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------"._------;, REPORT

OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE WORK OF THE (lRGANIZATION

16 --15 11------'

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OFFICIAL RECORDS : TWENTY-EIGHTH SESSION SUPPLEMENT No. I {A/900 11

UNITED NATIONS

.; . (1.21 p.)

REPORT

j, ,:r .,. '~Q OF THE \:: ... U'\ I • ,. I D '. ' : " .J

SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE

WORI{ OF THE ORGANIZATION

16 June 1972 -15 June 1973

GENERAL ASSEMBLY OFFiCIAL RECORDS : TWENTY-EIGHTH SESSION SUPPLE~viENT No. I (A/900 I)

UNITED NATIONS New York, 1973 NOTE

Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters com­ bined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. [Original: English/French]

Contents

Page FOREWORD ...... ,...... ix

Abbreviations x

Part One. Political and security questions

Chapter I. THE SITUATION IN THE ~t1IDDLE EAST 3 A. Search for a settlement . 3 B. Status of the cease-fire . 4 1. Israel-Lebanon and Israel-Syria sectors . 4 2. Suez Canal and Israel-Jordan sector.s . 5 C. Treatment of civilian populations in Israeli-occupied territories . 5 D. The situation in and around Jerusalem and its Holy Places . 6 E. General statements and other matters brought to the attention of the Security Council in connexion with the situation in the Middl:iJ East . .. 6

11. UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN CYPRUS . 8

Ill. PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS AND RELATED MATTERS...... •••• 10 A. Report of the Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations ...... 10 B. Consideration by the General Assembly ...... 10 C. JVork of the Special Committee in 1973 ...... 10

IV. OTHER POLITICAL AND SECURITY QUESTIONS ...... •.•• •. 11 A. Disarmament and related matters 11 B. Effects of ato;nic radiation 13 C. Peaceful uses of outer space ...... 13 D. The sea-bed out~ide national jurisdiction and convening of a confer- ence on the law of the sea ., ... .. 14 E. Policies of apartheid of the Government of South Africa 15 F. Complaint by Senegal 17 G. Consideration by the Security Council of the situation in Namibia. ... 17 H. Complaint by Zambia ...... 19 I. Consideration by the Security Council of the situation in the Territories under Portuguese administration...... 20 J. Consideration by the Security Council of the situation in Southern 20 K. Question of Korea ...... 22 L. Assistance to Palestine refugees ...... 22 M. Strengthening of international security 24 N. Admission of new Members ...... 24 O. The situation in the South Asian subcontinent ...... 25 P. Co-operation between the United Nations and the Organization of African Unity ;.,.: _.J.~.:.l.~ •• t • .L.::t.~ .•.•~ 25 ill Chapter Page Q. Non-use of force in international relations and permanent prohibition of the use of nuclear weapons 25 R. Strengthening of the role of the United Nations .... 26 S. Enhancing the effectiveness of the Security Council ...... 26 T. Question of the hijacking of aircraft "...... 26 U. Security Council meetings in Panama City...... 27

Part Two. Decolonizatioll

I. THE SITUATION WITH REGARD TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARA­ TION ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONJAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES ...... •.••.•• 31 A. Work of the Special Committee 31 B. Decision8 on individual Territories ...... 31 1. Southern Rhodesia 31 2. Namibia 32 3. Territories under Portuguese administration 32 4. Spanish Sahara, Gibraltar and French Somaliland 33 5'. American Samoa, Antigua, Bahamas, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cayman Islands" Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Do­ minica, Gilbert and Ellice Islands, Grenada, Montserrat, Niue" Pitcairn, St. Helena, St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguil1~, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Seychelles" Solomon Islands, 'T'okelau Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands and United States Virgin Islands 33 C. Decisions on general questions 34 1. Activities of foreign economic and other interests which are imped- ing the implementation of the Declaration in Southern Rhodesia, Namibia and Territories under Portuguese domination and in all other Territories under colonial domination and efforts to eliminate colonialism" apartheid and racial discrimination in southern Africa 34 2. Military activities and arrangements by colonial Powers in Terri­ tories under their administration which might be impeding the implementation of the Declaration 34 3. Question of sending visiting missions to the Territories 35 4. Implementation of the Declaration by the specialized agencies and the international institutions associated with the United Nations ... 35 5. United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa 35 6. Publicity for the work of the United Nations in the field of decoloni- zation 36 7. Other activities for the support of the people of colonial Territories in southern Africa 36

H. TRUST TERRITORIES ...... •...... •.•• 37 A. Work of the Trusteeship Council ...... 37 B. Decisions c,oncerning Trust Territories ...... 37 1. Papua New Guinea 37 2. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands 37

HI. OTHER QUESTIONS RELATING TO NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES. ... 38 A. Information transmitted under Article 73 e of the Charter of the United Nations ,...... 38 B. Offers by Member States of study and training facilities for inhabitants of Non-Self-Governing Territories '38 iv Chapter Page

Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities

I. HUMAN RIGHTS QUESTIONS ...... •.....•...•.••.••'••••• '1' ••••••• 41 A. Programme for the observance of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . 41 B. Elimination oj racial discrimination ...... •.. 41 1. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial DISCrImma· .. t'Ion . 41 2. Decade for Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination .. 41 3. Draft Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid '.' . 42 4. Activities of non-governmental organizations to combat racism and

racla.I d's1 crnnm'• at'o1 n ; 42 5. Further studies on racial discrimination ...... 42 C. Prevention of discrimination and protection of minorities . 42 1. Elimination of all form of religious intolerance . 42 2. Draft principles relating to equality in the administration of justice 42 3. Study of discrimination in the matter of political rights and draft general principles on freedom and non-discrimination in the matter of political rights . 42 4. Study of discrimination in respect of the right of everyone to leave any ,country, including his own, and to return to his country, and draft principles on freedom and non-discriminaticn in respect of that right . 43 5. Study of discrimination against persons born out of wedlock and non-discrimination in respect of such persons . 43 6. Other studies and reports of the Sub-Commission Cln Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities . 43 D. The right of peoples to self-determination . 43 1. Importance of the universal realization of the right of peoples to self-determination . 43 2. Implementation of United Nations resolutions relating to the right of peoples under colonial and alien domination to self-determination 43 3. The historical and current development of the right of peoples to self-determination . 44 E. Exploitation of labour through illicit and clandestine trafficking . 44 F. Question of the violation of human rights . 44 1. Question of the violation of human rights in the territories occu- pied as a result of hostilities in the Middle East . 44 2. Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts . 45 3. The question of the absence and gross infringements of trade union rights in southern Africa ...... 45 4. Model rules of procedure for United Nations bodies dealing with violations of human rights . 45 G. Question of international legal protection of the human rights of in- dividuals who are not citizens of the countlY in which they live . 45 H. International instruments . 46 I. Human rights in armed conflicts . 46 1. Respect for human rights in armed conflicts . . 46 2. Protection of journalists engaged in dangerous missions in areas of armed conflict . 46 J. Principles of international co-operation in the detection, arrest, extra­ dition and punishment of persons guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity . . 46 v Chapter Page K. Periodic reports on human rights , . 47 L. Question of the realization of economic, social and cultural rights . 47 M. The role of youth in the promotion and protection of human rights . 47 1. Question of conscientious objection to military service . 47 2. Teaching of human rights in universitk~s and development of an independent scientific discipline. of human rights . 4'". i N /uman rights and scientific and technological developments . 48 O. Communications concerning human rights . 48 P. Yearbook on Human Rights . 48 Q. Advisory services in the field of human rights . 49 R. Periodicity of the sessions of the Commission on Human Rights and its subsidiary bodies . 49

li. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES AT UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS SO A. General framework of development . 50 1. World economic situation . 50 2. World population situation . 50 B. Second United Nations Development Decade . 52 C. Basic infrastructure for development . 52 1. Development planning . 52 2. Development of statistical information . 53 3. Public administration . 53 4. Mobilization of financial resources . 54 5. Science and technology for development . 54 D. Social development . 55 1. Social policy and planning ...... 55 2. Social reform and institutional change . 57 3. Human resources and popular participation in development . 57 4. Research and training programme in regional development . 58 E. Promotion of equality of men and women . 58 1. International Women's Year . 58 2. Elaboration and implementation of international instruments . 58 3. Programme of concerted international action for the advancement of women . 59 4. Women's role, rights and responsibilities in the family . 59 5. Status of women and population question.s . 59 6. Protection of women and children in emergencies and armed conflicts . 59 F. Mobilization of natural resources . 59 1. Development and utilization of natural reSOUi.'ces . 59 2. The sea . 60 G. Transport and tourism . 61 H. Housing, building and planning . 61 1. Relations with non-governmental organizations . 62

Ill. REGIONAL ECONOMIC COMMISSIONS AND UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC ANT) SOCIAL OFFICE AT BEIRUT . 64 A. Economic Commission for Europe . 64 B. Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East . 64 C. Economic Commission for Latin America . 65 vi Chapter Page D. Economic Commission for Africa , 65 E. United Nations Economic and Social Office at beirut . 66

IV. UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT .. " .•. 68

V. UNITED NATIONS INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION , . 71 A. Significant developments . 71 B. Seventh session of the Industrial Development Board . 71 C. Role of UNlDO in the co-ordination of industrial development activities 72 D. Technical co-operation programmes . . 73 E. Second General Conference of the United Nations Industrial Develop- ment Organization . 73

vr.. UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMMES FOR DEVELOP~!!ENT AND TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ...... •.••. 74 A. United Nations Development Programme . 74 1. Review of operations . 74 2. The new approach to country needs . 74 B. Programmes administered by the United Nations Development Pro- gramme . 75 1. United Nations Capital Development Fund " . 75 2. United Nations Volunteers . 75 3. United Nations Fund for Population Activities . 76 4. Fund of the United Nations for the Develcpment of West Irian . 76 C. Operational activities of the United Nations . 76 D. World Food Programme ...... • '0' 77 E. Unit~d Nations Children's Fund ., . 77

VII. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME ...... ••.•••••• 79 A. Action by the General Assembly 79 B. First session of the Environment Co-ordination Board 79 C. Action Plan for the Human Environment...... 79 D. Environment Fund 79 E. United Nations Conference-Exposition: on Human Settlements 80 F. World Environment Day 80 G. First session of the Governing Council...... 80

VIII. HUMANITARIAN ACTIVITIES ...... ••.•• 82 A. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner fer Refugees...... 82 B. Humanitarian assistance in the South Asian subcontinent 84, C. Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Co-ordinator ...... 85 D. Aid to the Sudano-Sahelian populations 85

IX. DRUG ABUSE CONTROL ...... ••..•• 86

Part Four. Legal questions

I. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE ...... ••...• 91

lI. INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION ...... •....••••••• 93

Ill. UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAW ....•.••• 94

vii Chapter Page IV. OTHER LEGAL QUESTIONS ...... •...... ••••• 95 A. Question of defining aggression . . 95 B. International terrorism . 95 C. Respect for human rights in armed conflicts . 95 D. InterfkUional conference of plenipotentiaries on the repres, 'ntation of States in their relations with international organizations . 96 E. Question of special invitations to States to become parties to the Convention on the Law of Treaties and to the Convenilon on Special Missions . 96 F. Need to consider suggestions regarding the review of the Charter of the United Nations . 96 G. Legal aspects of the peaceful uses of outer space . 97 H. Legal aspects of the peaceful uses of the sea-bed and tkt? ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction and preparation ior a United Nations conference on the law of the sea ,. 97 I. United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching) StudYJ Dissemination and T¥ider Appreciation of International Law . 97 J. United Nations Juridical Yearbook . 98 K. Treaties and multilateral conventions . 98

L o PrZ•vz'leges and zmmunZ1es. 't' . 98 M. Relations with the host country . 99 N. Internatzona. 1 cwzms,. . 99 O. United Nations Administrative Tribunal . 99 P. Committee on Applications for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements . 99

Part Five. Other matters

I. PUBLIC INFORMATION ACTIVITIES 103

11. UNITED NATIONS INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH...... • •• 104

Ill. UNITED NATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. •• •• 106

IV. UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY ...... ••••• 107

V. ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL QUESTIONS ...... •• 108 A. Staff administration 108 1. Personnel matters ,...... 108 2. Management improvement programmes ...... 109 B. Meetings and documentation services...... 109 C. Financial and other administrative questions 111 1. Budgetary and related matters ,.. 111 2. Administrative and budgetary procedures of the United Nations . .. 113 D. General services '. 114 1. Administrative support for field operations 114 2. Accommod'1tions at Headquarters and overseas 114 3. Procuremea.., contracts and travel ...... 114 4. Communicat:ons and records management ...... 114 5. Revenue-producing activities ' 115

VI. QUESTIONS RELATING TO INTERAGENCY CO-OPERATION AND CO-ORDINATION 116

viii Foreword

I have the honour to submit to the General Assembly the twenty-eighth report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization, covering the period from 16 June 1972 to 15 June 1973. The introduction to the report is being issued as an addendum to the present document.

Kurt WALDHEIM Secretary-General

I\ugust 1973

IX ABBREVIATIONS

ACC Administrative Committee on Co-ordination CPC Committee for Programme and Co-ordination ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBRD International Bank for ReconstnlCtion alld Development ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ILO International Labour Organisation IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization ITV International Telecommunication Union NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization OAU Organization of African Unity UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizatiollL UNFICYP United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cypru~ UNHCR Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNROD United Nations relief operation in Dacca UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization in Palestine UPU Universal Postal Union WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization WMO WorId Meteorological Organization

x Part One

Political and security questions

CHAPTER I

The situation in the Middle East

A. Search for a settlement appropriate steps for the full and speedy implementa­ tion of Council resolution 242 (1967). In accordance with his mandate under Security CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL Council resolution 242 (1967) of 22 , IN the Secretary-General continued to report on the ac­ tivities of Ambassador Gunnar Jarring, his Special In the course of the discussion on a I ~banese com­ Representative to the Middle East. In a report of plaint against Israel (see sect. B.l belm,,,,), the repre­ 15 (A/8815-S/10792),1 the Secre­ sentative of Egypt requested the Council to review the tary-General recalled General Assembly resolution 2799 entire situation in the Middle East (S/10911 and (XXVI) of 13 , in which he was S/10913).4 For that purpose, he submitted a draft requested, inter alia, to reactivate the mission of his resolution (S/10918), under which the Council would Special Representative and to report thereon as ap­ request the Secretary-General to submit to the Council propriate to the Security Council and the General a comprehensive report on the efforts of the United Assembly, and stated that Ambassador Jarring had Nations pertaining to the situation in the Middle East held meetings with the parties concerned at Head­ since , and would decide to meet following quarters as well as in the capitals of their respective the submission of that report to examine the situa­ countries. The Secretary-General concluded that, in tion in the Middle East. The draft resolution was spite of continued 'efforts, it had not been possible to adopted by the Council on 20 April as resvlution 331 make substantial progress and an agreed basis for (1973 ). discussions under Ambassador Jarring's auspices did REPORT OF THE SECRETARy-GENERAL not seem to exist. The Secretary-General submitted a report under CONSIDERATION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLy2 Security Council resolution 331 (1973) on 18 (S/10929)4 giving a full account of the efforts The General Assembly, at its twenty-seventh session, undertaken by the United Nations concerning the discussed the situation in the Middle East between situation in the Middle East since June 1967. The first 29 November and 8 . In resolution part of the report covered the efforts to deal with 2949 (XXVII) of 8 December 1972, the Assembly particular aspects of the Middle East situation, namely, reaffirmed that the establishment of a just and lasting the status of the cease-fire, the situation in the occupied peace in the Middle East should include the withdrawal territories, the question of Jerusal'em and the Palestine of Israeli armed for:es from territories occupied in refugee problem. The second part, which was based the 1967 conflict and the termination of all claims or largely on previous comprehensive reports, gave details states of belligerency and respect for and acknow­ of the efforts of Ambassador Jarring to promote a ledgement of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and peaceful settlement between the parties. The Secretary­ political independence of every State in the area and. General con.cluded that the basic deadlock between the its right to live in peace within secure and recognized parties remained and observed that a settlement was boundaries free from threats or acts of force. It de­ long overdue. The tensions and conflicts of the Middle clared that changes carried out by Israel in the occupied East were a heavy burden not only on the countries Arab 'territories in contravention of the Geneva Con­ of the area, but also on the international community ventions of 12 August 19493 were null and void, and itself. It was his earnest hope that in embarking on called upon Israel to re~cind forthwith all such measures this new effort, all those concerned would find it pos­ and to desist from all policies and practices affecting sible to look to the future and take advantage of the the physical character or demographic composition of international instrumentalities at their disposal and of the occupied Arab territories. The Assembly recognized the general and fervent desire of the international that respect for the rights of the Palestinians was an community to open a new and more harmonious indispensable element in the establishment of a just and chapter in the history of the Middle East. lasting peace in the Middle East. It also requested the .iJcurity Council, in consultation with the Secretary­ CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL General and his Special Representative, to take all IN JUNE 1973

