six core subjects) in order to receive the West African School Certificate. to receive the Senior School Certificate from the West The GCE O Level, on the other hand, was issued for any African Examinations Council. number of individual subjects. For some years the School Certificate and GCE O Level examinations were combined, WAEC phased out its GCE O and A Levels in 1989. so that students who did not qualify for the School However, some private schools continue to prepare students Certificate would receive GCE O Levels for the passed for GCE O and A Level examinations, which are conducted subjects only. by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, the University of London Local Examinations Those who had received the West African School Syndicate and the Interim Joint Matriculation Board. Certificate or its GCE O Level equivalent could enrol in a Sixth Form program (two years). Upon graduation they The National Examinations Council (NECO) was had to pass at least six subjects chosen from several course established in 1999 and began conducting Senior School groups in order to receive the West African Higher School Certificate examinations in 2000. Senior secondary Certificate. The GCE A Level, on the other hand, was graduates sit for eight or nine subjects (including six core issued for any number of individual subjects. For some subjects) and must achieve credit-level passes in at least five years the Higher School Certificate and GCE A Level subjects in order to receive the Senior School Certificate. examinations were combined, so that students who did not qualify for the Higher School Certificate would receive GCE A Levels for the passed subjects only. .45 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Document format Examination results issued by the school are not acceptable for assessment purposes. Document format varies by issuing body and time period (see Appendix D for samples). Documents are issued in WAEC and NECO send original copies of examination English. They should bear the insignia of the issuing body results to the schools. Upon request and payment of and the signature of the official in charge, such as the fees, WAEC and NECO will send confirmation of the chairman and registrar of the council. examination results to higher education institutions, credential evaluation agencies and employers. The certificate includes some or all of the following information: Official results of the WAEC Senior School Certificate • name of the certificate Examination since 1991 can be viewed online at www. • issuing body, for example, WAEC or NECO waecdirect.org. To use this service, one needs to purchase • time of the examination, for example, June or a scratch card, which gives online access to the same December examination results up to five times. • name of the candidate Official results of the NECO Senior School Certificate • name of the school attended Examination since 2000 can be viewed online at www. • subjects passed and grades obtained mynecoresults.com or www.neconigeria.org. To use this • overall achievement, for example, second division service, one needs to purchase a scratch card, which gives online access to the same examination results up to five Official documents are issued by one of the national or times. international examining bodies such as WAEC or NECO.

Higher Education and Technical and Vocational Education Table 24. Major Types of Technical and Vocational Credentials Credential Issuing Body Years of Study Federal Trade Test Certificate Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity 1–2 National Vocational Certificate Vocational enterprise institutions up to 3 National Innovation Diploma Innovation enterprise institutions up to 2 National Technical Certificate National Business and Technical Examinations Board 3 Advanced National Technical Certificate 1 National Business Certificate 3 Advanced National Business Certificate 1 (Ordinary) National Diploma Monotechnics, polytechnics, colleges of agriculture, and colleges of health 2 technology and allied institutions Higher National Diploma 2 .46 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Table 25. Major Types of Higher Education Credentials Credential Issuing Body Years of Study Nigeria Certificate in Education Colleges of education 3 Associate Diploma of Medical Laboratory Technology Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology 4 Fellowship Diploma of Medical Laboratory Technology 1 Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science Universities 4 Bachelor of Education, Bachelor of Science in Education, Bachelor of Arts in Education 4 Bachelor of Agriculture, Bachelor of Architecture, Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of 5 Law(s), Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science, Bachelor of Nursing Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS), Bachelor of Dental Surgery, Doctor 6 of Veterinary Medicine Master’s degrees 1–2 Master of Philosophy 1–2 Doctor of Philosophy ≥ 3

Administrative and issuing bodies results, statement of results, and so on). They should bear the seal of the issuing body, such as a university, The Federal Ministry of Education and the Federal and the signatures of relevant officials, such as vice- Ministry of Labour and Productivity share overall chancellor, registrar and examination officer. In some cases, responsibility for technical and vocational education in students may receive a “testimonial” or “statement of final the country. The National Board for Technical Education examination results” upon graduation, with the official handles all aspects of technical and vocational education diploma or degree issued later. outside of university education. NBTE approves and accredits technical and vocational institutions. Its website A degree certificate typically indicates the name of the (www.nbte.gov.ng) provides lists of accredited institutions. degree and specialization, such as Bachelor of Science (Biochemistry) and the classification, such as Second The National Universities Commission is responsible Class Honours (Upper Division). Only universities can for the development of universities in the country. NUC issue degrees, though non-university institutions may advises the government on the creation of public universities operate degree programs in partnership with a university. and processes applications for the establishment of private For example, the Tai Solarin College of Education had universities. Its website (www.nuc.edu.ng) provides an an affiliation agreement with the University of Ibadan to updated list of 104 federal, state and private universities. offer the Bachelor of Education program before the former Educational programs in some specialized and professional institution was upgraded to Tai Solarin University of areas are under the purview of relevant professional Education in January 2005. associations, which provide information about accredited The transcript usually lists courses completed, units institutions and programs. Examples include the Council or credits of each course, marks obtained, GPA for for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria, Medical and each academic session and CGPA, along with grading Dental Council of Nigeria, Nursing and Midwifery Council information. Duration of study is shorter for students who of Nigeria, Pharmacists Council of Nigeria and Veterinary entered a program by direct entry. For example, a holder Council of Nigeria. of a Higher National Diploma may be able to complete a Document format four-year bachelor’s degree program in the same field in two years. Document format varies by issuing body and time period. Main types of documents include degrees, diplomas and academic transcripts (also known as transcript of academic .47 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

References Print Resources Moja, T. (2000). Nigeria education sector analysis: An analytical synthesis of performance and main issues. Abuja: World Bank.

Nigeria Federal Ministry of Education. (2003). Education sector status report. Abuja: Author.

Nigeria Federal Ministry of Education. (2008). Development of education: National report of Nigeria. Abuja: Author.

Nigeria Federal Ministry of Education. (2009). Roadmap for the Nigerian education sector. Abuja: Author.

Okojie, J. A. (2008, Summer). Licensing, accreditation and quality assurance in Nigerian universities: Achievements and challenges. Paper presented at Council for Higher Education Accreditation 2008 Summer Workshop.

Saint, W., Hartnett, T. A., & Strassner, E. (2003). Higher education in Nigeria: A status report. Higher Education Policy, 16, 259–181.

Teferra, D., & Altbach, P. G. (Eds.). (2003). African higher education: An international reference handbook. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. .48 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Internet Resources Note: URLs referenced in this section were accurate and functional at the time of writing, but since websites and Internet content are subject to change, the ongoing status of URLs cannot be guaranteed.

International websites Australian Education International. (2009). Country education profile: Nigeria. Available from National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition (NOOSR) website, http://aei.dest.gov.au/AEI/QualificationsRecognition/default.htm (Membership required for access.)

Central Intelligence Agency. (2010). The world factbook: Nigeria. Retrieved from www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world- factbook/geos/ni.html

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. (2007). Facts and figures: Immigration overview. Retrieved from www.cic.gc.ca/english/ pdf/pub/facts2007.pdf

Library of Congress Federal Research Division. (2008). Country profile: Nigeria. Retrieved from http://memory.loc.gov/frd/ cs/profiles/Nigeria.pdf

National Qualifications Authority of Ireland, Qualifications Recognition.Education and training system in Nigeria. Retrieved from www.qualificationsrecognition.ie/recognition/int_qual_databse/lithuania/documents/NigeriaCountryprofile.doc

National Recognition Information Centre for the United Kingdom (UK–NARIC). International comparisons: Nigeria. Available from www.naric.org.uk (Membership required for access.)

UNESCO International Bureau of Education. World data on education: Nigeria. Retrieved from www.ibe.unesco.org/ fileadmin/user_upload/archive/Countries/WDE/ 2006/SUB-SAHARAN_AFRICA/Nigeria/Nigeria.htm

United Nations Cartographic Section (www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/english)

United Nations Statistics Division (http://unstats.un.org)

West African Examinations Council. An Address by the Head of Nigeria National Office of the West African Examinations Council, Dr Iyi Uwadiae. Retrieved from www.waecnigeria.org/newsrelease.htm

World Education News & Reviews. Education in Nigeria. Retrieved from www.wes.org/ewenr/04Sept/Practical.htm Nigerian university websites Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria (www.abu.edu.ng)

Babcock University (www.babcockuni.edu.ng)

Bowen University (www.bowenuniversity-edu.org)

Federal University of Technology, Yola (www.futy.edu.ng)

Obafemi Awolowo University (www.oauife.edu.ng)

Tai Solarin University of Education (www.tasuedu.org)

University of Benin (www.uniben.edu)

University of Ibadan (www.uiartsfaculty.net) .49 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

University of Ilorin (www.unilorin.edu.ng)

University of Lagos (www.unilag.edu.ng)

University of Nigeria, Nsukka (www.unn.edu.ng)

Usmanu Danfodiyo University (www.udusok.edu.ng)

Nigerian websites Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (www.corenng.org)

Government of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Education (www.fme.gov.ng)

Government of Nigeria, Federal Ministry of Health (www.fmh.gov.ng)

Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria (www.ican-ngr.org)

Interim Joint Matriculation Board (http://ijmb.org)

Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (www.mdcnigeria.org)

National Board for Technical Education (www.nbte.gov.ng)

National Business and Technical Examinations Board (www.nabtebnigeria.org)

National Commission for Colleges of Education (www.ncceonline.org)

National Examinations Council (www.neconigeria.org)

National Teachers Institute (www.ntinigeria.org)

National Universities Commission (www.nuc.edu.ng)

Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria (www.nmcnigeria.org)

Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (www.pcnng.org)

Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (www.trcn.gov.ng)

Veterinary Council of Nigeria (www.vcng.org)

West African Examinations Council (www.waecnigeria.org) .50 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendices world, evaluation in terms of direct equivalence to specific Canadian credentials is not possible. For this reason IQAS placement recommendations are made in terms of “generally Appendix A—Placement compares to” and not “equivalent to.” Recommendations When evaluating international credentials IQAS considers Placement recommendations provide guidelines for the following: comparing international and Canadian educational • the education system of the country concerned credentials and standards. These recommendations are advisory in nature and indicate the general level of a • the recognition of the awarding institution credential in Canadian terms. • the level, length and structure of the program

Placement recommendations represent benchmark When appropriate, IQAS may: assessments and do not cover all credentials. However, the • consider that comparison to a different level of fact that a credential is not mentioned in the placement education may more accurately reflect the level of the recommendations does not mean it cannot be assessed by international credential in Canadian terms IQAS. International credentials not specifically covered • combine two or more credentials should be referred to IQAS for individual evaluation.

