THE PEOPLING of AMERICA: a TIMELINE of EVENTS THAT HELPED SHAPE OUR NATION a Historical Perspective Compiled by Allan S

THE PEOPLING OF AMERICA: A TIMELINE OF EVENTS THAT HELPED SHAPE OUR NATION A Historical Perspective Compiled by Allan S. Kullen Editorial Coordination by Martha M. Hanna Programmatic Design by Gail C. Christopher

Americans All® ¨ FOURTH EDITION A National Education Program Over 1500 New Entries An Improved Approach: Comparative and Inclusive Chronology

Traditionally, timelines focus on dates from only one eastern parts of North America, and Hispanic Amer- nation, cultural group or perspective. This timeline, icans, who were the primary group exploring and however, documents a confluence of peoples, cultures colonizing Central and South America and the southern and ideologies that make up United States history. This and western parts of North America, the editors have approach is strengthened by deemphasizing heroes and chosen to place events as follows. If an event involves heroines and eliminating traditionally recognized birth the government of a country, or interaction between two and/or death dates. The emphasis has been redirected to or more governments in the Americas, the event is broader periods, trends and cultural aspects of many listed in “The Americas” column. If the event relates groups while recognizing the significant role one to a particular ethnic group’s coming to the area that is individual or small group can play in society. now the United States, the event is listed in its Although many groups make up this kaleidoscope appropriate ethnic group category. we call the United States, this publication focuses on This distinction becomes somewhat less clear, how- the stories of Native Americans, African Americans, ever, when events in question involve the establishment Asian Americans, European Americans and Hispanic of communities in what will become the United Americans. These groups were selected because of their States. Because few American cities remain ethnically historically important immigration and migration expe- homogenous, and because many European and Hispanic riences, both forced and voluntary. Each group has a communities established in this country were at the unique history, and each has had a special impact on the expense of older Native American communities on the development of our nation. This timeline is a tool that same sites, it is often inappropriate to credit one spe- shows the vital role each of these groups has played and cific group with the founding of a city. Therefore, we gives specific examples of how a community, a family have used the following guidelines. or an individual can affect history. We recognize that • The establishment of “first” communities by any these groups are not homogenous and that considerable ethnic group is listed under the appropriate column diversity exists within them; however, from a historical heading—for instance, the first French community or demographic perspective, these groupings can serve established in the Ohio River Valley is listed in the as organizing themes for an accurate revisiting of United European American column. States history. • Communities that are founded by members of a To provide a general frame of reference for the five specific ethnic or religious group are listed in the specific groups in this chronology, “The Americas” col- appropriate ethnic group column. umn includes major events in the history of the United • Events involving the establishment of some major States as well as in the histories of Canada, Mexico, the American cities, such as New York, Los Angeles or Caribbean and the countries of Central and South New Orleans, are listed in “The Americas.” America. These areas have also been targets of explo- In instances where these guidelines overlap, we have ration and major sources of immigration to the United chosen to double-list events under both “The Americas” States. “The World” column, though in no way inclu- and their appropriate ethnic group heading. sive, is intended to show the parallel development of other major countries, and to present discoveries, political conflicts, natural phenomena and other factors that Development and Purpose affected the international movement of people. The Peopling of America: A Timeline of Events That Innovations in communication and transportation are Helped Shape Our Nation uses a parallel chronological highlighted, and a sampling of accomplishments of format, facilitating relational and comparative study. Our individuals is provided for all groups. researchers and scholars have provided information that In determining the placement of entries, particularly may seem new to some. Our developmental approach with regard to European Americans, who were suc- minimizes the usual delay between the discovery of new cessful in developing communities in the northern and information, its publication in scholarly research journals

vii and its appearance in readily available school texts. events in Asia that ultimately led to immigration to Producing a black-ink, line-copy format that provides America. Events that show the development and expan- open columns for student and educator participation sion of Asian cultures are documented in “The World.” enables us to take advantage of continuing feedback from the publication’s classroom use as well as our diverse European American team of authors and writers. The columns labeled “For The story of European immigration is by far the best Classroom Use” can also be used to detail local histories, documented in readily available sources. Because the accomplishments in other disciplines or the history of early history of European Americans is also the history of groups specifically represented in the classroom. certain areas of this country, the story of this group as separate peoples tends to be lost. This publication provides information on many of the subgroups that belong to the A Parallel Comparative “European American” category, and on the contributions Chronology of individual European Americans. Events in Europe that had a direct impact on immigration to the United States As an acknowledgement that they were the first are included both in this category and in “The World.” recorded inhabitants of America, Native Americans are listed first; other groups follow in alphabetical order. Hispanic American Under the heading “Hispanic American,” Mexican Native American Americans and Puerto Rican Americans are most heavily Entries in the “Native American” category deal represented because of their historical impact on the peopling specifically with events that occurred among indigenous of the United States. Although these two groups have peoples within the boundaries of what became today’s been represented separately in the Americans All® in- 50 United States. This includes native peoples of Alaska school resource materials, this more inclusive heading has and Hawaii. Events relating to other cultures native to the been chosen in recognition of, and respect for, all Hispanic Americas, North and South, such as the Aztecs and Incas, groups, whose histories are also incorporated to the extent have been listed under either “Hispanic American” (as that accurate documentation has become available. they relate to the development and migration of Mexican Americans) or “The Americas.” African American Classroom Use Much of the history of African Americans, particu- A wealth of historical information exists for today’s larly their earlier history, has involved enslavement by students; however, much of it is conflicting and gener- European Americans; but it also includes intermingling ally not offered in comparative format. Therefore, with other groups, such as Native Americans and assembling this chronology became a task of collecting, Mexican Americans. Equally as strong, but less publi- abstracting, ordering and arranging data in a manner that cized, is the African Americans’ story of resistance to would most appropriately tell the story of many groups. conquest, their ongoing fight for freedom against great Analyzed alone, each separate entry could be viewed in odds and their battles for the rights of full citizenship. many ways—unique, important, commonplace or Early entries under the “African American” heading peripheral. That is by design. To develop the critical- include some events on the African continent that thinking skills needed for proficiency in today’s world preceded or precipitated enslavement and forced and work environment, students must learn how to migration. Events in the fight of African Americans for analyze and apply the data they receive. emancipation and for equal rights are also listed under It is not possible for any one publication of a suitable “African American.” The development and accomplish- size for classroom use to contain all available historical ments of African civilizations in general are discussed data. Although this timeline contains a significant under “The World.” amount of American and world history, it is designed to be a representative, rather than an exhaustive, collec- Asian American tion of data. It tells the story, in a chronological and In Asia, two powerful empires, China and Japan, comparative format, of the peopling of America. World officially isolated themselves—particularly from the events are included as they motivated people to come to West—in their earlier history, so the effects of immi- America; they also establish a context from which the gration to the United States by Chinese and Japanese history of the peopling of America emerges. Because are not seen until the late 1700s. Therefore, earlier people often date events in terms such as “during “Asian American” entries include some of the historical the Ming dynasty,” “Elizabethan England” and “the