1 For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security On 6 June 1973 the Security Council began its Council, Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for July, August examination of the situation in the Middle East on and September 1972. 2 For relevant documents, see Official Records of the General 4 For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 21. Council, Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for April, May and 3 United Nations, Treaty Series, vot. 75, Nos. 970-973. June 1973. 3 4 Part One. Political and security questions the basis of its resolution 331 (1973) and of Ithe Syrian Arab Republic charged that Israeli forces had report of the Secretary-General. The Council met from launched large-scale attacks against Lebanon on 21, 6 to 14 June.5 At the last meeting, on 14 June, the 22 and 23 June and had abducted a number of Leba­ President announced that the .exchange of views with nese and Syrian military and security personnel from the members of the Council had indicated a common Lebanese territory during an attack on 21 June. On view that a suspension of the Council meetings would 23 June, Lebanon submitted a request, with which be useful for further unofficial consultations among the Syrian Arab Republic associated itself, for an urgent the members in regard to the Council's next step. meeting of the Security Council to discuss this matter It was therefore agreed that the Council should suspend (S/10715).8 Israel also requested a meeting to con­ its discussion on the understanding that it would re­ sider the continuous armed attacks and other acts convene in the middle of July. of terror against Israel from Lebanese territory (8/10716) .8 Details on the consideration of this question by the Security Council will be found in its report to the The Council considered the above complaints at General Assembly.6 three meetings held between 23 and 26 June.9 As a result of this consideration, the Council adopted resolu­ tion 316 (1972) on 26 June by which it condemned, B. Status of the cease-fire While deploring all acts of violence, Israel's repeated attacks on Lebanese territory and population and 1. Israel-Lebanon and Israel-Syria sectors expressed the strong desire that appropriate steps would lead to the release of all Syrian and Lebanese military The United Nations cease-fire obgervation operations and security personnel abducted by Israeli forces on continued in both sect.ors during the period under 21 June. review. Acting upon a request irom the Lebanese Government and after having bee)) informed by the On 5 July, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic President of the Security Council that the Council had complained that Israel had not abided by Security no objection to the proposed action, the Secretary­ Council resolution 316 (1972) and requested an urgent General established two additional observation posts meeting of the Council (8/10730 and S/10731).10 in the Israel-Lebanon sector and increased by four the Israel also requested an urgent meeting of the Council number of observers assigned to UNTSO (S/10818, to consider the mutual release of all prisoners of war S/10819 and S/10907).7 in accordance with the provisions of the Geneva Con~ vention of 1949 (S/10739).lO The reports submitted by the Chief of Staff of UNTSO and transmitted by the Secretary-General to The Security Council considered these complaints the Security Council almost on a daily basis (S/7930 from 18 to 21 July.l1 At the outset of the debate, the and addenda) show that frequent incidents took place Council was informed of the efforts made by the in the two sectors during the period under review. President of the Security Council and the Secretary­ In the Israel-Lebanon sector, Israeli forces personnel General regarding the implementation of Council reso­ continued to occupy, during daylight hours, three posts lution 316 (1972). On 21 July, the Council adopted in Lebanese territory near the armistice demarcation resolution 317 (1972), in which it reaffirmed its line. There were many cases of small-arms or machine­ resolution 316 (1972) and called on Israel to return gun firing in the Israel-Syria sector and occasional without delay an Syrian and Lebanese military and overflights by Israeli military aircraft in both sectors. security personnel abducted by Israeli. armed forces on In addition to those occurrences, several more serious 21 June. The Council also requested the President of incidents involving mainly ground and air attacks by the Council and the Secretary-General to make renewed Israeli forces were reported by United Nations observers. efforts to secure the implementation of the resolution. The more serious incidents were generally also brought to the attention of the Security Council by In this connexion, it may be noted that, in his report the parties themselves and, in some cases, were con­ of 18 May 1973, the Secretary-General referred to sidered by the Council at their request. Those incidents the efforts he had made in close co-operation with the and their consideration by the Council are outlined President of the Security Council for the release of below. the Syrian and Lebanese abducted personnel and in­ dicated that so far those efforts had not proved success­ CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL IN ful (8/10929, para. 9).12 Subsequently, the ~~cretary­ JUNE AND General was informed that the abducted personnel, together with a number of prisoners of war detained in On 20 June 1972, Israel complained that terrorists Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic, had been released based in Lebanon had attacked civilians in Israeli and repatriated on 3 June in operations carried out territory (S/10706).8 Subsequently, Lebanon and the ------under the auspices of the International Committee of 5 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-eighth the Red Cross. Year, 1717th to 1726th meetings. 6 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/9002), part I, chap. 1. 9 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh 7 For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security Year, 1648th to 1650th meetings. Council, Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for October, Novem­ 10 For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, ber and December 1972, documents 8/10818 and 8/10819; Supplement for July, August and September 1972. and ibid, , Twenty-ei/?hth Year, Supplement for January, Feb­ ruary and , document 8/10907. 11 Official Records of the Security CouncU, Twenty-seventh 8 For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security Year, 1651st to 1653rd meetings. Council, Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for April, May and 12 For the printed text, see ibid" Twenty-eighth Year, Sup­ June 1972. plement for April, May and June 1973. Chapter I. The situation in the Middle East 5 CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL IN The Security Council considered the Lebanese com­ SEPTEMBER 1972 plaint at seven meetings held between 12 and 21 April.18 The Council also heard the representative of On 8 September, Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Egypt, who requested the Council to review the entire Republic complained that Israeli military aircraft had situation in the Middle East (see sect. A above). attacked various localities that day in their territories causing many casualties among the civilian population In connexion with the Lebanese complaint, the (S/10780 and A/8785-S/10781).13 They subsequently Security Council, on 21 April, adopted resolution 332 requested an urgent meeting of the Security Council to (1973), in which it condemned all acts of violence consider this matter (S/10782 and S/10783).13 which endangered or took innocent human lives and the repeated military attacks by Israel against Lebanon The Security Council held two meetings on 10 Sep­ and called upon Israel to desist forthwith from all tember14 to consider those complaints. A draft resolu­ military attacks on Lebanon. tion whereby the Council would call on the parties concerned to cease immediately all military operations and to exercise the greatest restraint in the interest 2.. Suez Canal and Israel-Jordan sectors of international peace and security received 13 votes During the period under review, there were no in favour and 1 against, with 1 abstention. It was not complaints from the parties concerning cease-fire viola­ adopted because of the negative vote of a permanent tions in the Suez Canal and Israel-Jordan sectors. member of the Council. The United Nations cease-fire observation operation in the Suez Canal sector continued its activities. According INCIDENTS BETWEEN SEPTEMBER 1972 AND to the reports submitted by the Chief of Staff of APRIL 1973 UNTSO, the situation in that sector was quiet and there were no violations of the cease-fire with the On 16 September, Lebanon charged that Israeli exception of a few incidents involvlng isolated small­ armed forces had launched a massive land and air arms firings or overflights (8/7930/Add.1677, 1738, attack that day against southern Lebanon (S/10795 1743, 1758, 1760, 1770, 1772, 1773, 1826, 1830, and S/10799) .15 On 17 September, Israel stated that and 1951).19 the action undertaken by the Israeli forces was part of Israel's consistent defence effort against terrorist organ­ izations operating against it from Lebanese territory (8/10796 and S/10801).15 c. Treatment of civilian populations in Israeli­ occupied territories On 21 November, the Chief of Staff of UNTSO reported that a number of Israeli military aircraft had attacked targets that day in the Syrian Arab Republic. During the. period under review, the Security Council There were also exchanges of artillery and tank fire received a number of communications relating to the between Israeli and Syrian forces in the cease-fire treatment of civilian populations in Israeli-occupied sector (S/7930/Add.1809 and 1810).15 territories and to general conditions there. Egypt, Jor­ dan and the Syrian Arab Republic charged that Israel On 21 , Lebanon complained that was following a policy of mass deportation of civilians, Israeli armed units had landed that day in northern mass destruction of houses, as well as expropriation of Lebanon and had attacked two Palestinian refugee property in order to consolidate its occupation of Arab camps in the area causing many casualties (S/10885) .16 territories and to settle its own immigrants there. Israel replied that its action had been directed against Israel's reply to those charges was that the policy centres used by terrorist organizations for action against followed by Arab States was to keep those regions in Israel (S/10887).16 constant terror and turmoil, and that Israel had taken measures to prevent violence and terror fomen­ CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL ted by Arab States (A/8735-S/10717, S/10724, IN APRIL 1973 A/8736-S/10725, A/8737-S/10726, A/8738'­ S/10727, A/8998-S/10857 and A/9035-S/10862).20 On 11 April 1973, Lebanon complained that in the early hours of 10 April, units belonging to the On 7 April Egypt, Jordan and the Syrian Arab Israeli armed forces had landed south of Beirut and Republic charged that Israel was reportedly considering had attacked several objectives in the city (S/10911).17 a proposal for the authorization of Israeli individuals A total of 14 persons had been kiIIed, including three to purchase land and property in the occupied territories Palestinian leaders, and 29 wounded. Israel replied and demanded that action be taken 1:0 make Israel that its action in Beirut had been directed against desist forthwith from any such action (A/9055- terrorist headquarters and bases (S/10912) .11 Sub­ sequently, Lebanon requested an ,emergency meeting 18 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-eighth of the Security Council to consider this matter Year, 1705th to 1711th meetings. (S/10913) .17 19 For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for July, August and September 1972, document S179301Add.1677; ibid., Supplement for October, For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Sup­ and December 1972, documents S/79301Add.1772, 1773 and plement for July, August and September 1972. 1826; and ibid., Supplement for January, February and March 14 Official Recorr'y of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh 1973, document S179301Add.1951. Year, 16618t and 1662nd meetings. 20 For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security 15 For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Council, Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for April, May and Supplement for July, August and September 1972. June 1972, documents S/10717, S/10724, S/10725 and S/I0726; 16 For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, ibid., Supplement for July, August and September 1972, docu­ Supplement for January, February and March 1973. ment S/I0727; and ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for 17 For the printed text, see ibid., Supplement for April, January, February and March 1973, documents S/10857 and May and June 1973. S/10862. 6 Part One. Political and security questions 8/10909).21 A ~etter from Israel dated 12 April in­ military parade in Jerusalem despite the statement of dicated that there was no change in the procedure re­ the President of the Security Council on 27 April. garding the transfer of land in the occupied territories It asserted that in so doing Israel was continuing its (A/9058-S/10914).21 repeated vio ...ations of successive General Assembly and Security Council resolutions on Jerusalem and on The question of the violation of human rights in the other aspects of the Middle East conflict (A/9064­ occupied territories is dealt with in the chapter on S/10924) .25 human rights (see part three, chap. I, sect. F.l).

D. The situation in and around Jerusalem E. General statements and other matters and its Holy Places brought to the attention of the Security Council in connexion with the situation in The situation with regard to Jerusalem and the the Middle East Holy Places was the subject of several communications by Jordan and Israel. In August and , During the period under review, the Security Council Jordan complained of Israeli designs to complete the and the Secretary-General received several communica­ Judaization of the Old City of Jerusalem through ex­ tions concerning various other matters relating to the propriation of property, evacuation of its inhabitants situation in the Middle East. The Lod incident, which and construction and requested a halt to Israel's had taken place in , was the subject of measures in the Old City (A/8755-S/1076022 and further communications between Israel and the Libyan A/8858-S/1081423 ). Israel replied that construction Arab Republic (A/8696-S/10701, S/10702, A/8732­ had been undertaken in the Jewish Quarter of East 8/10707 and A/8734-S/10713 ).26 There were also Jerusalem which, in 19 years of Jordanian occupation, a few communications regarding hijacking and airline had been systematically destroyed and its entire Jewish incidents. Israel drew attention to the detention on population uprooted and exiled (A/8766-S/10765).22 23 October by the Netherlands authorities at the Egypt transmitted a resolution adopted by the General Amsterdam airport of a man who tried to smuggle Conference of UNESCO on 17 November calling for letter bombs and arms for use by Arab terror organ­ the preservation of cultural properties of the Old City izations, and to the hijacking on 29 October of a of Jerusalem (A/8932-S/10845) .23 Lufthansa aircraft by Arab terrorists (S/10816 and S/10817).27 In a letter dated 14 February 1973, Jordan com­ plained that work undertaken by ,Israel, under the During the month of March 1973, the Security pretext of "archaeological excavations", below the Council received a number of communications with southern and western walls of the Al-Aqsa Mosque regard to a Libyan civil aircraft incident, which resulted might, if continued, cause the destruction of one of in the death of 106 civilians (S/10893, S/10895, the holiest places in Islam (A/9045-S/10882) .24 Israel S/10902 and S/10904).28 Egypt charged that Israeli replied that the work done in the area of the AI-Aqsa aircraft had attacked the Libyan aircraft with cannon Mosque was being executed under the direction of the fire and missiles. That aircraft, which was on a flight Moslem Council in charge of the Mosque and that from Benghazi to Cairo, had deviated from its original it was in no way connected with any archaeological course, owing to navigational difficulties and bad activities which were being conducted outside the area weather, and accidentally overflew the occupied Egyp­ of the Mosque (A/9046-S/10883) .24 tian territory of Sinai. Israel said that its Prime Minister had expressed deep sorrow at the loss of human life On 23 April, Jordan called attention to the fact and claimed that the incident had resulted ,from a that, in defiance of Security Cnuncil resolutions, in series of errors which had led the Israeli defence particular resolutions 250 (1962) of 27 system to assume that the plane had penetrated into and 251 (1968) of 2 , Israel was planning occupied territory on a hostile mission. She hoped that to hold a large military parade on 7 May to celebrate a channel of communications could be set up with the twenty-fifth anniversary of its establishment, and Arab countries in the event of future emergencies. that the parade would extend to the Arab sector of Egypt replied that the responsibility for the incident Jerusalem (A/9059-S/10919).25 On 27 April, the lay with Israel, as was evident from the Israeli pilot's President of the Security Council, after consultations statement that he had shot at the wings, which meant with all the members of the Council, drew the attention that it was done with the intention of blowing up of the Permanent Representative of Israel to the the aircraft in midair. Egypt also transmitted the text provisions of Council resolution 250 (1968) calling on of a resolution, adopted on 28 February 1973 by the Israel to refrain from holding a military parade in Assembly of ICAO at its nineteenth extraordinary Jerusalem on 2 May 1968, and to resolution 251 session, condemning the Israeli action (S/10893, an­ (1968), by which the Security Council unanimously nex I) .28 In connexion with this incident, the represen­ deplored the holding of the parade. In a second letter, tatives of non-aligned countries at the United Nations dated 8 May, Jordan said that Israel had held a issued a statement on 21 February expressing 3ym­ pathy for the loss of innocent civiliaD. lives aId con­ 21 For the printed textj see ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1973. demning unwarranted acts of aggression \which 22 For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for July, August and September 1972. 23 For the printed text, see ibid., Supplement for October, 26 For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, November and December 1972. Supplement for April, May nd June 1972. 24 For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, 27 For the printed text, see ibid., Supplement for October, Supplement for January, February and March 1973. November and December 1972. 25 For the printed text, see ibid., Supplement for April, 28 For the printed tex', see ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, Sup­ May and June 1973. plement for January, Fe~rllary and March 1973. Chapter I. The situation in the Middle East 7 aggravated the tension in the Middle East (A/9049­ the Treatment of Prisoners of War and expressed its S/10889).28 desire for a general release and repatriation of all prisoners of war held by the parties (S/10732) r' Other communications were related ,to the prisoners of war in Egypt, Israel and the Syrian Arab Republic, With regard to terrorism, Israel called attention to conditions in the occupied territories, the situation in the campaign of terror carried out with the support the Middle East in general and terrorism in the area of Arab States by Arab terrorist organizations which (A/8737-S/1072529 and A/8738-S/10727) .30 Israel had culminated in the killing of Israeli athletes in invoked the Geneva Convention of 1949 relative to on 5 September 1972 (A/8784-S/10779).30 Egypt replied that it was Isr2\\~1 that had introduced 29 For the printed text, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1972. terrorism to the Middle East and was carrying out 30 For the printed text, see ibid., Supplement jor July, official terror in the occupied territories (A/8806­ August and September 1972. S/10788) .30 CHAPTER 11

United Nations operation in Cyprus

During the period under review the Security Council of the stationing of the Force for a further period of twice decided to extend the stationing of the United six months until 15 June 1973. Nations Peace-keepiilg Force in Cyprus for a six-month period. The Council adopted those decisions on 12 De­ CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON cember 1972 and 15 June 1973. 12 DECEMBER 1972

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR THE On 12 December 1972,2 the Council considered the PERIOD FROM 27 MAY TO 1 DECEMBER 1972 . Secretary-General's report and adopted resolution 324 (1972), in which it reaffirmed its resolution 186 In his report issued on 1 December,! the Secretary­ (1964) of 4 March 1964 and exten(~ ~d the stationing General stressed the importance of the reactivated inter­ in Cyprus of the United Nations Peace-keeping Force, communal talks in Nicosia, and noted that during four established under that resolution, for the period ending rounds of talks held since June 1972 the two partici­ 15 June 1973. pants had completed examination of constitutional mat­ ters, including the question of local government, and ApPEALS BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR had begun discussion of the main issues involved. VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS Although limited progress had been achieved and many important issues were still to be solved, both sides had On 9 August 19723 and 30 ,4 the Sec­ shown a genuine desire to settle differences through cretary-General issued appeals to all States Members of peaceful negotiations and the impasse that had pre­ the United Nations or members of specialized agen­ vailed until June 1972 had been overcome. He felt that cies for voluntary contributions to meet the costs of the assistance given by his Special Representative and UNFICYP. the advice of the two constitutional experts during the talks had been constructive, and that the talks were the REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL FOR THE best instrument for achieving an agreed solution based PERIOD FROM 2 DECEMBER 1972 TO 31 MAY 1973 on an independent, sovereign and unitary State with the adequate participation of the two communities. In his report of 31 May 1973,5 the Secretary-General stated that, although a serious effort was being made As regards the general situation in the island, the in the intercommunal talks to reach agreement on a Secretary-General stated that, although it had remained constitutional framework which would provide for the quiet, little progress had been made in achieving de­ adequate participation of the two communities in the confrontation or a return to normal conditions. In fact, Government of the Republic, it had not been possible in most cases, UNFICYP could do no more than to to establish the general foundations for such an accord. maintain the status quo. He expressed concern about During the period under review, there had been recur­ the increase in combat efficiency of the military forces ring incidents of violence within the Greek Cypriot on both sides, which augmented the danger of escala­ community which had had an adverse effect on the tion, and about recent reports of new imports of talks. It was reassuring, however, that both the Gov­ weapons and ammunition into the island. He noted ernment of Cyprus and the Government of Greece had that any new development in either the intercommunal condemned the use of violence, irrespective of its origin. or the intracommunal situation would inevitably have a bearing on the progress of the talks. He hoped that The Secretary-General said that the agreement of during the crucial period ahead all concerned would both parties was being sought to a limited measure of exercise the greatest degree of restraint and offer deconfrontation. The Government of Cyprus had indi­ UNFICYP all possible co-operation. cated to UNFICYP that it was prepared to accept partial deconfrontation provided it would not give Regarding UNFICYP's financial situation, the Sec­ strategic or military advantages to one side or the cretary-General said he would continue his efforts, in other. UNFICYP was ready to negotiate appropriate co-operation with all Members of the Organization, to agreements to that end, and to provide a military pre­ place the financing of the Force on a sound and equi­ sence to ensure the security of both communities. A table basis. 2 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, 1683rd meeting. The Secretary-General recommended the extension S Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for July, August and September 1972, document 8/10763. 4 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for January, Feb­ 1 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh ruary and March 1973, document 8/10879. Year, Supplement for October, November and December 1972, 5Ibid., Suppleme1lt for April, May and June 1973, docu­ document 8/10842. ment 8/10940. 8 Chapter II. United Nations operation in Cyprus 9 successful initial step in that direction would contribute CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL ON to a lessening of tension, which might eventually make 15 JUNE 1973 possible a significant reduction of the United Nations On 15 June 1973,6 the Council considered the Secre­ Force. tary-General's report and adopted resolution 334 In view of the prevailing circumstances, the Secre­ (1973), in which it reaffirmed its resolution 186 tary-General considered it essential that UNFICYP (1964) and extended the stationing in Cyprus of the continue its peace-keeping mission and recommended United Nations Peace-keeping Force, established under the extension of the statio:rLing of the Force for a further that resolution, for the period ending 15 December period of six months until 15 . He in­ 1973. dicated, however, that it was his intention, in the light of political as well as financial considerations, to submit Further details on the United Nations operation in recommendations to the Security Council for reducing Cyprus will appear in the report of the Security Coun­ the United Nations commitment in Cyprus in terms of cil to the General Assembly.7 finance and manpower. Meantime, he would seek to 6 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, 1727th and 1728th meetings. make such economies as were possible without jeop­ 7 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth ardizing the effectiveness of the operation. Session, Supplement No. .2 (A/9002), part I., chap. 6. CHAPTER III

Peace-keeping operations and related matters

A. Report of the Special Committee on enlarge the Working Group by the inclusion of seven Peace-keeping Operations ~ew ~en~hers. 6 The Commit.tee a~so decided to request Its "orkmg Group to continue Its work, taking into accOl~nt General Ass~mbly resolution 2835 (XXVI), On 13 , the Special Committee on the VIews and suggestIOns submitted by Member States Peace-keeping Operations! submitted its report to the and the statements made by members of the Com­ General Assembly2 at its twenty-seventh session as mittee in the course of its meetings in 1972. requested in resolution 2835 (XXVI) of 17 DecedIber 1971; the fifth report of its Working Group was an­ nexed thereto. B. Consideration by the General Assembly The Special Committee held six meetings from 4 May to 10 November 1972; its Working Group held On 13 Dec.ember 1972, the General Assembly three meetings from 10 to 31 October. adopted resolutlOn 2965 (XXVII) 7 in which it com­ In the course of its work, the Special Committee mended those Member States that had submitted views rec~ived views and suggestions from several Member and suggestions to the Special Committee; requested States (AIAC.121/L.15 and Add.1-3) regarding issues the Committee to study them, taking into account the progress made by its Working Group' recommended under consideration by the 0- " mittee. The Special prep~re Committee had also before it a document entitled that the Working Group should and submit "Basic guiding principles for the conduct of United at intervals reports that would facilitate discussion and Nations peace-keeping operations including United a~reement ~m question~ of ~ubstance; urged the Spe­ Nations observer missions",3 submitted by the USSR; CIal CommIttee to contmue Its work more actively so a memorandum on the establishment and conduct of as to make substantive progress; and requested it to United Nations peace-keeping operations authorized by report to the Assembly at its twenty-eighth session. the Security Council,4 submitted by the United States; and a memonmdum on the command and control of peace-keeping operations,5 submitted by Canada. c. Work of the Special Committee in 1973 In both the Committee and its Working Group, a number of statements were made with regard to the During t?e first h~1f of 1973, the ~orking Group question, which contributed to further clarification of of the SpeCIal CommIttee on Peace-keepmg Operations the position of States. On the questions of the election held a number of meetings at which it considered ques­ of the Committee's new Chairman and the composition tions regarding the responsibilities to be exercised di­ rectly by the Security Council in the establishment of the Working Group, the Special Committee decided, Th~ by consensus, to elect the representative of Nigeria as direction and control of peace-keeping operations. the new Chairman of the Committe~, to increase the Special Committee also met during this period and con­ number of Vice-Chairmen from t~o to four and to sidered the sixth report (AIAC.121/L.19) of its Work­ ing Group, which described the progress so far made 1 For the membership of the Special Committee, see A/9090, on the question under consideration. p. 68. 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh 6 For the membership of the Working Group, see A/9090, Session, Annexes, agenda item 41, document A./8888. p. 68. B/bid., document A/8669, annex. 7 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the 4 Ibid., document A/8676, annex. fIeneral Assembly, Tw'!nty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda 5/bid., document A/SPC/152, annex. Item 41.