Given the different educational philosophies, objectives and program structures in educational systems around the

Credential Name IQAS Recommendations Senior School Certificate Generally compares to the completion of a high school diploma. National Diploma Generally compares to the completion of a post-secondary diploma. Higher National Diploma Generally compares to the completion of a three-year post-secondary diploma. Bachelor’s Degree (Honours) Generally compares to the completion of a four-year bachelor’s degree. Nigeria Certificate in Education Generally compares to the completion of a post-secondary diploma. Bachelor of Education Generally compares to the completion of a four-year bachelor of education degree. Bachelor of Law(s) (LLB) generally compares to the completion of a first professional university degree in law.

First Degrees - Medicine, Dentistry and bachelor of medicine and bachelor of Surgery (mbbS): generally compares to the completion of a Veterinary Medicine first professional university degree in medicine.

bachelor of dental Surgery (bdS): generally compares to the completion of a first professional university degree in dentistry.

doctor of Veterinary medicine (dVm): generally compares to the completion of a first professional university degree in veterinary medicine.

Postgraduate Diploma Generally compares to the completion of a graduate certificate. Master’s Degree Generally compares to the completion of a master’s degree. Master of Philosophy Generally compares to the completion of a master’s degree. Doctor of Philosophy Generally compares to the completion of a doctor of philosophy (PhD) degree. .51 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix B—Nigerian Universities Name Year Founded Federal Universities Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi 1988 Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 1962 Bayero University, Kano 1975 Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun 2007 Federal University of Technology, Akure 1981 Federal University of Technology, Minna 1982 Federal University of Technology, Owerri 1980 Federal University of Technology, Yola 1988 Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike 1992 National Open University of Nigeria, Lagos 2002 , Kaduna 1985 Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka 1992 Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife 1962 , Gwagwalada 1988 University of Agriculture, Abeokuta 1988 University of Agriculture, Makurdi 1988 University of Benin 1970 1975 University of Ibadan 1948 University of Ilorin 1975 1975 University of Lagos 1962 1975 University of Nigeria, Nsukka 1960 University of Port Harcourt 1975 1991 Usuman Danfodiyo University 1975 State Universities , Uturu 1980 Mubi 2002 Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba 1999 Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, 2009 University of Technology, Uyo 2004 , Ekpoma 1980 University of Science and Technology, Uli 2000 .52 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Name Year Founded Benue State University, Makurdi 1992 Bukar Abba Ibrahim University, Damaturu 2006 University of Science and Technology, Calabar 2004 Delta State University, Abraka 1992 , Abakaliki 2000 of Science and Technology, Ifaki 2009 Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu 1981 , Ugwuomu-Nike, Enugu State 2009 University, Gombe 2004 Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai 2005 University, Owerri 1992 University, Kaduna 2004 Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil 2000 University, Katsina 2006 University, Kebbi 2006 University, Anyigba 1999 , Ilorin 2009 Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso 1990 , Ojo 1983 University, Keffi 2002 , Yenagoa 2000 Nigerian Turkish Nile University, Abuja 2009 Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye 1982 Ondo State University of Science and Technology, 2008 University, Oshogbo 2006 , Bokkos 2005 of Science and Technology, Port Harcourt 1979 , Sokoto 2009 Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode 2005 University, Jalingo 2008 University of Ado-Ekiti 1988 University of Education, Ikere Ekiti 2008 Private Universities Abti-American University, Yola 2003 , Owo 2007 African University of Science and Technology, Abuja 2007 Ajayi Crowther University, Ibadan 2005 Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin 2005 Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo 1999 .53 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Name Year Founded Bells University of Technology, Otta 2005 Benson Idahosa University, Benin City 2002 Bingham University, New Karu 2005 Bowen University, Iwo 2001 , Lagos 2007 , Enugu 2005 CETEP City University, Ibadan 2005 Ota 2002 Igbesa 2005 2005 , Oshogbo 2007 Igbinedion University Okada 1999 Joseph Ayo Babalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji 2006 Katsina University, Katsina 2005 Lead City University, Ibadan 2005 Madonna University, Okija 1999 , Ogume 2005 Obong University, Obong Ntak 2007 , Ipetumodu, Osun State 2009 Pan African University, Lagos 2002 , Awka, Anambra State 2009 Redeemer’s University, Mowe 2005 , Enugu 2005 , Obeama-Asa, Rivers State 2009 Salem University, Lokoja 2007 , Umunya 2007 , Mkar 2005 Veritas University 2007 , Evbuobanosa, Edo State 2009 Wesley University of Science and Technology, Ondo 2007 , Oghara 2007 Wukari Jubilee University 2005

Source: NUC, 2010. .54 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C—Sample Program Structures Appendix C1. Bachelor of Science

Table 26. Bachelor of Science (Biochemistry), Obafemi Awolowo University Entry requirements UME: English, math, physics, chemistry and biology for Senior School Certificate and English, physics, chemistry, and math or biology for UME Direct entry: GCE A Level chemistry and physics, math, or biology may be considered for course exemption Code Course L* T P U Code Course L* T P U Part I Harmattan Semester Rain Semester CHM 101 Introductory Chemistry 3 1 3 5 CHM 102 Introductory Chemistry II 3 1 3 5 Elementary Elementary Mathematics MTH 101 4 1 0 5 MTH 102 4 1 0 5 Mathematics II PHY 101 General Physics I 3 0 0 3 PHY 102 General Physics II 3 0 0 3 Experimental Physics PHY 107 0 0 4 1 PHY 108 Experimental Physics 1B 0 0 4 1 1A

ZOO 103 Experimental Zoology 0 0 3 1

ZOO 101 Introductory Zoology I 2 0 3 3 ZOO 102 Introductory Zoology II 2 0 3 3 SE Special Elective 2 0 0 2 SE Special Elective 2 0 0 2 Subtotal 20 Subtotal 19 Part II Harmattan Semester Rain Semester Form and Function in Cell and Molecular BOT 101 3 0 3 4 BCH 202 2 0 0 2 Biology Basic Inorganic CHM 201 3 1 0 4 Chemistry Basic Physical CHM 203 3 1 0 4 CHM 202 Basic Organic Chemistry 3 1 0 4 Chemistry Experimental Physical/ Experimental Organic CHM 205 0 0 4 1 CHM 206 0 0 4 1 Inorganic Chemistry Chemistry I Mathematical Methods MTH 201 3 1 0 4 MTH 202 Mathematical Methods II 3 1 0 4 I Introductory Modern MCB 201 General Microbiology I 2 0 3 4 PHY 204 3 0 0 3 Physics PHY 208 Experimental Physics IIB 0 0 3 1 SE Special Elective 4 0 0 4 Subtotal 21 Subtotal 19 Part III Harmattan Semester Rain Semester BCH 301 General Biochemistry I 2 0 4 3 BCH 302 General Biochemistry II 2 1 0 3 CHM 302 Chemical Kinetics 1 1 0 2 BCH 306 Functional Biochemistry 2 0 3 3

Note: L, T, P and U stand for lecture, tutorial, practical and units. .55 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course L* T P U Code Course L* T P U Application of CHM 307 Spectroscopic 2 1 0 3 BCH 308 Bioenergetics 1 1 0 2 Methods Experimental Physical Protein Structure and CHM 309 0 0 6 2 BCH 310 2 1 0 3 Chemistry Function Computer Student Industrial Work CSC 201 2 0 3 3 BCH 322 0 0 0 3 Programming I Experience BOT 203 Introductory Genetics 3 0 3 4 CHM 304 Thermodynamics 2 1 1 3 Experimental Organic SE Special Elective 2 0 0 2 CHM 312 0 0 0 2 Chemistry II

Choose at least one from three electives: SE Special Elective 2 0 0 2

FST 305 Introductory Food Microbiology MCB 301 Microbial Genetics and Molecular Biology 3 MCB 303 Immunology and Immunochemistry

Subtotal 22 Subtotal 21 Part IV Harmattan Semester Rain Semester Advanced Cell Biology BCH 401 Enzymology 2 1 0 3 BCH 402 2 1 0 3 and Genetic Engineering

BCH 403 Lipids 2 1 0 3

Physico-Chemical Regulation of Metabolic BCH 405 Methods in 2 1 0 3 BCH 404 2 1 0 3 Processes Biochemistry Nucleic Acids and BCH 407 2 1 0 3 BCH 410 Seminar 0 1 0 1 Protein Synthesis Experimental Experimental BCH 411 0 0 9 3 BCH 412 0 0 9 3 Biochemistry I Biochemistry II BCH 413 Research Project I 0 0 9 3 BCH 414 Research Project II 0 0 9 3 Biochemical Reaction BCH 415 2 0 0 2 Choose at least one from following electives: Mechanisms BCH 406 Metabolism of Drugs and Other Foreign Compounds 2-3 BCH 408 Industrial Biochemistry BCH 416 Microbial and Biochemistry CHM 306 Aromatic and Heterocyclic Chemistry CHM 314 Alicyclic, Bifunctional Aliphatic and Terpenoid Compounds CSC 208 Computer Applications Subtotal 20 Subtotal 15-16 Total 157-158 .56 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C2. Master of Science and Master of Technology

