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Home , Centaurus A, HD 213429, Leo A, M81 Group, NGC 1097, NGC 1275

Index

Atlases and Catalogues Cluster Catalogue, 396 A Revised Shapley Ames Catalog, 195, 258 X-ray Catalog and Atlas of , 308 Atlas de Galaxias Australes, 339 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, 191, 195, 413 Bright Catalog, 386 Instruments Catalog of Galaxies and Cluster of 2dF (AAT), 453 Galaxies, 416 6dF (AAT), 453 Catalog of Isolated Galaxies (CIG), 23, AAOMEGA (AAT), 456 271, 416, 417, 425 ACIS, 311 Catalog of Isolated Triplets of Galaxies ACS, 56, 143, 484 (CTG), 23 COS, 56, 437 Catalog of Pair Galaxies (CPG), 23, 271, DEIMOS (Keck), 453 411 DIRBE, 58 Catalogue of Isolated Pairs, 460 FIRAS, 58 Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies FLAMES (VLT), 453 and Associations, 196, 233, 459 FMOS (Subaru), 454 Extragalactic Distance Data Base FORCE (VLT), 453 Catalogue, 163 FORS, 32 General Catalogue of Nebulæ and Clusters, FOS, 437 384 GHRS, 437 Hipparcos Second Catalog Release, 699 GMACS (Magellan), 453 Morphologicheskji Katalog Galaktik, 22, GMOS (Gemini), 453 191, 385 GRAVITY, 746 Nearby Galaxies Catalogue, 414 HIFI, 443 New General Catalog, 384 HRI, 445 Southern Catalogue of Isolated Pairs, 411 Hyper Supreme Cam, 47 The Arp Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, 271 IPC, 445 The Carnegie Atlas of Galaxies, 195, 198, IPCS, 26 200, 287, 519 IRAC, 442 The Color Atlas of Galaxies, 197 IRS, 442 The Reference Catalogue of Bright ISAAC, 32 Galaxies, 195 ISO-CAM, 442 Uppsala General Catalogue of Galaxies, ISO-LWS, 442 384, 414, 425 ISO-PHOT, 442

© Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 769 M. D’Onofrio et al. (eds.), From the Realm of the Nebulae to Populations of Galaxies, Astrophysics and Space Science Library 435, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-31006-0 770 Index

ISO-SWS, 442 Babcock H., 71 KMOS (VLT), 454 Bahcall John, 109 LRIS (Keck), 453 Bannier J.H., 28 Manga (SDSS), 454 Barbanis Basil, 105 MATISSE, 746 Bardeen James, 247 Mega Cam, 143 Barnard E.E., 96 Mega Prism, 143 Barnes Joshua, 514, 749 MEGAPRIME (CFHT), 406 Bate Matthew, 612 MIPS, 442 Bedke John, 198, 287 MOS (CFHT), 453 Bekenstein Jacob, 565 Mosfire (Keck), 454 Belokurov Vasilji, 144 NICMOS, 261, 485 Bender Ralf, 284 OM, 439 Bensby Thomas, 121 PACS, 443 Bentley Richard, 107 SAMI (AAO), 454 Bernheimer Walter, 431 SCUBA, 27 Bershady Matthew, 279 SINFONI, 32, 484 Bertin Giuseppe, 541, 567 SINFONI (VLT), 458 Bertola Francesco, 201 SPIRE, 443 Bethe Hans, 114, 586 STIS, 437 Bien Reinhold, 560 Suprime Cam, 32, 40, 47 Binggeli Bruno, 396, 459 UVES, 326 Binney James, 105, 118, 541, 567, 645 UVOT, 439 Blaauw Adriaan, 28 VIMOS, 32 Bland-Hawthorn Joss, 110 WEAVE, 458 Block David, 193 WFPC2, 56, 143 Blumenthal George, 119 WFPC3, 56 Boily Christian, 563 Bok Bart, 411 Boksemberg Alec, 26 Names Boltzmann Ludwig, 540 Aarseth Sverre, 560, 621 Borucki William J., 50 Abraham Roberto, 196, 484 Boselli Alessandro, 429 Adams Walter, 10, 103, 105, 113 Bosma Albert, 549 Adanson Michel, 228 Bothun Gregory, 220 Afanasiev E.A., 21 Bottinelli Lucette, 72, 424 Afanasiev V.L., 25 Bourgeois Paul, 28 Aguero Estela, 36 Bovy Jo, 121 Akahane Kenji, 43 Bowen I.S., 71 Alexander Stephen, 13 Bruzual Gustavo, 35, 37 Ambartsumian Victor, 20 Burbidge Geoffrey, 16, 17, 73, 75 Angus Garry, 565 Burbidge Margaret, 16, 17, 75 Aragò François, 3 Burstein David, 280, 283 Aragon-Calvo Miguel, 606 Bush Vannevar, 14 Arkhipova V.P., 22 Buta Ronald, 191, 200, 281, 389 Armandroff Taft, 136 Caipin Liu, 725 Arnett David W., 629 Campbell William, 105 Arnett William David, 650 Caon Nicola, 202, 340 Arp Halton, 71, 73, 75, 77, 191, 195, 233, Capaccioli Massimo, 72, 201, 202, 340, 269, 413, 459, 512 459 Athanassoula Lia, 205 Carlberg Ray, 199, 589 Audouze Jean, 650 Carnegie Andrew, 26 Baade Walter, 7, 12–16, 28, 79, 111, Carollo Marcella, 123 113–115, 141, 200, 218, 269, 325, Carranza Gustavo, 36 740, 745, 759 Carraro Giovanni, 595 Index 771