10 CIIAPTER IV Other political and security questiorls

A. Disarmament and related matters In resolution 2930 (XXVII) of 29 November 1972, the General Assembly invited the Governments of 'all States to exert further efforts with a view to creating MEETINGS OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE COMMITTEE adequate' conditions for the convening of a world ON DISARMAMENT IN 1972 disarmament conference at an appropriate time; de­ During its second series of meetings in 1972, from cided to establish a Special Committee on the World 20 June to 7 September, the Conference of the Com­ Disarmament Conference consisting of 35 Member mittee on Disarmament gave priority, as it had done at States, to be appointed by the Presid~nt of the General its first series of meetings from 29 February to 27 April. Assembly after consultation with all the regional groups to the question of the prohibition of the development, and taking due consideration of the necessity to ensure production and stockpiling of chemical weapons and to adequate political and geographical representation, and the question of cessation of nuclear weapon tests. requested the Special Committee to examine all the General and complete disarmament, as well as specific views and suggestions expressed by Governments on measures to halt the nuclear arms race, were also the convening of a world disarmament conference and considered. Many members addressed themselves to the related problems and to present, on the basis of con­ question of a world disarmament conference. The sensus, a report to ,the Assembly at its twenty-eighth Committee's organization and procedures were also session. discussed. All the aspects of the work of the Com­ On 20 December, the President of the General mittee during 1972 were covered in its report to the Assembly informed the Secretary-General (A/8990) General Assembly (A/8818-DC/235).1 The report that, pursuant to resolution 2930 (XXVII) and after showed that the Committee had not made substantial consultations with all the regional groups, he had progress towards agreement on the main items before it, decided to appoint 31 Member States to serve on the but that several key problems had been clarified. Special Committee. He added that, in accordance with At the first series of meetings of the Committee in the widely expressed wish, the remaining four seats 1973, from 20 February to 26 April, a ban on chem­ would be reserved for the nuclear States which might ical weapons and cessation of nuclear weapon tests wish to become members of the Special Committee in continued to be treated as priority items, in accordance the future. The Committee, as appointed by the Presi­ with the relevant General Assemblv resolutions. The dent of the Generm Assembly, convened at United Committee resumed its work on 12 JU'nc. Nations Headquarters on 26 April 1973. A consensus was reached among the 31 appointed members of CONSIDERATION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY the Committee to proceed to an informal exchange of views. At its twenty-seventh session, the General Assembly considered the following items relating to disarmament: General and complete disarmament World Disarmament Conference, general and complete The item entitled "General and complete disarma­ disarmament, chemical and bacteriological (biological) ment" was considered by the General Assembly under weapons, urgent need for suspension of nuclear 3.nd three main headings: (a) the report of the Conference thermonuclear tests, implementation of General Assem­ of the Committee on Disarmament, which dealt with bly resolution 2830 (XXVI) concerning the signature the general aspects of the question; (b) the report of and ratification of Additional Protocol H of the Treaty the International Atomic Energy Agency for the period for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin 1 to 30 June 1972 (see A/8774), with par­ America (Treaty of Tlatelolco), Declaration of the ticular reference to its recommendations regarding the Indian Ocean as a zone of peac~. and implementation safeguards applicable to new methods of uranium en­ of the results of the Conference of Non-Nuclear­ richment, pursuant to General Assembly resolution Weapon States. 2825 A (XXVI) of 16 December 1971; and (c) the report of the Secretary-General entitled Napalm and World Disarmament Conference Other Incendiary Weapons and All Aspects of Their In considering the item, the General Assembly had Possible Use (A/8803/Rev.1),3 submitted under para­ before it the report of the Secretary-General (A/8817 graph 5 of General Assembly resolution 2852 (XXVI) and Add.1)2 submitted under resolution 2833 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971. The Committee also gave con­ of 16 December 1971. siderable attention to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) between the Soviet Union and the 1 For the printed text, see Official Records of the Disarma­ United States of America. ment Commission, Supplement for 1972. 2 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the 3 U.l1ited Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.I.3. For other General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda releval.t documents, see Official Records of the General As­ item 26. sembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 30. 11 12 Part One. Political and security questions On 29 November 1972, the General Assembly 2934 A (XXVII), the Assembly stressed anew the adopted resolutions 2932 A and B (XXVII). By reso­ urgency of bringing to a halt all atmospheric testing of lution 2932 A (XXVII), the Assembly welcomed nuclear weapons in the Pacific or anywhere else in the the report of the Secretary-General on napalm and world; called upon all nuclear-weapon States to suspend other incendiary weapons and expressed appreciation nuclear weapon tests in all environments; and called to him for having submitted it without delay; deplored upon the Conference of the Committee on Disarma­ the use of napalm and other incendiary weapons in all ment to give urgent consideration to the question of a armed conflicts; commended the report to the attention treaty banning all nuclear weapon tests. of all Governments and peoples; and requested the Sec­ retary-General to publish the report for wide circula­ By resolution 2934 B (XXVII), the Assembly tion. It also requested the Secretary-General to circulate urged all States to adhere to the Treaty Banning Nu­ the report to the Governments of Member States for clear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space their comments and to report on these comments to the and under Water; called upon all Governments con­ General Assembly at its twenty-eighth session. By reso­ cerned to undertake immediately unilateral or nego­ lution 2932 B (XXVII), the General Assembly, noting tiated measures to suspend or reduce underground with satisfaction the SALT Agreements signed by the testing; requested the Conference of the Committee on Soviet Union and the United States on 26 May 1972, Disarmament to give first priority to a comprehensive appealed to the Governments of both countries to make treaty banning underground nuclear weapon tests and every effort to expedite the conclusion of further agree­ to submit a special report on the subject to the Assem­ ments including important qualitative limitations and bly at its twenty-eighth session; urged further develop­ substantial reductions of offensive and defensive strate­ ment of capabilities for verification of underground gic nuclear weapon systems, and invited them to keep tests and greater international co-operation in elaborat­ the Assembly informed of the results of their negotia­ ing techniques and evaluating seismic data; and called tions. upon Governments urgently to seek a halt to all testing and to achieve a comprehensive ban with uni­ versal adherence at the earliest possible date. Chemical and bacteriological (biological) weapons By resolution 2934 C (XXVII), the Assembly In considering the item, the General Assembly had reaffirmed its conviction that, whatever might be the before it the report of the Conference of the Committee differences on the question of verification, there was on Disarmament (A/8818-DC/235).4 no valid reason for delaying the conclusion of a com­ On 29 November 1972, the General Assembly prehensive nuclear test ban; urged nuclear-weapon adopted resolution 2933 (XXVII) by which it reaf­ States to halt all tests at the earliest possible date, and firmed the recognized objective of effective prohibition in any case not later than 5 , either of chemical weapons and, to this end, again requested the through a permanent agreement or through unilateral Conference of the Committee on Disarmament to con­ or agreed moratoria; and requested the Secretary­ tinue negotiations, as a matter of high priority, with a General to inform the Assembly at its twenty-eighth view to reaching early agreement on effective measures session of any measures taken to implement the reso­ for the prohibition of the development, production and lution. stockpiling of chemical weapons and for their destruc­ tion. The Assembly also reaffirmed its hope for the Implementation of General Assembly re8olution 2830 widest possible adherence to the Convention on the (XXVI) concerning the signature and ratification of Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stock­ Additional Protocol II of the Treaty for the Prohibi­ piling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Wea­ tion of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America (Treaty pons and on Their Destruction. It further invited all of Tlatelolco) States that had not yet done so to accede to the Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of In considering the item, the General Assembly had Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bac­ before it the report of the Secretary-General (AI teriological Methods of Warfare of 17 June 1925 or 8808) 6 under General Assembly resolution 2830 to ratify it, and called anew for the strict observance (XXVI) of 16 December 1971. by all States of the principles and objectives contained therein. On 29 November 1972, the General Assembly adopted resolution 2935 (XXVII) in which it reaf­ Urgent need tor suspension of nuclear and firmed its conviction that the co-operation of the nu­ thermonuclear tests clear-weapon States was necessary for the effectiveness of any treaty establishing a nuclear-weapon-free zone; In considering the item, the General Assembly had welcomed the declaration made by the Government of before it the report of the Conference of the Committee the People's Republic of China on 14 November 1972 on Disarmament (A/8818-DC/235), and the report and invited China to accede to the Protocol as soon as of the Secretary-General under resolution 2828 A possible; deplored the fact that two nuclear-weapon (XXVI) of 16 December 1971 (A/8807).5 States had not yet acceded to the Protocol and urged them to sign and ratify it without further delay; and On 29 November 1972, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to transmit the resolu­ adopted three resolutions on this item. By resolution tion to the nuclear-weapon States and to inform the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth session of any 4 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the measures adopted by them in order to implement it. General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 31. 5 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the 6 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agfmda item 32. item 33. Chapter IV. Other political and security questions 13 Declaration of the Indian Ocean as a zone of peace effects of ionizing radiation, effe:ts of radiation on the immune response and radiation carcinogenesis. In considering the item, the General Assembly had before it the report of the Secretary-General (A/ In resolution 2905 (XXVII) of 17 October 1972, 8809),7 prepared in pursuance of General Assembly tht General Assembly commended the Scientific Com­ resolution 2832 (XXVI) of 16 December 1971. nlittee for the valuable contributions it had made to wider knowledge an4 understanding of the levels and In resolution 2992 (XXVII) of 15 December 1972, effects of atomic radiation. It also requested the Com­ the General Assembly called upon the littoral and mittee to continue its work, including its co-ordinating hinterland States of the Indian Ocean, the permanent activities, to increase knowledge of the levels and effects members of the Security Council and other major mari­ of atomic radiation from all sources; concurred in the time users of the Indian Ocean to support the concept Scientific Committee's request that it be relieved of the that the Indian Ocean should be a zone of peace and obligation to report to the Assembly before the twenty­ established the Ad Hoc Committee on the Indian 8 ninth session; and noted that the Committee was not Ocean, consisting of 15 members, to study the im­ planning to meet before the end of 1973, unless asked plications of the proposal. The Committee held several to undertake new tasks in the context of the United meetings in the spring of 1973. Its work is continuing. Nations Environment Programme or in response to any Details of the Committee's work will appear in its re­ other special demand. Accordingly, the Assembly re­ port to the General Assembly.9 quested the Scientific Committee to meet before the twenty-ninth session and ,to report to the Assembly at Implementation of the results of the Conference on that session, on the understanding that the Assembly Non-Nuclear-Weapon States would then decide, taking into account the recommenda­ In considering this item, the General Assembly had tion of the Committee, on ·the convening of its sub­ before it the report of the International Atomic Energy sequent session. Agency for the period 1 July 1971 to 30 June 1972 (see A/8774),10 under General Assembly resolution 2664 (XXV) of 7 . C. Peaceful uses of outer space On 29 November 1972, the General Assembly adopted resolution 2931 (XXVII) in which it invited FIFTEENTH SESSION OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE IAEA to keep under review ways and means of allow­ PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE ing the developing countries to benefit fully from the The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer technical assistance provided by international organiza­ Space13 resumed its fifteenth session from 5 to 15 Sep­ tions and to submit, in its annual report to the Gen­ tember 1972 to consider the reports of its Scientific eral Assembly, information on further action concern­ and Technical Sub-Committee and of its Legal Sub­ ing the implementation of the results of the Conference Committee, and to adopt its report to the General of Non-Nuclear-Weapon States. Assembly. After considering the report on the ninth session of the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee B. Effects of atomic radiation (A/AC.l05/102), the Committee endorsed the Sub­ Committee's recommendations for the promotion of The IS-member United Nations Scientific Com­ international co-operation in the scientific and technical mittee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation,l1 which was field, including the United Nations programme for established by the General Assembly in 1955, helli no practical applications of -space technology for 1973 meetings during the period under review. and guidelines of such a programme for 1974. The General Assembly considered at its twenty­ On space technology and the environment, the Com­ seventh session the report adopted by the Scientific mittee recommended that the Scientific and Technical Committee on 24 .12 The report reviewed Sub-Committee should consider the potential of satel­ in detail environmental radiafJn, both natural and lites and other space platforms for monitoring the man-made (nuclear explosions and power production), human environment, and that appropriate contacts medical irradiation, occupational exposure and exposure should be established between the Committee and the from miscellaneous sources. It also reviewed genetic proposed organization for the human environment on that matter. 7 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda Recognizing the need to review significant develop­ item 34. ments in the field of direct broadcasting, the Committee 8 For the membership of the Ad Hoc Committee, see General Assembly resolution 2992 (XXVII). recommended that the Working Group on Direct !l Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Broadcast Satellites should be reconvened to study Session, Supplement No. 29 (A/9029). the new substantive material available and to list 10 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda possihilities for further action by the United Nations item 27. and the specialized agencies in this field. 11 For the membership of the Committee, see General As­ sembly resolution 913 (X). On the report on the work of the eleventh session 12 Official Records of the General Assembl;, Twenty-seventh of the Legal Sub-Committee (A/AC.l05/10l), the Session, Supplement No. 25 (A/8725 and Corr.l). For the Committee expressed satisfaction at the progress made appendices and annexes of the report, see Ionizing Radiation: Levels and Effects, Volume I: Levels (United Nations publi­ on the draft international treaty concerning the Moon cation, Sales No.: E.72.IX.17) and Volume II: Effects (United and the draft convention on registration of objects Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.IX.18). For other relevant documents, see Official Records of rhe General Assembly, 13 For the membership of the Committee, see General As­ Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 39. sembly resolutions 1472 (XIV) and 1721 E (XVI). 14 Part One. Political and security questions launched iLc.to spar"e. In this connexion the Committee it had carried out in promoting international co-opera­ commended the USSR for its draft international treaty tion, including the United Nations programme on space concerning the Moon, submitted at the twenty-sixth applications. The Assembly also agre,~d that the Legal session of the General Assembly, and for its Sub-Committee should at its next session pursue, as draft agreement on principles governing activities in a matter of priority, its work on the draft treaty the use of natural resources on the Moon and other relating to the Moon and the draft convention on celestial bodies, submitted at the ninth session of the registration of objects launched into outer space. Sub-Committee. The Committee also commended the agreement reached by Canada and France to combine In resolution 2916 (XXVII), the Assembly con­ their proposals into a single draf~ convention on sidered it necessary to elaborate principles governing registration of objects launched into outer space. After the use by Sta,tes of artificial earth satellites for direct reviewing the unresolved issues relating to these two television broadcasting with a view to concluding an draft international instruments, the Committee recom­ international agreement or agreements; requested the mended that the Legal Sub-Committee should pursue Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to un­ work, as a matter of priority, on the draft treaty dertake the elaboration of such principles as soon as concerning the Moon 'and the draft convention on possible; and requested the Secretary-General to trans­ registration of objects launched into space. mit to the Committee all relevant documentation sub­ mitten on this item at the twenty-seventh session of the Gencrc\l Assembly. CONSIDERATION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY In resolution 2917 (XXVII), the Assembly noted The consideration of the question of international that the work done on the draft Convention on co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space during Freedom of Information and the deliberations thereon the twenty-sevfnth session of the General Assembly in the General Assembly might be useful in the was based on the report of the Committee on the 14 discussion and elaboration of international instruments Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. At that session, the or United Nations arrangements relative to direct tele­ General Assembly examined concurrently the item en­ vision broadcasting. titled "Preparation of an international treaty concerning the Moon" and an item entitled "Preparation of an international convention on principles governing the MEETINGS DURING 1973 use by States of artificial earth satellites for direct During the first half of 1973, the Scientific and television broadcasting", which was included in the Technical Sub-Committee and its Working Group on agenda at the request of the USSR. The text of a draft Remote Sensing of the Earth by Satellites, the Legal international convention was attached to the request Sub-Committee and the Working Group on Direct; (A/8771) . Broadcast Satellites held meetings at United Nations On 9 November 1972, the General Assembly adopted Headquarters. The reports of the two Sub-Committees, four resolutions concerning the items. as well as that of the Working Group on Direct Broadcast Satellites (AIAC.105/116, AIAC.105/111 In resolution 2914 (XXVII), the Assembly noted and AIAC.1 051115) will be considered by the Com­ with appreciation the report on "Tropical cyclone mittee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space at its project: plan of action", prepared by the WMO sixteenth session to be held at United Nations Head­ Executive Committee Panel of Experts on Tropical quarters from 25 June to 6 July. Cyclones in response to General Assembly resolu­ tion 2733 D (XXV) of 16 December 1970, and invited Member States to co-operate to the fullest possible extent with WMO with a view to achieving D. The sea-bed outside national jurisdiction the objectives laid down in that resolution and in the and convening of a conference on the law WMO project. It also recommended integrated aotion of the sea through increased co-operation and co-ordination be­ tween WMO and various appropriate United Nations agencies, particularly with regard to the preparedness REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE PEACEFUL USES for, and the prediction, detection, prevention and control OF THE SEA-BED AND THE OCEAN FLOOR BEYOND of, natural disasters. THE LIMITS OF NATIONAL JURISDICTION In resolution 2915 (XXVII), the Assembly endorsed At the opening of its second session in 1972, 11eld the report of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of at Geneva from 17 July to 18 August, the Committee Outer Space; called upon Member States to contribute on the Peaceful Uses of the Sea-Bed and the Ocean to the implementation of the United Nations space Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction15 applications programme; endorsed continued United agreed that the highest priority should be given to the Nations sponsorship of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket question of the list of subjects and issues relating to the Launching Station in India (TERLS) and the CELPA law of the sea. It formally approved the list on Mar del Plata Rocket Launching Station for inter­ 18 August. national co-operative projects; commended the Legal The report of the Committee16 was divided into four Sub-Committee for its efforts in reaching agreement parts and included an account of the questions dealt on the draft treaty relating to the Moon as well 'as with in the general debate at both sessions in 1972 progress in preparing the draft convention on registra­ and of the work of the three Sub-Committees. tion of objects launched into outer space, and the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee for the work 15 For the membership of the Committee, see General As­ sem bly resolution 2881 (XXVI) . 14 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh 16 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 20 (A/8720). For other relevant Session, Supplement No. 21 (A/8721 and Corr.t). For other documents. see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda relevant documents, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, items 28, 29 and 37. agenda item 36. Chapter IV. Other political and security questions 15 Part I recounted comments relating to the rate of In resolutions 3029 Band C (XXVII), the Assem­ progress achieved and gave an evaluation of the form bly requested the Secretary-General to prepare two and over-all nature of the conference envisaged in comparative studies, one on the extent and the economic General Assembly resolution 2750 C (XXV) of significance, in terms of resources, of the international 17 December 1970, and its timing and location. The area -that would result from each of the various Committee was informed on 10 of an proposals on limits of national jurisdiction submitted official invitation from the Government of Chile for so far to the Committee and one on the potential the holding of the conference at Santiago. economic significance for riparian States, in terms of resources, that would result from those proposals. Part II of the Committee's report dealt with subjects and functions allocated to Sub-Committee I. The pro­ WORK OF THE COMMITTEE IN 1973 gramme of work of the Sub-Committee included the status, scope and basic provisions of the regime based The Committee held its first session in 1973 from on the Declaration of Principles set forth in General 5 Marc~ to 6 April. The session was devoted to Assembly resolution 2749 (XXV) and the status, continuation of the preparatory work for the Third scope, functions and powers of the international ma­ United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. chinery. The Sub-Committee set up a 33-member Working Group on the international regime with a Two additional Working Groups were established mandate to draw up, in the first instance, a working during the session. Sub-Committee II established a paper showing areas of agreement and disagreement Working Group of the Whole ,to deal with texts sub­ on the various issues. mitted under various items in the comprehensive list of subjects and issues. Sub-Committee IH established Part III of the Committee's report dealt with the a second Working Group to deal with scientific research work carried out by Sub-Committee n. The Sub-Com­ and the transfer of technology. This Working Group is mittee concluded the first stage of its work, namely, in addition to the previously established Working Group the general debate on the questions referred to it, and of Sub-Committee III which dealt with preservation of completed the preparation of a comprehensive list of the marine environment, including the prevention of subjects and issues relating to the law of ·the sea, re­ pollution. Prior to the establishment of the second quested by the General Assembly in resolution 2750 C Working Group, Sub-Committee III completed its (XXV). discussion on scientific research. During the session, Sub-Committee I, in addition to its consideration of Part IV of the report dealt with the subjects and the work of its Working Group, which completed the functions allocated to Sub-Committee IlL The discus­ second reading of texts dealing with principles of an sion in the Sub-Committee covered the preservation international regime and commenced the consolidation of the marine environment, including the prevention of of texts regarding machinery, dealt with various other pollution, scientific research and the transfer of tech­ aspects of its work. The Committee approved a recom­ nology. Following the conclusion of the discussion on mendation by Sub-Committee I to request the Secretary­ marine pollution, the Sub-Committee decided to set General to prepare a study of precedents involved in up a working group on marine pollution based on the the provisional bringing into force of multilateral con­ same formula as the Working Group on the inter­ ventions. national regime of Sub-Committee I. Details on the work of the Committee will appear in its report to the General Assembly.17 CONSIDERATION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY On 18 December the General Assembly adopted resolutions 3029 A to C (XXVII). E. Policies of apartheid of the Government In resolution 3029 A (XXVII), the Assembly noted of South Africa with satisfaction the further progress made towards the preparations for a comprehensive international con­ ference of plenipotentiaries on the law of the sea in REPORTS OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE DN Apartheid 1973, including in particular acceptance of a list of The Special Committee on Apartheid18 submitted a subjects and issues relating to the law of the sea, and report to the General Assembly and the Security Coun­ requested the Committee 011 the Peaceful Uses of the cip9 in which it reviewed its work since the twenty­ Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of sixth session of the Assembly, and included a number National Jurisdiction to hold two further sessions in of conclusions and recommendations. In an annex to 1973 with a view to completing its preparatory work. the report, the Special Committee reviewed develop­ The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to ments in South Africa during that period. convene the first session of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in New York for The report of the Special Committee included an a period of approximately two weeks in November and account of a special session on means to promote a December 1973, for the purpose of dealing with organ­ more effective international campaign against apartheid, izational matters, and decided to convene the second session of the Conference, for the purpose of dealing 17 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 21 (AI with substantive work, at Santiago, Chile, for a period 9021 ). 18 For the membership of the Committee, see Official Records of eight weeks in April and May 1974. It further of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement decided to review at its twenty-eighth session the No. 30 (A/8730), p. 122. progress of the 9reparatory work of the Committee 19 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh and, if necessa .. to take measures to facilitate com­ Session, Supplement No. 22 (A/8722 and Add.l and 2); SI 10777 and Add.l and 2. For other relevant documents, see pletion of the substantive work for the Conference Official Rec6'rds of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh and any other action it might deem appropriate. Session, Annexes, agenda item 38. 16 Part One. Political and security questions held in connexion with the commemoration of the Trust Fund for South Af.rica and for direct contribu­ International Day for the Elimination of Racial tions to the voluntary agencies concerned. Discrimination. Other sections of the report related In resolution 2923 C (XXVII), the Assembly en­ to consultations held with representatives of church and Com~ religious organizations, the hearing of petitioners, con­ dorsed the programme of work of the Special sideration of the question of a draft convention on the mittee on Apartheid and requested it to hold con­ suppression and punishment of the crime of apartheid, sultations with experts and representatives of the dissemination of information on apartheid, and other oppressed people of South Africa, African liberation action taken in connexion with the international cam­ movements recognized by OAU, anti-apartheid move­ paign against apartheid. ments and other non-governmental organizations con­ cerned, with a view to intensifying international action In its conclusions and recommendations, the Com­ against apartheid; to send representatives to national mittee pointed out that intensification of fl.uartheid and and international conferences on apartheid, and to the repression by the South African Govern...· .mt and its headquarters of specialized agencies and OAU; to take aggressive expansionist policies continued to pose a appropriate steps, in co-operation with GAU, to ensure grave threat to international peace and security. The greater mD, 'al and material assistance to the national Committee emphasized the problem of continued eco­ movement of the oppressed people of South Africa; nomic and military collaboration with South Africa to continue co-operation with other United Nations by certain Powers; it considered that the Security bodies concerned; and to submit a special report to Council should take more effective action to enforce the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth sess.\pn on respect for its decisions regarding South Africa, and the implementation by States of United Nations resolu­ recommended that the Council should give high priority tions on apartheid. to a meeting to consider seriously the possibility of instituting mandatory sanctions against the Government In resolution 2923 D (XXVII), the Assembly re­ of South Africa. quested the Secretary-Ge'leral to take steps to intensify the dissemination of information on apartheid, in con­ The Committee also outlined its programme of work sultation with OAU, and to make appropriate arrange­ for 1973, which caned for increased co-operation and ments for wider and more effective publicity by the co-ordination with specialized agencies, the Organiza­ Office of Public Information; requested the specialized tion of African Unity, non-governmental organizations, agencies concerned to co-operate closely with OPI and trade unions, anti-apartheid movements and representa­ the Unit on Apartheid, and requested UNESCO to tives of -the communication media, in order to launch expedite the preparation and publication of an educa­ an intensified anti-apartheid campaign in 1973. tional kit on apartheid; invited Governments and or­ The Special Committee also submitted to the General ganizations to encourage information media to con­ Assembly, under General Assembly resolution 2764 tribute to the campaign against apartheid, and requested (XXVI) of 9 , a report on the mal­ them to promote the establishment of non-governmental treatment and torture of prisoners in South Africa (AI organizations concerned with apartheid in countries 8770 and Add.1).20 where they do not exist. An account of the activities of the Special Com­ In resolution 2923 E (XXVII), the Assembly again mittee on Apartheid in 1973 will appear in its report called upon all Governments to implement fully the to the General Assembly21 and the Security Council. arms embargo against South Africa; requested the Security Council to consider urgently the situation in CONSIDERATION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY South Africa with a view to adopting economic and other sanctions under Chapter VII of the Charter; At its twenty-seventh session, the General Assembly appealed to Governments, specialized agencies, national adopted six resolutions relating to apartheid: resolu­ and international organizations and individuals to pro­ tions 2923 A to E (XXVII) were adopted on vide greater assistance, directly or through OAU, to 15 November 1972 and resolution 2923 F (XXVII) the national movement of the oppressed people of was adopted on 13 December. South Africa; requested the specialized agencies and In resolution 2923 A (XXVII), the Assembly called other organizations within the United Nations system upon the Government of South Africa immediately to to discontinue all collaboration with the Government put an end to all forms of torture and other acts of of South Africa; requested States members of inter­ terror against opponents of apartheid and to punish national agencies and organizations to deny all assist­ the perpetrators; requested the Special Committee on ance and commercial or other facilities to the Govern­ Apartheid to promote an international campaign for ment of South Africa; requested all States to withhold an end to repression, maltreatment and torture of op­ any support from sporting events organized in violation ponents of apartheid; and requested the Secretary­ of the principle of non-discrimination in sports, par­ General to publicize the report on maltreatment and ticularly with the participation of racially selected torture and all other available information on the teams from South Africa; invited all organizations, matter, and to transmit the report to the Commission institutions and information media to organize intensi­ on Human Rights and to appropriate non-governmental fied and co-ordinated campaigns in 1973 with the goal organizations. of isolating South Africa in all fields and obtaining contributions for assistance to the victims of apartheid In resolution 2923 B (XXVII), the Asgembly again and support to the movement of -the oppressed people appealed to all States, organizationc;; and individuals for of South Africa; requested the Special Committee to generous annual contributions to the United Nations prepare and disseminate expert studies to counteract propaganda in favour of economic collaboration with 20 Subsequently reissued (United Nations publication, Sales South Africa; and to publicize all available information No.: E.73.I1.K.1). 21 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth on collaboration by States and foreign economic and Session, Supplement No. 20 (A/9020). financial interests with the South A~rican regime and Chapter IV. Other political and security questions 17 South African companies (see also part two, chap. I, report26 on the implementation of Security Council sect. C.7). resolution 309 (1972) of 4 , concerning In resolution 2923 F (XXVII), the Assembly again the contacts initiated by him under that resolution with appealed to all national and international trade union all parties concerned, with a view to establishing the organizations to intensify their action against apartheid; necessary conditions so as to enable the people of requested and authorized the Special Committee on Namibia, freely and with strict regard to the principles Apartheid to participate effectively in the proposed of human equality, to exercise their right to self­ International Conference of Trade Unions against determination and independence in accordance with Apartheid, to be held in June 1973, and in the meeting the Charter of the United Nations. It was stated in of the Preparatory Committee for the Conference; the report that, following an exchange of communica­ authorized the Secretary~General to reimburse the costs tions with the Government of South Africa, the Secre­ necessary to enable up to five representatives of trade tary-General, accompanied by members of the Secre­ union organizations from southern Africa to participate tariat, had visited South Africa and Namibia between in the Conference; and requested the Special Com­ 6 and 10 March and held discussions with the Prime mittee to submit a special report to the Assembly at Minister and with the Minister for Foreign Affairs of its twenty-eighth session on the results of the Con­ South Africa on all aspects of the Namibian question, ference and on other related developments concerning in the course of which the possibility of the appoint­ workers' action against apartheid. ment of a representative of the Secretary-General was discussed. The Secretary-General had also contacted and consulted with other parties concerned who, in spite of their expressed reservations regarding South F. Complaint by Senegal Africa's willingness to co-operate, did not wish to oppose his efforts to fulfil the mandate given to him. By a letter dated 16 October 1972,22 Senegal charged The parties consulted included individuals and groups Portugal with an armed attack against a Senegalese in Namibia, calling for a united, independent Namibia; post on the border between Senegal and Guinea (Bis­ groups in Namibia supporting self-government for the sau) which caused the death of a Senegalese soldier "homelands" and opposing a unitary state; the European and a civilian worker, and requested an urgent meeting Executive Committee of South West Africa; Namibian of the Security Council. leaders outside the Ten-itory who presented the views By a letter dated 18 October,23 Portugal admitted of the South West Africa People's Organization the violation of Senegal's frontier by a unit of the (SWAPO) and of the South West Africa National Portugucse army and advised that it had ordered pro­ United Front (SWANUF); in addition to the Group ceedings against the commander of the unit in question. of Three-namely Argentina, Somalia and Yugosla­ Portugal, the letter said, had offered to pay compensa­ via-which the Security Council had designated to tion and to give all necessary guarantees to Senegal. consult with him, the presiding officers of various United Nations bodies concerned with the question of The Security Council considered the complaint by Namibia; the Chairman of the Organization of African Senegal at three meetings held between 19 and 23 Oc­ Unity and also a number of Heads of State and tober24 and adopted resolution 321 (1972) of 23 Octo­ Ministers for Forehm Affairs who attended the Con­ ber, by which the Council condemned the frontier ference of Heads of State and Government of OAU, violation and attack on the Senegalese post at Nianao held in Rabat from 12 to 15 June 1972. After his committed by regular forces of the Portuguese army return to New York, the Secretary-General pursued his on 12 October 1972; called upon the Government of contacts with ,the Minister for Foreign Affairs of South Portugal to respect the principle of self-determination Africa in the course of which the following three points and independence defined in particular in General 'concerning the terms of reference of a representative Assembly resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 December of the Secretary-General emerged: the task of the 1960, and to take immediately all necessary steps to representative of the Secretary-General would be to apply that principle; and. declared that, if Portugal did assist in achieving the aim of self-determination and not comply with the provisions of the resolution, the independence and to study all questions relevant thereto; Council would meet to consider other steps. in carrying out his task, the representative might make Further details on the question will be found in recommendations to the Secretary-General and, in the report of the Security Council to the General consultation with him, to the South African Govern­ Assembly.25 ment, and in so doing he should assist in overcoming any points of difference; the South African Govern­ ment would co-operate in the discharge of the repre­ sentative's task by providing him with the requisite G. Consideration by the Security Council of facilities to go to South Africa and to Namibia as the situation in Namibia necessary and to meet all sections of the Namibian population. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ON THE IM­ PLEMENTATION OF SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION The Secretary-General concluded that, on the basis 309 (1972) of his discussions with the Government of South Africa, he believed that it would be worth while to continue On 17 July 1972, the Secretary-General submitted a the efforts to implement the mandate of the Security 22 Official R.ecords of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh Council with the assistance of a representative of the Year, Supplement for October, November and December Secretary-General. 1972, document 8/10807. 231bid., document 8/10810. 24 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, 1667th to 1669th meetings. 26 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh 25 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for July, August and September 1972, docu­ Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/9002), part I, chap. 4. ment 8/10738. 18 Part One. Political and security questions

CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL IN JULY results once the necessary conditions were established AND AUGUST 1972 and the inhabitants had had more administrative and political experience, and that such experience could The Security Council considered the report of the be best achieved on a regional basis. Secretary-General at two meetings held on 31 July and 1 August 1972.27 In resolution 319 (1972), adopted In the course of the discussions, the Prime Minister on 1 August, the Security Council invited the Secretary­ had indicated that he was prepared to establish an General, in consultation and close co-operation with advisory council composed of representatives from the Group of Three, to continue his contacts with all various regions, was willing to assume over-all respon­ parties concerned, with a view to establishing the sibility of the Territory as a whole, and would examine necessary conditions so as to enable the people of the possibility of removing restrictions on political Namibia, freely and with strict regard to the principle activity and freedom of movement, subject to the re­ of human equality, to exercise their right to self­ quireme~>ts of influx control. determination and independence in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations; approved the Secretary­ The representative stressed that many issues re­ General's proposal to proceed, after necessary consulta­ garding South Africa's interpretation of self-determina­ tions, with the appointment of a representative to assist tion and independence for Namibia still remained to be him in the discharge of his mandate; and requested clarified. He gave an account of the views expressed him to report to the Council by 15 November on the to him by representatives of political organizations and implementation of the resolution. other groups and individuals in Namibia, the majority of whom supported the establishment of a united, in­ Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation dependent Namibia. of Security Council resolution 319 (1972) Finally, the representative expressed the opinion that, On 15 November 1972, the Secretary-General -sub­ taking all factors into consideration, the contacts be­ mitted a report to the Security Counci128 on the im­ tween the Secretary-General and the Government of plementation of its resolution 319 (1972) in which he South Africa, as well as the other parties concerned, indicated that he had appointed Mr. Alfred Martin should be continued. Escher of Switzerland as his representative, and that, following consultations in New York, Mr. Escher, ac­ CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL companied by members of the Secretariat, had visited IN NOVEMBER AND DECEMBER 1972 South Africa and Namibia fmm 8 October to 3 Novem­ ber and had subsequently submitted a report on his The Security Council considered the report of the mission. 29 Secretary-General at five meetings held between 28 No­ vember and 6 December 1972.30 In resolution 323 Prior to his representative's visit to South Africa (1972), adopted on 6 December, the Security Council and Namibia, the Secretary-General had made available noted that the overwhelming majority of the opinions to him a copy of an aide-memoire submitted by the of those consulted by the Secretary-General's repre­ Group of Three of the Security Council outlining certain sentative had stated that they were in favour of the points which should be taken into account in the immediate abolition of the "homelands" policy, with­ process of implementing resolution 319 (1972), in drawal of the South African administration from the particular that all United Nations resolutions on the Territory, Namibia's accession to national independence question of Namibia remained in effect and should be and the preservation of its territorial integrity, thus actively pursued; and that the main task of the repre­ further confirming the position of the United Nations sentative should be to obtain a complete and un­ on this question; regretted that there had been no equivocal clarification from the Government of South complete and unequivocal clarification of South Africa's Africa with regard to its policy of self-determination policy regarding self-determination and independence and independence for Namibia, so as to enable the for Namibia; reaffirmed the inalienable rights of the Council to decide whether that policy coincided with people of Namibia to self-determination, independence the United Nations position on the matter and whether and the preservation of their territorial integrity, on the efforts made under resolutions 309 (1972) and which any solution for Namibia must be based; invited 319 (1972) should be continued. the Secretary-General to continue his efforts, in con­ In his report, the representative of the Secretary­ sultation and close co-operation with the Group of General gave an account of his discussions with the Three and, as appropriate, with the assistance of Government of South Africa whkh centred around the representatives; called on the Government of South questions of clarification of South Africa's policy of Africa to co-operate fully with the Secretary-General self-determination and independence for Namibia, dis­ in the implementation of the resolution; requested the continuance of the application of the policy of separate other parties concerned to continue to extend their developments or "homelands", and the abolition of co-operation to the Secretary-General; and requested all discriminatory measures and the establishment of the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council equality for all Namibians. Concerning the interpreta­ on the implementation of the resolution not later than tion of the South African Government's policy of self­ 30 April 1973. determination and independence with regard to Na­ On 16 January 1973, the Security Council decided mibia, the Prime Minister felt that it was not the without objection to appoint the representatives of appropriate stage to go into a detailed discussion of Peru and the Sudan to the Group of Three to fill the that question and that this could be done with better vacancies which had occurred as a result of the expira­ tion of the terms of office on the Council of Argentina 27 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, 1656th and 1657th meetings. 28Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for October, No­ and Somalia. vember and December 1972, document 8/10832 and Corr.t. 29 Ibid., document 8/10832 and Corr.1, annex II. 30 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, 1678th to 1682nd meetings. Chopter IV. Other political and security questions 19 Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation dependence for Namibia envisaged in resolution 323 o! Security Cou.ncil resolution 323 (1972) ( 1972). He said that, in the light of the results achieved so far, the {luestion arose as to whether the contacts In the report submitted to the Security Council on and efforts initiated pursuant to resolutions 309 (1972), 30 April 197331 on the implementation of Security 319 (1972) and 323 (1972) should be continued. Council resolution 323 (1972), the Secretary-General stated that, in consultation and close co-operation with An account of the consideration of this question the Group of Three of the Security Council, he had by the Security Council will be found in the Council's sought to obtain from the South African Government a report to the General Assembly32 (see also part two, more complete and unequivocal statement of its policy chap. I, sect. B.2 below). regarding self-determination and independence for Na­ mibia as well as clarification of its position on other questions arising from the report of his representative H. Con'lplaint by Zan'lbia and from the debate in the Council. To that effect he had transmitted to the South African Government on 20 December 1972 a series of questions on South On 24 January 1973, Zambia requested an urgent Africa's policy regarding self-determination and in­ meeting of the Security Council33 to cons;'3~" acts of dependence for Namibia; the composition and functions aggression committed by the illegal regime ,;,':' So"thern of the proposed advisory council; the removal of Rhodesia in collusion with the Government of ~;.,uth restrictions on movement and measures to ensure free­ Africa, in particular the closing of the border between dom of political activity, including freedom of speech Southern Rhodesia and Zambia and the imposition of and the holding of meetings; and the discontinuance an economic blockade against Zambia. Zambia also of measures in furtherance of South Africa's "home­ charged that Southern Rhodesia forces reinforced by lands" policy. In the course of extensive discussions South African troops had been deployed along the at Headquarters with the Permanent Representative of frontier. South Africa, the Secretary-General and his representa­ In letter date" January,34 South AfL rejected tives had again emphasized the firm stand of the United a 26 Nations with regard to the international status of the Zambian charges, and stgted that SOlHh Africa Namibia, its national unity and territorial integrity. would treat the matter in accordance with its principles of non-interference in the domestic affairs of other Following discussions between the Secretary-General countries, opposition to terrorism, and assistance to and the Minister for Foreign Affairs of SOHth Africa, Governments fighting terrorism. the Government of South Africa submitted on 30 April The Security Council considered the matter in meet­ 1973 a statement in clarification of its position, which ings held between 29 January and 10 March 1973.35 stressed that South Africa would fully respect the wishes of the whole poprdation of the Territory with regard In resolution 326 (1973) of 2 February 1973, the to its future 'constitutional organization, and that any Council condemned all the acts of provocation and exercise to ascertain their wishes would not be com­ harassment, including economic blockade, blackmail promised by any existing political and administrative and military threats, against the Republic of Zambia arrangements. All political parties of the Territory by the illegal regime in collusion with the racist regime would have full and free participation in the process of South Africa and the continued presence of South leading to self-determination and independence, and for African military and armed forces in Southern Rhodesia the attainment of which the Government, in co-opera­ contrary to Security Council resolution 277 (1970) of tion with the Secretary-General and in consultation 18 Mar~h 1970;30 demanded the immediate withdrawal with the people, would take the necessary measures. of those forces; and decided to dispatch a special mis­ sion, consisting of four members of the Council, to be During the meetings in Geneva, the Minister for appointed by its President after consultations with the Foreign Affairs had stated that his Government did not envisage that individual population groups might sud­ members, to assess the situation in the area, and to denly become independent as separate entities. He report to the Council not later than 1 March 1973. stressed that his Government recognized and accepted, In resolution 327 (1973), adopted also on 2 Feb­ subject to the requirements of public safety, the need ruaryl the Council asked the Special Mission, assisted for freedor: \ of speech and political activity in the by a team of six United Nations experts, to assess the process leading to self-determination; it reiterated, as needs of Zambia in maintaining alternative systems of ,stated in 1964 in the pleadings in the South West road, rail, air and sea communications for the normal Africa case, that South West Africa had a separate international status and reaffirmed its position that flow of traffic. South Africa did not claim any part of the Territory; The Special :Mission, composed of Austria, Indo­ and anticipated that it might not take longer than 10 nesia, Peru and the Sudan, left New York on 8 Feb­ years for the people of the Territory to reach the ruary and visited the United Kingdom, Zambia, the stage where they would be ready to exercise their United Republic of Tanzania and Kenya where it had right to self-determination. The Secretary-General concluded that the statement 32 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/9002), part I, chap. 3. of the Government of South Africa did not provide 33 See Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty­ the complete and unequivocal clarification of South eighth Year, Supplement for January, February and March Africa's policy in regard to self-determination and in- 1973, document S/10865. 34 I bid., document S/10870. s51bid., Twenty-eighth Year, 1687th to 1694th meetings. 31 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for April, May 36 Ibid., Twenty-fifth Year, Supplement for January, Febru- and June 1973, document 8/10921 and Corr.I. ary and , document 8/9709/Rev.1. 20 Part One. Political and security questions consu1·,ltions with cabinet members and other govern­ 1. Consideration by the Security Council of the ment 'Jfficials. situation in the Territories under Portuguese In a report submitted on 5 March,S7 the Special administration Mission stated that tension had increased in the area following aggressive acts committed by the illegal By a letter dated 7 November 197240 the repre­ regime of Southern Rhodesia against Zambia, and that sentatives of 37 African States requested that the the continued deployment of South African forces near Security Council meet to consider the situation in the the Zambian border was a factor in the heightening Territories under Portuguese administration. The letter of tensions. In the opinion of the Special Mission, the stated that since ~ 963 the situation in the Territories key to the solution of the problem lay in the applica­ under Portuguese domination had evolved in favour tion of majority rule ~n the Territory of Southern of the national liberation movements. Those move­ Rhodesia and the strict implementation of mandatory ments were recoplized by the Special Committee on sanctions against the Territory and of relevant Security the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Council resolutions with regard to the whole area. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colo­ nial Countries and Peoples and the General Assembly Regarding Zambia's economic needs, the report as the legitimate representatives of the African peoples stated that as a result of the closure of the border by in Guinea (Bissau), Angola and Mozambique. The the Smith regime, Zambia's economy would be affected Security Council was requested to take the necessary by shortages of imports, depletion of stocks and measures to bring the Government of Portugal to rec­ higher costs, and concluded that only adequate and ognize the right to self-determination and independence timely assistance would enable Zambia to develop its of the peoples in its colonies and to draw up a time­ economy in a normal fashion. table for the transfer of power to the authentic repre­ The Security Council considered the Special Mis­ sentatives of the peoples of those Territories. sion's report at three meetings held between 8 and 10 By a letter dated 15 November 1972,41 the repre­ March.sB sentative of Portugal stated that the request for the In resolution 328 (1973) of 10 March, the Council Council's meetings was thoroughly misconceived, there endorsed the assessment and conclusions of the Special being no dispute between Portugal and any of the Mission; declared that the only effective solution to States requesting the meeting. the situation lay in the exercise by the people of In six meetings, from 15 to 22 November, the Zimbabwe of their right to self-determination and in­ Security Council considered the situation in the Terri­ dependence in accordance with General Assembly reso­ tories under Portuguese administration.42 lution 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960; requested On 22 November, the Security Council adopted reso­ all Governments to take stringent measures to enforce lution 322 (1972), whereby the Council reaffirmed the and. ensure full compliance by all individuals and inalienable right of the peoples of Angola, Guinea organizations under their jurisdiction with the sanc­ (Bissau) and Cape Verde, and Mozambique to self­ tions against Southern Rhodesia; called upon all Gov­ determination and independence, as recognized by the ernments to continue to treat the racist minority regime General Assembly in resolution 1514 (XV) of 14 in Southern Rhodesia as illegal; and called upon the December 1960; called upon the Government of Por­ Government of the United Kingdom to take all effec­ tugal to cease forthwith its military operations and all tive measures to bring about the conditions necessary acts of repression against the peoples in those Terri­ to enable the people of Zimbabwe to exercise freely tories; called upon the Government of Portugal to and fully their right to self-determination and inde­ enter into negotiations with the parties concerned with pendence. a view to achieving a solution of the armed confronta­ In resolution 329 (1973) of 10 March 1973, the tion that exists in Angola" Guinea (Bissau) and Cape Council appea~ed to all States for immediate technical, Verde, and Mozambique and permitting the peoples financial and material assistance to Zambia in accord­ of those Territories to exercise their right to self­ ance with resolutions 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968 determination and independence; and requested the and 277 (1970) of 18 March 1970 and with the rec­ Secretary-General ,to follow developments in the situa­ ommendations of the Special Mission, so that Zambia tion and to report periodically to the Security Council. could maintain its normal flow of traffic and enhance Further details on the question will be found in the its capacity to implement fully the mandatory sanc­ report of the Security Council to the General Assem­ tions policy; requested the United Nations and its spe­ bly43 (see also part two, chap. l, sect. B.3 below). cialized agencies to assist Zambia in the fields identified in the report of the Special Miss:ion; and requested the Secretary-General, in collaboration with appropriate J. Consideration by the Security Council of the organizations of the United Nations system, to organize situation, in Southern Rhodesia with immediate effect all forms of financial, technical and material assistance to Zambia. On 28 July 1972,44 ,e Security Council considered Further details on the matter will be found in the the special report of the Committee establisped in pur- report of the Security Council to the General As­ o Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh sembly.39 Year, Supplement for October, November and December 1972, document S/10828. 41/bid., document 8/10833. 37 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, Special Supplement No. 2 42 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, 1672nd to 1677th meetings. (S/10896/Rev.l). 43 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth SB/bid., Twenty-eighth Year, 1692nd to 1694th meetings. Session, Supplement No. 2 (Aj9002), part I, chap. S. 30 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth 440fficial Record! of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 2 (Aj9002), part I, chap. 7. Year, 1654th and 1655th meetings. Chapter IV. Other political and security questions 21 suance of resolution 253 (1968) which had been sub­ 4 abstentioDls. The draft resolution was not adopted be­ mitted on 9 May 1972.45 cause of the negative vote of a permanent member. In resolution 318 (1972) the Council reaffirmed the On 22 December), the Committee established in inalienable right of the people of Southern Rhodesia pursuance of resolution 253 (1968) submitted its fifth to self-determinatiolA and independence in conformity report.49 The report reviewed the work of the Com­ with the objectives of General Assembly resolution mittee which included consideration of cases of sus­ 1514 (XV) of 14 December 1960; took note with pected or admitted violation of sanctions, as well as appreciation of the Committee's special report; and matters concerning consular and other representation approved the recommendations and suggestions con­ in Southern Rhodesia and representation of the illegal tained in section III of the report. Furthermcre, the regime abroad, airlines operating to and from Southern Council condemned all acts of violation of its reso­ Rhodesia" and immigration and tourism. in the Terri­ lutions 253 (1968) of 29 May 1968, 277 (1970) of tory. In an addendum issued on 31 December the 18 March 1970 and 314 (1972) of 28 February Committee published the substantive parts of corre­ 1972; and urged all States to take more effective spondence it had conducted with Governments on cases measures to ensure full implementation of those reso­ of suspected and admitted violations of sanctions. A lutions. further addendum issued on 2 February 197350 con­ tained a note on Southern Rhodesian trade for 1971 The Council~ at the request of Guinea, Somalia and together with statistical data. the Sudan,46 resumed consideration of the question and met from 27 to 29 September.47 On 15 April 1973 the Committee, which had re­ quired an extension of the time-limit for submission of In resolution 320 (1972) of 29 September, the the report requested in Security Council resolution 320 Council called upon all States to implement fully all ( 1Y72), submitted its second special report.51 The re­ Security Council resolutions establishing sanctions port contained a set of recommendations and sugges­ against Southern Rhodesia; urged the United States tions agreed to by all the delegations, based on pro­ to co-operate fully with the United Nations m the posals submitted by Guinea, Kenya and the Sudan, and effective implementation of. sanctions; requested the another set of proposals by the same three delegations Committee established in pursuance of resolution 253 which had not been agreed upon, together with alter­ (1968) to consider what ,action could be taken against native proposals by various other delegations. The re­ South Africa and Portugal in view of their open and port also gave an account of the position of various persistent refusal to implement sanctions agamst South­ delegations on the African proposals. The agreed rec­ ern Rhodesia; and to examine all the proposals and ommendations and suggestions called for tightening suggestions made at the 1663rd to 1666th meetings the application of sanctions and improving the Com­ for extending the scope and improving the effective­ mittee's work. ness of sanctions, and to report thereon to the Council not later than 31 January 1973. The Council, at the requ.est of Guinea and Kenya,li2 considered the Committee's second special report be­ Also on 29 September, the Council voted upon an­ tween 14 and 22 May.lis other draft resolution48 by which the Council would reaffirm the principle that there should be no inde­ In resolution 333 (1973) of 22 May, the Council pendenee before majority rule in Southern Rhodesia; approved the agreed recommendations and suggestions urge the United Kingdom, as the administering Power, contained in the Committee's report; requested States to convene as soon as possible a national constitutional with legislation permitting importation of minerals and conference in which the genuine political representa­ other products from Southern Rhodesia to repeal it tives of the people of Southern Rhodesia would be able immediately; called upon States to enact and enforce to work out a settlement relating to the future of the legislation providing for severe penalties on natural or Territory that would be subsequently endorsed by the juridical persons that evaded or committed breach of people through free and democratic processes; call the sanctions; called upon States to pass legislation upon the United Kingdom to try to bring about con­ forbidding insurance companies under their jurisdiction from covering air flights into and out of Southern ditions P.; ~ssary for free expression of the right to self-determination, including the release of all political Rhodesia; and called upon States to undertake appro­ prisoners, detainees and restrictees and the repeal of priate legislative measures forbidding marine insurance all repressive, discriminatory legislation., and removal in contracts involving goods of Southern Rhodesian of all restrictions on political activity; and further call origin or destined to Southern Rhodesia. upon the United Kingdom to ensure that in any exer­ On the same date, the Council voted on a draft cise to ascertain the wishes of the people of Southern resolution54 by which it would decide that all States Rhodesia as to their political future the procedure fol­ should limit to the 1965 quantitative levels any imports lowed should be in accordance with the principle of of specified goods from South Africa, Mozambique and universal adult suffrage and by secret ballot on the Angola; requested States to take appropriate meas­ basis of one-man one-vote without regard to race, ures to deny landing rights to national carriers of colour or educational, property or income considera­ countries that continued to grant such rights to aircraft tions. There were 10 votes in favour, 1 against and 49 Ibid., Special Supplement No. 2 (SIl08521Rev.l). 45 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for April, May 50 Ibid., annex V. and June 1972, document S/10632. 51/bid., Supplement for April, May and June 1973, docu- 46 Ibid., Supplement for July, August and September 1972, ment SI10920 an'"' Corr. 1. document S/10798. 521bid., docth:aent 8/10925. 47 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, 1663rd to 1666th meetings. 53 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, 1712th to 1716th m("jtings. 481bid., Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for July, August 54 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for April, May and and September 1972, document S/10805/Rev.1. June 1973, document 8/10928. 22 Part One. Political and security questions from Southern Rhodesia or which operated air serv.. 1 July 1971 to 30 June 1972.58 The report reviewed lces to that Territory; decide to extend the Beira the operations of the Agency and the efforts it had blockade to cover the port of Lourengo Marques; urge made for the reliief, health, education and training of the United Kingdom to take appropriate measures to the Palestine refugees" stressed once more the financial effect that blockade; and condemn all Governments, difficulties faced by the Agency and called for further particularly that of South Africa and of Portugal, that efforts to improve its financial position. encourage, assist or connive at any violation of sanc­ \Vith respect to UNRWA operations in the past tions against Southern Rhodesia. There were 11 votes year, the Commissioner-General pointed out that des­ in favour" 2 against and 2 abstentions. The draft ~. pite some difficulties regarding .the occupation of resolution was not adopted ,f'\';1use of the negative Agency property by Palestinian guerrillas in Lebanon, votes of two permanent members. the Agency's operations continued there undisturbed Further details on the question will be found in the and the Government of Lebanon gave assurances that report of the Security Council to the General Assem­ the agreement regarding the restoration to the Agency bly55 (see also part two, chap. I, sect. B.l below). of its property would be soon implemented. In Jol'dan there had been, in July 1971, interruptions in. the operations of the Agency as a re.mlt of the security operations by the Jordanian Army against Palestinian K. Question of Korea commandos in Jarash. In Gaza, major slecurity meas­ ures by Israeli authorities had affected the life of Pursuant to the decision taken by the General As­ Palestinian refugees there, including the demolition of sembly, on J5' , ,the following three shelters and removal of inhabitants from their place item8 relating to Korea were mcluded in the provi­ of residence. sional agenda of the twenty-seventh session: "With­ draw'11. of United States and all other foreign forces ApPEAL BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OCC1': jing South Korea under the flag of the United In a letter dated 20 March 1972 (A/8672), the Nations" (item 35), "Dissolution of the United Na­ Secretary-General, after having been informed by the tions Commission for the Unification and Rehabili­ Commissioner-General of UNRWA of the financial tation of Korea" (item 36) and "Question of Korea: plight of the Agency and its budget deficit of $4.5 report of the United Nations Commission for the Uni­ million, made an appeal to all States Members of the fication and Rehabilitation of Korea" (item 37). At United Nations or members of specialized agencies the request made on 18 July 1972 by Algeria, sub­ ite~, for further contributions which would preclude any sequently join;.-:d by 28 other States,56 a fourth reductivn of the Agency's services. entitled ·'Creation of favourable conditions to acceler­ ate the independent and peaceful reunification of Korea", was included in the provisional agenda (item REPORTS OF THE SECRETARY-GENERAL 96). The General Assembly had before it three reports On 18 August 1972, the United Nation~: Commis­ submitted by the Secretary-General and a report of sion for the Unificat,ion and RehabilitatiOn of Korea the Working Group on the Financing of the United submitted a report covering the period 6 Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refu­ to 18 August 1972.57 The report reviewed develop­ gees in the Near East. ments in the political and economic fields and included In his report of 13 September 197259 submitted in the text of a South-North Joint Communique issued pursuance of General Assembly resolution 2792 E on 4 July 1972, resulting from discussions concerning (XXVI) of 6 December 1971, regarding the return the improvement of relations between representatives of the displaced persons who had fled the Israeli occu­ of the Republic of Korea and the Democratic People's pied areas since June 1967 and calling on Israel to Republic of Korea. take immediate steps for their return, it was stated that the Secretary-General had requested Israel to pro­ On the recommendation of the General Committee, vide him with information on the implementation of the General Assembly on 23 September 1972 decided that resolution and that Israel had replied that, despite that items 35 and 36 should be deleted from the agenda conditions prevailing in the occupied area1 it had and that items 37 and 96 should be deferred until the during the last year facilitated the return of persons twenty-eighth session. displaced in 1967. On 15 September" the Secretary-General submitted a reportOO in pursuance of resolution 2792 C (XXVI) L. Assistance to Palestine refugees concerning Palestinian r,efugees in the Gaza Strip, which had called upon Israel to desist from further destruc­ REPORT OF THE ~OMMISSIONER-GENERALOF UNRWA tion of refugee shelters and removal of refugees from their residences. In r,eply to the Secretary-General's On 9 September 1972, the Commissioner-General request to Israel for ~nformation on the implementation of UNRWA submitted his annual report for the period of that resolution, Israel stated that security measures