Table 27. Master of Science (Biochemistry), Obafemi Awolowo University Entry requirements: Bachelor’s degree (at least second class lower) in biochemistry or related field such as chemistry, pharmacy, medicine, agriculture, food science or biology. Candidates with non-biochemistry major may be required to take remedial courses. Duration of study: a minimum of 12 months Course Code Course Units Compulsory Courses BCH 600 Advanced Laboratory courses 3 BCH 601 Advanced Intermediary Metabolism 2 BCH 602 Seminar and independent studies 3 Subtotal 8 Selected Courses—Choose at least six units from the following and up to four units from other departments BCH 603 Advances in Protein Chemistry 2 BCH 604 Advances in Enzymology 2 BCH 605 Industrial Biochemistry 2 BCH 606 Advanced Molecular Biology 2 BCH 607 Biochemical Toxicology 2 BCH 608 Biological Membranes 2 BCH 609 Current Topics in Cellular Regulation 2 BCH 610 Immunochemistry 2 BCH 611 Neurochemistry 1 BCH 612 Biochemical Basis of Clinical Chemistry 1 Subtotal 10 BCH 613 Thesis 6 Total 24 .57 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Table 28. Master of Technology (Biochemistry), Federal University of Technology, Yola Entry requirements: BSc or BTech in biochemistry (at least second class lower division or equivalent CGPA). Candidates with first degree in other fields such as agriculture, biology, botany, human medicine, microbiology, veterinary medicine or zoology may be required to take remedial courses. Duration of study: one year full-time Course Code Course Units First Semester BL 701 Research Methodology and Experimental 3 Design in Biological Sciences BC 701 Instrumentation Methods in Biochemistry 4 BC 703 Molecular Genetics 2 BC 705 Introductory Biotechnology 2 BC 707 Advanced Nutritional Biochemistry 2 BC 795 Seminar 2 Choose one of the following electives BC 709 Biophysics of the Cell and its Components 2 BC 711 Applied Physiology 2 Subtotal 17 Second Semester BC 702 Advanced Intermediary Metabolism 4 and Metabolic Control BC 704 Biochemical Toxicology 2 BC 798 Project 6 Choose one of the following electives BC 706 Applied Biochemistry 2 BC 708 Applied Lipid Biochemistry 2 Subtotal 14 Total 31 .58 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C3. Master of Philosophy

Table 29. Master of Philosophy in Crop Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Entry requirements: Master’s degree in the same field with a GPA of less than 4 on a 5-point scale or master’s degree in a related field (“cognate discipline”) with a GPA of 4 or above Program duration: A minimum of 18 months full-time. Students must complete at least 20 units of coursework plus 16 units of dissertation. Code Course Units CRO 801 Statistical Methods and Experimental Design 3 CRO 802 Advanced Research Methods in Crop Science 3 CRO 803 Advanced Crop Physiology 3 CRO 898 Seminar 2 CRO 899 Dissertation 16 Electives CRO 804 Advanced Field Crop Production I: Cereals, Legumes and Oilseeds 2 CRO 805 Advanced Field Crop Production II: Roots, Tubers and Fibre Crops 2 CRO 806 Advanced Seed Production Technology 3 CRO 807 Advanced Horticultural Crop Production I: Fruits and Vegetables 2 CRO 808 Advanced Horticultural Crop Production II: Ornamentals and Landscaping 2 CRO 809 Advanced Irrigated Crop Production 3 CRO 810 Plant Genetics and Breeding 3 CRO 811 Integrated Weed Management 3 CRO 812 Herbicide Interactions 3 CRO 813 Systematics and Biology of Insects 3 CRO 814 Advanced Pest Management 3 CRO 815 Physiology of Insects and Related Arthropods 3 CRO 816 Physiology of Host-Pathogen Interactions 3 CRO 817 Diseases of Tropical Crops 3 CRO 818 Taxonomy, Systematics, Principles and Methods in Nematology 3 .59 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C4. Bachelor of Agriculture

Table 30. Bachelor of Agriculture in Animal Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Course Number Course Name Credits Program duration: 5 years for UME mode of entry, 4 years for direct entry with National Diploma or National Certificate in Education, or 3 years for direct entry with Higher National Diploma. The practical year of 12 months duration is compulsory for all students except those admitted by direct entry with HND. First Year, First Semester Required Chm 101 Basic Principles of Chemistry I 2 Ancillary AG 101 Biomathematics 2 Courses Mth 111 Elementary Mathematics 3 Bio 151 General Biology I 3 Chm 171 Basic Practical Chemistry 2 General GS 101 Use of English I 2 Courses GS 103 Social Science I 2 Subtotal 16 First Year, Second Semester Required AG 102 Agric. Physics 4 Ancillary Chm 112 Basic Principles of Physical Chemistry 2 Courses Chm 122 Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry 2 Bio 152 General Biology II 3 Bio 153 General Biology (Practical) 2 General GS 102 Use of English II 2 Courses GS 104 Social Science II 2 Subtotal 17 Second Year, First Semester Required AG 201 General Agriculture 3 Ancillary HSN 201 Introduction to Home Science, Nutrition and Dietetics 2 Courses CSC 211 Principle of Forestry 2 SSC 211 Principles of Soil Science 2 CSC 221 Crop Anatomy, Taxonomy and Physiology 2 ANS 241 Nutrition Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals 2 CS 101 Introduction to Computer 2 General Course GS 207 Humanities I 2 Subtotal 17 .60 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Course Number Course Name Credits Second Year, Second Semester Required FST 102 Introduction to Food Science and Technology 2 Ancillary AEC 204 Principles of Agricultural Economics 4 Courses AEC 212 Entrepreneurship I 2 CSC 222 Principles of Crop Production 2 ANS 222 Introduction to Agricultural Biochemistry 2 SSC 242 Climatology and Biogeography 2 ANS 272 Fisheries and Wild Life Management 2 ANS 274 Principles of Animal Production 2 General Course GS 208 Humanities II 2 Subtotal 20 Third Year, First Semester Major Courses AEX 311 Introduction to Agricultural Extension and Rural 2 AEX 313 Psychology for Extensionists 2 AEX 315 Agrarian Laws and Reforms 2 Required AEC 301 Basic Farm Management and Production Economics 3 Ancillary CSC 321 Arable Crop Production 2 Courses SSC 321 Pedology 2 CSC 331 Principles of Crop Protection 2 ANS 371 Non-Ruminant Animal Production 2 General Course CS 201 Computer Programming I 2 Subtotal 19 Third Year, Second Semester Major Course AEX 312 Extension Teaching Methods 2 Required AG 301 Agricultural Biochemistry and Methods 2 Ancillary ABE 306 Introduction to Agricultural Engineering 2 Courses AEC 312 Entrepreneurship II 2 CSC 22 Crop Genetics and Breeding 2 ANS 322 Agricultural Biochemistry and Methods 2 ANS 332 Animal Genetics and Breeding 2 CSC 342 Permanent Crop Production 2 SSC 362 Soil Chemistry and Microbiology 2 ANS 372 Ruminant Animal Production 2 Subtotal 20 .61 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Course Number Course Name Credits Fourth Year, First Semester Required CSC 421 Crop Production Techniques (Permanent, Arable, Horticultural, etc.) 4 Ancillary SSC 431 Farm Design, Survey and Land Use Planning 2 Courses ANS 471 Animal Husbandry Techniques (Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Poultry, Pig and Rabbit) 3 AGR 401 Agricultural Products Storage 2 CSC 431 Crop Protection and Pest Control 2 SSC 441 Irrigation and Drainage 2 Subtotal 15 Fourth Year, Second Semester Major Course AEX 412 Agriculture Extension Practice 2 Required AEC 420 Farm Management and Accounting Practice 2 Ancillary ABE 402 Agricultural Engineering Practical 2 Courses SSC 462 Soil Fertility, Soil and Water Management 2 VMP 433 Animal Health and Management 2 AG 402 Farm Work Project and Report Writing 5 Subtotal 15 Total 139 Fifth Year: Practical Year .62 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C5. Bachelor of Science (Architecture)

Table 31. Bachelor of Science (Honours) Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University Course Code Course Units Entry requirements UME: Senior School Certificate or equivalent with credit-level passes in English, math, physics, and two subjects from fine arts or technical drawing, economics, geography, chemistry, biology and agricultural science, plus UME in math, English and two subjects from physics, chemistry, economics and fine arts. Direct entry to Part II: GCE A Level passes in math, physics and another subject; ND or HND in architecture with upper credit. Candidates must also satisfy the general requirements with respect to Senior School Certificate or equivalent. Part I. Harmattan Semester MTH 101 Elementary Mathematics I 5 PHY 101 General Physics I 4 PHY 107 Experimental Physics IA 1 ARC 101 Introduction to Architecture I 2 ARC 103 Graphic Communication 2 ARC 105 Freehand Drawing I 2 Restricted Elective (choose one) SSC 101 Man and His Social Environment 3 SSC 111 Introduction to Psychology 3 PHL 101 Introduction to Principles of Philosophy I 2 Subtotal 18–19 Part I. Rain Semester MTH 102 Elementary Mathematics II 5 PHY 102 General Physics 4 PHY 108 Experimental Physics IB 1 ARC 102 Introduction to Architecture II 2 ARC 104 Introduction to Architectural Graphics 2 ARC 106 Freehand Drawing II 2 URP 104 Basic Element of Planning 2 Restricted Elective (choose one) PHL 102 Introduction to Principles of Philosophy II 3 SSC 102 Economic Principles and Theory 3 Subtotal 21 Part II. Harmattan Semester ARC 201 Architectural Design Studio I 4 ARC 203 Components and Methods I 2 ARC 205 History of Architecture I 2 ARC 207 Architectural Graphics 2 ARC 211 / Architectural I / 3 BLD 203 Structural Mechanics I ARC 209 Modeling Workshop 1 .63 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Course Code Course Units ESM 203 Land Surveying I 2 CSC 201 Introduction to Computing 3 Special Elective 2 Subtotal 21 Part II. Rain Semester ARC 202 Architectural Design Studio II 4 ARC 204 Components and Methods II 2 ARC 206 History of Architecture II 2 ARC 208 Building Services 2 ARC 212 / Architectural Structures II / 3 BLD 204 Structural Mechanics II ESM 204 Land Surveying II 2 CSC 208 Computer Technology 2 Special Elective 2 Subtotal 19 Part III. Harmattan Semester ARC 301 Architectural Design Studio III 4 ARC 303 Components and Methods III 2 ARC 305 History of Architecture III 2 ARC 307 Architecture and Climate I 2 ARC 311/ Architectural Structures III / BLD 311 Structural Theory and Design I 3