Carter David, 750 Eddington Arthur, 102, 104, 107 Chamberlain Joseph, 115 Efstathiou George, 279, 586, 591 Chandrasekhar Subrahmanyan, 536, 567 Eggen Olin, 107, 116, 326, 586, 591, 745 Charlier Carl, 410 Einasto Jaan, 23 Charlot Stephane, 35 Einstein Albert, 14, 71, 548 Chernin Arthur, 23 Eisenstein Daniel, 453 Chikada Yoshihiro, 42 Elmegreen Bruce, 198, 484, 615 Chincarini Guido, 429, 431 Ewen H., 17 Chiosi Cesare, 595 Falcon-Barroso Javier, 201, 206 Cho Se Hyung, 725 Fall Michael, 586, 591 Chwolson Orest, 298 Fall Mike, 279 Clemens Marcel, 461 Famaey Benoit, 566 Cole Shaun, 453 Faraday Michael, 321 Combes Françoise, 205, 283 Fermi Enrico, 14 Conselice Christopher, 196, 484, 485 Ferreras Ignacio, 627 Cortesi Luca, 202 Field G. B., 128 Corwin Harold, 195, 389 Findlay John, 18, 430 Cowie Lennox, 484 Fish Robert, 277 Cox Thomas, 172 Fisher Richard, 433 Curtis Heber, 3, 5, 17, 112, 193 Fizeau Hipoolyte, 746 D’Ercole Annibale, 643 Ford Holland, 250 D’Onofrio Mauro, 202, 249, 340, 343 Forman William, 424 Da Costa Gary, 136 Fouqué Pascal, 389 Dabringhausen Jörg, 613 Fowler William, 75 Daguerre Louis, 3 Freedman Wendy, 133, 136 Danjon André-Louis, 28 Freeman Kenneth, 110, 276 Dariush Ali, 759 Fridmann Alexander, 71 Davies Rod, 424 Friedman Aleksandr, 410 Davis Marc, 332, 424 Frogel Jay, 112 De Grijs Richard, 131 Frost Edwin, 105 de Sitter Willem, 71, 103 Günther Wuchterl, 612 de Vaucouleurs Antoinette, 74, 191, 195 Galilei Galileo, 94, 740 de Vaucouleurs Gérard, 72 Gamow George, 17 de Vaucouleurs Gerard, 16, 72, 74, 191, Garnier Robert, 390 193, 195, 200, 204, 218, 270, 277, Gauss Carl Friedrich, 112 287, 325, 339, 384, 386, 389, 431, Gavazzi Giuseppe, 401, 423, 429, 459 750 Gehrels Neil, 535 de Zeeuw Tim, 541, 568 Genzel Reinhard, 484, 746 Debattista Victor P., 282 Gerola Humberto, 198 Denisuyk, E.A., 21 Giacconi Riccardo, 31, 45, 60 Dennison E.W., 71 Gillett Fred, 741 Dettmar R., 204 Gilmore Gerald, 109, 117, 280 Deutsch A.J., 71 Giovanardi Carlo, 428 Dibai Ernst, 21 Giovanelli Riccardo, 425 Disney Mike, 220, 277, 549 Goldreich Peter, 108 Djorgovski George, 200, 541 Gott Richard III, 414 Doroshkevich A.G., 23 Gouguenheim Lucienne, 72, 424 Dostal V.A., 22 Gray Jim, 36 Dottori Horacio, 36 Greenberg J. M., 128 Dressler Alan, 200, 283, 424 Greenstein J., 71 Dreyer John, 141, 193, 384 Grindlay Jonathan, 50 Duc Pierre-Alain, 750 Gunn Jim, 279 Easton Cornelius, 13, 96 Häring Nadine, 249 Eckart Andreas, 746 Hagihara Yusuke, 38 772 Index

Hale George Ellery, 4, 6, 71 Kant Immanuel, 17 Hanbury Brown Robert, 746 Kapteyn Jacobus, 5, 9, 12, 96, 101–105, Harwit Martin, 49 107, 111, 276, 739 Hatanaka Takeo, 43 Karachentsev Igor, 22, 23, 142–144, 411, Hayakawa Sachio, 42, 46 431 Hayashi Chushiro, 38, 42, 46 Karachentseva Valentina, 22, 411, 425, 426 Haynes Martha, 430 Karachetsev Igor, 77 Heckman Otto, 28 Kawaguchi Norio, 48 Helou George, 389, 428 Keeler John E., 3 Hensler Gerhard, 563 Keenan Philip Childs, 115 Hernquist Lars, 514 Kenney Jeff, 517 Herschel Caroline, 193 Kennicutt Robert, 125, 455, 631 Herschel John, 3, 26, 193, 384 Kent Brian, 435 Herschel William, 3, 5, 12, 70, 193, 384 Kent Steve, 332 Hertzsprung Ejnar, 101, 586 Kerr F.J., 17 Hewitt Jackie, 428 Kerr Frank, 109 Hickson Paul, 75, 414, 460 Kerr Roy, 535 Hindman J.V., 17, 97 Khachikian Edward, 21 Hitabayashi Hisashi, 48 King Ivan, 345 Ho Luis, 459 Klin Frantisek, 298 Ho Paul, 725 Knox-Shaw H., 199 Hobsbawm Eric, 82 Kobayashi Hideyuki, 48 Hodge Paul, 218 Koda Jun, 525 Hoffman Lyle, 428 Kodaira Keiichi, 46 Holmberg Erik, 64, 77, 195, 325, 385, 411, Koo David, 481 412, 460, 511 Koopmann Rebecca, 435 Hoyle Fred, 17, 75 Koopmans Leon, 299 Hu Wayne, 484 Koposov S., 144 Hubble Edwin Powell, 4, 7, 10, 12, 15, 17, Kormendy John, 125, 198, 199, 204, 219, 72, 78, 112, 131, 166, 190, 193, 195, 280, 283, 597 199, 218, 234, 287, 325, 339, 410, Kozai Yoshihide, 46 587, 740 Kraft R., 71 Huchra John, 424 Krasnogorskaya A.A., 22 Huffer Charles Morse, 11, 13, 97 Kron R., 481 Humason Milton, 325, 481 Kroupa Pavel, 222, 627 Hypparchus of Nicea, 382 Kudrya Y.N., 145 Ibata Rodrigo, 123 Kuijken Konrad, 109, 125 Impey Chris, 220 Kunz Jacob, 12, 14 Inatani Juri, 44 Kuzmin Rodion, 568 Inoue Makoto, 48 Läsker Ronald, 252 Iye Masanori, 47 Lüghausen Fabian, 566 Jacobi Carl, 107 Lütticke R., 204 James Jeans, 104 La Barbera Francesco, 627 Jansky Karl, 17 Labeyrie Antoine, 746 Jeans James, 5, 10, 106, 107, 166, 191, 193, Lacey Cedric, 118 588 Lagrange Joseph-Louis, 107 Jones Christine, 424 Landi Jeorge, 36 Jones L.R., 759 Laplace Pierre Simon, 70 Joy Alfred, 103 Larson Richard, 116, 271, 413, 588 Jugaku Jun, 45 Latham David, 424 Kaazik A., 23 Lauberts A., 385 Kaifu Norio, 43 Laurikainen Eija, 203 Kalamees P., 23 Leavitt Henrietta, 6, 132 Kalnajs Agris, 108 Lee M. G., 136 Index 773