55 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth 58 Ibid., Supplement No. 13 (A/8711 and Corr.l and 2). Session, Supplement No. 2 (A/9002), part I, chap. 2. For other relevant documents, see ibia. Twenty-seventh Ses­ 50 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 8, sion, Annexes, agenda item 40. document A/8752 and Add.l-IO. 59 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 40, 57 Ibid., Twenty-serenth Session, Supplement No. 27 (AI document A/8786. 8727). 60 Ibid., document A/8814. Chapter IV. Other political and security questions 23 had to be taken to end the rdgn of terror and to who are at present displaced and in serious need of ensure the safety of the inhabitants of the area. With continued assistance as a result of the June 1967 regard to the demolition of shelters, Israel stated that hostilities. since September 1971, with a few exceptions, no demo­ litions had taken place. In resolution 2963 C (XXVII), the Assembly called upon Israel to desist forthwith from all measures that affect the physical structure and the demographic REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONCILIATION composition of the Gaza Strip, and to take effective COMMISSION FOR PALESTINE steps for the return of the refugees concerned to the By a note dated 29 September 1972,61 the Secretary­ camps from which they were removed and to provide General circulated a report of the United Nations Con­ adequate shelters for their accommodation. ciliation Commission for Palestine, which had been In resolution 2963 D (XXVII), the Assembly called requested under paragrapll 4 of resolution 2792 A once more upon Israel to take ~teps for the return of (XXVI) to exert continued efforts towards the im­ the displaced inhabitants to their homes and to the plementation of paragraph 11 of General Assembly camps which they had formerly cccupied. resolution 194 (Ill) of 11 December 1948 concerning the repatriation or compensation of Palestinian refu­ In resolution 2963 E (XXVII), the Assembly gees. In its report the Commission stated that the recognized that full respect for and realization of the situation dn regard to this question had not changed inalienable rights of the people of Palestine are in­ and that the events of 1967 had further complicated dispensable for the establishment of a just and lasting an already very complex problem. However.~ the Com­ peace in the Middle East. mission was determined to resume its endeavours, the In resolution 2963 F (XXVII), the Assembly in­ success of which would depend not only ·on thl~ amelio­ cluded Japan in the membership of the Advisory Com­ ration of the situation but also on the willingness of mission of the United Nations Relief and Works the parties to co-operate with it. Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.

REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP In resolution 2964 (XXVII), the Assembly re­ ques~ed the Working Group to continue its efforts, in The Working Group on the F,lnancing of the United co-operation with the Secretary-General and the Com­ Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refu­ missioner-General, for the financing of the Agency for gees in the Near East,62 established to repor-t on pos­ a further period of one year. sible measures to prevent the reduction of UNRWA's 63 services in 1971, submitted its report in pursuance ACTIVITIES OF THE UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND of resolution 2791 (XXVI) of 6 December 1971. The WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN THE Working Group came to the conclusion that, after re­ NEAR EAST viewing the various ways to obtain contributions from Governments to maintain the high level of their support . In 1972-1973 .the problem of ensuring adequate of UNRWA, it became clear that further vigorous and mcome to mamtam the full programme of assistance constant fund-raising activities on behalf of the Agency to needy Palestine refugees in east Jordan, the West should be made by either the Secretary-General or the Bank, Gaza, Lebanon and Syria for the period of Working Group, or by an intergovernmental group UNRWA's extended mandate to 30 con­ set up for this purpose. tinued to cause concern, and the 1973 operating budget showed that expenditure of about $61 million would be required to maintain the programmes at the same CONSIDERATION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY level as in 1972 (and more if further inflation oc­ On 13 December 1972, the General Assembly curred). The increase in expenditure was due to rising adopted seven resolutions on this Hem. prices and staff costs, a growing school population" and the effects of the devaluation of the United States In resolution 2963 A (XXVII)., the Ass~mb1y re­ dollar in February 1973. By June 1973 the Agency quested the United Nations Conciliation Commission estimated that income would fall short of requirements for Palestine to exert continued efforts towards the by about $4.2 million (excluding any provision for implementation of paragraph 11 of General Assembly subsidies to Governments for 1973). resolution 194 (Ill) and to report thereon as ap­ propriate, but no later than 1 ; and called On 1 April 1973, th~re were 1,532,287 refugees upon all Governments as a matter of urgency to make registered with UNR\VA in all categories, of whom the most generous efforts possible to meet the anticipated 829,514 received basic rations. Less than 40 per cent needs of UNRWA, particularly in the Hght of the of the refugees were living in refugee camps; of these budgetary deficit pro1ected in the Commissioner­ some 87,000 (with about 42,000 displaced persons) General's report. were in the emergency camps established in east Jordan and Syria after June 1967 and they, together with a In resolution 2963 B (XXVII), the Assembly en­ larger number of displaced refugees (and other dis­ dorsed ,the efforts of the Commissioner-General of placed persons) outside the camps, are still unable to UNRWA to continue to provide humanitarian assist­ return to their homes in the Israeli-occupied territories. ance, as far as practicable, on an emergency basis and Further refugee shelters were demolished in Gaza as a temporary measure, to other persons in the area in connexion with ,the construction or widening of roads in the Rafah Camp by the Israeli autho:f1ties 61/bid., document A/8830. and the construction of a housing scheme in the vicinity. 62 For the membership of the Working Group, see General Assembly resolution 265·1} (XXV). The refugees affected were given the option of buying 63 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh housing in the scheme or moving to vacant shelters in Session, Annexes, agenda item 40, dOI~ument A/8849. the camp; they were paid compensation in respeot of 24 Part One. Political and security questions private property, including additions to Agency shelters, General stated that, if the United Nations was ex:pected but not in respect of such shelters. UNRWA continued to play a crucial and meaningful role in the complex to press the IsraeU authorities for adequate housing relationship among States, greater efforts must be for the many refugee families still unsatisfactorily exerted to make it more relevant to the manifold housed as a result of the July/August 1971 demolitions social, economic, political and security problems of in the Jabalia, Beach and Rafah Camps. As a result, our times. In order to make the Organization more a joint survey was carried out by the Israeli authorities effective, the obligation assumed by Member States, and the Agency in May; it showed that by low standards under Article 25 of the Charter, to comply with the 546 .families still remained inadequately housed and decisions of the Security Council should be scrupulously of them 179 were classified as urgent cases of hardship. respected by all. Furthermore, it was essential that In addition, several other families might find it difficult, Member States try to resolve all outstanding conflicts owing to individual circumstances, to retain their by peaceful means in accordance with the procedures housing presently considered adequate. for pe&ceful settlement provided for in the Charter. In Lebanon fighting broke out between the Army On 15 December 1972, the General Assembly and Palestinian fedayeen on 2 May after a number of adopted resolution 2993 (XXVII) in which it ex­ incidents. Cease-fires were arranged on 3 and 7 May pressed the hope that the present favourable trends in but on each occasion fighting quickly broke out again bilateral, regional and multilateral relations would con­ and a state of emergency was proclaimed by the Gov­ tinue and that efforts to that end would be intensified; ernment on the evening of 7 May. A further cease-fire urged all States to take measures to eliminate armed was negotiated late on 8 May and was followed by conflicts, colonialism, racism and other situations which discussions between the two parties. On 23 May the prevented peoples from exercising their right to self­ state of emergency was lifted but a partial curfew determination and independence, in accordance with remained in force until 9 June. The estimated casualties the Charter; reaffirmed that pressure against any State among registered Palestinian refugees were 50 dead while exercising its sovereign right freely to dispose and 130 injured. The cost estimate ,for repair of of its natural resources was a flagrant violation of the UNRWA property, including Agency-built shelters, was principles of self-determination and non-intervention, as $20,000; damage to privately built shelters was esti­ set forth in the Charter; expressed the belief that the mated at $55,000, while damage to Agency-rented co-ordinated consideration of related issues, such as premises amounted to $1,650. disarmament, peace-keeping and the strengthening of the Tole of the United Nations, would enhance the With an estimated expenditure in 1973 of $29.3 political effectiveness of the United Nations; and re~ million, the education programme accounted for 48 per quested the Secretary-General to submit a report on cent of the Agency's budget. In the 1972-1973 school the implementation of the Declaration on the Strength­ year approximately 267,000 children attended the ening of International Security to the General Assem­ 538 UNRWA/UNESCO schools. To the extent that bly at its twenty~eightb session. its financial resources permitted, the Agency continued to safeguard the health of the Palestine refugees through an integrated programme of preventive and curative health services at 119 centres under the technical super­ N. Admission of new Members vision of WHO. The emergency feeding programme, established in 1967 for the displaced refugees and others affected by the hostilities, was maintained. In CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL 1973 the total expenditure for medical and environ­ On 10 August 1972,66 the Security Council referred mental health services is estimated to be about $8 the application for membership in the United Nations million and for supplementary feeding about $3.7 mil­ submitted by the People's Republic of Bangladesh on lion, the latter to be met largely from special earmarked 8 August (A/8754-S/10759)67 to its Committe(~ on contributions. the Admission of New Niembers for examination and report. More details on the activities of UNRWA from 1 July 1972 -to 30 June 1973 will be found in the On 23 August, the Committee submitted its report report of the Commissioner-General.64 to the Council.6B The report stated that the Committee had taken a vote on the attitude of members towards the application of Bangladesh and that 11 delegations M. Strengthening of international security had been in favour, 1 delegation. had been against, and 3 delegations had not participated in the vote. In pursuance of paragraph 11 of General Assembly At two meetings held on 24 and 25 August,69 the resolution 2880 (XXVI) of 21 December 1971, the Security Council considered the report of the Com­ Secretary-General submitted to the General Assembly mittee on the Admission of New Members" On a report (A/8775 and Add.1-4)65 on the implementa­ 25 August the Council voted on a draft resolution70 tion of the Declaration on the Strengthening of Inter­ whereby the Council would decide to postpone con­ national Security. The report reproduced the substantive sideration of the application of Bangladesh, pending parts of communications from a number of States and from the Security Council, giving their views on the 66 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh subject. In the introduction to his report the Secretary- Year, 1658th meeting. 67 For the printed text, see Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for July, August 64 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 13 (AI and September 1972. 9013). 6BIbid., document 8/10773. 65 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the 60 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, 1659th and 1660th meetings. General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda 70 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for July, August item 35. and September 1972, document 8/10768 and Corr.t. Chapter IV. Other political and security questions 25 the full implementation of General Assembly------resolu- communications on this subject were the reports of tion 2793 (XXVI) of 7 December 1971 and Security the Secretary-General on humanitarian assistance in Council resolution 307 (1971) of 21 December 1971, the area (see part three, chap. VIII, sect. B). and request the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council on the full implementation of the above resolutions by all 'concerned. There were 3 votes in favour, 3 against and 9 abstentions. The draft reso­ P. Co-operation between the United Nations lution was not adopted having failed to obtain the and the Organization of Afrie ,in Unity required majority. On the same date, the Council voted on another draft resolution71 whereby the Security In accordance with General Assembly resolution Council would recommend to the General As~embly 2863 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, the Secretary­ that the People's Republic of Bangladesh be admitted General, on 27 October 1972, submitted a report to to membership in the United Nations. There were the General Assembly (A/8859) on co-operation be­ 11 votes in favour, 1 against and 3 abstentions. The tween the United Nations and the Organization of draft resolution was not adopted because of the negative African Unity. The report described developments relat­ vote of a permanent member. ing to c0-operation bet~een the .two o~ganization.s. In accordance with paragraph 3 of rule 60 of its These included the Secunty Council meetmgs held ID provisional rules of procedure, the Security Council Addis Ababa and the action taken by the Council with submitted to the General Assembly a special report72 regard to African questions; discussions between the in which the Council stated that it did not recommend Secretary-General and OAU officials; OAU representa­ the applicant State for membership. tion at meetings of various United Nations bodies, co-operation between OAU and UNDP and other or­ ganizations of the United Nations system, and co-opera­ CONSIDERATION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY tion regarding the situation in southern Africa in the The item entitled "Admission of new Members to light of General Assembly resolution 2505 (XXIV) the United Nations" was included in the agenda of the of 20 and in pursuance of other twenty-seventh session of the General Assembly at relevant General Assembly resolutions. the request of Yugoslavia. On 29 November 1972, the General Assembly adopted simultaneously two Ir;. resolution 2962 (XXVII) of 13 December 1972, resolutions without debate and without a vote: in t;ie General Assembly commended the Secretary-Gen­ resolution 2937 (XXVII) the Assembly expressed the eral for his efforts to promote co-operation between desire that the People's Republic of Bangladesh would the United Nations and OAU and requested him to be admitted to membership in the United Nations at an intensify t;iat co-operation, particularly with regard to early date and in resolution 2938 (XXVII) it expressed the provision of assistance to the victims of colonialism the desire that the parties concerned would mflke all pos­ and apartheid in southern Africa and the dissemination of information on the situation in that region. sible efforts, in a spirit of co-operation and Il. ltuat respect, to reach a fair settlement of the issues pending, and called for the return of prisoners of war in accord­ ance with the Geneva Convention of 1949 and the Q. Non-use of force in international relations relevant provisions of Security Council resolution 307 and permanent prohibition of the use of nu­ (1971) of 21 December 1971. clear weapons Before the adoption of the two resolutions, the President of the General Assembly stated that the The item was included in the agenda of the twenty­ simultaneous adoption of the resolutions would give seventh session of the General Assembly at the request expression to the consensus of the Assembly which of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (A/8793) .74 favoured the admission of Bangladesh as "Pell as the In requesting the inclusion of the ite·m in the agenda, implementation of Security Council resolution 307 the USSR noted that recent steps taken by States in (1971 ). their bilateral relations and the agreements reached in the field of limiting the arms race and disarmament had contributed to lessening the danger of an outbreak o. The situation in the South Asian of war involving the use of nuclear weapons. In the subcontinent circumstances, it was the task of the United Nations to consolidate the progress made in reducing inter­ national tension and to take measures that would By letters of 21 June and 30 August 1972,73 respect­ promote the elimination of existing conflicts and create ively the representative cf Pakistan transmitted to the conditions that would rule out wars. It was noted that Secr~tary-General a list of cease-fire violations which an effective way of achieving that was the consistent it was alleged had been committed by the Indian Armed application by all States of the principle of the ren1J!lCia­ Forces and the text of a statement issued 24 August tion of the use of force by conventional or nuclear by the ~International Commission of Jurists, which urged weapons and permanent prohibition of the use of the Government of India to liberate and repatriate the nuclear weapons. The adoption by the General Assem­ Pakistani prisoners of war detained in India. The other bly of a resolution on the question would constitute a significant contribution to the strengthening of inter.. 711bid., document S/10771. national security and to the prevention of armed 72 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 23, document A/8776. conflicts. The obligation to refrain from the use of 73 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1972, document 74 For the request and other relevant documents, see Official S/10714; and ibid., Supplement for July, August and September Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-sevemh Session, 1972, document S/10776. Annexes, agenda item 25. ------26 ------Part One. Political and security questions- force was fully in keeping with the Charter and it SI; ::urity Council in connexion with two other items'~7 did not imply the renunciation by States of their inherent which were on the agenda of the twenty-seventh session right of individual and collective self-defence under of the General Assembly. The Secretary-General shared Article 51, nor did it infringe the right of peoples to the view that, its membership having been enlarged in carry on the struggle for their freedom and inde~ 1965, the Council was a more representative organ, pendence. both politically and geographically, and that the Council's procedures, based on written rules and estab­ On 29 November, the General Assembly adopted de~ lished practice, seemed to satisfy the requirements for resolution 2936 (XXVII) in which it solemnly speedy and effective action. The Council had also elared, on behalf of the States Members of the Organ­ developed new procedural practices which had so far ization, -their renunciation of the use or threat of force facilitated reaching agreement among its members. in all its forms and manifestations in international per~ The Secretary-General also drew attention to the in­ relations, in accordance with the Charter, and the troduction to his report on the work of the Organiza­ manent prohibition of the use of nuelear weapons; and tion,78 which contained reflections on the work and recommended that the Security Council should take, effectiveness of the Security Council. as soon as possible, appropriate measures for the full implementation of the declaration of the General On 15 December 1972, the General Assembly Assembly. adopted resolution 2991 (XXVII) by which it took note of the views and suggestions contained in the report of the Secretary-General and in the replies of Membel States annexed to that report; called upon R. Strengthening of the role of the Member States to eusure the strict application of the United Nations decisions of the Security Council in accordance with Article 25 of the Char-ter; appealed to Member States The item entitled "Strengthening of the role of the which had not yet expressed their views on ways and United Nations with regard to the maintenance and means of enhancing the effectiveness of the Security consolidation of international peace and security, the Council in accordance with the principles and provisions development of co-operation among all nations and the of the Charter to do so by 30 June 1973; and re­ promotion of the rules of international law in relations quested the Secretary-General to submit a report to between States" was included in the agenda of the the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth session. twenty-seventh session of the General Assembly at the request of Romania.75 In a memorandum attached to the request, Romania pointed out that the changes T. Question of the hijacking of aircraft taking place in the world and the immensity of -the problems facing mankind .required the United Nations to play an ever greater role in international life so By a note of 12 June 1972,"9 the Secretary-General that, through its entire range of activ;.ties, the Organ­ transmitted to the members of the Security Council for izationcould satisfy the yearnings of all peoples for their information the texts of two telegrams exchanged peace, freedom and progress. with the International Federation of Air Line Pilots Associations, concerning the hijacking of commercial On 27 November, the General Assembly adopted aircraft. In his telegram dated 8 June, the President resolution 2925 (XXVII) in which it recognized as of the Federation stated that the governing body of imperative that the Organization -should become a more his organization requested the Security Council to effective instrument in safeguarding and strengthening convene a meeting in order to determine necessary the independence and sovereignty of all States. It in­ action required to implement previous decisions by the vited Member States to communicate to the Secretary­ United Nations and ICAO, in particular, enforcement General their views and suggestions on the ways and measures against States offering sanctuary and failing means of strengthening the role of the United Nations to prosecute hijackers and saboteurs. In his reply dated and requested the Secretary-General to prepare a report 11 June, the Secretary-General stated that he fully on the basis of those submissions. shared the Federation's concern at the alarming trend of unlawful interference with civil aviation and would make every possible effort to contribute to a solution S. Enhancing the effectiveness of the of that vital and urgent problem. He added that con­ sultations on the subject were being conducted among Security Council the members of the Council. This question was considered by the General Assem­ In a document issued on 20 June 1972,80 the bly in connexion with the item entitled "Report of President of the Security Council announced the the Security Council". In pursuance of resolution 2864 Council's decision on hijacking adopted by consensus (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, the Secretary-General on that date. In its decision, members of the Council submitted a report (A/8847 and Add.l) 76 containing expressed concern at the threat to the lives of pas­ the substantive portions of 22 relevant replies received sengers and crews arising from the hijacking of aircraft from Member States. In his report, the Secretary-Gen­ 77 Item 35 (Implementation of the Declaration on the eral noted that Member States also had expressed views Strengthening of International Security) and item 89 (Need to with regard to enhancing the effectiveness of the consider suggestions regarding the review of the Charter of the United Nations). 75 For the request and other relevant documents, see Official 78 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Session, Supplement No. lA (A/8701lAdd.1). Annexes, agenda item 24. 79 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-seventh 76 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1972, document General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda S/10692. item 11. 80 Ibid., document S/10705. Chapter IV. Other political and security questions 27 and other unlawful interference with international civil be the "Consideration of measures for the maintenance aviation, and reaffirmed Council resolution 286 (1970) and strengthening of international pea1ce and security of 9 . The Council also called upon in Latin America in conformity with the provisions and States to take all appropriate measures to prevent such principles of the Charter". acts and to take effective measures to deal with those who committed such acts, and invited all States to SECURITY COUNCIL MEETINGS HELD IN PANAMA CITY expand and intensify co-operative international efforts and measures with a view to ensuring the maximum The Security Council held 10 meetings in Panama possible safety and reliability of international civil City from 15 to 21 March 1973,85 with an agenda as aviation. recommended in resolution 325 (1973). In accordance with Article 31 of the Charter and at their request, the Reservations to the procedure followed by the representatives of 23 States were invited to participate Security Council of adopting a decision without a in the discussions without the right to vote.8a The formal meeting were made by the representatives of discussions were primarily devoted to the foHowing India and Italy in letters dated 22 June 1972.81 topics: the persistence of colonialism in Latin America and other regions of the world; economic dependence and domination; coercive measures by some States against others; the right of every State to choose its U. Security Council meetings in PanaTna City political, economic and social system without inter­ ference from any other State; the presence of foreign CONSIDERATION BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL OF THE military bases in Latin America; the question of the REQUEST BY PANAMA Panama Canal Zone; and the implementation of the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in L,atin By a letter dated 9 January 197382 the Govern~ America. ment of Panama proposed, on the basis of Article 28, On21 March, theSecurity Council voted on an 8-Power paragraph 3, of the Charter, that the Security Council revised draft resolution87 which urged the United should meet in Panama City from 15 to 21 March States and Panama to continue negotiations regarding 1973. the Panama Canal and to conclude without delay a On 16 January,83 the Security Council decided to new treaty aimed at the prompt elimination of the accept in principle the invitation to meet in Panama causes of conflict between them. There were 13 votes City from 15 to 21 March, and to ask the Security in favour, 1 against and 1 abstention. The draft resolu­ Council Committee on Council Meetings away from tion was not adopted because of the negative vote of Headquarters to consider all aspects of the necessary a permanent member. arrangements and to report to the Council thereon. On the same date, the Council adopted resolution 330 (1973) which urged States to adopt appropriate On 25 January the Committee submitted its report 84 measures to impede the activities of those enterprises to the Security Council. On the recommendation of which deliberately attempt to coerce Latin American the Committee, the Council adopted on 26 January countries, and requested States to refrain from using resolution 325 (1973) in which it decided to hold or encouraging the use of any type of coercive measure meetings in Panama City and that the agenda ,should against States of the region. 81 Ibid., documents S/10709 and 10711. 85 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, 1695th to 1704th meetings. 821bid., Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for lanuary, Feb­ 86 For the list of States, see ibid., 1696th and 1698th ruary and March 1973, document 8/10858. meetings. 831bid., Twenty-eighth Year, 1685th meeting. 87 Official Records of the Security Council, Twen.ty-eighth 84 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for lanuary, Feb­ Year, Supplement for January, February and March 1973, ruary and March 1973, document S/10868. document S/1093/Rev.1.

Part Two

Decolonization

CHAPTER I

The situation with regard to the implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples

A. Work of the Special Committee to it at its next session a report relating specifically to the procedure to be followed by 'the Committee During the period under consideration, the Special for the implementation of the Declaration with respect Committee on the Situation with regard to the Im­ to Puerto Rico. plementation of the Declaration on the Granting of In resolution 2908 (XXVII) of 2 November 1972, Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples1 con­ the General Assembly approved the report of the Special tinued to discharge the mandate entrusted to it by the Committee and requested the Committee to continue General Assembly in accordance with resolution 2878 to seek suitable means for the immediate and full (XXVI) of 20 December 1971. A full account of the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 1514 Special Committee's activities during 1972 appears in (XV) and 2621 (XXV) in all Territories which had its report to the General Assembly.2 not attained independence and, in particular, to for~ As envisaged in its previous report,3 the Special mulate specific proposals for the elimination of the Committee" early in 1972, held meetings in Conakry, remaining manifestations of colonialism and report Lusaka and Addis Ababa at the invitation of the thereon to the Assembly at its twenty-eighth session. Governments concerned. Reporting on these meetings, The Special Committee began its 1973 session on the Special Committee reiterated that its session away 30 January. It decided to retain its Sub-Committees I from Headquarters had facilitated the appearance before and II and to alloc?te to the latter the items previously it of representatives of national liberation movements dealt with by Sub-Committee Ill. The Committee also from colonial Territories in Africa, who had offered decided that its Sub-Committee on Petitions should be valuable information on conditions in their countries, renamed Sub-Committee on Petitions and Information. the progress of their struggle, their efforts to reconstruct It further decided to establish a working group to follow the liberated areas, and their needs with respect to the implementation of the Declaration and other rel­ international assistance. In the same context, the Com­ evant United Nations resolutions by the specialized mittee decided to invite, in consultation with the ::Igencies and the institutions concerned. Organization of African Unity and through it, the representatives of the movements concerned to par­ Details on the Special Committee's activities during ticipate in an observer capacity in its proceedings 1973 will appear in the Committee's report to the relating to their respective countries. General Assembly at its twenty-eighth session.4 The Special Committee also followed closely the The Chairman of the Special Committee attended the Security Council's consideration of questions relating twenty-first session of the OAU's Co-ordinating Com­ to Namibia, Southern Rhodesia and Territories under mittee for the Liberation of Africa, held at Accra in Portuguese administration. In particular, the Chairman January 1973; the meetings which the Security Council of the Committee attended the meetings of the Security held in Panama City in March; and the International Council held at Addis Ababa and addressed the Council. Conference of Experts for the SUPP01':t of Victims of Colonialism and Apartheid in Southern Africa, held Having regard to the list of Territorieg to which the at Oslo in April. Declaration is applicable, the Special Committee recom­ mended to the General Assembly that Hong Kong and Macau be excluded from it and that the Comoro Archipelago be included therein. The Committee also B. Decisions on individual Territories instructed the Working Group concerned to submit 1. Southern Rhodesia i For the membership of the Committee, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement The question of Southern Rhodesia was considered No. 30 (A/8730), p. 10. by the Special Committee between 1 March and 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh 23 August 1972 and by the General Assembly in Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/8723/Rev.l). For other relevant documents, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, December 1972. It was also considered by the Security agenda item 22. 3 Ibid., Twenty-sixth Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/8423/ 4 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/9023/ Rev. I), chap. I, para. 202. Rev.I). 31 32 Part Two. Decolonization Council in July and September 1972 (see part one, prepared a report on its work, which was also transmit­ chap. IV, sect. J), and again in January and February ted to the General Assembly.s 1973 in connexion with a complaint by the Govern­ ment of Zambia (see parot one, chap. IV, sect. H). On 18 December 1972, the General Assembly adopted resolution 3031 (XXVII) by which, in ad­ The Special Committee, on 27 , adopted dition to reiterating previous requests for action, it a resolution on the question of Southern Rhodesia as called upon the United Nations Council for Namibia a whole, which is contained in its report to the General to undertake a study on ,the compliance of Member Assembly.5 On 18 and 25 August, the Chairman and States with United Nations resolutions on Namibia, Acting Chairman respectively made statements on behalf taking into account the advisory opinion of the Inter­ of the Committee concerning Southern Rhodesia's par­ national Court of Justice; to examine the question of ticipation in the XXth Olympic Games. foreign economic interests operating in Namibia; and On '7 December 1972, the General Assembly adopted to continue to examine the question of bilateral and two resolutions on the question. In resolution 2945 multilateral treaties which cover Namibia, with a view (XXVII) it reaffirmed the principle that there should to replacing South Africa as the party representing be no independence before majority l'ule in Zimbabwe Namibia. The Assembly also requested all States to refrain from any action which might 'confer a semblance and affirmed that any settlement relating to the future le~i~imacy S~mth of the Territory must be worked out with the full of upon Africa's illegal occupation of participation of the political leaders representing the NamIbIa and to aSSIst the Secretary-General in dis­ majority of the people and must be endorsed freely seminating information OD. Namibia. Futhermore, the and fully by the people; it also called upon the Govern­ Assembly decided to enlarge the United Nations ment of the United Kingdom not to transfer or accord Cout;cil for Namibia,9 urged the Secretary-General to any of the powers or attributes of sovereignty to the nommate a full-time United Nations Commissioner ~ illegal regime and urged that Government to convene as for amibia and requested the Secretary-General to soon as possible a national constitutional conference publIsh a regular bulletin on Namibia. On the same where the genuine political representatives of Zim­ day, the General Assembly extended the appointment babwe would be able to work out a settlement for of Mr. Agha Abdul Hamid as United Nations Com­ the future of the Territory. In resolution 2946 (XXVII) missioner for Namibia until 31 December 1973. the General Assembly condemned all violations of the With regard to the United Nations Fund for Na­ mandatory sanctions, condemned the continued importa­ mibia, ,the General Assembly, in resolution 3030 tion of chrome and nickel from Zimbabwe by the (XXVII) of 18 December 1972, increased the regular Government of the United States and requested all budget allocation from $US 50,000 per annum to Governments which so far had not done so to take more $US 100,000 and authorized the Secretary-General to stringent enforcement measures to ensure strict com­ continue to appeal to Governments for voluntary con­ pliance with the sanctions by all individuals and bodies tributions. corporate under their jurisdiction; it also drew the attention of the Security Council to the urgent need The Security Council considered the question of to widen the scope of sanctions to include all measures Namibia at meetings held in July, August, November envisaged under Article 41 of the Charter and, as a and December 1972 (see part one, chap. IV, sect. G). matter of priority, to consider imposing sanctions against Portugal and South Africa. 3. Territories under Portuguese administration 2. Namibia The question of the Territories under Portuguese The Special Committee considered the question of administration was considered by the Special Com­ Namibia from 22 March to 25 August 1972 at meetings mittee between 14 March and 1 August 1972. held at Headquarters and in Africa. On 20 April, in Addis Ababa, the Special Committee adopted a con­ In pursuance of the Special Committee's resolution sensus on the question, and on 9 May this co~sensus of 14 September 1971 and in the light of General was transmitted to the President of the Security Council Assembly resolution 2795 (XXVI), the Committee (S/10633).6 The Special Commiitee was invited to decided on 14 March to appoint a special mission to attend the Namibia International Conference which visit the liberated areas of Guinea (Bissau). The special was held in Brussels from 26 to 28 May 1972. A delega­ mission consisted of representatives from Ecuador tion of observers was sent, and the report of the (Chairman), Sweden and TUL.isia, and was accom­ observers was adopted on 21 August. The Special panied by two members of the Secretariat. The mission Committee's conclusions and recommendations on Na­ spent seven days in liberated areas of Guinea (Bissau). mibia are contained in its report to the General Its report10 was considered on 10 April and 31 July Assembly.7 and the Special Committee endorsed its conclusions and recommendations. On 13 April the Special Com­ The United Nations Council ,for Namibia was in mittee adopted a resolution on this matter and on session throughout the year, meeting at intervals. It 20 April it adopted a resolution on the question of the Territories under Portuguese administration as a 5 ibid., Twenty-seventlt Session, Supplement No. 23 (AI 8723/Rev.l), chap. VIII. For other relevant documents, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 66. 8 Ibid., Supplement No. 24 (A/8724). cs For the printed text, see Official Records of the Gel1eral 9 The Coun,.i1 was enlarged from 11 to 18 members; for Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 23 (AI the present membership, see Official Records of the General 3723/Rev.l), chap. X, para. 35. Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 30 (AI T Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh 8730), p. 90. Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/8723/Rev.l), chap. IX. For 10 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh other relevant documents, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/8723/Rev.l), chap. X, Annexes, agenda item 64. annex I. Chapter I. Situation with regard to the granting of independence to colonial countries and peoples 33 whole; the two resolutions are contained in the Com­ 18 December 1972, decided to defer consideration of mittee';s report to the General Assembly.ll the question until its twenty-eighth session. On 14 November 1972 the General Assembly adopted resolution 2918 (XXVII), in which it affirmed that (c) FRENCH SOMALILAND the national liberation movements of Angola, Guinea (Bissau) and Cape Verde and Mozambique are the After considering the question of French Somaliland, the Special Committee transmitted to the General authentic representatives of the aspirations of the 14 peoples of those Territories; recommended that, pending Assembly its working paper. Subsequently the Assem­ the accession of those Territories to independence, bly, on 18 December 1972, decided to defer con­ all Governments, the specialized agencies and other sideration of the question until its twenty-eighth session. organizations within the United Nations system should, when dealing with matters pertaining to the Territories, 5. American Samoa, Antigua, Bab.mas, Bermuda, ensure the representation of those Territaries by the British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cayman Islands, liberation movements concerned in an appropriate Coc

4. Implementation of the Declaration by the special­ ]D Ibid., chap. VII, annex. ized ap.:enclel; ann ·the international institutions 20 Ibid., chap. VII. For other relevant documel1ts, see Offi­ cial Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Ses~ associated with the United Nations sion, Annexes, agenda ite.ns 68 and 12. In its consideration of the question, the Special 21 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda Committee had before it a report submitted by the item 69. 22 For the membership, see General Assembly resolution 18 Ibid., chap. IV. 2557 (XXIV). 36 Part Two. Decolonization assistance for the educat~of1 and training of persons tary-General to continue to take concrete measures from the Territories cC.\iccrned was as essential as through all the media at his disposal, including publica­ ever and should not only continue, but also be ex­ tions, radio and television, to give widespread and panded; once again urgently appealed to all States, continuous publicity to the work of the United Nations organizations and individuals to make generous con­ in the field of decolonization, to the situation in the tributions to the Programme; decided that, as a further colonial Territories and to the continuing struggle for transitional measure, provision should be made under liberation being waged by the colonial peoples. the regular budget for 1973 for an amount of $US 100.,000 to ensure continuity of the Programme; and expressed the hope that the efforts made to 7. Other activities for the support of the people of strengthen co-operation with other organizations and colonial TelTitories in southern Africa agencies would be continued with a view to the co­ In resolution 2910 (XXVII) of 2 November 1972, ordination of their activities in this field. the General Assembly requested the SeGretary-General, After the adoption of the resolution, and up to in co-operation with OAU, to organ~ze an International 15 June 1973, 14 States contributed $386,574 to the Conference of Experts for the Support of Victims of Programme, while 12 States had pledged $604,396. Colonialism and A partheid in Southern Africa. The Conference was held at Oslo from 9 to 14 April 1973. An account of the Conference is given in the report of 6. Publicity for the work of the United Nations in the Secretary-General (A/9061). the field of decolonization In resolution 2911 (XXVII) of the same date, the Following an examination of this question,23 the General Assembly appealed to the Governments and Special Committee made recommendations, most of the peoples of the world to hold annually a Week of which were subsequently embodied in General Assem­ SoklF!rity with the Colonial Peoples of Southern Afr'ica bly resolution 2909 (XXVII) of 2 November 1972. and Guinea (Bissau) and Cape Verde Fighting for By that resolution the Assembly requested the Secre- Freedom, Independence and Equal Rights and pro­

23 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh posed that the Week should begin on 25 May, Africa Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/8723/Rev.l), chap. I. Liberation Day.