viii Kennedy era,” the listing of kingdoms, dynasties and historical texts, so a portion of the content remains bat- national leaders provides reference points for the rela- tle-focused in specific periods. However, we recognize tional placement of America’s historic events. that there is another face to history, a face that tells of Although many of the entries included are of broad families, communities, day-to-day living and survival in scope and known historical significance, others are times of war and in times of peace. Although history has selected specifically as human interest events that been taught from the familiar conquest framework, demonstrate how one person or a group of people has woven throughout these events of national and interna- exercised initiative and made history. They show that a tional scope are the stories of families and individuals single individual can make a difference, and that his- whose singular journeys, battles and triumphs are the tory is, after all, the story of people. This chronology fiber and color of this nation’s social history. Where works well to springboard students into more specific possible, we have tried to tell these stories. research; additionally, it illustrates the fact that history is not an isolated field, but the core component of many related subjects. A Reference Resource ® This Americans All timeline has been designed to Like any reference text, the timeline must be used at accelerate the creation in schools and classrooms of a the discretion of teachers and students to clarify, developmental learning process that is truly multi- enhance and augment standard classroom resources. cultural. By using the information contained in the time- History has taught us that each event is not an isolated line, teachers and students will increase their awareness occurrence. Specific conditions and circumstances cre- of, and appreciation for, the concepts of diversity and ate or cause each event; specific consequences follow. democracy that form an integral part of our life in the Although we offer these events for information, we do United States. so to stimulate research and discussion about the culture The timeline’s unique format—columns representing and the context in which they occurred. The Americans the histories of five ethnic groups, as well as those of the All® Resource Materials (see pages 403 and 404) Americas and the world, placed side by side—encour- augment data found in standard history textbooks and pro- ages us to perceive historical facts from multiple per- vide specific information about the peopling of America. spectives. The scope of the timeline from pre-1500s to 1991 enables us to study in a familiar context the historic experiences of diverse groups that peopled this nation. Sources This information has been compiled from many sources and reviewed by individuals sensitive to issues In researching and compiling the timeline, Americans of their own ethnic groups. Additional information about All® has consulted the most reliable and most available groups and individuals, particularly regarding their primary sources. This research presented a recurring arrival in and movement throughout this country—their challenge, because respected historians often disagree conflicts, resistance, victories and achievements—has on the exact date or the specific details surrounding an been incorporated as it has been made available to us. event. Such discrepancies, especially in early recorded history, spring from several causes. First, sophisticated means of recording data were lack- The Challenges of a ing. Second, because of language difficulties, transmis- Social History sion of information between cultures often involved inaccurate translations. Third, conquering nations often In many ways, this nation was conceived in revolu- rewrote history in their own best interest, and suppressed tion and battles. Wars were fought between the early other versions. In the case of dynastic changes, for exam- European immigrants and the indigenous peoples— ple, sources report varying starting dates because a time Native Americans and Mexicans (later Mexican of unrest usually accompanied the transition. Often it is Americans). Different European nations fought over not clear whether a source has set the accession date at the rights to, and control of, lands and resources on this con- unseating of the old dynasty or the seating of the new. In tinent. These territorial fights involved and adversely fact, scholars of different backgrounds often interpret his- affected the indigenous people. The early history of the torical records and events in very different ways, much as formation of the United States has, therefore, been filled today’s newspaper columnists disagree in analyzing the with descriptions of these conflicts, often seen only from impact of the same current event. the viewpoint of the victor. We have gathered much of Further discrepancies stem from the fact that, our information from available primary and secondary through much of recorded time, no universal calendar

ix existed. When the Common Era dating system was countries in the Americas and individual accomplishments, established, Westerners added to the confusion by as appropriate. Events such as major wars are set apart from placing events occurring prior to Anno Domini backward the rest of the text in a double-column format. on the time continuum for the years preceding the Because we recognize the importance of education, estimated birth date of Jesus of Nazareth. we have listed the founding of many of our nation’s col- If scholarly disagreement regarding the date of an leges and universities, including those that were event is significant, “c.” (circa) precedes the year in this specifically established for women, Native Americans text, and we have approximated, within the parameters and African Americans. Out of respect for those institutions, of the available data, the length of time and numbers of they have not been categorized (except if it remains in people involved. The circa notation has also been used their name) by their reason for origin. In identifying their when no reliable source gives a specific date. In reality, location, if the name of the city or state appears in the most of the pre-1900 entries could have this notation. name of the school, it has not been repeated in the location; However, in a comparative format such as this, the for example, the University of Pittsburgh was founded important factor is the relative position of events in the in Pennsylvania. historical continuum, rather than the scholarly debate In “The World” section, we have ordered the infor- on exact dates. mation under each date as follows: events pertaining to Most numbers—for example, sizes of armies, casual- countries, accession dates of specific rulers and accom- ties of a given battle or natural disaster, or land plishments of individuals as they relate to our topics. acreages—are presented as conservative estimates or are Span dates are generally used to record dynasties and expressed in general terms, because sources rarely agree certain major events. As in “The Americas,” events on exact numbers. Population figures, including those such as major wars are set apart from the rest of the text from the United States Census Bureau, are also approxi- in a double-column format. Events pertaining to those mated, because accurate census-taking continues to be special sections have not been duplicated under the problematic, as demonstrated by modern-day attempts to individual year in which they occurred. gather exact data on America’s homeless population. Finally, in the recording of recent or contemporary Another frequent controversy, due primarily to varying history, the general rule is to wait a minimum of 20 years translations, lies in the spelling of the names of people to evaluate the significance of an event. Therefore, we and places. We have selected the most common spellings offer events from 1979 through 1991 as reference only. for primary use in this text. If a secondary spelling occurs The relative significance of these later events has not yet frequently in reference sources, that variation appears in passed the test of time. An open black-line master page parentheses. Chinese names appear in the Pinyin tran- is provided at the end of 1991 to allow for classroom scription, with the Wade-Giles form, where appropriate, incorporation of additional information. in parentheses. Also, for purposes of locating ancient This resource publication does not contain a bibliog- cities and regions, the name at the time of the event raphy; the vast number of resources—books, maga- appears in the text, followed by either its current name or zines, pamphlets, textbooks, research reports and a modern geographical reference. writings from individuals and private collections— In “The Americas” section, we have ordered the infor- used in compiling this timeline make the inclusion of mation under each date as follows: presidential elections (if either a comprehensive or representational bibliog- appropriate); events and then leaders involved in United raphy impractical. We encourage the use of the bibli- States history; events and people involved in state history; ographies that are included in each of the Americans accomplishments of individuals as they relate to United All® resource books (see pages 403 and 404) as spring- States history; events relating to our closest geographic boards for further research and as sources for expansion neighbors, Canada and Mexico; and events relating to other of the data presented on the timeline.

x Reader’s Guide to Using This Book

The use of B.C. (Before Christ) and A.D. (Anno Domini, or Year of the Lord) in counting years was established almost 1,500 years ago 31 B.C./B.C.E.– by Dionysius Exiguus, a Christian A.D./C.E. 476 monk. He began numbering with This is the time span generally ascribed to the Roman A word or phrase that appears in the year he believed Jesus was Empire. parentheses after a place name is born. However, to avoid favoring 27 B.C./B.C.E. either the modern name for that any single religious tradition, many Octavian is given the title geographical region, or a locator people today prefer to use B.C.E. Augustus by the senate and phrase that will help readers find becomes Rome’s first emperor. (Before the Common Era) and C.E. The Pax Romana (a relatively the region being discussed. (Common Era) to mark dates. peaceful era in the Mediter- ranean region during which the area is ruled by Rome) begins. Augustus rules until A.D./C.E. 14.