ARC 309 Introduction to Urban Design 2 Special Elective 2 Restricted Elective (choose one) ARC 313 Environmental Psychology I 2 SOC 201 Introduction to Sociology I 3 Subtotal 19–20 Part III. Rain Semester ARC 302 Architectural Design Studio IV 4 ARC 304 Components and Methods IV 2 ARC 306 History of Architecture IV 2 ARC 308 Architecture and Climate II 2 ARC 310 Building Services II 2 ARC 312 / Architectural Structures IV / 3 BLD 314 Structural Theory and Design II Special Elective 2 Restricted Elective (choose one) ARC 314 Environmental Psychology II 2 SOC 202 Introduction to Sociology II 3 Subtotal 19–20 .64 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Course Code Course Units Part IV. Harmattan Semester ARC 401 Architectural Design Studio V 5 ARC 403 Components and Methods V 2 ARC 405 History of Architecture V 2 ARC 407 Landscape Architecture 2 ARC 409 / Architectural Structures V / 3 BLD 421 Design of Concrete Structures QTS 301 Building Economics I 3 Restricted Elective (choose one) ARC 411 Housing and Urban Renewal 2 ARC 413 Facilities Maintenance 2 Subtotal 19 Part IV. Rain Semester ARC 402 Architectural Design Studio IV 5 ARC 404 Components and Methods IV 2 ARC 406 Project Dissertation 3 ARC 408 Interior Design 2 ARC 410 / Architectural Structures VI / 3 BLD 422 Analysis and Design of Steel Structures QTS 306 Building Economics II 3 Restricted Elective (choose one) ARC 412 Housing and Urban Renewal II 2 ARC 414 Facilities Maintenance II 2 Subtotal 20 Total 156–159 .65 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C6. Postgraduate Diploma

Table 32. Postgraduate Diploma in Architectural Conservation, Obafemi Awolowo University Entry requirements: Honours bachelor’s degree in architecture, or honours bachelor’s degree in history, archaeology, sociology or anthropology plus two years work experience in a museum or related institution. Course Code Course Units Harmattan Semester ARC 631 General Concepts of Conservation 3 ARC 633 History of the Nigerian Built Environment 3 ARC 635 Survey and Analysis of Historic Areas 3 ARC 637 Earth Construction Technology and Design 3 ARC 639 Field Studies 4 Subtotal 16 Rain Semester ARC 632 Facilities Maintenance 3 ARC 634 Documentation, Preservation and Re-Use of Traditional Buildings 3 ARC 636 Contemporary Architecture in Nigeria 3 ARC 638 Traditional Building Materials 3 ARC 640 Project or Report 4 Subtotal 16 Total 32 .66 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C7. Bachelor of Engineering

Table 33. Bachelor of Engineering (Chemical Engineering), University of Benin Code Course Credits Entry requirements UME: Senior School Certificate or equivalent with five credit-level passes including English, math, physics, chemistry, plus same subjects in UME Direct entry to four-year program: GCE A Level passes in math, physics and chemistry; credit-level pass in University of Benin Diploma in Chemical Engineering or Diploma in Computer Engineering; upper credit pass in Ordinary National Diploma in Engineering or Technology or lower credit pass in Higher National Diploma in Engineering or Technology 100 Level, First Semester CHM 111 General Chemistry I 3 CHM 113 Organic Chemistry I 3 MTH 111 Algebra and Trigonometry 3 MTH 112 Calculus and Real Analysis 3 PHY 109 Practical Physics 1 PHY 111 Mechanics, Thermal Physics and Properties of Matter 3 PHY 113 Vibrations, Waves and Optics 3 GST 111 Use of English I 2 GST 112 Philosophy and Logic 2 Subtotal 23 100 Level, Second Semester CHM 122 General Chemistry II 3 CHM 124 Organic Chemistry II 3 MTH 122 Vectors, Geometry and Statistics 3 MTH 123 Differential Equations and Dynamics 3 PHY 109 Practical Physics 1 PHY 124 Electromagnetism and Modern Physics 4 GST 121 Use of English II 2 GST 122 Nigerian Peoples and Culture 2 GST 123 History and Philosophy of Science 2 Subtotal 23 200 Level, First Semester ECP 281 Engineering Computer Programming 2 EMA 281 Engineering Mathematics I 2 MEE 211 Engineering Mechanics I 3 MEE 221 Engineering Drawing I 3 EEE 211 Electrical Engineering I 3 CVE 211 Strength of Materials 3 PRE 211 Manufacturing Technology I 2 CHE 211 Chemistry for Engineers I 2 ENS 211 Engineering in Society 2 ELA 201 Laboratory/Workshop Practice I 2 Subtotal 24 .67 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Credits 200 Level, Second Semester EMA 282 Engineering Mathematics II 4 MEE 211 Engineering Mechanics II 3 MEE 222 Engineering Drawing II 3 EEE 212 Electrical Engineering II 3 CHE 222 Material Science 3 CHE 212 Chemistry for Engineers II 2 PRE 212 Manufacturing Technology II 2 ELA 202 Laboratory/Workshop Practice II 2 Subtotal 22 300 Level, First Semester CHE 311 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I 3 CHE 321 Biochemical Engineering I 3 CHE 331 Technical Report Writing and Communication 2 CHE 341 Industrial Process Calculations 3 CHE 351 Polymer Engineering I 3 CHE 361 Fluid Flow for Chemical Engineering 3 EMA 381 Engineering Mathematics III 3 CHE 301 Chemical Engineering Laboratory I 2 Subtotal 22 300 Level, Second Semester CHE 312 Computer Applications in Chemical Engineering I 2 CHE 322 Process Instrumentation and Control 3 CHE 332 Chemical Reaction Engineering I 3 CHE 352 Heat Transfer 3 CHE 362 Mass Transfer 3 CHE 372 Particle Technology 3 EMA 382 Engineering Mathematics IV 4 CHE 302 Chemical Engineering Laboratory II 2 Subtotal 23 400 Level, First Semester CHE 411 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics II 2 CHE 421 Chemical Engineering Analysis I 3 CHE 431 Process Design I 3 CHE 441 Petroleum Refinery Processes 3 CHE 451 Separation Processes I 3 CHE 461 Separation Processes II 3 CHE 471 Chemical Reaction Engineering II 2 .68 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Credits CHE 481 Computer Applications in Chemical Engineering II 2 CHE 401 Chemical Engineering Laboratory III 2 Subtotal 23 400 Level, Second Semester University of Benin Industrial Training Scheme—Six Months Industrial Training 500 Level, First Semester CHE 511 Process Dynamics, Optimization and Control I 2 CHE 521 Chemical Engineering Analysis II 2 CHE 531 Process Design II 3 CHE 541 Separation Processes III 2 CHE 561 Chemical Reaction Engineering III 2 CHE 571 Biochemical Engineering II 3 CHE 581 Industrial Process Technology 3 CHE 591 Polymer Engineering II 3 CHE 500 Project 3 PRE 571 Engineering Economics and Administration 3 Subtotal 26 500 Level, Second Semester CHE 512 Process Dynamics, Optimization and Control II 2 CHE 522 Loss Prevention and Industrial Law 2 CHE 532 Process Design III 3 CHE 542 Corrosion Engineering 3 CHE 552 Reservoir Engineering 2 CHE 562 Chemical Reaction Engineering IV 2 CHE 500 Project 3 PRE 572 Engineering Management 3 Subtotal 20 Total 206 .69 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C8. Bachelor of Laws (LLB)

Table 34. Bachelor of Laws, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Course Group Code Course Code Course Entry requirements UME: Senior School Certificate or equivalent with credit level passes in English and English literature, and UME with passes in English, English literature and two arts or social science subjects excluding local language and fine arts. Students complete 195 credits over five years. Direct entry: GCE A Level, Higher School Certificate, bachelor’s degree, three-year university diploma, NCE, HND. Students complete 159 credits over four years. First Year First Semester Second Semester Compulsory Courses LAW 131 Legal Methods I LAW 132 Legal Methods II LAW 273 Nigerian Legal System I LAW 274 Nigerian Legal System II Required Ancillary Courses PHIL 131 Logic and Philosophic Thought I PHIL 132 Logic and Philosophic Thought II PSY 101 Principles of Psychology I PSY 102 Principles of Psychology II ENGL 104 Introduction to Nigeria ENGL 105 Introduction to Nigeria Literature II Literature I General Study Courses GS 105 Natural Science I GS 106 Natural Science II GS 101 Use of English I GS 102 Use of English II Non-Law Electives ACC 101 Elements of Accounting I ACC 102 Elements of Accounting II PHIL 101 Introduction to Philosophy I PHIL 102 Introduction to Philosophy II MAN 141 Elements of Business MAN 142 Elements of Business Economics II Economics I