Leigh Nathan, 613 Middelburg Frank, 80 Leighton R., 71 Mikkola Seppo, 621 Lemaître George, 71 Milgrom Moti, 564, 626 Lequeux James, 35 Minkowski Hermann, 564 Lewis Murray, 424 Minkowski Rudolph, 14, 16, 481 Li A., 128 Mirabel Felix, 221 Lick James, 26 Miyazaki Satoshi, 47 Liivamägi J.L., 607 Morgan William Wilson, 195 Lin C.C., 197, 285, 290 Morgan William Wilson, 13, 97, 325 Lindblad Bertil, 9, 11, 28, 96, 103, 197, Morimoto Masaki, 43, 48 286, 290, 511 Mountain Matt C., 741 Lindegreen Lennart, 699 Mulchaey John, 759 Linnaeus Carl, 226, 228 Muller André, 29 Lipovetsky Valentin, 21, 25 Munch Guido, 71 Llinares Claudio, 565 Nair P., 196 Loeb Abraham, 172 Nelson Nils-Peter, 589 Londrillo Pasquale, 567 Newton Isaac, 107, 521, 540, 547, 549 Longair Malcom, 82, 742 Nicolaci da Costa Luiz Alberto, 36 Lorentz Hendrik, 535 Nilson Peter, 384, 385, 425, 427 Lotz Jennifer, 484 Nipoti Carlo, 567 Lundmark Knut, 384, 385, 411 Nissen P. E., 124 Lynden-Bell Donald, 106, 108, 109, 116, Noguchi Takeshi, 47 247, 326, 586, 591, 745 Norman Colin, 198 Méchain Pierre, 396 Noskova R.I., 22 Madore Barry, 133, 136, 196, 233, 389, 459 Novikov I.D., 23 Mager V. A., 136 O’Connell Robert, 437 Majewski Steve, 117 Oda Minoru, 38, 45, 46 Makarov D., 144 Odewhan Stephen, 195, 389 Makarov Dmitry, 390 Oesch P.A., 500 Makino Jun-ichiro, 42 Okamura Sadanori, 39 Malin David, 750 Okuda Haruyuki, 47 Malmquist Gunnar, 615 Ollengren Alex, 107 Mamon Gary, 224 Oort Jan, 9, 11, 17, 28, 72, 79, 96, 103, 104, Markarian Benjamin, 21 111, 197, 289 Marks Michael, 613 Osterbrock Donald E., 13 Marziani Paola, 249 Ostriker Jeremiah P., 110, 541, 588, 645 Massey Phil, 616 Page Thornton, 412 Materne J., 414 Pagel Bernard Ephraim Julius, 650 Mathewson Don, 433 Parker Eugene N., 663 Matsumoto Toshio, 47 Parsons William, 3, 193 Matteucci Francesca, 616 Pasetto Luca, 69 Maxwell James Clerk, 540 Pastoriza Miriani, 36 Mayal Nicolas, 481 Paterson F.Shirley, 276 Mayall Nicholas, 325 Patton D.R., 416 McConnachie A.W., 145 Pawlowski Marcel, 563 McGonegal R., 133 Peacock John A., 453 McWilliam A., 125, 126 Pease Francis, 746 Mellott Adrian, 605 Peebles Phillip James E., 110, 431, 588, Merlin Emiliano, 594 604 Messier Charles, 141, 382 Peimbert Manuel, 35 Mestel Leon, 279 Pellegrini Silvia, 643 Metz Manuel, 561 Penzias Arno, 586 Meyer Julius, 482 Perlmutter Saul, 171 Michelson Albert, 746 Perryman Michael, 699 774 Index

Petersen Wes, 589 Sandage Allan, 71, 72, 107, 112, 116, 190, Peterson S.D., 414 191, 193, 194, 197–200, 205, 218, Petit Chantal , 390 224, 229, 230, 234, 287, 325, 326, Petrosian Artashes, 21 396, 399, 459, 481, 586, 588, 591, Petrosian Vahe, 333 745, 750 Pfleiderer Jorg, 64 Sanders Robert, 110, 567 Phillips M., 140, 753 Saslow William, 415 Pimonov A.A., 25 Sato Suji, 47 Piovan Lorenzo, 636 Scalo John, 615 Planck Max, 565 Schönrich R., 123 Plaskett John, 9, 11, 96 Schechter Paul, 590 Plummer Henry C.K., 338 Schmidt Brian, 171 Pohlen M., 204 Schmidt Maarten, 16, 71, 73, 249, 442, 629 Poincaré Henri, 107, 540 Schuster Hans-Emil, 29 Poisson Siméon Denis, 565 Schuster W. J., 124 Popper Karl, 165 Schwarzschild Karl, 102 Poveda Arcadio, 35 Schwarzschild Martin, 105 Press William, 590 Schweizer François, 197, 217, 221, 512, Pronik Iraida, 21 749 Pronik, Vladimir, 21 Sciama Denis, 272 Prugniel Philippe, 390 Seares Frederick Hanley, 113 Purcell E., 17 Searl Leonard, 586 Querejeta M., 203 Searle Leonard, 116, 654 Rayet Georges, 535 Seiden Philip, 198 Redman Roderick, 28 Sellwood Jerry, 199 Rees Martin, 119, 586, 591 Sellwood Jerry A., 282 Reid Neill, 117 Serra Paolo, 753 Renzini Alvio, 541, 643 Shakhbazyan R.K., 414 Reynolds John Henry, 190, 194, 339 Shandarin S.F., 23 Rich Robert, 125 Shane C.D., 16 Riecke Marcia, 197 Shapley Harlow, 5–7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 17, 78, Ried Neill, 280 79, 96, 102, 112, 141, 165, 411, 511 Riess Aadam, 171 Shapovalova A.I., 21 Rix Hans Walter, 121, 197, 249 Sharples S., 13 Rizzi Luca, 136 Shu Frank, 197 Roberts M.S., 387 Shu Frank H., 285, 290 Roberts Morton, 16, 18, 110, 303, 424, Siedentopf Heinrich, 64 432 Sil’chenko Olga, 206 Robinson Thomas Romney, 3 Silk Joseph, 224 Roman Nancy Grace, 115 Simien Francois, 204 Rood H.J., 414 Slipher Vesto, 3, 6, 10, 12, 13, 71, 193 Rossi Bruno, 14, 45 Smith H. A., 135 Rots Arnold, 303 Solanes José, 427–429 Rubin Vera, 73, 549 Soltan Andrzej, 646 Rusell Henry Norris, 325 Songaila Antoinette, 484 Russell Henry Norris, 114, 586 Spinrad Hyron, 481 Sérsic José Luis, 35, 36, 202, 334, 339 Spitzer Lyman, 105, 200, 759 Saar E., 23 Stäckel Paul, 568 Sahakian K.A., 21 Stebbins Joel, 8, 9, 11–13, 78, 96, 97, 166, Saintonge Amelie, 435 325 Sakka Kazushi, 40 Steidel Charles, 482 Salo Heikki, 203 Stepanian G.A., 21 Salpeter Edwin E., 247, 428, 609 Stephan Eduard, 746 Sancisi Renzo, 541, 567 Stern D., 481 Index 775