A.D./C.E. 150 The Kushans, powerful invaders from central Asia who A date that appears in parentheses are devoted followers of Words in italic are followed by Buddhism, move across Bactria after the name of a person or event their definitions, which appear in (Afghanistan) to reach the Punjab. refers the reader to a previous parentheses immediately after the c. 1362 timeline entry containing signifi- first use of the word in each section. Murad I becomes ruler of the cant information about that person Ottoman Empire after the death of his father, Orkhan (1326). or subject. Murad I rules until 1389. 1368–1644 This is the time span generally ascribed to the Ming dynasty that rules in China. It is established by Emperor Taizu (Tai- “c.,” or circa, indicates that the Tsu), who expels the Mongols. The Ming dragon becomes a A name that appears in parentheses date following is approximate symbol of imperial power. after the name of a person is an because primary historical refer- c. 1369 alternate spelling or alternate name ences agree that the date is approxi- Mongol leader Tamerlane for that person. mate, or because primary references (Timur the Lame) dominates Turkestan from his capital in disagree slightly on the exact date of Samarkand. He began his raids the event. See “Sources” in the through central Asia with the section “An Improved Approach: Russian Mongols (Tartars) of the Golden Horde in the early 1360s. Comparative and Inclusive Tamerlane rules until 1405. Chronology” in the front of this book for a further discussion of dating and numbering challenges.

1 NATIVE AFRICAN AFRICAN AFRICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN 1890 1890 When African American Dr. Austin M. Curtis joins the women are excluded from staff of Cook County Hospital The first official attempt to The United States census most activities at the Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, thus take a census of Native reports about 7.49 million World’s Fair in Illinois, they becoming the first African Americans occurs this year. An African Americans, representing begin to unite and form their American to serve on the estimated 248,000 Indians are 11.9 percent of the population. own clubs. surgical staff in that facility. counted in the United States. The Supreme Court decision The National Association of The Ghost Dance, started In re Green gives states 1894 Colored Women (NACW) is by Paiute prophet Wovoka, authority over the choosing In Texas, the leadership of the founded, primarily through spreads among the Plains of presidential electors. This African American political bloc the efforts of Josephine tribes. It prophesies the end of has the effect of legalizing shifts from the Republicans, Ruffin, and begins a program European American expansion possible disenfranchisement headed by Norris Wright of assistance to the African and the return of Native of African Americans. Cuney, to the Populists, led American community. By American lands. Richard Robert Wright by John B. Rayner. 1915 the NACW will have Sioux Chief Sitting Bull, an establishes Savannah State 50,000 members. Mary Church advocate of the Ghost Dance, College in Georgia. Mid-1890s Terrell, its first president, is killed by Indian police on Cowboy Bill Pickett develops works for the rights of African Although many have small Americans. the Standing Rock Reservation circulations, there are more a technique to hold and throw in South Dakota, reportedly than 150 African American a steer, popularly called “bull Richard Henry Boys establishes for resisting arrest. newspapers in the United dogging.” the National Baptist Publishing At the Wounded Knee States. House in Nashville, Tennessee. Massacre on the Pine Ridge 1895 Oakwood College in Huntsville, Reservation in South Dakota, 1891 W. E. B. Du Bois receives Alabama, is founded. some 300 Minneconju and Provident Hospital in Chicago, his Ph.D. from Harvard Hunkpapa Sioux (including Illinois, opens the first training University. 1897 women and children) are school for African American In Georgia, Booker T. George W. White, a Repub- killed by soldiers of the 7th medical professionals. Dr. Cavalry. The massacre is Washington delivers his lican, is elected to the United George Cleveland Hall, a Atlanta Compromise speech, States House of Representatives prompted by the alleged skilled surgeon and adminis- refusal of a Sioux Indian to which essentially condones from North Carolina. He serves trator, is one of the founders political and social inequality two terms. surrender his weapon. Many of the hospital. Indians at Wounded Knee in favor of economic and Voorhees College in Denmark, educational assistance. wear “ghost shirts,” which 1892 South Carolina, is founded. 1890 they believe are bulletproof. The Frederick Douglass After their tragic failure the World champion bantam- Memorial Hospital and 1898 through Ghost Dance declines. weight boxer George Dixon Training School for Nurses forces the integration of New African American troops The Curtis Act extends the is established in Philadelphia, display valor in the Spanish- Orleans, Louisiana’s, Olympia Pennsylvania, under the allotment policy to the Five Club by refusing to fight there American War (see “The World, Civilized Tribes in Indian direction of Dr. Nathan F. 1898–1899”), especially units 1899 unless seats are set aside for Mossell. Territory (Oklahoma). African Americans. The club of the 9th and 10th Negro In this year alone, more than complies. The Red Record by Ida B. Cavalry that aid Lieutenant 17 million acres of land are Wells (Barnett) is published. Colonel Theodore Roosevelt One hundred sixty African The first comprehensive study and his “Rough Riders” in taken from Native Americans by Americans are lynched this the United States government of lynching in the United their attack on San Juan Hill. year. Since 1882, more than States using statistical data, The 25th Negro Cavalry and distributed to European 1,400 African Americans have Americans. it launches a nationwide captures a Spanish fort at the been lynched. antilynching campaign. Battle of El Canay. Several 1892 men receive commendations c. 1892 1896 for bravery. The first African The Hoopa Valley and Ida B. Wells (Barnett) begins In Plessy v. Ferguson, the American casualty is Elijah B. Klamath River Reservations her activities opposing racial Tunnell, who dies on the in California are taken back Supreme Court rules that discrimination and acts of segregated “separate but equal” U.S.S. Winslow. from the Indians and returned violence. to the public domain. facilities are constitutional. The Afro-American newspaper George Washington Carver 1894 is established in Baltimore, becomes director of agricul- Maryland, by John Henry ture research at Tuskegee United States troops forcibly Murphy. gather Hopi children and place Institute in Alabama. During his lifetime, he develops more them in European American- 1893 type schools. Parents are than 100 products from the punished for resistance. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams sweet potato and more than performs the country’s first 300 products from the peanut. 1899 successful heart operation at A philanthropist in his later Chicago’s Provident Hospital. years, he leaves his life’s A monument is erected in savings to the establishment Savannah, Georgia, by the George W. Murray, a Repub- of a foundation in his name at Colonial Dames of America lican, is elected to the United Tuskegee to benefit young in memory of Creek Chief States House of Representatives African American scientists. Tomochichi, who helped the from South Carolina. He serves first European colonists in two terms. Georgia (1733–1739).