Second Year First Semester Second Semester Compulsory Courses LAW 211 Law of Contract I LAW 212 Law of Contract II LAW 271 Constitutional Law I LAW 272 Constitutional Law II LAW 373 Law of Torts I LAW 374 Law of Torts II Law Electives LAW 551 Children, Women, Illiterates and the LAW 552 Children, Women, Illiterates and the Law I Law II LAW 517 Law of Consumer Protection I LAW 518 Law of Consumer Protection II Non-Law Electives MAN 301 Elements of Management ACC 251 Fundamentals of Government Accounting MKT 323 Principles of Public Relations MAN 261 Introduction to Business Third Year First Semester Second Semester Compulsory Courses LAW 311 Commercial Law I LAW 312 Commercial Law II LAW 371 Criminal Law I LAW 372 Criminal Law II LAW 471 Law of Evidence and Procedure I LAW 472 Law of Evidence and Procedure II Required Ancillary Courses CS 101 Introduction to Computer Science CS 314 Application of Computer Science to Legal Studies GS 207 Humanities I GS 208 Humanities II Law Elective (Choose one) LAW 571 Administrative Law I LAW 572 Administrative Law II LAW 511 Banking and Insurance Law I LAW 512 Banking and Insurance Law II LAW 555 Industrial Law I LAW 556 Industrial Law II .70 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Course Group Code Course Code Course Fourth Year First Semester Second Semester Compulsory Courses LAW 461 Equity and Trusts I LAW 462 Equity and Trusts II LAW 463 Land Law I LAW 464 Land Law II Law Electives (Choose two) LAW 533 Criminology I LAW 534 Criminology II LAW 553 Family Law I LAW 554 Family Law II LAW 565 Law of Succession and Administration LAW 566 Law of Succession and Administration of Estate I of Estate II LAW 515 Law of Energy and Natural Resources I LAW 516 Law of Energy and Natural Resources II LAW 513 Arbitration I LAW 514 Arbitration II Non-Law Elective (Choose one) ACC 331 Taxation I ACC 332 Taxation II BF 314 Banking Methods and Process I BF 315 Banking Methods and Process II Fifth Year First Semester Second Semester Compulsory Courses LAW 521 Company and Partnership Law I LAW 522 Company and Partnership Law II LAW 531 Jurisprudence and Legal Theory I LAW 532 Jurisprudence and Legal Theory II LAW 590 Project (long essay) Law Elective (Choose one) LAW 523 Law of Taxation I LAW 524 Law of Taxation II LAW 543 Conflict of Laws I LAW 544 Conflict of Laws II LAW 545 Public International Law I LAW 546 Public International Law II LAW 561 Conveyancing Law I LAW 562 Conveyancing Law II LAW 563 Law of Industrial and Intellectual LAW 564 Law of Industrial and Intellectual Property I Property II LAW 557 Planning and Environmental Law I LAW 558 Planning and Environmental Law II Non-Law Elective (Choose one) ACC 331 Taxation I ACC 332 Taxation II BF 314 Banking Methods and Process I BF 315 Banking Methods and Process II .71 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C9. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery

Table 35. Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, University of Lagos Course Group Course Hours Normal Human Body, Mind and Society Psychology 18 (first and second semester) Medical Sociology 20 Anatomy (including Radiological Anatomy and History) 494 Biochemistry 380 Physiology 494 Unallocated 114 Subtotal 1520 Abnormal Human Body, Mind and Society Morbid Anatomy 264 (third and fourth semester) Clinical Pathology/Hematology and Blood Transfusion 176 Microbiology 284 Pharmacology 292 Clinical Psychology 80 Epidemiology, Environment Health and Occupational Health 180 Statistics 64 Unallocated 100 Subtotal 1440 Clinical Courses Basic Clinical and Therapeutic Skills (2 months) 320 (fifth semester to beginning of eighth semester) Medicine (5 months) 800 Psychiatry (1 month) 160 Surgery (5 months) 800 Obstetrics and Gynecology (3.5 months) 560 Clinical Pediatrics (3 months) 480 Anesthesia (1.5 months) 240 Special Clinical Skills 160 Subtotal 3520 Primary Health Care Maternal/Child/Family Health Care 440 (mid-eighth semester to tenth semester) Principle and Practice of Primary Health Care 360 Health Management, Health Education, Medical Ethics and Jurisprudence 320 Subtotal 1120 Total 7600 .72 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C10. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

Table 36. Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University Code Course Hours Credits Lecture Practical 100 Level, First Semester BIOL 111 Plant Systematics 30 2 BIOL 113 Invertebrates and Vertebrates 30 2 CHEM 111 Introductory General Chemistry 30 2 CHEM 121 Introductory Inorganic Chemistry 30 2 CHEM 191 Introductory Chemistry Practical 45 1 PHYS 131 Heat and Properties of Matter 30 2 PHYS 161 General Physics Practical 45 1 VMPH 101 Veterinary Ethics 15 1 GENS 101 Nationalism 1 GENS 103 English and Communication Skills 2 GENS 107 History and Philosophy of Science 1 Electives MATH 101 Elementary Set Theory 15 1 STAT 101 Introductory Statistics 15 1 COSC 101 Programming in BASIC 30 2 100 Level, Second Semester CHEM 112 Introductory Physical Chemistry 30 2 CHEM 132 Introductory Organic Chemistry 30 2 CHEM 192 Introductory Chemistry Practical II 45 1 BIOL 112 Ecology 30 2 BIOL 114 Introductory Evolution and Genetics 15 45 2 VMSM 102 Animal Handling 15 45 1 GENS 102 Environmental Health 1 Electives STAT 100 Introductory Statistics 30 2 PHYS 122 Electric Magnetism and Modern Physics 30 2 PHYS 134 Geometric and Wave Optics 15 1 PHYS 162 General Physics Practical 45 1 200 Level, First Semester VMAN 201 Embryology 30 45 3 VMAN 203 Gross Anatomy of Ruminants 60 90 6 VMPP 201 Cell Biology 15 45 2 VMSM 201 Animal Handling 45 1 BCHM 261 Chemistry of Macromolecules 30 2 BCHM 247 Introductory Biochemistry Lab 45 1 .73 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Hours Credits Lecture Practical SGRS 201 Moral Philosophy 15 1 GENS 101 Nationalism 1 GENS 103 English and Communication Skills 2 GENS 107 History and Philosophy of Science 1 GENS 201 Moral Philosophy 1 200 Level, Second Semester VMAN 204 Basic Histology 30 45 3 VMAN 202 Comparative Gross Anatomy 30 90 4 VMAN 206 Avian Anatomy 45 1 VMPP 202 Radiation Biology 15 45 2 AERS 212 Rural Society and Crop Botany 30 2 BCHM 262 General Metabolism 30 2 BCHM 248 Introductory Biochemistry Lab 45 1 SGRS 202 Environmental Health 15 1 GENS 102 Environmental Health 1 Electives VMAN 206 Light Microscopy 45 1 COSC 102 Programming in BASIC 30 2 300 Level, First Semester VMAN 301 Systemic Histology 30 45 3 VMPP 301 Veterinary Physiology I 60 45 5 VMPE 301 Introductory Entomology 15 45 2 VMPM 303 Principles of Microbiology 30 45 3 VMPE 303 Veterinary Protozoology 15 45 2 BCHEM 361 General Metabolism II 30 2 BCHM 367 Basic Biochemistry Lab 45 1 ANSC 301 Feeds and Feeding 15 45 2 Elective VMPP 303 General Mammalian Physiology 30 2 300 Level, Second Semester VMPM 302 General Pathology 30 45 3 VMPP 302 Veterinary Physiology II 45 45 4 VMPE 302 Veterinary Helminthology 30 45 3 VMPM 304 Pathogenic Bacteriology 45 90 5 BCHM 362 General Metabolism in Ruminants 30 2 VMPH 300 Computer in Veterinary Epidemiology 45 1 Elective VMPE 306 Principles of Parasitology Diagnosis 45 1 .74 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Hours Credits Lecture Practical 400 Level, First Semester VMPM 401 Clinical Pathology 30 45 3 VMPM 403 Systemic Pathology 45 45 4 VMPM 405 Virology 15 45 2 VMSM 403 Principles of Surgery 15 45 2 VMPP 401 Introductory Pharmacology 30 45 3 ANSC 441 Animal Nutrition 30 45 2 ANSC 446 Pasture Production 15 2 VMPE 403 Veterinary Applied Entomology 15 45 2 Elective VMAN 401 Experimental Chromosomology and Cytology 45 45 2 400 Level, Second Semester VMPM 402 Pathology of Infectious Diseases 45 45 4 VMPP 402 Therapeutics 30 2 VMPM 404 Immunology 15 45 2 VMPP 404 Veterinary Toxicology 30 45 3 VMSM 402 Livestock and Economics 30 2 VMSM 406 Principles of Medicine 45 45 4 VMSM 404 Veterinary Anesthesiology 15 1 VMAN 402 Applied Anatomy 15 1 Elective VMPP 406 Ethnoveterinary Medicine 15 1 500 Level, First Semester VMSM 501 Bacterial Diseases 45 3 VMSM 503 Parasitic Diseases 30 2 VMSM 505 Nutritional and Metabolism Diseases 15 1 VMSM 507 Theriogenology I 30 45 3 VMSM 509 Large Animal Surgery 45 45 4 VMSM 511 Small Animal Medicine 30 2 VMSM 513 Small Animal Soft Tissue Surgery 30 2 VMPH 501 Biostatistics 30 2 VMPM 503 Epidemiology 30 2 Elective VMPM 501 Teratology 30 2 500 Level, Second Semester VMSM 502 Viral Diseases 45 3 VMSM 504 Theriogenology II 30 3 VMSM 506 Small Animal Orthopedic Surgery 30 45 3 .75 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Hours Credits Lecture Practical VMSM 508 Veterinary Radiology 15 45 2 VMSM 510 Small Animal Medicine II 30 45 2 VMPH 502 Preventive Medicine 30 2 VMPH 504 Food Hygiene 45 3 VMPM 502 Avian Diseases and Production 30 45 3 Electives VMPH 506 Animal Disease Surveillance 30 2 VMPM 504 Microbiology in Health and Disease 30 2 600 Level, First Semester VMPH 601 Zoonoses 45 3 VMPM 601 Laboratory Animal Diseases 15 1 VMPP 601 Applied Pharmacology 30 2 VMSM 601 Diseases of Wildlife and Fisheries 15 1 VMSM 605 Large Animal Practice 180 4 VMSM 607 Small Animal Practice 135 3 VMSM 609 Clinical Conference 15 1 VMPM 603 Necropsy and Avian Clinics 45 1 VMPH 605 Public Health Clinics 45 1 VMPE 601 Laboratory Medicine Clinics 45 1 VMPP 600 Research Project 90 4 Electives VMSM 603 Technology in Artificial Insemination 45 1 VMPH 603 Livestock Insurance 15 1 VMAN 601 Clinical Neurology 15 1 600 Level, Second Semester VMPH 602 State Medicine and Jurisprudence 15 1 VMSM 606 Large Animal Practice 225 5 VMSM 608 Small Animal Practice 180 4 VMSM 610 Clinical Conference 15 1 VMPM 604 Necropsy and Avian Clinics 45 1 VMPH 604 Public Health Clinics 45 1 VMPE 602 Laboratory Medicine Clinics 45 1 VMPP 600 Research Project 90 4 VMSM 602 Large Animal Lameness 15 45 2 VMSM 604 Veterinary Practice Management 30 2 Elective VMSM 612 Introduction to Herd Health Management 15 1 .76 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C11. Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science