J CHAPTER 11

Trust Territories

A. Work of the Trusteeship Council Authority to move at a pace which reflects the wishes of the new Government of Papua New Guinea. During its thirty-ninth session, held at United Nations The Council noted with interest that the Administer­ Headquarters from 23 May to 16 June 1972, the ing Authority, in preparing a second five-year economic Trusteeship Council inter alia examined the report of plan for 1973-1978, was receiving the assistance of the United Nations Visiting Mission dispatched to four experts from the United Nations Development observe the elections to the Papua New Guinea House Programme to advise on broad strategy, and it was of Assembly in 1972.1 At the invitation of the ad­ pleased to take note of the admission of Papua New ministering Power, members of the Special Committee Guinea to associate membership in the World Health on the Situation with regard to the Implementation Organization. of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples had joined the On 11 August 1972, the Special Committee adopted Mission. conclusions and recommendations on the Territory.4 Subsequently, in resolution 2977 (XXVII) of 14 De­ Details on the work of the Trusteeship Council at cember 1972, the General Assembly, having considered its thirty-ninth session will be found in the report of the relevant chapters of the Special Committee's report,5 the Council to the General Assembly.2 reaffirmed the inalienable right of the people of Papua The Council is scheduled to hold its fortieth session New Guinea to self-determination and independence; from 29 May to 22 June 1973 and will submit its welcomed the establishment of a time··table for the report to the General Assembly at the twenty-eighth attainment of full self-government by Papua New session. 3 Guinea and called upon the administering Power to prepare, in consultation with "Lite Government of Papua New Guinea, a further time-table for independence; and reaffirmed the importance of ensuring that the B. Decisions concerning Trust Territories unity of Papua New Guinea is preserved throughout the period leading to independence. 1. Papua New Guinea 2. Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands In making its recommendations concerning Papua New Guinea, the Trusteeship Council noted with par­ On 14 June 1972, the Trusteeship Council decided ticular satisfaction that the Territory had trLken a sig­ to dispatch a periodic visiting mission to the Pacific nificant step towards nationhood with the formation Islands. It left early in 1973 and was composed of of the first indigenous national government. It welcomed members nominated by the Governments of Australia, the eagerness of the National Coalition to exercise the France, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and inalienable right of the peoples of Papua New Guir'~a the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern to self-determination and independence, and n:..:ed Ireland. The Council had before it at its fortieth session with satisfaction the willingness of the Administering the report of the United Nations Visiting Mission to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, 1973.6 1 Official ReC07ds of the Trusteeship Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 2 (TI1739). 4 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 23 (AI 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh 8723/Rev.1), chap. Xx. Session, Supplement No. 4 (A/8704). For other relevant docu­ 5 Ibid., chaps. IV and XX. ments, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda 6 Official Records of the Trusteeship Council, Fortieth Ses­ item 13. sion, Supplement No. 2. See also Official Records of the Secu­ 3 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Sesshn, Supplement No. 4 (A/9004). rity Council, Twenty-eighth Year, Special Supplement No. 1.

37 CHAPTER III

Other questions relating to Non-Self-Governing Territories

A. Information transmitted under Article 73 e Regarding Brunei, the Permanent Representative of of the Charter of the United Nations the United Kingdom informed the Secretary-General by a note verbale dated 18 September 1972 (A/8827) that his Government was ceasing to transmit informa­ During the period under review, the question of tion under Article 73 e of the Charter. The General information and related questions were considered by Assembly, in resolution 2978 (XXVII), took note of the Special Committee on the Situation with regard the communication on Brunei and requested the Special to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Grant­ Committee to submit appropriate recommendations for ing of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples a decision by the Assembly. and by the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh session, on the basis of reports submitted by the Secre­ tary-General. A resolution on the item, adopted by the Special Committee on 23 August 1972, was sub­ B. Offers by Member States of study and train­ sequently endorsed by the Assembly in resolution 2978 ing facilities for inhabitants of Non-Self­ (XXVII) of 14 Decembe1r 1972. Governing Territories In its report to the General Assembly on this subject,l the Special Committee recommended that Hong The Secretary-General, in accordance with General Kong and Macau and dependencies should be excluded Assembly resolution 2876 (XXVI) of 20 December trom the list of Territories to which the Declaration 1971, reported at the twenty-seventh session (A/8855)3 was applicable. In paragraph 3 of resolution 2908 that 27 Member States had made scholarships available (XXVII) of 2 November 1972, the General Assembly to students from Non-Self-Governing Territories. 2 approved this recommendation. On 14 December 1972, the General Assembly adopted resolution 2982 (XX'VII) inviting all States 1 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh to make offers of study and training facilities, and Session, Supplement No. 23 (A/8723/Rev.l), chap. XXVII. For other relevant documents, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Ses­ provide travel funds. The Secretary-General was re­ sion, Annexes, agenda item 63. quested to report to the Assembly at its twenty-eighth 2 For related communications from the representatives of session on the implementation of this resolution. China and the United Kingdom, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Ses,;ion, Supplement No. 23 3 For other relevant documents, see Offidal Records of the (A/8723/Rev.l), chap. I, paras. 71-73, and annex I; see also General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda document A/8989. item 70.

38 Part Three

Economic·, social and humanitarian activities::~

: *Since the period covered by the present report ends on 15 June 1973, the report does not ,contain an account of the fifty-fifth session of the Economic and Social Council (4 July­ 10 August). Details on that session will be found in the revised annotated agenda (A/9090/ Rev.l) and in the report of the Council to the General Assembly [Official Records of the General Assembly. Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/9003)].

Cl-IAPTER I

Human rights questions 1

A. Programme for the observance of the tion, to receive and consider communications from twenty-fifth anniversary of the Universal individuals or groups of individuals within their jurisdic­ tion claiming to be victims of a violation by the States Declaration of Human Rights parties concerned of any of the rights set forth in the Convention. Under article 14 of the Convention, 10 As requested by the General Assembly in its resolu­ declarations are necessary to establish the competence tion 2860 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, the Secre­ of the Committee to exercise this function. tary-General issued a report presenting appropriate sug­ gestions concerning suitable activities which could be The Committee on the Elimination of Racial Dis­ undertaken in celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary crimination submitted its third annual report to the of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (A/8820 General Assembly at its twenty-seventh session, covering and Corr.l).2 its fifth and sixth sessions.5 The General Assembly, in its resolution 2906 In its resolution 2921 (XXVII) of 15 November (XXVII) of 19 October 1972, decided to hold a special 1972, the General Assembly, inter alia, urgently re­ meeting on 10 December 1973 at which it would also quested all States which were 1:!ot yet parties to the launch the Decade for Action to Combat Racism and International Convention to ratify or accede to it, if Racial Discrimination. As requested in that resolution, possible by 10 December 1973, the twenty-fifth an­ the Secretary-General has transmitted his report to niversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Governments, specialized agencies and other inter­ Rights. national organizations ,for such action as they may wish to undertake, and has taken the necessary measures for The seventh session of the Committee was held at the implementation of the suggestions falling within his United Nations Headqv.arters from 16 April to 4 May area of responsibility or requiring action by other organs 1973. Details on that session will appear in the report of the United Nations. of the Committee to the General Assembly at its twenty­ eighth session. 6

2. Decade for Action to Comhat Racism and B. Elimination of racial discrimination Racial Discrimination The Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimina­ 1. International Convention on the Elimination of 3 tion and Protection of Minorities at its twenty-fifth._ All Forms of Racial Discrimination session \.. msidered a note prepared by the Secretary-/" The International Convr.ntion on the Elimination of General, in consultation with the specialized agencies, All Forms of Racial Discrimination, adopted by the containing an outline of 3. long-term programme of General Assembly in resolution 2106 A (XX) of international action to combat racism, apartheid and 21 December 1965, entered into force on 4 January racial discrimination. As requested by the Commission 1969. As at 15 June 1973, the Secretary-General had on Human Rights in its resolution 1 (XXVIII) of received instruments of ratification, accession or noti­ 15 March 1972, the Sub-Commission drew up a draft fication of succession from 75 States;4 21 other States programme to be followed during the Decade for had signed the Convention. Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discriminatiori. The Commission on Human Rights drew the draft In addition, three of the States parties to the Con­ programme to the attention of the General Assembly vention have made declarations in accordance with at its twenty-s·~venth session. In resolution 2919 article 14 of the Convention recognizing the competence (XXVII) of 15 November 1972, the General Assem­ of the Commit~ee on the Elimination of Racial Dis­ bly decided to launch the Decade for Action to Combat crimination, established under article 8 of the Conven- Racism and Racial Discrimination and to inaugurate the activities thereof on 10 December 1973~ and called 1 For the activities formerly reported under the section for the draft programme to be submitted to it for final "Status of women", see part three, chap. H, sect. Eo consideration at its twenty-eighth session. 2 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda The Commission on Human Rights reviewed the item 60. 3/bid., r~genda item 50. draft programme at its twenty-ninth session and submit- 4 For the list of States parties to the Convention as at 25 August 1972, see Official Records of the General Assembly, 5 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Twenty-se~'enth Session, Supplement No. 18 (A/8718), an­ Session, Supplement No. 18 (A/8718). nex I. 6/bid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 18 (A/9018). 41 42 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities ted a revised draft to the Economic and Social Council7 Racial Discrimlnation,'11 with special emphasis on for submission to the General Assembly. The Council, discrimination based on colour, taking into account in resolution 1783 (LIV) of 18 May 1973, requested views expressed in the Sub-Commission, the Commission its Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations to and the Council. draw up appropriate recommendations regarding the role of non-governmental organizations in the pro­ gramme for the Decade. C. Prevention of discrimination and protection of minorities 3. Draft Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1. Elimination of all forms of religious intolerance12 Pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolu­ tion 4 (XXVIII) of 23 March 1972 and General Noting that the question of the preparation of a Assembly resolution 2922 (XXVII) of 15 November declaration and of an international convention on the 1972, the Secretary-General transmitted to the Special elimination of all forms of religious intolerance had Committee on Apartheid and to States the revised draft been on its agenda since 1962, but that consideration Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the of the item had been deferred at each session since 1967, the General Assembly, in resolution 3027 Crime of Apartheid which had been submitted to the D~cember Assembly by Guinea, Nigeri~ and the USSR8 and (XXVII) of 18 1972, decided to accord the amendments thereto which had been submitted by priority to the completion of the Declaration on the Egypt;9 he also presented to the Commission on Human Elimination of All Forms of Religious Intolerance Rights the comments received from 29 States (A/8768 before resuming consideration of the draft International and Add.l; E/CN.4/1123 and Add.I-6). Convention, and requested the Secretary-General to transmit the relevant documentation to States Members The Commission at its twenty-ninth session set up.· of the United Nations or members of the specialized a working group to consider the revised draft conven­ agencies for their observations. tion and related documentation.10 At the same session, on the recommendation of 2. Draft principles relating to equality the Working Group the Commission approved the in the administration of justice preamble and the articles, excluding article VIII, of The Commission on Human Rights at its twenty­ the draft convention. The Economic and Social Council, ninth session considered the draft principles relating in resolution 1784 (LIV) of 18 May 1973, approved to equality in the administration of justice, which had the draft convention and recommended that the General been adopted by the Sub-Commission on Prevention Assembly consider and approve it at its twenty-eighth of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities at its session. twenty-third session (E/CNA/I077, annex), and the comments of Member States thereon (E/CN.4/1112 4. Activities of non-governmental organizations to and Add. 1·,8) ,13 and heard the Special Rapporteur for combat racism and racial discrimination the Study of Equc]: in the Administration of ]ustice,14 'lr. Mohammed Abmed Abu Rannat. On the recom­ On the recommendation of the Commission on mendation of the Commission, the Economic and Social Human Rights, the Economic and Social Council, in Council, in resolution 1785 (LIV) of 18 May 1973, resolution 1782 (LIV) of 18 May 1973, noted with recommended to the General Assembly the adoption of interest the various activities of interested non-govern­ a draft resolution concerning the draft principles. mental organizations in combating racism, racial dis­ crimination, apartheid and related matters (E/5237 3. Study of discrimination in the matter of political and Add.I-2) and invited such organizations to intensify rights and draft general principles on freedom their efforts during the twenty-fifth anniversary year and non-discrimination in the matter of political of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human rights Rights and the Decade ror Action to Combat Racism and Racial Discrimination. The Commission on Human Rights at its twenty­ ninth session considered the Study of Discrimination in 5. Further studies on racial discrimination the Matter of Political Rights,'15 prepared in 1962 by Mr. Hernan Santa Cruz, Special Rapporteur of the Sub­ On the recommendation of the Sub-Commission on Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Pro­ Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Mi­ tection of Minorities, the draft general principles on norities and the Commission on Human Rights, the freedom and non-discrimination in the matter of Economic and Social Council decided on 18 May 1973 political rights which had been adopted by the Sub­ to request Mr. Hernan Santa Cruz, Special Rapporteur Commission at its fourteehth session, also in 1962,16 on racial discrimination, to update the study entitled and documentation relating to new developments in this field, prepared by the Secretary-General pursuant 7 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. IV, 11 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.71.XIV.2. paras. 37-50, chap. XX, resolution 1 (XXIX), chap. XXI, 12 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the sect. .0, decision 1, and annex Ill, paras. 4-11. General Assembly, Twenty-seventh SeSSion, Annexes, agenda 8 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh item 59. Session, Annexes, agenda item 50, document A/8880, 13 Offidal Records of the Economic and Social Council, para. 42. Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. VII, 91bid., para. 43. paras. 127-135, chap. XX, resolution 5 (XXIX), and chap. 10 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, XXI, draft resolution lIT. Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. IV, 14 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.71.XIV.3. sect. B, chap. XX, resolution 16 (XXIX), and chap. XXI, draft 15 United Nations publication, Sales No.: 63.XIV.2. resolution X. 16 Ibid., annex I. Chapter I. Human rights questions 43 to Sub-Commission resolution 1 (XXII) of 28 August On the recommendation of the Commission the 1969 (E/CN.4/1013 and Add.1-5).17 Economic and Social C~uncil, in resolution 1787 (LIV) of 18 May 197:.3, requested the Secretary­ On the recommendation of the Commission, the Eco­ General to transmit the draft general principles to nomic and Social Council, in resolution 1786 (LIV) Governments, specialized agencies, regional intergov­ of 18 May 1973, drew the draft general principles to ernmental organizations and non-governmental organ­ the attention of Governments, international and regional izations for their comments, invited the Commission intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental or­ for Social Development and the Commission on the ganizations and other institutions and bodies concerned. Status of ""Vomen to consider the study further in the light of such comments and requested the Com­ 4. Study of discrimination in respect of the right mission on Human Rights to consider the item at its of everyone to leave any country, including his thirty-fir~t session. own, and to return to his country, and draft prin" ciples on freedom and non-discrimination in rea spect of that right 6. Other studies and reports of the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection The Commission on Human Right1 at its twenty-nint 'J. of Minorities session considered the Study of Discrimination in Respect of the Right of Everyone to Leave any Country, At its twenty-fifth session, the Sub-Commission on Including His Own, and to Return to His Country,l8 Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Mi­ which had been prepared in 1963 by Mr. Jose Ingles, norities after considering three preliminary reports Special. Rapporteur of the Sub-Commission on Pre­ submitted by its special rapporteurs-a report on the vention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, study on the rights of persons belonging to ethnic, the draft principles on freedom and non-discrimination religious and linguistic minorities by Mr. Francesco in respect of that right which had been adopted by Capotorti (E/CN.4/Sub.2/L.564), a report on the the Sub-Commission at its fifteenth session, also in study of the question of the prevention and punishment 1963,19 and documentation relating to new develop­ of the crime of genodde by Mr. Nicodeme Ruhashyan­ ments in this field, prepared by the Secretary-General kiko (E/CN.4/Sub.2/L.565) and a report on the study pursuant to Sub-Commission resolution 1 (XXII) of the problem of discrimination against indigenous (E/CN.4/1042 and Add.I-4).20 populations by Mr. Jose R. Martfnez-Cobo (E/CN.4/ Sub.2/L.566)- requested the special rapporteurs to On the recommendation of the Commission, the continue with their studies (E/CN.4/1101, chaps. VII, Economic and Social Council, in resolution 1788 VIII and IX, and chap. XIV, resolutions 1 (XXV), (LIV) of 18 May 1973, drew the draft principles to 4 (XXV) and 5 (XXV). the attention of Governments, international and regional intergovernmental organizations and other institutions The Sub-Commission also considered on a provisional and bodies concerned and decided that the Commission basis the question of the consequences for the effec­ should consider the question at three-year intervals tiveness of human rights of the aid which in some cases coinciding with its discussign of the periodic reports might be given to the racist and colonial regimes in on civil and political rights. southern Africa (E/CN.4/1101, chap. XIV, resolu­ tion 6 (XXV)) and decided to consider it further at 5. Study of discrimination against persons horn out its twenty-sixth session. of wedlock and non-discrimination in respect of such persons The Commission on Human Rights at its twenty-ninth D. The right of peoples to self-detennination session considered the Study of Discrimination Against Persons Born out of Wedlock,21 which had been pre­ 1. Importance of the universal realization of the pared in 1967 by Mr. Vieno Voitto Saario, Special 24 Rapporteur cf the Sub-Commission on Prevention of right of peoples to self-determination Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, the draft 22 The General Assembly, in resolution 2955 (XXVII) principles 'In equality and non-discrimination which of 12 December 1972, requested the Secretary-General had been adopted by the Sub-Commission at its nine­ to submit a report to the Assembly at its twenty-eighth teenth session, also in 1967, and documentation relating session, indicating the present scope of assistance being to new developments in this field, prepared by the provided to colonial cc untries and peoples, as well as Secretary-General pursuant to Sub-Commission resolu­ those in liberated areas, from relevant existing voluntary tion I (XXII) (E/CN.4/1078 and Add.I-5) .23 funds and other forms of assistance, in order to assist in the examination of areas and of ways and means 17 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council of further promoting humanitarian and material assist­ Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. VII, paras. 136-144, chap. XX, resolution 6 (XXIX), and chap. ance. XXI, draft resolution IV. 18 United Nations publication, Sales Ho.: 64.XIV.2. 19 Ibid., annex VI. 2. Implementation of United Nations resolutions 20 OfficiaL Records of the Economic and Social Council, relating to the right of peoples under colonial and Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. VII, alien domination to self-detennination paras. 145-156, chap. XX, resolution 12 (XXIX), and chap. .. XXI, draft resolution VII. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 21 United Nations pubIicat:')n, Sales No.: E.68.XIV.3. 22 Ibid., annex VII. 2649 (XXV) of 30 and Commission 23 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. VII, 24 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the paras. 157-164, chap. XX, resolution 7 (XXIX), and chap. General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda XXI, draft resolution V. item 51. 44 Part Three. Economic) social and humanitarian acti'vities on Human Rights resolution 8 (XXVII) of 11 March relevant International Labour conventions and to con­ 1971, the Secretary-General presented to the Commis­ clude bilateral agreements relating to migration for sion at its twenty-ninth session a report on the imple­ employment as appropriate and requested the Sub­ mentation of United Nations resolutions relating to the Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Pro­ right of peoples under colonial and alien domination tection of Minorities and the Commission on the Status to self-determination (E/CN.4/1081 and Corr.1 and of Women tu study the question further on the basis E/CN.4/1081/Add.1). of materials, studies and suggestions to be submitted by Member States. The Commission decided, in resolution 9 (XXIX) of 22 March 1973, to consider this item as a matter of priority with a view to appointing a spedal tap­ porteur at its thirtieth session. F. Question of the violation of human rights