Strömberg Gustav, 104, 113 Vorontsov-Velyaminov Boris Sugimoto D., 42 Aleksandrovich, 22, 74, 191, Sulentic Jack W., 193, 249 234, 385, 413, 512 Sunyaev R.A., 23 Wakamatsu Ken-ichi, 40 Swope Hill Henrietta, 218 Watanabe Masafumi, 229 Swope, H., 71 Way J.D., 197 Tago, E., 23 Weedman Daniel, 21 Takase Bunshiro, 39 Weidner Carsten, 618 Talbot Raymond J. Jr., 629 Weinberg Steven, 282 Tamm A., 416 Weinzirl T., 204 Tammann Gustav, 28, 191, 218, 396, 459 Welch William J., 43 Tempel Elmo, 416, 606 Werner Tscharnuter, 612 Teyssier Romain, 566 Wheeler John Archibald, 247 Theis Christian, 563 White Simon, 119, 559, 586, 591 Thomas Daniel, 461 Whitford Albert, 11, 13, 96, 97, 325 Tifft William, 193 Whitmore Brad, 229 Tinsley Beatrice, 271, 413, 482, 650 Wielen Roland, 105, 560 Tolman Richard C., 335 Wilson Albert, 28 Tolstoy Eline, 219 Wilson R.G., 71 Tonry John, 424 Wilson Robert Woodrow, 586 Toomre Alar, 64, 108, 197, 215, 258, 413, Wirtanen C.A., 16 512, 749 Withford Albert, 13 Toomre Juri, 64, 215, 258, 413, 512, 749 Wolf Charles, 535 Toribio Carmen, 427 Wolf Maximilian, 3, 193 Tovmassian Hrant, 271 Woltjer Lodevic, 198 Townes Charles, 43 Woltjer Lodewijk, 105 Trat P., 23 Wright Alan, 413 Tremaine Scott, 282 Wyse Rosemary, 118 Treu Tommaso, 299 Yaaniste J., 23 Trumpler Robert, 9, 12, 96, 102, 113, 127 Yahil Amos, 110, 588 Truran James W., 650 Yerastova L.K., 21 Tsikoudi Vassiliki, 203, 280 Yerkes Charles T., 26 Tully Brent, 386, 414, 432 Yyeveer M., 23 Turner Edwin, 413, 414 Zabludoff Ann, 759 Twiss Richard, 746 Zaritsky Dennis, 197 Unno Wasaburo, 42 Zasov A.V., 22 van Agt Steven, 29, 218 Zeeman Pieter, 321 van Albada Tjieerd, 541 Zeldovich Yacov Borisovic, 23, 247, 604 Van de Hulst H.C., 17 Zhao Hong Sheng, 568 van de Kamp Peter, 96 Zinn Robert, 586, 654 van den Bergh Sidney, 191, 193, 195, 196, Zirin H., 71 198, 200, 218, 220, 235, 283, 287, Zoccali Manuela, 125, 126 484 Zonoozi Akram, 613 van den Hulst Henk, 107 Zwicky Fritz, 14, 16, 71, 74, 79, 144, 197, Van Der Laan Harry, 31 221, 298, 425, 427, 511, 543, 599, van Dokkum Piet, 202, 206, 513 740, 749, 760 van Maanen Adrian, 7, 78, 166 van Rhijn Pieter, 101, 103 Vaughan A., 71 Objects Vennik J., 23 3C273, 16, 61, 73 Verheij-en Marc, 279 3C295, 481 Voltjier Lodewick, 31 A1367, 431 von Leibnitz Gottfried Wilhelm, 199 A1367 Cluster, 420 von Seeliger Hugo, 5, 9, 96 Abell 1367, 401 776 Index

Abell 220, 613 Coma/A1367 supercluster, 422 Abell 299, 613 CVn I, 143 Abell clusters, 606 CVn II, 143 And I, 143 Cygnus A, 16 And II, 143 Draco, 143 And III, 143 cluster, 220, 340 And IX, 143 , 113, 141, 143, 220 And V, 143 GRB 090423, 535 And X, 143 Great Wall structure, 422 And XI, 143 , 143 And XII, 143 Hercules cluster, 431 And XIII, 143 Hickson compact groups, 75 And XIV, 143 - supercluster, 333 And XIX, 143 IC 1613, 141 And XV, 143 IC 2163, 516 And XVI, 143 IC 342, 309 And XVII, 143 IC 4214, 282 And XVIII, 143 IC 5283, 255 And XX, 143 IC 342, 44 And XXI, 143 IZw18, 538 And XXII, 143 Jellyfish galaxies, 265 And XXIII, 143 Kerr 53, 16 And XXIV, 143 Lacerta I - And XXXI, 143 And XXIX, 143 , 607 And XXV, 143 , 636 And XXVI, 143 A, 143 And XXVII, 143 , 143 And XXVIII, 143 Leo I dwarf, 220 And XXX, 143 Leo II, 143 Andromeda - M31, 7, 9, 11, 63, 129, 130, Leo IV, 143 141, 143–145, 147, 172, 215, 222, Leo ring, 438 747 , 143 Antennae, 221, 308, 413, 440, 449, 511 , 143 - DDO 210, 143 LGS-3, 143 Arp 194, 258 LMC, 77, 128, 129, 141, 143, 149, 322, 700 Arp 215, 40 , 63, 218 Arp22, 444 Local Supercluster, 431 B1608+656, 300 M101, 63, 445 BeXRBs, 314 M110, 266 Bootes I, 143 M31, 56, 61, 78, 110, 112, 113, 118, Bootes II, 143 131, 193, 308, 318, 325, 339, 440, Bootes III, 143 443–445, 452, 545, 637 Bullett cluster, 568 M32, 77, 141, 143, 148, 266, 284, 325, 346 Carina, 143 M33, 16, 56, 63, 131, 141, 143, 148, 200, Carina dwarf, 220 253, 276, 318, 443, 445, 446, 621 Cartwheel, 511 M49, 396, 397, 402, 407 Cassiopea dSph - And VII, 143 M51, 3, 44, 193, 197, 288, 295, 318, 413, Cassiopea III - And XXXII, 143 440, 445 group, 145 M58, 396 Cepheids, 4 M59, 396 Cetus, 143 M60, 396, 402 Coma Berenicis, 143 M61, 396 , 401, 420, 431, 433, 543, 599, M81, 288, 295, 309, 318 760 M81 group, 23, 145 Index 777