Table 37. Bachelor of Medical Laboratory Science, Babcock University Code Course Semester 1st 2nd Entry requirements Regular entry: Senior School Certificate or equivalent with credit level passes inE nglish, math, physics, chemistry and biology at no more than two sittings plus the university’s screening test Direct entry: GCE A Level in physics, chemistry and biology, second class honours degree in related disciplines, and so on Program duration is five years (regular entry) or four years (direct entry). 100-Level Courses General Education Courses GEDS 001 Citizenship Orientation Course s/u* – GEDS 011–012 Chapel Seminar IA, IB s/u s/u GEDS 101 Philosophy of Christian Education 2 – GEDS 102 Use of Library 1 – GEDS 111 Computers in Modern Society 2 – GEDS 121 God in Modern Society 2 – GEDS 122 Life and Teachings of Christ – 2 GEDS 131–132 Communication in English I, II 2 2 GEDS 134 Nigerian People in a Global Culture – 2 Cognate Courses PHY 105–106 General Physics I, II 3 3 CHEM 101–102 General Chemistry I, II 3 3 BIO 101–102 General Biology I, II 3 3 MATH 101–102 General Mathematics I, II 3 3 PHSC Physiology I – 3 Subtotal (42 credits) 21 21 200-Level Courses General Education Courses GEDS 021–022 Chapel Seminar IIA, IIB s/u s/u GEDS 202 Family Life Education – 1 GEDS 210 Entrepreneurship 1 – GEDS 211–212 French I, II 2 2 GEDS 221 Introduction to Agriculture 1 – GEDS 220 History and Philosophy of Science – 2 GEDS 225 Citizens and Elements of Government 2 – Core Courses ANAT 201–202 Gross Anatomy I, II 2 2 MBIO 201–202 General Microbiology I, II 3 3 MLSC 202 General Principles of Physiology – 3 BCHM 201–202 Foundations of Biochemistry I, II 3 3

Note: “s/u” represents non-credit courses that are graded “satisfactory” or “unsatisfactory.” .77 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Semester 1st 2nd MLSC 204 Humanities – 2 MLSC 201 Introduction to Medical Laboratory Science 3 – Subtotal (35 credits) 17 18 300-Level Courses General Education Courses GEDS 031–032 Chapel Seminar IIIA, IIIB s/u s/u GEDS 301 Introduction to Christian Beliefs 2 – GEDS 311 Introduction to Psychology 2 – GEDS 312 Introduction to Religious Ethics – 2 Core Courses MLSC 301 Clinical Chemistry 2 – MLSC 303 Hematology 2 – MLSC 305 Medical Microbiology 2 – MLSC 307 Histopathology 2 – MLSC 309 Immunology I 2 – MLSC 302 Laboratory Posting I – 2 MLSC 304 Practical Exercise I – 4 MLSC 306 Fundamentals of Blood Group Serology – 2 MLSC 311 Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology 2 – AGRI 215 Biostatistics – 2 MLSC 310 Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology – 2 MLSC 312 Law (Medical) – 2 Subtotal (32 credits) 16 16 400-Level Courses General Education Courses GEDS 041–042 Chapel Seminar IVA, IVB s/u s/u Core Courses MLSC 401 Laboratory Management and Function 2 – MLSC 403 Hematology II 3 – MLSC 405 Histopathology I 3 – MLSC 407 Microbiology I 2 – MLSC 409 Laboratory Instrumentation and Techniques 4 – MLSC 402 Research Methodology – 2 MLSC 404 Medical Entomology – 1 MLSC 406 Laboratory Posting II – 2 MLSC 408 Biomedical Engineering – 3 MLSC 410 Clinical Chemistry – 3 MLSC 412 Blood Group Serology – 3 .78 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Semester 1st 2nd MLSC 414 Special Topics in Biochemistry – 2 MLSC 413 Professional Ethics in Medical Laboratory Science 2 – MLSC 415 Introduction to Theory and Practice of Entrepreneurship 2 – Subtotal (34 credits) 18 16 500-Level Courses Core Courses MLSC 501 General Laboratory Practice 3 – MLSC 503 Laboratory Posting III 3 – MLSC 502 Practical Exercise II – 3 MLSC 590 Project (in major option) – 6 MLSC 505–506 Seminar I, II 2 2 Choose two of the following major and minor specialty options Option I MLSC 511 Clinical Chemistry II 4 – MLSC 512 Clinical Chemistry III – 4 Option II MLSC 521 Hematology II 2 – MLSC 523 Blood Group Serology 2 – MLSC 522 Hematology III – 2 MLSC 524 Cytogenetics – 2 Option III MLSC 531 Medical Microbiology and Parasitology I 4 – MLSC 532 Medical Microbiology and Parasitology II – 4 Option IV MLSC 541 Histopathology II 4 – MLSC 542 Histopathology III – 4 Option V MLSC 551 Immunology II 4 – MLSC 552 Immunology III – 4 Subtotal (22 credits) 16 19 Total 178 .79 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C12. Bachelor of Nursing Science

Table 38. Bachelor of Nursing Science (BNSc), Babcock University Code Course Semester 1st 2nd 100-Level Courses General Education Requirements GEDS 001 Citizenship Orientation Course s/u* – GEDS 011, 012 Chapel seminar IA, IB s/u s/u GEDS 101 Philosophy of Christian Education 2 – GEDS 141 Use of Library 1 – GEDS 111 God in Modern Society 1 – GEDS 121 Computers in Modern Society 2 – GEDS 122 Life and Teachings of Christ – 2 GEDS 131, 132 Communication in English I, II 2 2 GEDS 134 Nigerian People in a Global Culture – 2 Core Course NRSG 102 Introduction to Professional Nursing – 2 Cognate Courses CHEM 101, 102 General Chemistry I, II 2 2 BIOL 101, 102 General Biology I, II 2 2 MATHS 121 Introductory Mathematics 2 – PHYS 105 General Physics for Health Science 2 – NRSG 103 Anatomy I, II 3 3 NRSG 106 Anatomy Lab – 1 NRSG 108 Histology and Histochemistry – 2 Subtotal (37 credits) 19 18 Pre-200 Level Course (Summer) NRSG 100 Clinical Nursing Practice I 8 weeks (2 units) 200-Level Courses General Education Requirements GEDS 021, 022 Chapel Seminar IIA, IIB s/u s/u GEDS 211, 212 French I, II 2 2 GEDS 202 Family Life Education – 1 GEDS 221 Introduction to Agriculture 1 – GEDS 225 Citizenship and Elements of Government 2 – GEDS 232 Philosophy and Logic – 2 GEDS 210 Entrepreneurship 1 1 GEDS 222 History and Philosophy of Science – 2

Note: “s/u” represents non-credit courses that are graded “satisfactory” or “unsatisfactory”. .80 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Semester 1st 2nd Core Courses NRSG 201, 202 Foundations of Nursing I, II 3 3 NRSG 205, 206 Physiology I, II 3 3 NRSG 207 Developmental Psychology 2 – BCHM 203, 204 Biochemistry for Nursing I, II 2 2 NRSG 209 Introduction to Medical Informatics 1 – NRSG 210 Bio-Statistics – 2 NRSG 211 Diet in Health and Diseases 2 – Cognate Courses PLSC 214 Group Dynamic/Process – 1 PHSC 202 Epidemiology – 3 Subtotal (41 credits) 19 22 Pre-300 Level Course (Summer) NRSG 200 Clinical Nursing Practice II 8 Weeks (2 Units) 300-Level Courses General Education Requirements GEDS 031 Chapel Seminar IIIA, IIIB s/u s/u GEDS 301 Bible Doctrine 2 – GEDS 311 Introduction to Psychology 2 – Core Courses NRSG 301, 302 Pharmacology and Therapeutics, I, II 2 2 NRSG 303 Family Health and Human Reproductive Health 2 – NRSG 304, 305 Medical–Surgical Nursing I, II 5 5 NRSG 306 Community Health Nursing I – 3 NRSG 307 Research Methods 3 – NRSG 310 Basic Hematology – 2 Cognate Courses PHSC 305 Environmental Health – 2 PHSC 312 Nutrition 2 – PHSC 314 Occupational Health – 2 PHSC 403 Health Sociology and Anthropology 2 – NRSG 308 Biostatics – 2 Subtotal (38 credits) 20 18 Pre-400 Level Course (Summer) NRSG 300 Clinical Nursing Practice III 8 Weeks (2 Units) 400-Level Courses General Education Requirements GEDS 041, 042 Chapel Seminar IVA, IVB s/u s/u .81 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Semester 1st 2nd Core Courses NRSG 401, 402 Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing I, II 3 3 NRSG 403, 404 Maternal and Child Health Nursing I, II 5 5 NRSG 405, 406 Medical Surgical Nursing III, IV 5 5 NRSG 407 Community Health Nursing II 2 – NRSG 408 Management of Health and Nursing Care Services – 2 NRSG 410 Principles of Teaching and Curriculum Development – 2 NRSG 411 Seminar in Clinical Nursing 1 – NRSG 413 Medical Microbiology and Parasitology 2 – Subtotal (35 credits) 18 17 Pre-500 Level Course (Summer) NRSG 400 Clinical Nursing Practice IV 8 Weeks (3 Units) 500-Level Courses General Education Requirements GEDS 051, 052 Chapel Seminar VA, VB s/u s/u Core Courses NRSG 501, 502 Maternal and Child Health Nursing III, IV 3 3 NRSG 503, 504 Community Health Nursing III, IV 2 2 NRSG 505 Contemporary Issues in Nursing 1 – NRSG 506 Seminar in Clinical Nursing – 1 NRSG 507 Research Project I (Nursing) 3 – NRSG 508 Research Project II (Midwifery) – 3 Electives (one per semester) NRSG 510, 511 Pediatric Nursing I, II NRSG 512, 513 Otorhinolaryngology I, II NRSG 514, 515 Operating Theatre Nursing I, II NRSG 516, 517 Intensive Care Nursing NRSG 518, 519 Orthopedics Nursing I, II 2 2 NRSG 520, 521 Primary Health Care Nursing I, II NRSG 522, 523 Legal Aspect of Professional Nursing I, II NRSG 524, 525 Dermatology Nursing I, II NRSG 526, 527 Occupational Health Nursing I, II NRSG 528, 529 Ophthalmic Nursing I, II Subtotal (22 credits) 11 11 Total 182 .82 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C13. Bachelor of Pharmacy