256 AFRICAN ASIAN ASIAN FOR CLASSROOM USE AMERICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN 1899 1890 The Supreme Court hears the case of Nishimura v. United Businessmen John Merrick The United States census States, which challenges the and Dr. A. M. Moore form an reports 107,500 Chinese right of the United States to insurance company that later people in the continental bar a Japanese person from becomes the North Carolina United States and 2,300 in entering the country. This case Mutual Life Insurance Alaska. The Hawaiian kingdom is a determining factor in a Company. C. C. Spaulding census reports 17,000 Chinese treaty two years later between becomes the first manager of residents. the United States and Japan to the enterprise. More than 12,000 Japanese ensure the civil liberties of immigrants have made their Japanese immigrants. homes in Hawaii, and 3,000 in California. 1893 The Supreme Court in Fong 1890–1920 Yue Ting v. United States Three hundred thousand upholds the constitutionality Japanese, mostly young males, of the registration requirement immigrate to the western for Chinese laborers. Congress United States. Some are later subsequently amends the joined by “picture brides,” Geary Act of 1892 to extend making the ratio of females to the registration deadline of males somewhat more even. Chinese laborers for six months. 1890s 1894 Because exclusion laws Sun Yat-sen and others found prohibit the immigration of a revolutionary organization Chinese women, family life in in Hawaii to overthrow the the Chinese American commu- Chinese emperor. He will nity develops slowly. There are travel to the United States few potential wives available mainland in 1896 and on later because Chinese American journeys to recruit supporters. men also are forbidden by law to marry European American 1895 1890 women. The Chinese American American-born Chinese form community in the 1890s the Native Sons of the Golden therefore consists primarily of State in San Francisco, through solitary, aging, exploited men. California, to fight for the Jujiro Wada receives honorary civil and political rights of citizenship from the governor Chinese Americans. 1899 of the territory of Alaska for his daring rescue of an ice- 1896 bound ship. He journeyed alone The Hawaiian kingdom over the ice to Nome for help. census reports 21,600 Chinese residents. 1891 The first Japanese-language The Pacific Fruit Packing school in Hawaii is started by Company, one of the earliest the Reverend Takie Okumura Chinese American-owned at the Makiki Christian canneries, is founded in San Church in Honolulu. Francisco, California. Railroads are among the first 1898 large industries to employ Hawaii is annexed to the Japanese laborers. United States. 1892 Seven crewmen of Japanese ancestry die in the sinking of The Japanese Baptist Church the U.S.S. Maine in Havana opens an English-language harbor. night school in San Francisco. The United States Asiatic The federal Geary Act extends Squadron, under the command Chinese exclusion for 10 more of Commodore George Dewey, years. Chinese laborers are enters Manila Bay and destroys required to register. Chinese the Spanish fleet. Approximately immigrants challenge the law 5 percent of Dewey’s crew in court and many do not is Chinese, some of them register. American-born. The first Japanese-language newspaper in Hawaii is started in Honolulu.

257 ASIAN EUROPEAN EUROPEAN EUROPEAN AMERICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN The United States acquires the 1890 1894 1899 Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain as a condition More than 12 percent of the On the hardiness and endurance Great numbers of Magyar- of the Treaty of Paris. A mili- residents of Minnesota are of of Swedish American laborers, speaking people begin to leave tary government is established Swedish descent. Great Northern Railroad Pres- Hungary. These Hungarians in the Philippines. Filipinos, In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, ident James H. Hill remarks, migrate from place to place in having now become American this year, there are six daily “Give me Swedes, . . . and I’ll the United States where labor nationals, have the right to travel German-language newspapers build a railroad through hell.” is needed in the coal mining on United States passports and in publication. and steel industries. enter the United States freely. 1895 Fourteen Jewish societies in The first Japanese-language 1890s The Holy Ghost Russian Brooklyn issue a statement newspaper on the United Crop failures in the Dakotas Orthodox Church is built in agreeing that Jews are in States mainland is founded and Montana result in the Bridgeport, Connecticut. It is danger of being beaten on by Kyutaro Abiko in San migration of many Dutch the first Russian Orthodox American streets. Francisco. He later establishes Americans to Washington. church in New England and the Yamato colony near This migration is encouraged the seventh in the nation. Livingston, California. by the Northern Pacific The Russian Orthodox Society The Supreme Court rules in Railroad. of Mutual Aid is founded to United States v. Wong Kim strengthen the church in Ark that a person born in the 1891 America and to provide United States of Chinese Eleven Italian Americans who insurance for its members. parents is of American nation- are suspected of murdering a ality by birth, and cannot be police official are lynched in 1896 considered Chinese under the New Orleans, Louisiana. “New immigration” from Chinese Exclusion Act, due Archbishop Michael Corrigan, southern, eastern and central to Fourteenth-Amendment Europe constitutes the majority protections. an Irish American, organizes the Society of Saint Raphael of total immigrants. Congress passes a joint resolu- to assist newly arrived Italian Lutheran Pastor Hans Rebane tion banning Chinese laborers immigrants in New York City. from Latvia immigrates to from immigrating to Hawaii. Corrigan also sets up a shelter the United States to escape for women and children. religious persecution. 1899 Politicians in South Carolina 1890 More than 2,800 Japanese 1892 adopt the “white primary,” people migrate to the United The last major wave of German limiting the vote in the States mainland from Hawaii. through immigration to the United States Democratic party primary to The Supreme Court rules that takes place this year, with European Americans. wives and children of Chinese more than 119,000 Germans Julegraven, an illustrated merchants are entitled to enter coming to this country. Christmas magazine written in 1899 the United States. William Goebel, a German the Danish language, begins The Chinese Empire Reform American, becomes governor publication in Cedar Falls, Iowa. Association is founded in of Kentucky. Victoria, British Columbia. Scottish American John Muir 1897 Branches soon spring up in establishes the Sierra Club in A lumbering community of Canada, the United States and California. Latvians is established in Hawaii. This group advocates Lincoln County, Wisconsin. a constitutional monarchy in 1893 The Heineman Lumber China. The Latvian Workers’ Associ- Company, which employs The arrival of two Japanese ation is founded in Boston, these lumbermen, donates a Buddhist priests in the United Massachusetts. It is a welfare- 40-acre site and building States signals the beginning of oriented, socialistic organization materials for the first Latvian the Buddhist Churches of that also sponsors a progressive Evangelical church erected in America. amateur theater group. the United States. Abraham Cahan founds the 1899–1901 The National Council of Jewish Women is founded by Jewish Daily Forward, a Filipinos stage an armed Hannah Solomon to help socialist newspaper in the rebellion against United States newly arrived Jewish women Yiddish language. It grows to military rule of the islands. adjust to American culture. become the most circulated The revolt is suppressed. foreign-language newspaper in The Pennsylvania Slovak the United States. 1899–1904 Catholic Union is formed to provide financial assistance to 1898 Sixty thousand Japanese families of Slovak American immigrants come to the miners injured or killed on Admiral Winfield Schley, a United States; most of these the job. German American, commands new arrivals make their homes the forces that destroy the in Hawaii. Spanish fleet at Santiago, Cuba, during the Spanish- American War (see “The World, 1898–1899”).