M82, 308, 440, 444, 451 NGC 4656, 440 M83, 445, 522 NGC 470, 214 M84, 396 NGC 474, 214 M85, 396 NGC 5055, 198 M86, 396, 447 NGC 5236 group, 145 M87, 48, 61, 317, 396, 397, 402, 404, 407, NGC 524, 203 428 NGC 5253, 650 M88, 396 NGC 6240, 315, 317 M89, 396 NGC 6251, 48 M90, 396 NGC 6822, 131, 141, 143, 218 M91, 396 NGC 6946, 289, 318 , 3, 17, 61, 442, 446 NGC 7252, 215, 218 Malin I, 526 NGC 7469, 255 Mrk 231, 444 NGC 7619, 447, 448 Mrk231, 491 NGC 1316, 407 M 87, 416 NGC 1399, 402, 407 NGC 1068, 317 NGC 15, 388 NGC 1097, 318 NGC 205, 77 NGC 1275, 317 NGC 224, 388, 394 NGC 1365, 30, 63, 315, 317 NGC 253, 451 NGC 1399, 459 NGC 3079, 451 NGC 1433, 285 NGC 4168, 396 NGC 147, 113, 141, 143, 148, 325 NGC 4261, 396 NGC 1543, 281 NGC 4365, 396 NGC 1569, 649 NGC 4548, 395 NGC 1705, 650 NGC 4631, 451 NGC 185, 113, 141, 143, 148, 325 NGC 598, 394 NGC 205, 113, 114, 141, 143, 148, 253, NLSy1, 531 325 Orion , 610 NGC 2207, 516, 519 Pal 14, 613 NGC 224, 141 Pal 4, 613 NGC 253, 308 Pegasus, 56, 143 NGC 2841, 198, 288, 297 Pegasus dSph - And VI, 143 NGC 300, 110, 136, 200 Pegasus I, 447 NGC 3081, 285 I - And XXXIII, 143 NGC 3379, 340 Perseus- Supercluster, 426, 428, 430, NGC 3621, 525 604 NGC 404, 254, 516, 523 Phoenix, 56, 143 NGC 4151, 61, 317 Pisces II, 143 NGC 4214, 650 Quasars, 263 NGC 4244, 254 RXJ1131-1231, 300 NGC 4258, 44, 139, 250 S Andromedæ, 5 NGC 4261, 250 Sagittarius dIrr, 143 NGC 4278, 314 Sagittarius dSph, 143 NGC 4314, 205 Sagittarius dwarf, 123 NGC 4438, 422 Sco X1, 45 NGC 4472, 300, 447, 448 Sculptor dwarf, 113, 141, 143 NGC 4490, 315 SDSSJ0946+1006, 300 NGC 4565, 278 Segue I, 143, 546 NGC 4594, 275 Segue II, 143 NGC 4594 group, 145 Segue III, 143 NGC 4625, 516, 522 Sextans dSph, 143 NGC 4636, 450 Sextans A, 56 NGC 4649, 314, 317 Seyfert Sextet, 75, 414 778 Index

SgrA*, 746 Sternberg Astronomical Institute Crimea, , 636 25 SMC, 77, 128, 129, 141, 143, 314 Tõravere, 23 Stephan Quintet, 75, 414, 517 Tokyo Astronomical Observatory, 38 , 5, 9, 13 Wasburn Observatory, 13 Super clusters, 515 Yerkes Observatory, 96, 105 Tadpole galaxy, 484 Taurus-Auriga group, 610 The Galaxy - , 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, Radio 16, 17, 37, 43, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 77, 140ft NRAO, 16, 18 94, 131, 143, 145, 147, 149, 165, 300-ft Green Bank, 425, 430 202, 215, 222, 326, 330, 404, 500, 300ft, 18 658, 698, 745, 747 300ft NRAO, 271 The Great Attractor, 433 64m Parkes, 18, 433, 435 The Mice, 413 ALMA, 30, 63, 489, 490, 712 Tidal dwarf galaxies, 515 Arecibo, 18, 34, 425, 428–430, 435 Tucana, 143 ASKAT, 727 Type I SNe, 532 GMRT, 18 UGC 2885, 288 IRAM, 63 ULX, 61 JCMT, 27, 47 Ursa Ma I, 143 JVLA, 727 Ursa Ma II, 143 LOFAR, 63, 727 Ursa Minor, 143 MeerKAT, 727 , 250, 284, 340, 395, 401, 420, Nançay, 429 422, 424, 428, 444, 447, 538 Nancay, 18 , 528, 607 Nobeyama, 41 Willman I, 143 SKA, 63, 491, 727 WLM, 56, 143 VERA, 41 Wolf-Rayet , 535 Very Large Array, 429 Observatories VLA, 18, 721 Anglo-Australian Observatory, 26, 433 VLBA, 249, 534 Arecibo, 433 VLBI, 534, 725 Astrophysical Institute Alma-Ata, 25 Westerbork, 269, 429 Birr Castle, 3 WSRT, 18 Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, 25 Cerro Tololo, 34 Crimean Astrophysical Observatory, 25 Space telescopes Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, 112 Akari, 47, 443 ESO VLT, 249 ARIEL 5, 60 European Southern Observatory, 26, ASCA, 62, 309 34 Astro-1, 437 Göttingen Observatory, 112 Asuka, 45 Hamburg Observatory, 112 ATHENA, 62 Jodrell Bank, 321 Chandra, 60, 62, 63, 301, 445, 449, 452 Keck, 249 COBE, 58, 125, 127 Las Campnas, 34 Compton Gamma-ray Observatory, 534 Lick Observatories, 3 Einstein, 45, 60, 309, 424, 444, 447, 448, Lick Observatory, 105 451, 452, 644 Lowell Observatory, 10, 280 Gaia, 494, 629, 700, 745 Mount Wilson Observatory, 112 GALEX, 54–56, 63, 148, 213, 429, 436, Mt. Stromlo, 433 438, 461, 516, 759 NRAO, 424, 425 Ginga, 45 Perkins Observatory, 113 Hakucho, 45 Special Astrophysical Observatory, 25 HEAO-1, 61 Index 779