Table 39. Bachelor of Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Course Number Course Name Units First Year, First Semester Required MTH 111 General Mathematics I (Algebra and Trigonometry) 3 Ancillary MTH 112 General Mathematics II (Calculus) 3 Courses PHY 101 General Physics for Life Sciences 2 PHY 191 Practical Physics 2 CHEM 101 Basic Principles of Chemistry I 2 CHEM 171 Basic Practical Chemistry 2 BIO 151 General Biology I 3 General GS 101 Use of English I 2 Courses GS 103 Social Science I 2 Subtotal 21 First Year, Second Semester Required PHY 102 General Physics for Life Sciences II 2 Ancillary PHY 103 General Physics for Life Sciences III 2 Courses CHEM 111 Basic Principles of Chemistry II 2 CHEM 121 Basic Principles of Chemistry III 2 BIO 152 General Biology II 3 BIO 153 Practical General Biology 2 General GS 102 Use of English II 2 Courses GS 104 Social Science II 2 Subtotal 17 Second Year, First Semester Major Courses PHM 211 Introduction to Unit Operations 2 PHM 213 Practical Unit Operations 1 PHM 223 Basic Pharmaceutical Microbiology 2 PHM 225 Practical Basic Pharmaceutical Microbiology 1 PHM 231 Pharmaceutical Chemistry I 3 PHM 233 Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry I 1 PHM 241 Pharmacognosy IA 2 PHM 251 Human Physiology IA 2 PHM 255 Basic Pharmaceutical Biochemistry 2 PHM 257 Practical Basic Pharmaceutical Biochemistry 1 General Course GS 207 Humanities I 2 Subtotal 19 .83 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Course Number Course Name Units Second Year, Second Semester Major Courses PHM 202 Pharmaceutical Calculations 2 PHM 222 Pharmaceutics I (Dispensing) 3 PHM 224 Practical Pharmaceutics I 1 PHM 242 Practical Pharmacognosy IA 1 PHM 244 Pharmacognosy IB 2 PHM 252 Practical Human Physiology 1 PHM 254 Human Physiology IB 2 PHM 256 Applied Pharmaceutical Biochemistry 3 PHM 282 Introduction to Pharmacy Practice 1 PHM 284 Anatomy and Histology 2 PHM 286 Practical Anatomy and Histology 1 General Course GS 208 Humanities II 2 Subtotal 21 Third Year, First Semester Major Courses PHM 311 Pharmaceutical Technology II 3 PHM 313 Practical Pharmaceutical Technology 1 PHM 331 Pharmaceutical Chemistry IIA 3 PHM 341 Pharmacognosy II 3 PHM 343 Practical Pharmacognosy II 1 PHM 351 Pharmacology IIA 2 PHM 353 Practical Pharmacology IIA 1 PHM 361 Pharmacy Administration (Economics) 2 Required STA 202 Statistics for Biological Sciences 2 Ancillary CS 101 Introduction to Computer Science 2 Courses Subtotal 20 Third Year, Second Semester Major Courses PHM 332 Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry II 1 PHM 334 Pharmaceutical Chemistry IIB 3 PHM 344 Phytoevaluation 2 PHM 346 Practical Phytoevaluation 1 PHM 354 Pharmacology IIB 2 PHM 356 Practical Pharmacology IIB 1 PHM 362 Pharmacy Administration (Management) 3 PHM 382 Biopharmaceutics 3 Required STA 205 Statistics for Biological Sciences 2 Ancillary CS 304 Applications of Computer to Pharmacy 2 Courses Subtotal 20 .84 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Course Number Course Name Units Fourth Year, First Semester Major Courses PHM 421 Pharmaceutics III 4 PHM 423 Practical Pharmaceutics III 2 PHM 431 Pharmaceutical Chemistry IIIA 2 PHM 435 Pharmaceutical Analysis 2 PHM 437 Practical Pharmaceutical Analysis 1 PHM 441 Phytomedicinal Analysis 2 PHM 443 Practical Phytomedicinal Analysis 1 PHM 451 Pharmacology IIIA 2 PHM 453 Practical Pharmacology IIIA 1 PHM 481 Pathology for Pharmacy Students 3 Subtotal 20 Fourth Year, Second Semester Major Courses PHM 412 Pharmaceutical Technology III 3 PHM 414 Practical Pharmaceutical Technology III 1 PHM 416 Cosmetic Science and Technology 2 PHM 424 Advanced Practical Dispensing 1 PHM 432 Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry III 1 PHM 434 Pharmaceutical Chemistry IIIB 2 PHM 454 Pharmacology IIIB 2 PHM 472 Forensic Pharmacy 2 PHM 484 Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy 2 PHM 486 Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2 Subtotal 18 Fifth Year, First Semester Major PHM 521 Pharmaceutics IV 3 Courses PHM 531 Pharmaceutical Chemistry IV 3 PHM 533 Pharmaceutical Analysis II 2 PHM 541 Phytochemistry and Environmental Medicines 2 PHM 551 Pharmacology IV 4 PHM 581 Pharmacotherapeutics 4 Subtotal 18 Fifth Year, Second Semester Major Courses PHM 512 Industrial Pharmacy and Process Validation 4 PHM 582 Clinical Clerkship 5 PHM 584 Literature Evaluation and Drug Information 2 PHM 592 Project 5 Subtotal 16 Total 190 .85 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C14. National Technical Certificate and Advanced National Technical Certificate

Table 40. National Technical Certificate (NTC) in Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work, National Board for Technical Education Course Course Name Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Hours Number Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 T P T P T P T P T P T P T P T P T P Entry requirement: Completion of junior secondary education or equivalent, or Trade Test Certificate CAM12–15 Mathematics 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 216 CEN11–17 English 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 288 CPH10–12 Physics 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 288 CCH10–12 Chemistry 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 288 CEC11–13 Economics 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 216 CMB11 Entrepreneurship 2 48 ICT11–15 Computer Studies 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 180 CTD11–13 Drawings 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 264 CTD14 Electrical/Electronics 1 2 1 4 96 Drawing CME11 General Metal Work I 1 3 1 3 1 3 144 CEI11 Basic Electricity 2 1 1 2 72 CEI12 Domestic 3 2 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 276 Installation CEI13 Industrial Installation 3 2 1 2 1 4 2 3 1 4 1 4 336 CEI14 Cable Jointing 1 1 2 2 3 1 4 4 216 CEI15 Battery Charging 1 2 3 2 1 4 1 168 CEI16 Winding of Electrical 2 3 1 4 3 4 1 4 264 Machines CEI17 Solid State Devices 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 180 and Circuits Total 3540

* Note: T and P stand for theory and practical. .86 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Table 41. Advanced National Technical Certificate (ANTC) in Electrical Installation and Maintenance Work, National Board for Technical Education Entry requirement: National Technical Certificate plus a minimum of two years of post-qualification cognate industrial experience Code Subject Term 1 Term 2 Term 3 Hours T P T P T P CMA21–22 Mathematics 3 3 2 96 CEN21–22 English 1 1 1 36 CEC21–23 Economics 2 2 2 72 CBM21 Entrepreneurship 2 2 2 72 ICT21–22 Auto CAD 1 and 2 1 2 1 2 72 CEI2 Advanced Industrial Installation 3 7 3 7 3 7 360 CEI22 Advanced Winding 1 5 1 5 1 5 216 Total 924

Source: NBTE, 2001. * Note: T and P stand for theory and practical. .87 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C15. National Diploma and Higher National Diploma

Table 42. National Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology, National Board for Technical Education Code Course L T P Credit Units Entry requirement: Senior School Certificate or equivalent with credit level passes in math, physics, a science subject (such as chemistry, biology or agricultural science) and one other subject, and an ordinary pass in English. Year One, Semester One SUG 101 Basic Principles in Surveying I 1 0 3 2 MEC 101 Technical Drawing 1 0 3 2 CEC 101 Structural Mechanics 1 1 0 2 CEC 103 Workshop Technology I 0 0 4 1 CEC 105 Civil Engineering Construction I 2 0 2 3 MTH 112 Algebra and Elementary Trigonometry 2 0 0 2 CEC 107 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 1 0 2 2 STA 111 Introduction to Statistics 2 0 0 2 GNS 101 Use of English I 2 0 0 2 GNS 111 Citizenship Education I 2 0 0 2 GNS 221 Physical and Health Education 0 0 1 1 Subtotal 14 1 15 21 Year One, Semester Two SUG 102 Basic Principles in Surveying II 1 0 3 2 MEC 102 Descriptive Geometry 1 0 2 2 CEC 102 Introductory Hydrology 1 0 2 2 CEC 104 Science and Properties of Materials 2 0 3 3 CEC 106 Strength of Materials 2 1 1 3 CEC 108 Engineering Geology and Basic Soil Mechanics 2 0 3 3 CEC 110 Civil Engineering Construction II 2 0 2 3 MTH 211 Calculus 2 0 0 2 GNS 201 Use of English II 2 0 0 2 SDV 210 Entrepreneurship Development I 2 0 1 2 Subtotal 17 1 17 24 Supervised Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES): 4 months Year Two, Semester One SUG 208 Engineering Survey I 2 0 3 3 CEC 201 Hydraulics and Hydrology 2 0 3 3 CEC 203 Workshop Technology II 0 0 4 1 CEC 205 Theory of Structures I 2 1 0 3 CEC 207 Hydrogeology 1 0 1 1 CEC 209 Civil Engineering Drawing I 1 0 3 2 CEC 211 Civil Engineering Construction III 2 0 2 3 MTH 122 Trigonometry and Analytical Geometry 2 0 0 2