258 HISPANIC HISPANIC HISPANIC FOR CLASSROOM USE AMERICAN AMERICAN AMERICAN 1890 The major Puerto Rican pro- The Federacion Libre de moters of independence for Trabajadores, the first modern This year sees the birth of the Antilles are Eugenio María labor union in Puerto Rico, is many strike movements in de Hostos in South America established. Puerto Rico. and Dr. Ramón E. Betances, The Mexican population of living in France. 1898–1900 Los Angeles is down to 5 per- Puerto Rico’s Autonomous cent, and the group has lost all 1897 Charter (1897) is ended, and of its political strength. The Catholic Diocese of the United States establishes a Tucson, Arizona, is established. military governorship. Puerto 1890s The Spanish government Rico undergoes a campaign In Texas, cattle ranching gives grants the Autonomous Charter by the United States to way to large-scale cotton for Puerto Rican government. “Americanize,” and a period farming. As cotton growing The charter permits significant of Protestant evangelism occurs. becomes big business in self-rule in many areas. Texas, Mexicans come north 1899 to find work. Miguel A. Otero becomes governor of the territory of New The Federalist party led by Mexico. He serves until 1906. Luis Muñoz Rivera and the 1891 Republican party headed by Arturo Alfonso Schomburg 1898 José Celso Barbosa are formed immigrates from Puerto Rico in Puerto Rico. A small number of Puerto to New York City. Schomburg Hurricane San Ciriaco gradually accumulates a vast Ricans come to the United States, mostly to New York City. destroys most of Puerto Rico’s and significant collection of crops, sparking the migration materials on African American The Internal Autonomous of approximately 5,200 people cultures in the Americas. Cabinet is installed in Puerto from Puerto Rico to Hawaii. Rico. Antonio Vélez de Alvarado The population of Puerto Rico creates the flag that in 1895 Dr. Ramón E. Betances voices is estimated at 933,000. becomes the symbol of the his opposition to United States Puerto Rican revolution. In participation in the Puerto General Guy V. Henry organizes 1952, this becomes the flag of Rican and Cuban wars for a system of rural and graded the current government. independence. schools in Puerto Rico. The federal Court of Private During the Spanish-American 1899–1901 1890 Land Claims is established in War, President William F. Cases presented by Puerto the United States to hear and McKinley asks for 340 cavalry through settle Spanish and Mexican volunteers from New Mexico Ricans in the federal court land claims in the American to ride under Colonel Leonard system begin to define the Southwest. Wood and Lieutenant Colonel relationship between Puerto Theodore Roosevelt with the Rico and the United States. 1899 1892 “Rough Riders” in Cuba. The Puerto Rican autonomists quota is mustered in eight days. Sotero Figueroa, Antonio The United States naval fleet Vélez de Alvarado and under the direction of Admiral Francisco Gonzalo Marin Sampson shells San Juan Bay, come to New York City. Puerto Rico. Troops under the Approximately 200 Puerto command of General Nelson Ricans meet to combine their Miles land on Guanica, on the efforts for Puerto Rican inde- south shore of the island. pendence, and the Borinquen Puerto Rican independentistas Club is formed. in the United States offer their collaboration with the United 1893 States government. A race riot breaks out in Spain cedes Puerto Rico, Beeville, Texas, between Guam and the Philippines to Mexican Americans and the United States in the Treaty African Americans, primarily of Paris. over economic and employment issues. Eugenio María de Hostos organizes the League of 1895 Patriots, which requests a plebiscite to decide whether The Puerto Rican section of Puerto Ricans want United the Cuban Revolutionary States government rule or party holds its first meeting independence under American in New York City, pledging protection. the independence of both islands. Fifty-nine Puerto The separation of church and Ricans participate. state ends the payment of church expenses and salaries by the Puerto Rican treasury.

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1890 The first hydroelectric dam in Lydia (Lil) Liliuokalani A major confrontation between the United States is constructed becomes queen of Hawaii striking steelworkers of the The United States Congress in Great Falls, Montana. after the death of her brother, Amalgamated Association of passes a number of legislative Central State University at David Kalakahua (1875). She Iron, Steel and Tin Workers acts. The Sherman Antitrust rules until 1893. and Carnegie Steel Company Act, designed to regulate Edmond, Oklahoma State University at Stillwater, and Basketball is invented in occurs in Homestead, Pennsyl- trusts that restrain trade or vania. The striking miners hold commerce, is the federal the University of Oklahoma at Springfield, Massachusetts, Norman, all in Oklahoma, are by Canadian-born Dr. James off Pinkerton guards called in government’s first action to by the steel company, though control big business. The founded, as is Savannah State Naismith. College in Georgia. both sides suffer casualties. McKinley Tariff Act, spon- Reindeer are brought to Alaska However, the company imports sored by William McKinley, John D. Rockefeller’s Standard from Siberia and Norway to strikebreaking workers, and increases import duties sub- Oil Company controls almost provide an industry for the the union workers are eventu- stantially; it is well received all of the oil production and dwindling Inuit (Eskimo) ally forced by circumstances as a benefit to the industrial sales in the United States. tribe. to return to work at severely powers in the United States reduced wages. but is opposed by farmers. The Daughters of the American Sir John Joseph Caldwell Congress also passes the Revolution is founded in Abbott, a Conservative, Silver mine strikers in Idaho Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Washington, D.C. becomes prime minister of fight against nonunion supported by John Sherman, Fiery protest speeches against Canada after Sir John A. workers. Federal troops are which requires the government big business influence on MacDonald (1867, 1878) dies required to intervene. in office. Abbott serves until to increase its purchases of government by Kansas populist A commercial telephone line silver from the levels of the Mary Elizabeth Lease prompt 1892, when he resigns due to poor health. between New York City and Bland-Allison Act of 1878. It a New York Evening Post Chicago opens. also increases the amount of editorial comment, “We don’t Brazil adopts a federal money in circulation. The act want any more states until we republican constitution. Scottish American John Muir is repealed in 1893. can civilize Kansas!” establishes the Sierra Club General Manuel Deodoro da in California. Its purpose is The United States census c. 1890 Fonseca (1889) becomes the wildlife preservation and the reports the country’s popula- first president of Brazil. He expansion of the nation’s park tion at 63 million, including Brazil passes a law requiring serves for less than one year system. American citizens living abroad. that all purchases of land be and is succeeded by Floriano made in cash; this has the Peixoto. Peixoto serves until Sir John Sparrow David The United States has more Thompson, a Conservative, than 160,000 miles of railroad effect of keeping immigrants 1894. from owning property and becomes prime minister of 1890 track in use. Canada after the resignation therefore forcing them to labor c. 1891 The Visiting Nurses’ on other people’s lands. of Sir John Joseph Caldwell The Populist party is formed Abbott (1891). He serves until through Association is formed in Chicago, Illinois, by a local 1890–1891 in the United States with his death in 1894. women’s group. Its mission is heavy support from farmers to serve the health needs of Chile experiences civil war, who oppose high tariffs and 1893 1899 Chicago’s poor people. with opposition forces led by “hard” money. The party plat- Jorge Montt. The rebel forces form consists of support for Grover Cleveland becomes the Ellis Island, in New York are successful, and Montt free and unlimited coinage of twenty-fourth president of the harbor, is designated as an becomes the country’s new silver, government control of United States; Adlai E. immigration station. president. He serves until 1896. railroads, no national banks, a Stevenson is vice president. Both are Democrats. This is Idaho and Wyoming join graduated income tax, direct 1890s election of senators, an eight- President Cleveland’s second the Union as the forty-third term; he is the only United and forty-fourth states, respec- Large commercial salmon hour workday, nonownership of land by foreigners and States president to be elected tively. Wyoming, which as a canneries open in Alaska. to two nonconsecutive terms. territory gave women the right reform of immigration laws. to vote in 1869, becomes the Gas cookstoves are first seen Congress repeals the Sherman first state to mandate local in the United States. 1891–1900 Silver Purchase Act (1890) suffrage for women in its and returns to the gold standard. 1891 Immigration to the United constitution. States totals 3,684,564; When United States gold The United Mine Workers The Forest Reserve Act 3,555,352 come from Europe, reserves drop below the union is formed in Columbus, becomes law in the United 74,862 from Asia, 350 from $100-million mark, a financial Ohio, with the merger of the States, providing for the Africa, 3,965 from Oceania, panic develops. British investors National Progressive Union conversion of public lands to 38,972 from the Americas and cash in many of their American and mining locals affiliated a National Forest Reserve. 11,063 are not specifically stocks and bonds for gold. with the Knights of Labor. Bank failures occur in the identified. United States banks become United States. very conservative and call in The National American 1892 loans, now payable only in gold. Woman Suffrage Association A 900,000-acre tract of Indian This puts a burden on farmers is created via the merger of land in Oklahoma is made The United States Congress passes the Geary Act, which and small businesses. Lack of two groups, the National available for homesteading by confidence and a stock market Woman Suffrage Association European Americans. The extends Chinese exclusion for another 10 years and requires drop follow. The depression and the American Woman acreage was ceded to the continues for four years. Suffrage Association, both United States by Sauk, Fox strict residency proof and founded in 1869. The Woman’s and Potawatomi Indians. identification for Chinese Journal becomes the official people in the country. Miners at Briceville, Tennessee, publication of the National call that state’s first major The Ellis Island Immigration American Woman Suffrage labor strike. Station opens in New York Association. harbor.