Herschel, 59, 63, 127, 307, 421, 443, 444, Black Holes, 61, 592 493, 712, 754 Blandford-Payne torque, 264 Hipparcos, 293, 699 Blanketing, 137, 138 HST, 49, 51, 54–56, 150, 249, 261, 301, Blue sequence, 757 396, 402, 437, 453, 482, 488, 493, Boltzmann equation, 99 514 BzKs, 209 IRAS, 57, 127, 260, 307, 441, 443, 514 CDM model, 493, 544 ISO, 58, 307, 442 Cefeids, 6 IUE, 53, 129, 437, 461 Cepheids, 6, 7, 9, 15 JUNO, 437 Chemical enrichment, 650 JWST, 483, 486, 489, 493, 495, 497, 498, Chemo-dynamical models, 651 708, 712 Cirrus, 57 NuSTAR, 62 Cladistics, 230 OAO-2, 52 Cluster Dominators, 191 OAO-3 Copernicus, 52 Cluster of galaxies, 61 Planck, 492, 493, 761 CMB, 492, 761 ROSAT, 61, 309, 445, 446, 451, 545 CMB observations, 544 SAS-3, 61 CMB Radiation, 413 , 713 CMBR, 432 Spitzer, 58, 63, 127, 148, 197, 284, 307, CO-to-H2 conversion factor, 490 442, 493, 712, 754 Cold , 275 Suzaku, 45 cold flow accretion, 485 SVOM, 720 Compact groups, 76, 414 SWIFT, 439, 535 Cooling flow, 643 Tenma, 45 Core mass function, 629 , 45, 60, 424 Core-collapsed SNæ, 496, 497, 499, 535 UIT, 53 Cosmic dust correction, 489 Wisconsin Photopolarimetry Cosmic filaments, 65, 491 Experiment, 54 Cosmic galaxy shepherd, 597 WMAP, 127, 331, 493, 545, 608, 760, 761 Cosmic Background, 58 XMM-Newton, 62, 63, 311, 439, 447, 449, Cosmic microwave background, 599 545 Cosmic rate, 488 Subjects Cosmological simulations, 420 CDM cosmology, 587, 598 Damped Lymann-˛ objects, 539 CDM cosmology, 416, 761 Dark age, 483 CDM model, 493 Dark energy, 392, 552, 587, 591, 599, 761 Pop. III stars, 720 Dark matter, 22, 64, 66, 110, 144, 222, 392, Aboundances, 490 413, 414, 447, 586, 590, 591, 599, AGB, 67 760 AGB stars, 56 cold, 599 AGN, 21, 32, 216, 217, 592 Dark matter haloes AGN feedback, 32, 462, 491, 642 Einasto profile, 606 AMR, 66 NFW profile, 605 Anemic spirals, 284 Dark matter halos, 496 Angular momentum catastrophe, 660 Dark Nebulæ, 6, 96 Bstars,11 Dark stellar remnant, 626 Bars DDO system, 484 pattern speed, 281, 286 Density wave theory, 285 Bars and lens, 281 dIrr galaxies, 626 Baryon Acoustic Oscillation, 453 Disk Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, 608 angular momentum, 279 Baryonic matter, 591 differential rotation, 279 Big Bang, 32, 71, 413, 496 instability, 205 Binary galaxies mass, 413 rotation curve, 278 780 Index

stability, 278 Galaxies truncation radius, 278 Disks, 19 Dissipative collapse, 598 Anemic spirals, 200 Distance indicators Arcs, 212 Carbon Stars, 131 Barlenses, 205 Cepheid Period-Luminosity relation, Bars, 201, 203, 209 132 baryon mass, 453 Cepheids stars, 141 BCGs, 487 Cepheids variables, 131, 137 binaries, 411 Effect of AGB stars crowding, 139 blue cloud, 439 Effect of Stellar Crowding, 138 Bulges, 200, 204 Faber-Jackson relation, 139 clusters, 407 Fundamental Plane, 139 color-magnitude diagram, 439 GRB, 131 compact dwarfs, 402 HII regions, 132 Core luminosity profiles, 201 Masers, 132 core/power-law dichotomy, 405 Novæ, 141 Cuspy luminosity profiles, 201 RR Lyrae Period-Luminosity relation, dark halos, 414 134 database, 388 RR Lyrae stars, 141 diameters, 385 RR Lyrae variables, 131, 134 dust properties, 443 TRGB stars, 132, 142 Dust-lanes, 199 Tully-Fisher relation, 139 Dwarfs, 209 Type Ia SNæ, 140, 141 Ellipticals, 77, 758 Distance scale, 15, 72 environment, 407 Doppler effect, 75 ETGs, 758 Downsizing, 595, 652 Fast rotators, 201, 210, 758 Dry mergers, 217, 593 Flat rotation curves, 110, 111 Dry Merging, 486 fundamental plane relation, 397 Dual theorem, 548 Gas stripping, 206 Dust absorption, 278 globular clusters, 402 Dust composition, 127 green valley, 439 Dust emission and absorption, 636 groups, 407, 414 Dust extinction, 126 harassment, 419 Dwarf irregulars, 538 HI emission, 386 Dynamical friction, 513, 541 HI gas disk, 427 Einstein ring, 300 hot halo, 447 Equivalence principle, 565 IGM, 419 EROs, 209 infrared luminosity function, 441 Event horizon, 248 ISM, 441 Extinction, 136 isolated objects, 416 Extinction correction, 638 Lenses, 199, 201, 203, 204 Faber-Jackson relation, 659 luminosity function, 399 Feedback, 65 mergers, 415 First galaxies, 496, 497, 593 Milky Way evolution, 493 First stars, 496 morphological classifications, 403 Fossil groups, 759 morphology-segregation effect, 399 Fuel Consumption Theorem, 636 nucleated dwarf ellipticals, 402 Fundamental Plane, 597, 659 nuclei, 405 G dwarf problem, 650 Plumes, 212 Galactic dynamo theory, 663 primordial environmental conditions, Galactic rotation, 9 408 Galactic tori, 249 Pseudobulges, 204 Galactic winds, 537 red dwarfs, 420 Index 781