*Note: L, T and P stand for lecture, tutorial and practical. .88 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course L T P Credit Units SDV 211 Entrepreneurship Development II 1 0 2 2 ICT 201 Introduction to Computing 2 0 2 3 Subtotal 15 1 20 23 Year Two, Semester Two CEC 202 Water Supply and Sanitary Engineering 2 0 3 3 CEC 204 Introduction to Highway Engineering 2 0 1 2 CEC 206 Introduction to Structural Design 2 0 0 2 CEC 208 Soil Science and Irrigation Engineering 1 0 3 2 CEC 210 Civil Engineering Drawing II 1 0 3 2 CEC 212 Soil Mechanics I 2 0 3 3 CEC 214 Engineering Measurement and Evaluation 2 0 0 2 GIT 201 Elements of Geo-informatics 1 0 3 2 ICT 102 Introduction to Programming Using Q-Basic 2 0 2 3 CEC 216 Technical Report Writing 1 0 1 1 CEC 242 Construction Management 2 0 0 2 Subtotal 18 0 19 24 Total 64 3 71 92

Table 43. Higher National Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology, National Board for Technical Education Code Course L T P Credit Units Entry requirement: National Diploma in Civil Engineering Technology with at least lower credit pass and one year of post-ND cognate work experience in civil engineering including three months of certified computer training Year One, Semester One SUG 306 Engineering Survey II 1 0 3 2 CEC 301 Hydraulics 1 0 3 2 CEC 303 Concrete Technology 1 0 3 2 CEC 305 Theory of Structures II 2 1 0 3 CEC 307 Soil Mechanics II 1 1 3 3 CEC 309 Construction Technology 2 0 0 2 CEC 311 Civil Engineering Quantities and Specifications 2 0 0 2 MTH 311 Advanced Algebra 2 0 0 2 CEC 313 Engineer in Society 2 0 0 2 CEC 315 Computer Aided Design Drafting in Civil Engineering 0 0 3 1 Subtotal 14 2 15 21 Year One, Semester Two CEC 302 Hydrology and Hydrogeology 1 0 2 2 CEC 304 Water and Waste Water Engineering I 2 0 3 3

*Note: L, T and P stand for lecture, tutorial and practical. .89 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course L T P Credit Units CEC 306 Design of Structural Elements 1 1 2 3 CEC 308 Foundation Engineering 1 1 3 3 CEC 310 Advanced Construction Technology 2 0 0 2 CEC 312 Computer Aided Design and Drafting 0 0 3 1 CEC 314 Transportation Engineering 2 0 2 3 GNS 413 Industrial Management 2 0 0 2 GIT 203 Database Creating and Usage in Geo-Informatics 1 0 3 2 Subtotal 12 2 18 21 Year Two, Semester One CEC 401 Project and Research Methods 1 0 5 2 CEC 403 Statistical Methods in Engineering 2 1 0 3 CEC 405 Advanced Reinforced and Pre-stressed Concrete Design 1 0 3 2 CEC 407 Foundation Design 2 1 1 3 CEC 409 Design in Structural Steel and Timber 1 0 3 2 CEC 411 Traffic Engineering 2 0 0 2 CEC 413 Highway Engineering 2 0 2 3 CEC 417 Environmental Engineering and Pollution Control 2 0 3 3 CEC 421 Hydraulics Structures 2 1 0 3 Subtotal 15 3 17 23 Year Two, Semester Two CEC 402 Project 0 2 6 4 CEC 428 Engineering Management 2 0 0 2 CEC 412 Alternative Transportation System 2 1 0 3 CEC 414 Infrastructure Planning and Management 2 0 0 2 CEC 424 Irrigation and Drainage 2 0 2 3 CEC 426 Water and Waste Water Engineering II 2 0 0 2 Electives (choose one) CEC 406 Matrix and Energy Methods in Structures 2 0 1 2 CEC 410 Geotechnical Engineering 2 0 1 2 CEC 422 Water Resources Management 2 0 1 2 CEC 416 Transportation Planning 2 0 1 2 Subtotal 12 3 9 18 Total 53 10 59 83

Source: NBTE, 2001. .90 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix C16. Bachelor of Education

Table 44. Bachelor of Education (Early Childhood Education), Tai Solarin University of Education Code Course Units Entry requirements UME: Five O Level credits at one sitting or six O Level credits at two sittings; subjects must include English language Direct entry: two A Level passes or NCE with credits in primary education and a teaching subject First Year, First Semester EDU 111 Historical Foundation of Education 3 GNS 111 Introduction to Logic and Philosophy 3 VOS 11X Select from a list of 100-level vocational subjects 1 CED 111 Methods of Teaching Physical and Health Education 3 CED 114 Methods of Teaching Language, Reading and Writing Skills for Children 3 3 teaching subjects of 3 units each 9 Subtotal 22 First Year, Second Semester EDU 121 Sociological and Philosophical Foundations of Education 3 GNS 121 History and Philosophy of Science 3 ENT 121 General Management and Human Resources 3 CED 122 Introduction to Pre-Science and Teaching Methods 3 CED 123 Pre-Primary Mathematics and Methods 3 3 teaching subjects of 3 units each 9 Subtotal 24 Second Year, First Semester EDU 211 Psychological Foundation of Education 3 GNS 212 Use of English 3 GNS 213 Nigerian Culture and Citizenship Education 3 VOS 21X Select from a list of 200-level vocational subjects 1 CED 211 Facilitating Creativity in Children 3 CED 212 Social Studies Methodology 3 4 teaching subjects of 3 units each 12 Subtotal 28 Second Year, Second Semester EDU 221 Principles of Curriculum Studies: Development and Implementation 3 EDU 222 Test and Measurement 3 GNS 221 Introduction to Computer and Application 3 GNS 222 Land Use and General Agriculture 3 ENT 221 Entrepreneurship and Business Management 3 CED 222 Religious / Moral Education for Pre-Primary Pupils 3 CED 223 Primary Agricultural Sciences 3 3 teaching subjects of 3 units each 9 Subtotal 30 .91 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Code Course Units Third Year, First Semester VOS 31X Select from a list of 300-level vocational subjects 1 CED 311 Introduction to the Philosophy of Childhood Education 3 CED 312 Origin and Development of Childhood Education 3 CED 313 Early Childhood Teaching Methods (Pre-School Learning Styles) 3 6 teaching subjects of 3 units each 18 Student Industrial Work Experience (if applicable) 6 Subtotal 28–34 Third Year, Second Semester EDU 321 Educational Technology and Micro-Teaching 3 EDU 322 Special Education 3 EDU 323 Principles and Techniques of Teaching and the Teaching Profession 3 ENT 321 Accounting for Business Management 3 CED 321 Early Childhood and Childhood Psychology 3 CED 322 Pre-Primary and Primary Education Curriculum and Development 3 CED 323 Classroom Observation 3 CED 324 Research Method in Childhood Education 3 EDU 321 Educational Technology and Micro-Teaching 3 EDU 322 Special Education 3 2 teaching subjects of 3 units each 6 Subtotal 36 Fourth Year, First Semester EDU 418 Teaching Practice 6 EDU 429 Project 6 Subtotal 12 Fourth Year, Second Semester EDU 421 School Administration and Management 3 EDU 422 Elements of Guidance and Counselling 3 ENT 411 Investment Marketing and Purchasing Management 3 VOS 42X Select from a list of 400-level vocational subjects 1 CED 421 Early Childhood Education Projects in Nigeria and Other Countries 3 CED 422 Teaching Methods I 3 CED 423 Planning, Organization and Financing of Childhood Education Program 3 2 courses in teaching subjects at 3 units each 6 Subtotal 25 Total 205 –211 .92 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Table 45. Postgraduate Diploma in Education, Obafemi Awolowo University Code Course Credits Entry requirement: bachelor’s degree Harmattan Semester EDU 601 Educational Psychology, Learning and Information Processes 3 EDU 603 Principle and Practice of Education 3 EDU 605 Measurement and Evaluation in Education 3 EDU 607 History of Nigerian Education 3 EDU 609 Educational Technology 3 EDU 611 Methods Courses 2 EDU 613 Introduction to Educational Management 3 Subtotal 20 Rain Semester EDU 602 Philosophy of Education 2 EDU 604 Introduction to Guidance and Counseling 2 EDU 606 Sociology of Education 2 EDU 608 Introduction to Educational Research 3 EDU 610 Introduction to Computer Education 2 EDU 612 Teaching Practicum 3 EDU 614 Supervised Long Essay 4 Subtotal 18 Total 38 .93 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D—Sample Documents Appendix D1. West African School Certificate .94 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D2. West African GCE O and A Levels

West African GCE O Levels .95 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

West African GCE A Levels .96 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D3. West African Senior School Certificate .97 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D4. NECO Senior School Certificate .98 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D5. Nursing Registration and Transcript

Nursing registration .99 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Nursing transcript .100 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D6. Midwifery Certificate and Transcript

Midwifery certificate .101 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Midwifery transcript .102 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D7. National Diploma and Higher National Diploma and Transcripts

National Diploma .103 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Higher National Diploma .104 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

National Diploma and Higher National Diploma transcript .105 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .106 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .107 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .108 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D8. Bachelor of Science Degree Certificate and Transcript

Bachelor of Science degree .109 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Bachelor of Science transcript .110 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .111 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D9. Postgraduate Diploma, Examination Result and Transcript

Postgraduate diploma .112 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Postgraduate examination result .113 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Postgraduate diploma transcript .114 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Appendix D10. Master of Science Degree Certificate and Transcript

Master of Science degree certificate .115 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

Master of Science transcript .116 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .117 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria .118 INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION GUIDE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF EDUCATION FROM THE Federal Republic of Nigeria

© 2011 the Crown in right of the Province of Alberta Government of Alberta, International Qualifications Assessment Service (IQAS) ISBN 978-0-7785-5892-7

PRINTED IN CANADA • APRIL 2011 Revised - December 2016