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Hawaii’s Queen Liliuokalani At its fourteenth convention, A land grant claimed by 1896 (1891) is deposed in a coup the American Federation of J. Addison Reavis for assisted by the United States Labor again unanimously 12.8 million acres in New In Plessy v. Ferguson, the military. Hawaii becomes a adopts a resolution affirming Mexico and Arizona is Supreme Court upholds the republic. An annexation agree- the unity of labor regardless declared fraudulent. Reavis constitutionality of the doc- ment with the United States is of race. goes to prison. trine of “separate but equal.” withdrawn from the United The case concerns the rights Ohio businessman Jacob S. Coal mining begins in of Homer Plessy, an African States Senate by President Coxey leads his “army” of Tennessee at Brushy Mountain Grover Cleveland. American man who purchased approximately 500 unemployed Prison. a railroad ticket and tried to The Ohio Anti-Saloon League people from Ohio to Washing- Westinghouse Electric ride in the “all white” section is formed in Oberlin, Ohio, ton, D.C., in a demonstration Company acquires a contract of the train. For this, he was opposing the sale of alcoholic against government apathy to build and operate the arrested and convicted; he beverages. This organization regarding unemployment. Niagara Falls hydroelectric eventually appealed his case will become a major force in Socialist Eugene V. Debs calls power plant, which goes on to the high court. Although the congressional passage of the a general strike of rail workers line this year. case specifically concerns only Eighteenth Amendment to the to support Pullman Company railroad accommodations, it is Constitution (Prohibition). The Anti-Saloon League is later used as a precedent for strikers in Chicago, Illinois. organized as a national group. The Cherokee Strip, 6 million When federal troops are called many other public areas, Founded locally in Oberlin, including education. acres of land (now in southern in to make sure the mail keeps Ohio, in 1893, by the Reverend Kansas) purchased from the moving, the strike is broken H. H. Russell and others, the The United States Post Office Cherokee in 1891, is opened for and Debs is jailed. organization goes national in offers its first Rural Free European American homestead- The Immigration Restriction scope after a convention this Delivery (R.F.D.) mail service. ing. More than 100,000 people League is organized in the year in Washington, D.C. Prior to this time, many farm rush to the area. families had to go to town United States. The United States’ first A gasoline-powered automobile to pick up their mail, a trip Thomas A. Edison’s kineto- automobile race is held on that might cost them a day or developed by Charles and J. scope has its first public Thanksgiving Day of this Frank Duryea is the first truly two. R.F.D. begins to change showing in New York City. year. A redesigned Duryea that. Among other benefits, successful model in the United automobile (1893) takes first States. MacKenzie Bowell, a Rural Free Delivery makes Conservative, becomes prime place in the snowy, 50-mile possible the development of The Henry Street Settlement minister of Canada after race from Chicago to Waukegan, the mail-order business. House is founded in New York Sir John Sparrow David Illinois. City by Lillian Wald and Mary Utah becomes the forty-fifth Thompson’s (1892) death. King Camp Gillette develops state to join the Union. Brewster. It becomes one of Bowell serves until 1896. a safety razor with disposable 1890 the best known and most blades. Miami, Florida, first colonized influential settlement houses Andrés Avelino Cáceres in the mid-1870s, incorporates through in the country. (1886) manages to force Joshua Slocum of Annapolis, as a city and becomes a main Peru’s Congress to elect him Nova Scotia, Canada, circum- stop on the Florida railroad line. Montana State University at president of the country. His navigates the globe alone. He Bozeman and the University Miami’s growth is stimulated victory is brief, however, and is the first person to do so, in by the interest and funding of 1899 of Montana at Missoula are he is overthrown this same a voyage that lasts three years. founded. financier Henry Morrison year by forces of Nicolás de Cuban patriot José Martí, exiled Flagler. Working in his spare time in Piérola. De Piérola becomes since age 16, returns to Cuba. Detroit, Michigan, Henry Ford president of Peru in 1895; Idaho leads the country in lead He joins forces with General production. builds his first automobile. he rules until 1899. Antonio Maceo in an insurrec- Chicago, Illinois, surgeon Dr. tion against Spanish rule. Martí The Duryea Motor Wagon Daniel Hale Williams performs 1895 is killed, but the fighting Company produces the nation’s first open-heart Claiming jurisdiction under continues for three years. 13 automobiles this year. surgery. Dr. Williams, an the Monroe Doctrine, United Nicolás de Piérola (1879) Oakwood College is founded African American, performs States President Grover again becomes president of in Huntsville, Alabama. the operation at Provident Cleveland intervenes to settle Peru after the brief term of Hospital. a territorial dispute over the Gold is discovered in Bonanza Andrés Avelino Cáceres Creek in the Klondike. During border between Venezuela and (1886, 1894). De Piérola 1893–1897 British Guiana. the next three years, the ensuing serves until 1899. gold rush brings more than The United States economy William Randolph Hearst, 30,000 people to Canada’s stagnates, resulting in high after a successful start as head Yukon Territory and to Alaska. unemployment and depression. of the San Francisco, California, Examiner, establishes the New Politicians in South Carolina 1894 York Morning Journal and adopt the “white primary,” limiting the vote in the Congress repeals the Second competes with Joseph Pulitzer for the New York market, Democratic party primary to Enforcement Act, returning European Americans. election oversight to the states, developing the technique of and thereby opening the door sensationalism, or “yellow William Jennings Bryan for the disenfranchisement of journalism,” to sell newspapers. delivers his “Cross of Gold” African Americans in many In Pollock v. Farmers Loan and speech at the Democratic southern states. Trust Company, the Supreme Convention in Chicago, Illinois. Court rules that a federal income He says that cities depend on tax is unconstitutional. the farms and that the nation’s real wealth is generated by a base of successful farmers and laborers, not industrialists.