red sequence, 439 Hypernovae, 536 Rings, 201, 212 IGM, 759 Rotaton curve, 73 stripping, 420, 422, 424 S0s, 199, 758 Illustris project, 65 Sèrsic index, 202, 204 IMF, 66 Secular evolution, 205 Top heavy, 616 Shells, 212, 213 Infall, 264 Size evolution, 485–487 Inflation, 552, 608 Slow rotators, 201, 210, 217, 758 Initial mass function, 55, 497, 499, 609, Spirals, 5–7, 9, 10, 73, 77 628, 757 star formation, 438 Inner Lindblad Resonance, 291 starburst, 413 Instantaneous recycling approximation, 650 surface brightness fluctuation method, Integral-field spectroscopy, 454 397 Integrated galactic IMF, 618 Tails, 212, 213, 216 Interstellar absorption, 6, 8, 10, 13, 97, 165 tidal effects, 413 Interstellar matter, 9, 12, 96 tidal stripping, 419 , 53, 97, 537, 629 transitional objects, 421 Isochrones, 636 Tully-Fisher relation, 386, 397 Isolated galaxies, 271 ultra compact dwarfs, 402, 405 Jeans instability, 500 ultra-thin spirals, 418 Jeans mass, 108 virial theorem, 397 Kapteyn , 5–7, 9, 98 Galaxy center, 746 Kennicutt relation, 621 Galaxy clusters, 395, 487 Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, 304 insterstellar medium, 409 Kerr , 247 Galaxy evolution models, 592 Kormendy relation, 659 Galaxy formation LAEs, 209 Semi-analytic models, 598 Large scale structure, 23, 27 time-delay model, 328 LBGs, 209 Galaxy formation models, 592 LF, 67 , 76 Lindblad resonances, 108 Galaxy mass function, 527 LINERs, 533 Galaxy pairs, 23, 76 LIRGs, 57, 59 Galaxy rotation, 13, 97 LMXB, 61, 452 Gamma-ray bursts, 496, 497, 535 Local Group General relativity, 548 Dwarf spheroidal, 658 Gini coefficients, 196 evolution, 493 Globular clusters, 6, 8, 301, 405, 609 Low mass clusters, 525 gravitational interactions, 422 Low mass X-ray binaries, 301 Gravitational lensing, 298, 497, 501 Low surface brightness dwarfs, 22 GRB, 129, 483, 501 Low-mass stars, 495 GRBs, 533 Luminosity classification, 195, 198 Great Debate, 5–7, 13, 190 Lyman˛ forest, 599 Green valley, 523, 640, 757 M31 bulge, 149 HI, 16, 17, 19, 213 M31 disk, 148 HI warps, 278 M31 ring, 148 High Mass X-ray Binaries, 308 M31 shells, 148 High galaxies, 31 M31 spiral pattern, 149 Holmberg effect, 411, 416 M31 streams, 148 Hubble’s constant, 15, 72, 300, 393, 433 M31- stellar halo, 148 Hubble’s diagram, 481 Magnetic field Hubble’s tuning fork, 191, 200, 208, 225, parity problem, 662 229, 234 Magnetic fields, 318 Hypergalaxies, 23 Magnetic helicity, 324 782 Index

Magnetorotational instability (Balbus- Quasars, 129, 481, 497, 704 Hawley mechanism), 264 Quasi monolithic galaxy formation, 597 Major and minor mergers, 598 Quenching of SF, 32, 671 Major mergers, 513 Quenching time scale, 642 Markarian galaxies, 21 r-process elements, 651 Mass function, 612 Radiation-hydrodynamics simulations, 498, Mass- relation, 222 499 Mass-Radius relationship, 597 Radio galaxies, 481 Massive stars, 53 Radio jets, 248 Maximum disk, 98, 110 Ram pressure stripping, 517 Merger rate, 485 Red sequence, 757 Merger remnant, 602 Reddening, 11 Mestel sphere, 279 Redshift, 6 Metal-poor stars, 495, 499 Redshift controversy, 73 Micro mergers, 516 Redshift surveys, 431, 453 Milkomeda, 172 Reionization , 492, 536 Millennium simulation, 592, 759 Reionization era, 482 Minihalos, 496–498 Reionization of the Universe, 495 Missing satellites problem, 494 Reverberation mapping, 248 Molecular gas, 216 Rotation curves, 545 MOND, 222, 761 S0 galaxies, 212 Monolithic collapse, 279 Sèrsic law, 486 Morphology-density relation, 200, 418, 419 scaling relations, 427 Multi-object spectroscopy, 454 Schmidt-Kennicutt law, 629 Multivariate analysis, 229 Secular evolution, 286 N-body simulations, 600 SED, 67 Near-field cosmology, 494 Selection effect, 481 Neutrinos, 544, 591, 761 Self-regulated SF, 279 Neutron stars, 61 Sersic index, 596 NGC 4636, 449 Seyfert galaxies, 21, 61, 256, 267 Non thermal radiation, 248 Shapley Galaxy, 9 Novae, 5 Single Stellar Population, 66 Oort constants, 106 SMBH, 32, 487 Outflows, 32 SNæ Feedback, 495, 496 PAHs, 58, 126 SNa, 67 Pair-instability SNæ, 496, 498, 499 Spectral energy distribution, 596, 597 Peculiar Velocity Field, 432 SPH, 66 Photinos, 605 Spiral galaxies Photoelectric photometry, 12 flocculent structure, 288 Phylogenetics, 230 grand design structure, 288 Planetary Nebulæ, 67 self-excited modes, 291 Plummer potential, 338 Spiral structure formation, 485 Poisson equation, 99 Stäckel potential, 107, 568 Polarization, 317 Standard -CDM model, 492 Population I stars, 116 Star formation, 65, 485 Population II stars, 116, 118, 125, 497, 499 Quenching, 640 Population III stars, 495–497, 499 Star formation enhancement, 216 Pop III stars, 500 Star formation history, 595, 757 Press-Schecther theory, 600 Star formation rate, 454, 631, 638, 757 Primordial Lithium abundance, 331 Star forming main sequence, 639 Principal Component Analysis, 393 Starburst galaxies, 128, 488 Prism spectroscopy, 12 Stars Pseudo-bulges, 125, 269 B-type, 69 Q parameter, 108, 110 Convection, 67 Index 783

