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Human Osteoarchaeological Research on Stress and Lifeways of Bronze Age Populations in North China

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Human Osteoarchaeological Research on Stress and Lifeways of Bronze Age Populations in North China Human Osteoarchaeological Research on Stress and Lifeways of Bronze Age Populations in North China by Hua Zhang M.A., Jilin University, 2006 B.A., Jilin University, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Archaeology Faculty of Environment Hua Zhang 2016 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2016 Approval Name: Hua Zhang Degree: Doctor of Philosophy (Archaeology) Title: Human Osteoarchaeological Research on Stress and Lifeways of Bronze Age Populations in North China Examining Committee: Chair: Dana Lepofsky Professor Dongya Yang Senior Supervisor Professor Deborah Merrett Supervisor Adjunct Professor Hugo Cardoso Internal Examiner Assistant Professor D. Ann Herring External Examiner Professor Department of Anthropology McMaster University Date Defended/Approved: May 31, 2016 ii Abstract Integrating three projects, this dissertation focused on the analysis of human skeletal remains to better understand human adaptation and lifeways in Bronze Age North China. During this time, China witnessed dramatic sociocultural changes in the Central Plain caused by urbanization and represented by the large city centre in Anyang, while pre-urbanization lifeways such as nomadic subsistence practice remained unchanged in some parts of Northeast China. Human skeletal remains, often well-preserved in North China, provide unique opportunities to examine osteological evidence to evaluate human responses to these sociocultural changes. The first project analysed oral health indicators (caries, abscesses, AMTL, and pulp chamber exposure) in three Late Bronze Age (ca. 3000 – 2000 B.P.) skeletal populations (n=187) from the Central Plain and Northeast China. The results clearly showed that deteriorated oral health was observed in agriculture-based subsistence. The second project assessed impacts of early urbanization on 347 commoners of the Late Shang (ca. 3250 – 3046 B.P.) in Anyang. High frequencies were observed in all the commoners for enamel hypoplasia but significantly different frequencies were found between groups or sexes for cribra orbitalia or osteoperiostitis respectively, indicating overall high levels of stress, likely derived from early urbanization and different stress responses by different groups and sexes. The last project evaluated the prevalence of osteoarthritis in 193 adult remains of the Late Shang in Anyang (ca. 3250 – 3046 B.P.). The observed pattern showed a clear sex difference of osteoarthritis distribution, suggesting a strong gender division of labour. An extremely high frequency (at 92%) of metatarsal-phalangeal osteoarthritis caused by kneeling (repetitive hyperdorsiflexion of toes) indicated that kneeling was most likely a prescribed cultural component in daily life and activities. This speculation is consistent with the observation that kneeling as a symbol appeared in many oracle bone characters of the time. This dissertation research has provided new regional perspectives for bioarchaeological studies of subsistence practice and social dynamics of the past, and it has also demonstrated when positioned within rich archaeological contexts, human remains can provide unique insight to enhance our ability to study human environment interactions of the past. iii Keywords: human skeletal remains, China, Bronze Age, stress indicators, lifeways iv Dedication For my parents, Wensheng Zhang and Ying Liang, and For my uncle, Wenjun Zhang Because you are always there. v Acknowledgements This dissertation is the result of nearly a decade of academic journey. During this time, I have been very fortunate to have had the support from my supervisory committee, scholars, friends, and family, without whom this research could not have been completed. First, I would like to acknowledge my senior supervisor, Dr. Dongya Yang. I would not have been able to get to this stage without his unfailing guidance, support, and encouragement. I could not have asked for a better supervisor to keep me on track and to help me go through this process. Over the past nine years, his advice, encouragement, and patience continuously inspired me at every stage. I am also deeply grateful to my committee members, Dr. Mark Skinner and Dr. Deborah Merrett, for their continuous support and encouragement during my graduate study at SFU. Before his retirement in 2010, Dr. Skinner had provided me with a great opportunity to be part of his FOG research group to work on forensic cases and other bioarchaeological projects. Dr. Merrett has patiently worked with me offering guidance and advice on many aspects of this dissertation research. The jokes we made during the English proof reading process greatly reduced the stress of writing. It has been a great experience for me to work with both of you. I truly appreciate your encouragement; it has inspired me in my ongoing efforts to explore the ancient health. Special thanks to my examining committee members, Dr. Ann Herring (the external), and Dr. Hugo Cardoso (the internal external), for their critical suggestions in my defence and revision. There are so many people in the Department of Archaeology who deserve my sincere acknowledgements. I have learned so much from Dr. Dana Lepofsky’s research design class. Drs. Catherine D’Andrea, David Burley, Francesco Berna, and Ana Boza are always willing to talk, sharing their experience, and giving encouragement. I also want to give a special thanks to Chris Papaianni, Merrill Farmer, Laura Walker, Shannon Wood, Peter Locher, and Dr. Barbara Winter for their generous kindness, welcoming me to be here like a family. Thanks are also due to my cohort: Drs. Derek Congram, Audrey Scott, Camilla Speller, Ursula Arndt, Chris Springer, and members of the Yang Lab: Antonia Rodrigues, Jason Moore, Krista McGrath, Evan Hardy, Chelsey Armstrong, vi Melissa Roth, Kelly Brown, and Thomas Royle. Thanks to you all for your help and company through the years. It has been my pleasure and honour to be a student of Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University. I treasure my time here because of each of you. I also want to express my special thanks to Dr. Zhichun Jing from UBC, for introducing me to Shang archaeology in Anyang and always being willing to take me to the next stage of research. I would not be here at this time without his encouragement for me to work on human skeletal remains from Anyang. I am continually inspired by his dedication to research and look forward to continuing research together in the future. I am also very grateful to Drs. Jigen Tang, Yuling He, Hongbin Yue, Zhanwei Yue, Liangsheng Cui, Zhongfu Liu, Shishan Niu, and many other staff at Anyang fieldwork station of Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences for their help. Dr. Jigen Tang wrote a reference letter for me when I applied for SFU doctoral program. Thanks for believing in me. Although it has been a long journey for me to be able to get here, I hope I didn’t let you down. Drs. Hongbin Yue, Yuling He, and Zhanwei Yue took me to the excavations and trained me with great patience in the field. I am extremely lucky to be able to work with these enthusiastic archaeologists and to learn from their specialties. Your passion made me fall in love with Shang Archaeology. Many thanks to Prof. Jing Yuan, Prof. Shi Feng, Prof. Jun Zhang, and Prof. Minghui Wang from Institute of archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, for their constructive discussions on the projects in this dissertation. I would also like to thank my MA supervisor Prof. Hong Zhu for encouraging me to pursue bioarchaeology when I was at Jilin University and for his continuing support throughout this work. I extend thanks to everyone in Prof. Zhu’s lab, especially Drs. Dong Wei, Qi Fang, Xin Zhao, Quanchao Zhang, Xiaoming Xiao, and Zhang Xu; as well as Ying Nie, Zhongzhi Nie. Thanks for answering my numerous requests. You have contributed to my research much more than you may have realized. Special thanks also due to Prof. Lixin Wang and Prof. Quanjia Chen for allowing me to access the archaeological material from their collection. Furthermore, I would especially like to thank Prof. Yiping Li, who is like an auntie taking care of me for almost twenty years. vii I also want to express my gratitude to Dr. Xiaolin Ma from Henan Provincial Administration of Cultural Heritage for providing me the opportunity to work on some human remains curated in Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. Other individuals at the Henan Provincial Institute that I want to thank for their help include Dr. Lei Sun. I must add further thanks to Malaika educators at SFU Childcare Centre: Sadaf Soheilsayar, Amber Lea Valli, Sandy Hon, and Kalinda Napper, for taking care of Jonathan with love and patience. I truly appreciate it. This dissertation would not be accomplished without your help. In my hometown, I am indebted to my friends: Weixin Ma, Xia Yun, Na Yang, Weihua Hu for making my life joyful and meaningful. Thanks for witnessing my life. I am genuinely grateful to my dear friends here in Canada: Daohong Zhu, Kevin Relkoff, Denise Fong, Yongen Fu, Qingkang Song, Xiaoguang Yang, Weixuan Luo, Millie Huang, Lynn Huang, Jean Wang, Anni Zhai, Alice Lin, Peter Xie; and Dr. Hiroki Kikuchi from Japan, who have supported, put up with me, and kept me real through good and bad days. I also want to thank my friend Ziyi Li from University of Southampton, United Kingdom, for her wonderful drawings of skeletons. Finally, I want to acknowledge my family for giving me full support for my dreams to study abroad. Thank for your unwavering belief in me. My husband Meng Ying has been the greatest supporter over the past two years as I dedicated much of my time to my dissertation. My son Jonathan Ying, the sweetest, never fails to make me smile. Without your support and love I would never be able to stand here. This dissertation research was supported in part by Graduate Fellowships from Simon Fraser University, Doctoral Fellowship from Henry Luce Foundation, and the research grants from Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Dr.
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