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Sir Charles Tupper, a 1898 Chlorine is first used to purify Conservative, becomes prime public water supplies. minister of Canada after the The United States battleship Maine explodes in Havana The United States and Britain term of MacKenzie Bowell reach a provisional boundary (1894). Tupper’s party, however, harbor. As a result, the United States declares war on Spain. agreement establishing the loses the election this year, and Alaskan-Canadian border. Sir Wilfred Laurier, a Liberal, More than 17,000 soldiers becomes prime minister. invade Oriente province The National Consumers Laurier serves until 1911. and, with the help of Cuban League is founded by Florence General Calixto García, defeat Kelly. A major goal of the 1897 Spanish forces. When this, organization is to improve the the Spanish-American War, lot of working women by William F. McKinley becomes is over, the United States buying only those goods made the twenty-fifth president of acquires Puerto Rico, the in factories that provide decent the United States. Garrett A. Philippines and Guam (see working conditions. The league Hobert is vice president. Both “The World, 1898–1899”). establishes a labeling system are Republicans. In 1899 Vice The United States annexes to let consumers know what President Hobert dies in office, products qualify as “good” but the vacancy is not filled. Hawaii; Chinese migration to Hawaii is barred. products. Buildings and records at the Mary Harris (Mother) Jones, Hurricane San Ciriaco Ellis Island Immigration destroys most of Puerto Rico’s Station in New York harbor Irish American labor agitator, helps found the Social crops, sparking the migration are destroyed by fire, but all of approximately 5,200 people people there escape safely. Democratic party. She also is on hand in 1905 when the from Puerto Rico to Hawaii. The Dingley Act, sponsored International Workers of the The College of Saint Elizabeth by Congressman Nelson World is organized. is founded in Convent Station, Dingley, places high protec- New Jersey. tive duties on imported goods Almost all of Bismarck, North and places a high premium on Dakota’s business district is Cipriano Castro and troops Mexican American sugarbeet destroyed by fire. under him march on Caracas, laborers by raising the tariff The Christian Commercial Venezuela. They overthrow on imported sugar. Men’s Association of America the dictatorship of Antonio Gúzman Blanco and, in 1901, A Boston subway line opens, is founded in Boscobel, Wisconsin. Now an interna- Castro is proclaimed president. 1890 the first in the United States. He serves until 1908. This streetcar line is 1.7 miles tional Bible Society, it is commonly referred to as long, and was built at a cost 1899–1902 through exceeding $4 million. Gideons and its mission is to place copies of the Bible in A bloody civil war in Colombia Fresh Alaskan halibut is hotel rooms around the nation. leads to bitter class struggles. shipped to the lower United 1899 States for the first time. The Kensington Rune Stone, inscribed with an ancient The National Congress of Germanic language from Parents and Teachers is founded Scandinavia with a date of in South Dakota; it spawns 1362, is found on a farm in and sponsors local parent- Minnesota. If genuine, it shows teacher associations. that early Norse explorers Voorhees College is founded penetrated the interior of in Denmark, South Carolina. North America. However, at the time the authenticity of Miguel A. Otero becomes the stone is subject to much governor of the United States question. territory of New Mexico. He serves until 1906. Sir Augustus Hemming is appointed as Britain’s governor Liberal leader Flavio Eloy of Jamaica. Alfaro becomes president of Ecuador. He institutes reforms 1899 and serves until 1901. Alfaro serves again from 1907 to 1911. The United States begins its “open door” policy with China. Because the United States seeks direct trade with Asia after its acquisition of the Philippines, and the partitioning of China and Japan seem a reality, the United States wants to maintain equal commercial rights within China. The Rivers and Harbors Appropriations Act has a “Refuse Act” paragraph that forbids the pollution of the nation’s waterways.

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1890 1891 R. J. Seddon, a Liberal, becomes Abdu-l-Aziz IV becomes sultan New Zealand’s prime minister. of Morocco. He rules until 1908. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck José Rizal establishes La (1862, 1871) is removed from Liga Filipina (The Philippine The second Irish home rule J. H. Northrop invents the power, and Germany becomes League) to promote social bill fails to pass in the British automatic loom. an aggressive nation under reforms in the Philippines. At Parliament. Kaiser (Emperor) William about the same time, Andres New Zealand becomes the first 1894–1895 (Wilhelm) II (1888). Bonifacio founds a secret country to give women the A Sino-Japanese war erupts By the terms of the Zanzibar revolutionary society, the right to vote. Elizabeth Yates over Korea. Japan’s army settlement, Tanganyika and Katipunan. of Onehunga is elected the first defeats Chinese forces with Heligoland become German Germany, Austria-Hungary woman mayor in New Zealand. victories at the Yalu River colonies, Germany agrees to and Italy renew the Triple France takes full control of the and Port Arthur. By the Treaty leave the Upper Nile and Alliance of 1882. Russia and Ivory Coast after 23 years of of Shimonoseki, Japan takes Uganda and Zanzibar become France create the Dual fighting. control of Formosa, the British protectorates. Alliance, at the time a secret Pescadore Islands, Port Arthur agreement. 1893–1896 and the Liaotung Peninsula. Britain recognizes French China also gives up control of control over Madagascar. Russia experiences widespread King Lobengula of the Ndebele Korea, which at this time has The first European colonists famine that continues into 1892. people leads uprisings against nominal independence. The arrive in the area of modern- J. Ballance, a Liberal, British encroachment in the intervention of Russia, France day Zimbabwe. They are sent becomes prime minister of area that is now Zimbabwe. and Germany forces Japan to by British agent Cecil Rhodes. New Zealand. Uganda becomes a British return Port Arthur and the protectorate when Britain’s Liaotung Peninsula to China, Severe influenza outbreaks The Young Turks, a group of monarchy takes control of the but China pays an additional occur in several parts of the Ottoman exiles, create an British East Africa Company. fee for their return. world. organization in Geneva, Rhodesia is named for Cecil As a child, Wilhelmina Switzerland. Rhodes, who acquired the land 1895 becomes queen of the Nether- French manufacturers René for the British South Africa Company. (Sir) Leander Starr Jameson lands after the death of her Panhard and Emile Levassor leads a British raid into the father, William III (1849). establish the precedent of Norwegian explorer Fridtjof South African Republic to She rules until 1948. Although assembling automobiles with Nansen proves that the Arctic support the revolt of British the crowns of the Netherlands the engine in the front. cap is made up of ice, not and other foreign colonists. and Luxembourg were united land, by letting his ship, the The intervention fails, and under William III, an agree- 1892 Fram, drift across the polar Jameson is captured and 1890 ment made in 1873 states In Africa, French forces cap locked in the ice. imprisoned. Germany’s Kaiser that only males may rule depose the king of Dahomey William II sends congratulations Luxembourg. As a result, and annex his domain; they 1894 to the Boers’ Stephen John through Adolph of Nassau becomes defeat the Fulani on the Upper Paulus (Paul) Kruger, angering grand duke of Luxembourg, Russia forms an alliance with Niger and capture Segu. France after Germany cancels the British who interpret the and the union with the message as an indication The Gilbert and Ellice the Reinsurance Treaty created Netherlands is dissolved. that Germany could become 1899 Islands are declared a British by former German Chancellor involved in the territorial fight Japan’s new emperor allows protectorate. Bismarck. the enactment of a constitution, in the South African Republic. Abbas II (Abbas Hilmi) France annexes Madagascar. based in part on that of Prussia. Negeri Sembilan, Perak, becomes khedive (viceroy) of The Civil Code is passed, The first European visitor to Selangor and Pahang unite to Egypt after the death of his transforming all of Japanese the area that is now Rwanda is form the Federated Malay father, Tewfik Pasha (1879). society into a legal model of Count von Goetzen, a German States. the samurai family. For women, Abbas II rules until 1914. officer. The first public cinema is this is one of the most oppres- Prince Ito, one of the chief French army captain Alfred opened in Paris, France, by sive times in Japanese history. architects of the modernization Dreyfus, an Alsatian Jew, is Louis Lumière. Germany declares Namibia a of Japan, becomes that coun- arrested, convicted of treason crown colony. try’s prime minister. He serves and sentenced to life in prison German physicist Wilhelm until 1896, regains the position after allegedly leaking secret Röentgen discovers the X-ray. Joseph Lister introduces anti- in 1898 and again in 1900–1901. septic methods in his surgical French documents to the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund practice in England. German engineer Rudolf German ambassador. Anti- Freud introduces the process Diesel patents the internal Semitism is rife in the French of psychoanalysis. A punch-card machine, an community as well as the combustion engine that will Norwegian Australian early precursor to the com- bear his name. military at this time. The puter, is developed by Herman “Dreyfus Affair” becomes a Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink Hollerith. The escalator is invented by strong force in dividing the participates in the first land Jesse Reno. expedition to explore Antarctica. William James’ book, French people into rightist and leftist forces. Dreyfus will Principles of Psychology, is 1893 considered to be the first sig- finally be pardoned in 1906. nificant psychology textbook. France assumes a protectorship French President Marie over Laos, despite the objections François Carnot is assassinated of Siam (Thailand). by an Italian anarchist. The South African (Transvaal) Nicholas II becomes czar of Republic annexes Swaziland. Russia after the death of his Natal becomes self-governing. father, Alexander III (1881). Nicholas II rules until 1917; he is the last czar.