Mixing-length, 68 satellites, 123, 156, 220, 439, 560, 655 O-type, 69 Schwarzschild velocity ellipsoid, 98, Overshooting, 68 104 Rotation, 69 secular evolution, 98 Starvation, 529 spiral arms, 105, 149 Steady state cosmology, 272 spiral pattern, 149 Stellar ages, 596 stellar ages, 120 Stellar archeology, 495 stellar Population I, 134 BH, 446 stellar population I, 112, 114 Stellar masses, 595 stellar Population II, 134–136 Stellar , 596 stellar population II, 112, 114 Stellar nuclei, 253 stellar population III, 123 Stellar population synthesis, 633 stellar populations, 111 Stellar populations, 9, 217 structural components, 114 Stellar streams, 149 thick disk, 117 Stellar yields, 538 thin disk, 117, 118 Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, 24 X-ray binary systems, 445 Super massive black holes, 495 Thick disks, 280 Superclusters, 599, 604, 761 Tidal dwarfs, 208, 216 Superluminal motions, 534 Tidal force, 64 Remnants, 61, 445 Tidal interaction, 64 Superposition principle, 568 Tidal tails, 413 Swing amplification, 291 Toomre parameter, 279 Synchro-Compton radiation, 535 Toomre sequence, 208 Synchroton radiation, 320 Toomre’s Q factor, 529 Tensor Vector Scalar gravity, 761 Tully-Fisher relation, 433, 659 The Galaxy - Milky Way, 96 Tuning fork, 207 asymmetric drift, 98, 104 Type Ia SNæ, 493 Baade window, 125 ULIRGs, 57, 59, 263, 514 bar, 105, 125 Ultra compact dwarf galaxy, 613 bulge, 125, 652, 656 Ultra compact dwarfs, 553 cepheids, 161 Ultra Deep Field, 208 chemical composition, 115 Ultra faint dwarfs, 500 dark matter, 98, 104, 493 Ultra luminous X-ray sources, 314 differential rotation, 98, 103 Ultra-faint dwarf, 494 disk stability, 98 Ultraluminous X-ray sources, 446 dust component, 126 UV survey, 436 dust composition, 129 Violent disk instabilities, 217 dust extinction, 127 Violent relaxation, 541 epicyclic orbits, 106 Virial theorem, 107, 279, 659 evolutionary models, 116, 118, 126 Virtual Observatory, 384, 392, 627 flat rotation curve, 98 Voids, 417, 529, 761 galactic plane, 116 Warm dark matter, 498 giant molecular clouds, 105 Water maser, 250 global stability, 98 Wet mergers, 593 globular clusters, 116, 151 White dwarfs, 67 halo, 123 WIMPs, 591, 599, 761 halo star metallicity, 118 Winding problem, 662 infall model, 651 X-ray emission, 444 kinematic properties, 109 X-ray luminosity function, 313 magnetic field, 317 XMXB, 61 mass, 206 XRB, 61, 445, 446, 449, 452 Oort constants, 98, 100 XUV disks, 516, 522 open clusters, 122 Yerkes system, 195 784 Index

Surveys POSS, 22, 80, 271, 427 2MASS, 109, 391 POSS-II, 50 2dF survey, 607 PPS, 433 2dFGRS, 744 RASS, 462 ACSFCS, 403 RAVE, 109 ACSVCS, 403 SAMI, 745 ACSVCS/FCS, 253 SDSS, 37, 40, 49, 50, 78, 260, 397, 399, AIS, 438 416, 427, 453, 457, 459, 460, 486, ALFALFA, 399, 427, 430, 433 525, 606, 627, 744 AMIGA, 273 SEGUE, 702 APOGEE, 702 SINGS, 442 ATLAS3D, 745 SIRIUS, 745 CALIFA, 458, 745 SPLASH, 546 CANDELS, 485, 486 UKIDSS-LAS, 627 CfA Redshift Survey, 424 VENGA, 745 CGS, 459 VIMOS, 455, 457 CLASH-VLT, 457 VIPERS, 457 COSMOS, 284, 485, 744 VIVA, 429 DEEP2, 457, 485 VPHAS+, 702 DENIS, 392 VVDS, 457, 481, 744 DiskMass, 279 WINGS, 383, 457 EDisCS, 457 WISE, 399 ESO-SERC, 19, 20 XDF, 482 Extended Groth Strip, 485 zCOSMOS, 457 Gaia-ESO Survey, 702 GALAH, 702 Galaxy Zoo, 427 GAMA, 457, 526, 744 Telescopes GCLASS, 457 1-m Schmidt Byurakan, 21 GEMS, 744 1-m Schmidt ESO La Silla, 29 GOLDMine, 429, 459 1.05-m Schmidt Kiso, 39 GOODS, 485 1.22-m Asiago, 13 GUViCS, 399, 429 1.88-m Okayama, 38, 46 HDF, 482, 484, 488 10-m Keck Mauna Kea, 31, 32, 47, 49, 453 HeViCS, 399 10.4-m GTC La Palma, 31 HIPASS, 429, 435 100-inch Hooker Mt. Wilson, 12, 15, 16, HRS, 443 21, 26, 28 100-inch du Pont Las Campanas, 33 HUDF, 482, 484, 486  ICBS, 457 2 8-m LBT Mount Graham, 31 IRAS all sky survey, 441 2.5-m SDSS Apache Point, 457 J-PAS, 458 2.5-m du Pont Las Campanas, 459 Keck DEEP, 481 200-inch Hale Palomar, 13, 15, 16, 26, 28, KINGFISH, 443 194, 196, 198, 512 MANGA, 458 3.6-m Canada-France-Hawaii, 143, 453 MaNGA, 745 3.6-m ESO La Silla, 29 MORPHS, 457 3.8-m AAT Coonanbarabran, 25 NGVS, 399, 406, 459 3.9-m Anglo Australian , 453, OMEGAWINGS, 457 456 ORELSE, 457 3.9-m UKIRT Mauna Kea, 47 Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS), 36-inch Crossley Lick Observatory, 28 39-m E-ELT ESO, 30 19, 20, 258  Pan-STARRS, 525 4 8-m ESO VLT Paranal, 32, 47, 49, 453, PHAT, 150 456 PINGS, 745 4-m CFH, 150, 401 Index 785

4-m Mayall Kitt Peak, 33 8.1-m Gemini, 32, 47, 453 4-m Victor Blanco Cerro Tololo, 33, 143 8.2-m Subaru Mauna Kea, 33, 37, 41, 46, 4.2-m Telescope La 454 Palma, 25, 343, 458 82-inch Mc Donald, 28 48-inch Palomar Schmidt, 19, 196, 277, CFHT Mauna Kea, 208, 406 512 ELT, 150, 454 4x8-m ESO-VLT Paranal, 31 Galilei’s perspicillum, 740 6-m BTA Zelenchuk, 22 Keck, 454 6.5-m Magellan Landon Clay Las Leviathan of Parsonstown, 193 Campanas, 33, 49, 453 LSST, 19, 453 6.5-m Magellan Walter Baade Las Subaru, 453, 454, 482, 525 Campanas, 33, 49, 456 UKIRT, 627 60-inch Mt. Wilson, 12, 13, 105 VLT, 326 72-inch Leviathan of Parsonstown, 3 VLTI, 746