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1896 French scientist Henri 1898 1899 Becquerel observes, with the In the Philippines, the identity use of uranium salts and a A severe famine caused by The First Philippine Republic, of many of the Katipunan photographic plate, that some drought and an outbreak of inaugurated at Malolos, becomes leaders, a secret society formed atoms emit energy in the form bubonic plague results in more the first democracy to emerge by Filipino nationalists to fight of rays. than 1 million deaths in China. in Asia. The Philippine War against Spanish control of the The Boxer Rebellion begins in of Independence begins. After island, is discovered. This leads 1896–1898 China as a secret, antiforeign bitter guerilla warfare resulting to a more open rebellion led by group called the “Boxers” in the capture of most local Andres Bonifacio and Emilo A combined British and stages uprisings against leaders, United States troops Aguinaldo. The Spanish Egyptian military expedition Europeans. The United States capture Aguinaldo in 1901, government responds with a led by Lord Kitchener defeats and other western troops inter- marking the fall of the republic. forces of the Mahdi (Savior) reign of terror and many vene to suppress the revolts. To retain firm control of Philippine leaders are executed, (c. 1880–1898) in the Sudan. Empress Dowager Tz’u Hsi, a A joint British-Egyptian force Finland, Russia’s Czar including Dr. José Rizal, who supporter of the Boxers, seizes Nicholas II initiates a process is shot by a firing squad in under Horatio Herbert (Lord) power and stops the western Kitchener is victorious over the of “Russification.” This tactic is Manila. reform movement in China, but resisted by the Finnish people. Mahdi at Omdurman, giving the unrest continues into 1900. British forces seize control of Britain control over the Sudan. The Boer War begins in South Ghana, dethroning Ashanti Kitchener’s army then forces In this year 270,000 people Africa as a conflict between (Asante) King Prempe and French troops of Major J. B. leave Hungary. British colonists and Dutch exiling him and his mother, Marchand to leave the Upper French scientists Pierre and Boers. Causes of the fighting Yaa Akyaa. The real power Nile (the Fashoda Incident). Marie Sklodowska Curie are rooted in long-standing behind the throne, Yaa Akyaa, Britain and Egypt agree the discover radium. territorial disputes and in fric- is a wealthy leader of royal following year to the appoint- tion over political rights for birth who bribed politicians, ment of an Egyptian governor Wake Island (in the central Pacific Ocean) and American English and other “suitlanders” waged war and directed cam- general approved by Britain. following the 1886 discovery paigns to ensure that her son Samoa are annexed by the United States. of vast gold deposits in the became king. Britain estab- 1897 South African (Transvaal) lishes a protectorate over M. J. Owens designs an auto- Republic. Sierra Leone and East Africa. Zululand becomes part of the British crown colony of Natal. matic bottle manufacturing machine. Russia calls for the An agreement between France International Peace and Britain acknowledges India experiences severe, widespread famine and an Danish electrical engineer Conference (the First Hague the independence of Siam Valdemar Poulsen invents an Peace Conference) to meet. 1890 (Thailand) and its significance outbreak of bubonic plague. The combined effect is more early sound recording device as a buffer state. that uses wire instead of tape By this time, aspirin, developed than 1 million deaths. by German Doctors Felix The first modern Olympic or vinyl. through The first Zionist World Hoffman and Hermann Dreser, games are held in Athens, is widely used as a medicine. Greece. Congress is convened in Basle (Basel, Switzerland) 1899 The Italian invasion of Ethiopia by Theodor Herzl, a Jewish ends in failure when forces of Hungarian. Emperor Menelik II defeat the Italians at Adowa; this leads Dutch botanist Martinus to Ethiopia’s declaration of Beijerinck discovers viruses. 1898–1899 independence, and marks the English physicist Sir Joseph The Spanish-American War beginning of the decline of Thomson discovers the electron. European colonization in The Spanish-American War begins as many American people Africa. In Germany, Karl Ferdinand support Cuban rebels in their revolt against Spain. United States Braun modifies Crookes’ businesses see economic opportunity in unhindered trade with An earthquake occurs off the cathode ray tube to produce Cuba, and the United States government seeks to establish coast of Japan. The resulting an early television picture tube. American power zones in Latin America. A submarine mine tsunami (tidal wave) claims explodes the United States battleship Maine in Havana harbor; more than 27,000 lives. 1897–1898 260 are killed but responsibility is never fixed. Although it has no authority to do so, the United States Congress declares the inde- Muzaffar-ed-Din becomes Crete unites with Greece; pendence of Cuba on April 19, 1898, and Spain declares war on shah of Persia after the death Turkey declares war on Greece the United States on April 25. Congress formally announces that of his father, Nasr-ed-Din and is defeated in Macedonia. (1848). Muzaffar-ed-Din rules the nation has been at war with Spain since April 21. Commodore until 1907. George Dewey and his fleet win a seven-hour battle in Manila Bay 1897–1899 against the Spanish fleet. In June General Emilio Aguinaldo, leader Armenians are massacred Germany, Britain and France of Filipino revolutionary forces, declares the Philippines indepen- by Ottoman forces at lease territories from China. dent from Spain. At first, Filipinos and Americans collaborate in Constantinople. In 1898, for example, Britain fighting the Spanish, but the collaboration ends in August with the Guglielmo Marconi receives leases Chinese territories capture of Manila, and the establishment of a United States mili- the first wireless patent in around Hong Kong harbor for tary government. The Spanish fleet is destroyed off Santiago, Britain. 99 years. Russia leases Port Cuba, and the city surrenders. In September a Revolutionary Arthur from China for 25 years. Congress meets in the Philippines at the inland town of Malolos, The will of Swedish chemist Bulacan, out of the reach of American gunships. The assembly and inventor Alfred Nobel drafts the Malolos Constitution. The Treaty of Paris, ratified by establishes international the United States Senate in 1899, results in Spain’s ceding the prizes for peace, science Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico to the United States in consid- and literature. eration for more than $20 million in losses incurred by Spain during the war; Cuba gains its independence, though it remains under United States military control until 1902.

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It is discovered that much of the evidence of treason against French army captain Alfred Dreyfus (1894) was fabricated by Colonel Henry of French army intelligence. Henry com- mits suicide. Dreyfus is tried and again found guilty, but his sentence is reduced to 10 years. A pardon is later issued by President Emilé Loubet in 1906. Kuwait becomes a British protectorate. 1899–1914 Western Samoa is a German protectorate during this time.

1890

through 1899

265