3. The hiswrical and current development of the 1. Question of the violation of human rights in the right of peoples to self-determination territories occupied as a result of hostilities in the Middle East The Commission on Human Rights, in resolution 10 (XXIX) of 22 March 1973, requested the Sub-Com­ In accordance with General Assembly resolution mission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection 2851 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, the Secretary­ of Minorities to place on its agenda, and give high /General transmitted to the Assembly a report of the priority to, the item entitled "The historical and current , Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Af­ development of the right to self-determination on the fecting the Human Rights of the Population of the basis of the Charter of the United Nations and other Occupied Territories (A/8828) .27 instruments adopted by United Nations organs, with The General Assembly, after considering the report particular reference to the promotion and protection of of the Special Committee, adopted resolution 3005 human rights and fundamental freedoms", and to report (XXVII) of 15 December 1972, in which it strongly on the results of its consideration to the Commission called upon Israel to rescind forthwith, and desist from, at its thirtieth session. 25 all such policies and practices as the annexation of any part of the occupied territories, the establishment of Israeli settlements in those territories and the transfer E. Exploitation of labour through illicit and of parts of an alien population into the occupied clandestine trafficking territories, the destruction and demolition of villages, quarters and houses and the confiscation and expropria­ Recalling the provisions of Economic and Social tion of property, the evacuation, transfer, deportation Council resolution 1706 (LIII) of 28 July 1972, in and expulsion of the inhabitants of the occupied terri­ which the Council had noted with alarm and indigna­ tories, and the denial of the right of displaced persons tion reports of incidents involving the illegal transporta­ to return to their homes; reaffirmed that all measures tion, organized or undertaken by criminal elements, to taken by Israel in contravention of the Geneva Con­ some European countries and the exploitation of vention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons workers from some African countries in conditions akin in Time of War, of 12 August 1949, to settle the to slavery and forced labour, and had appealed to the occupied territories, including occupied Jerusalem, were Governments concerned to combat and prevent such null and void; called upon all States, international practices, the General Assembly, in resolution 2920 organizations and speciali~Jd agencies not to recognize (XXVII) of 15 November 1972, requested the Gov­ or co-operate with, or assist in any manner in, any ernments concerned to take or supervise the application measures undertaken by the occupying Power to exploit of measures to put an end to the discriminatory treat­ the resources of the occupied territories or to effect ment of which migrant workers in their territory were any changes in the demographic composition, the the victims and particularly to ensure the improvement geographic character or the institutional structure of of arrangements for receiving such workers. It invited these territories; and requested all States parties to the all Governments to ensure respect for the provisions Geneva Convention of 12 August 1949 to do their of the International Convention on the Elimination of utmost to ensure that Israel respects and fulfils its All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and urged the obligations under that Convention. The Special Com­ Governments which had not yet done so to give high mittee was requested to continue its work in consulta­ priority to the ratification of the Convention of the tion, as appropriate, with the International Committee International Labour Organisation concerning Migration of the Red Cross. for Employment (Revised 1949) in the context of their The Commission on Human Rights, at its twenty­ efforts to eliminate illicit trafficking in foreign labour. ninth session, also examined the report of the Special 28 As recommended in that resolution, the Commission Committee and other relevant documents. In resolu­ on Human Rights considered the question as a matter tion 4 (XXIX) of 14 March 1973, the Commission~ inter alia, called upon Israel to comply with its obliga­ of priority at its twenty-ninth session ,26 tions under the Charter of the United Nations, the On the recommendation of the Commission, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the principles Economic and Social Council, in resolution 1789 of international humanitarian law, to abide by its obliga­ (LIV) of 18 May 1973, urged States to ratify the tions under the fourth Geneva Convention and to respect

25 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 27 Por other relevant documents, see Official Records of the Fifty-fourth Session, SUPPlement No. 6 CE/5265), chap. VII, General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda paras. 176-184, and chap. XX, resolutions 9 (XXIX) and 10 item 42. (XXIX). ~8 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 2(J Ibid., chap. V, chap. XX, resolution 3 (XXIX), and Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. VI chap. XXI, draft resolution n. and chap. XX, resolution 4 (XXIX). - Chapter I. Human rights questions 45 and implement the relevant United Nations resolutions 3. The question of the absence and gross infringe­ (see also part vne, chap. I, sect. D). ments of trade union rights in southern Africa The Economic and Social Council, by resolution 1599 2. Report of the Ad H.oc Working Group of Experts (L) of 21 , requested the Ad Hoc Working At its twenty-ninth session, the Commission on Group of Experts, established under Commission on Human Rights studied the report of the Ad Hoc Human Rights resolution 2 (XXIII) of 6 , Working Group of Experts established under resolu­ to investigate thoroughly the system of recruitment of tion 2 (XXIII) of 6 l\4arch 1967 (E/CN.4/1111). African workers in Namibia, Southern Rhodesia and The report, submitted under Commission resolution 7 the Territories under Portuguese domination and to (XXVII) of 8 , surveyed recent develop­ report to the Council not later than at its fifty-fourth ments in southern Africa and African Territories under session. Portuguese domination and contained the Working At that session, the Council examined the report of Group's conclusions and recommendations.29 the Wor1~ing Group (E/5245). In resolution 1796 In connexion with its examinatlri:"l of the report, the (LIV) of 5 June 1973, the Economic and Social Commission considered a letter dated 31 March 1973 Council, inter alia, strongly condemned the detent~on from the Permanent Representative of Portugal to the without trial of striking African workers in Ovam­ United Nations OfIke at Geneva (E/CN.4/1126). By boland and their forcible return to the reserves, and resolution 18 (XXIX) of 3 April 1973, the Com­ called for their immediate and unconditional release; mission rejected the allegations and observations offered requested the International Labour Organisation to in the letter, and deplored Portugal's refusal to co­ study ways and means by '/hich the trade union rights operate with the Wm·king Group and its perpetuation for the people of Namibia should be ensured; and of the inhuman treatment of the peoples of the African requested the International Labour Office to continue Territories under its occupation. to study and review conditions of work of black labour in Southern Rhodesia. It noted with deep concern the After examining the report of the '.Vorking Group, existence of a form of forced labour and the dis­ the Commission, in resolution 19 (XXIX) of 3 April criminatory hierarchy of labour coc~s in Angola anc 1973, condemned the Governments of South Africa Mozambique, condemned the existence of transit centres and Portugal and the illegal regime in Southern Rho­ and other similar camps for the African workers, as desia for their policies of mass removal of people from well as the conditions prevailing in those camps; and fertile to arid regions, the use of napalm and other recommended that the International Labour Organisa­ chemical weapons of war, and the execution of freedom tion should consider all possible means for strengthening fighters. The Commission endorsed the recommenda­ the implementation by Portugal of the conventions to tions submitted by the Working Group and called upon which it is a party. the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to live up to its obligations and The Council also requested the Working Group to responsibilities in Southern Rhodesia, and appealed to continue to monitor the system of recruitment of African all Governments to desist from giving assistance which workers, as well as the disparities in wages between would help to perpetuate the situation to the Govern­ black and white workers in South Africa, Namibia, ments of Soutl Africa and Portugal and to the illegal Southern Rhodesia and th African Territories under regime of Southern Rhod,~sia. Portuguese domination, and to report to the Council not later than at its fifty-E'ighth session; and requested The Commission decided that the Working Group the Secretary-General to bring resolution 1796 (LIV) should continue carefully to observe and survey further and the report of the Wo~nking Group to the attention developments concerning the policies of apartheid and of the Governments of Member States and other racial discrimination in southern Africa and in the relevant United Nations organs. African Territodes under Portuguese domination and to notify such events to the Chairman of the Com­ 4. Model rules of procedure for United Nations bodies mission. The Working Group was requested to compile dealing with violations of human rig~lts a comprehensive report for the consideration of the Commission at its thirty-first session and to present an The Commission on Human Rights, in resolution 15 interim report to the Commission at its thirtieth session. (XXIX) of 30 March 1973, requested the Working Group which it had established in 1971 for the purpose The Commission also decided on the composition of preparing draft model rules of procedure for United of the Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts.3o Nations bodies dealing with violations of human rights At its fifty-fourth session, the Economic and Social to complete the examination of the draft model rules Council examined a letter dated 4 May 1973 ,from the before the thirtieth session of the Commission.31 Permanent Representative of Portugal to the United Nations (E/5325), referring to the report of the Working Group. Having taken note of the letter, the G. Question of international legal protection Council rejected its contents and the baseless attacks of the human rights of individuals who are on the members of the Working Group and of the Commission. not citizens of the country in which they live 29Ibid., chap. X, paras. 233-257, chap. XX, resolutions 18 (XXIX) and 19 (XXIX), chap. XX, sect. B, decision 4, The Sub-Commbsion on Prevention of Discrimina­ and chap. XXI, sect. B, decision 4. tion and Protection of Minorities, in its resolution 30 For the membership of the Working Group, see Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. XX, sect. B, deci­ 31 Ibid., chap. X, paras. 266-271, and annex Ill, par;::s. 16­ sion 4. 19. 46 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities 8 (XXV) of 30 August 1972, recommended that the 2. Protection of journalists engaged in dangerous Commission on Human Rights should consider the missions in areas of armed conflict problem of the applicability of the present provisions for the international legal protection of the human In accordance with General Assembly resolution rights of individuals who are not citizens of the country 2854 (XXVI) of 20 December 1971 and Economic in which they live. and Social Council resolution 1690 (LII) of 2 June 1972, the Secretary-General presented to the General The Commission considered this recommendation at Assembly at its twenty-seventh session a report its twenty-ninth session. 32 (A/8777 and Add.l and 2)34 which contained the text of draft articles 1 to 14 of the international On the recommendation of the Commission, the convention on the protection of journalists engaged in Economic and Social Council, in resolution 1790 dangerous missions in areas of armed conflict, approved (LIV) of 18 May 1973, urged States, pending the by the Commission on Human Rights at its twenty­ adoption of further measures in this field, to accord eighth session as the basis for further work, and other the highest practicable level of protection to all in­ relevant documentation. dividuals who are not their citizens but who are never­ theless under their jurisdiction, and called upon all On 12 December 1S·"., the General Assembly States to respect the right of individuals to communicate decided, on the recommendation of the Third Com­ with duly appointed consular officials sent by the State mittee, to include an item on the protection of jour­ of which they are nationals and, as appropriate, to nalists engaged in dangerous missions in areas of armed have access to them, in accordance with the relevant conflict in the provisional agenda of its twenty.·eighth rules of international law. The Council decided to con.. sessiun and to consider it as a matter of high priority. sider this question further and requested the Commission and the Sub-Commission to prepare appropriate recom.. mendations. J. Principles of international co-operation in the defectinn, arrest, extradition and punish­ H. International instruments me,,' f 1.1.1 persons guilty of war crinzes and r- .~<:/ .... against humanity The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil ; (- -~ ;ral Assembly at its twenty-seventh session and Political Rights and the Optional Protocol thereto conslJ i1 report, prepared by the Secretary-General were adopted by the General Assembly in resolu­ in accL..l. nce Vo' ~th Economic and Social Council resolu­ tion 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 and opened tion 1691 (LL:) of 2 June 1972, containing an analytical for signature at United Nations Headquarters on survey of the comments, observations and proposals 19 December 1966. received from States on the question of the punishment of war criminals and of persons who had committed In accordance with General Assembly resolution 2200 crimes against humanity (A/8823 and Add.1), a note A (XXI) and resolution 2337 (XXII) of 18 December prepared by the Secretary-General in accordance with 1967, the Secretary-General submitted a report on the Commission on HumanRights resolution 7 B (XXVIII) status of the three instruments to the Assembly at its of 3 April 1972, on conclusions and recommendations twenty-seventh session (A/8788)33. In resolution 3025 of United Nations bodies and of the International (XXVII) of 18 December 1972 the Assembly ex­ Committee of the Red Cross relating to grave breaches pressed the hope that Member States would find it of the fourth Geneva Convention (A/8837), and draft possible to take appropriate action with a view to principles on the question proposed by the Byelorussian accelerating the steps that would enable them to deposit Soviet Socialist Republic, Czechoslovakia and Demo­ their instrument of ratification or accession if possible cratic Yemen (A/C.3/L.1975 and Corr.l).35 by 10 December 1973. In resolution 3020 (XXVII) of 18 December 1972, the General Assembly took note of the draft principles, transmitted them to the Commission on Human Rights 1. Human rights in armed conflicts together with the relevant documentation, and requested the Commission, through the Economic and Social 1. Respect for human rights in armed conflicts Council, to submit to the Assembly at its twenty-eighth session draft principies of international co-operation in The General Assembly at its twenty-seventh session the detention, arrest, extradition and punishment of considered the report of the Secretary-General (A/8781 persons guilty of war crimes and of crimes against and Corr.l )34 on the results of the second session of humanity. the Conference of Government Experts on the Reaffir­ mation and Development of International Humanitarian The Commission on HUIPan Rights considered the Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, which had been matter at its twenty-ninth session36 and, in resolution 13 held at Geneva from 3 May to 3 June 1972 at the (XXIX) of 29 March 1973, adopted a set of draft invitation of the International Committee of the Red principles. Cross (see part four, chap. IV, sect. C). 85 For the draft principles and other relevant documents, 82Ibid., chap. VII, paras. 169-175, chap. XX, resolution 8 see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh (XXIX), and chap. XXI, draft resolution VI. Session, Annexes, agenda item 52, document A/8939. 33 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of 36 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, the General Asserr.bly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agen­ Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. VIII, da item 55. paras. 191-206, chap. XX, resolution 13 (XXIX), and chap. 841bid., agenda item 49. XXI, draft resolution VIII. Chapter I. Human rights questions 47 The Economic and Social Council, in resolution 1791 of economic, social and cultural rights, prepared by (LIV) of 18 May 1973, endorsed those draft prin­ its Special Rapporteur, Mr. Manouchehr Ganji, in ciples and recommended that the General Assembly accordance with its resolution 14 (XXV) of 13 March should consider and proclaim them at its twenty-eighth 1969 (E/CN.4/1108 and Add.l, Add.2 (vols. I to session. IV), and Add.3-9) , and information from Governments and specialized agencies on the effectiveness of the methods and means used by them in the realization of !(. economic, social and cultural rights submitted by the Periodic reports on human rights Secretary-General in. accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1689 (Ll!) of 2 June 1972 Under Economic and Social Council resolutions (E/CN.4/1023/Add.5-7, E/CN.4/1109).39 1074 C (XXXIX) of 28 July 1965 and 1596 (L) of 21 May 1971, States Members of the United Nations On the recommendation of the Commission, the or members of the specialized agencies are invited to Economic and Social Council, in resolution 1792 (LIV) submit reports on developments in human rights in the of 18 May 1973, requested the Secretary-General to territories subject to their jurisdiction once every two forward the study to States for their comments and years in a continuing cycle. observations, authorized the Special Rapporteur to carry out further consultations with the organizations con­ At its twenty-ninth session the Commission on Human cerned and requested him to complete the study and Rights cor~sidered, with the assistance of its Ad Hoc to report to the Commission on Human Rights at its Committee on Periodic Reports, the reports on freedom thirtieth session. of information for the period 1 to 30 , examination of which had been postponed from its previous session, and the report~ on civil and political rights for the period 1 to 30 June M. The role of youth in the promotion and 1971. protection of human rights The Commission, on the recommendation of the Ad Hoc Committee, adojJted resolutions 23 (XXIX) 1. Question of conscientious objection to military and 24 (XXIX) of 4 April 1973, containing con­ service clusicns resulting from the consideration by the Com­ The Commission on Human Rights at its twenty­ mittee of the two reports. Further details will be found ninth session received a report (E/CNA/1118 and in the report of the Commission on the work of its Add.l ~2) prepared by the Secretary-General in accordq twenty-ninth session. 37 ance with Commission resolution 11 B (XXVII) of As requested by the Commission in resolution 24 22 March 1971, containing information on national (XXIX), the Economic and Social Council at its fifty­ legislation and other measures and practices relating to conscientious objection to military service and alterna­ fourth session drew the attention of the General Assem­ 40 bly ,~o the importance of the periodic reports system and tive service. The Commission decided to defer con· invited the Assembly to urge States Members of the sideration of the question until its thirtieth session. United Nations and members of the specialized agencies to co-operate fully in submitting reports under that 2. Teaching of human rights in universities and de­ system.3S velopment of an independent scientific discipline of human rights As provided by the Economic and Social Council in paragraph 2 of its resolution 1693 (LII) of 2 June The Commission on Human Rights considered at its 1972, the Ad Hoc Committee on Periodic Reports held twenty-ninth session a report of UNESCO (E/CN.4/ a special session at United Nations Headquarters from 1119 and Corr.l and 2) summarizing the findings of 11 to 19 January 1973. The Committee 'submitted its a ~urvey on the teaching of human rights in faculties findings and recommendations for the rationalization ot law and political 'science throughout the world. In this and improvement of the system (E/CNA/I104) to the connexion, UNESCO indicated that it had initiated the Commission at its twenty-ninth session. The Commis­ preparation of a textbook for the university teaching of sion, after considering the report, adopted resolution 22 human rights as a follow-up to the survey, and that this (XXIX) of 4 April 1973, by which it forwarded the would be written by an international group of experts report to the Council and endorsed the general recom­ and was planned for publication in 1975.41 mendations and the recommendations concerning pe­ In resolution 17 (XXIX) of 3 April 1973, the riodic reports contained therein. The Economic and Commission requested UNESCO to continue to extend Social Council at its fifty-fourth session also endorsed its activities relating to the teaching of human rights in these recommendations. universities and the development of an independent scientific discipline of human rights and, in particular, to encourage teaching and research in human rights in L. Question of the realization of economic, universities and to accelerate the preparation of ap­ propriate material for this purpose. The Commission social and cultural rights also drew the attention of the Economic and Social Council to the fact that it favours the establishment of At its twenty-ninth session, the Commission on a centre for teaching and research in the field of human Human Rights considered the study on the realization 39 n'id., Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), 37Ibid., chap. XIII, para" 311-313, chap. XIV, paras. 3!4- chap. IX, chap. XX, resolution 14 (XXIX), chap. XXI, draft 321, chap. XX, resolutip' ~XXIX) and 23 (XXIX), arid resolution IX, and annex lIT. paras. 12-15. chap. XXI, sect. B, dec~ .. 40 Ibid., chap. XI, paras. 275-281. 88 Ibid., Fifty-fourth ... •ssion, Annexes, agenda item 18, 41 Ibid., chap. XI, paras. 282-288, chap. XX, resolution document E/5345, para. 46, decision 7. 17 (XXIX), and chap. XXI, sect. B, decison 3. 48 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities riohts within the framework of the United Nations in accordance with the procedure established by Eco­ U~iversity established by General Assembly resolu­ nomic and Social Council resolutions 728 F (XXVIII) tion 2951 (XXVII) of 11 D~cember 1972 (see part of 30 July 1959, 1235 (XLII) of 6 June 1967 and five, chap. IV). The Council, at its fifty-fourth session, 1503 (XLVIII) of 27 . Eighteen communica­ took note of this fact. tions containing allegations of infringement of trade union rights were forwarded to the ILO, in accordance with Council resolutions 277 (X) of 17 February N. Human rights and scientific and 1950 and 474 A (XV) of 9 Apri11953. technological developments Since 1951, the Secretary-General has been forward­ ing to the Government of the Federal Republic of After considering the reports of the Secretary­ Germany, in accordance with Council resolution 386 General on human rights and scientific and techno­ (XIII) of 15 September 1951, information concerning logical developments (E/CNA/1028, Add.1-3, Add.3/ the plight of survivors of concentration camps Who had Corr.1 and 2, and Add.4-6, E/CNA/1084; and been the victims of so-called scientific experiments A/8787)42 the General Assembly, in resolution 3026 A during the Nazi regime. As at 15 June 1973, 638 (XXVII) of 18 December 1972,.invit~d Go,vernn:ents requests for assistance had been so forwarded. to make provision, as far as possIble, In their natlOnal By resolution 1503 (XLVIII) of 27 May 1970, the development plans and programmes for the preserva­ Economic and Social Council authorized the Sub-Com­ tion and development of cultural values, r~quested the mission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection Director-General of UNESCO to commumcate to the of Minorities to appoint a working group to consider Assembly at its twenty-eighth session, his views on the ~f all communications received by the Secretary-General problem the preservation and further development under Council resolution 728 F (XXVIII) of 30 July of cultural values, on the measures already taken by 1959, with a view to bringing to the attention of the the international community and on further measures Sub-Commission those communications, ~ogether with that should be taken, and requested the Economic and the replies of Governments, if any, which appeared Social Council and the CommissIon on Human Rights to reveal a consistent pattern of gross and reliably to attach importance to this problem. attested violations of human rights and fundamental By resolution 3026 B (XXVII) of 18 December freedoms. 1972, the Assembly requested the Secretary~General, The Working Group, which was set up in accordance in collaboration with the specialized agencies concerned, WW1 Sub-Commission resolution 2 (XXIV) of to accelerate and complete preparation of reports on 16 August 1971, met from 31 July to 11 August 1972. the subject. The Assembly also requested the Com­ After considering over 20,000 individual communica­ mission on Human Rights to proceed with and acceler­ tions, it submitted a confidential report to the Sub­ ate its work in this field, with a view to the preparation Commission. The Sub-Commission discussed the report of draft instruments designed to strengthen resp-:,:t for in closed session. human rights in the light of developm~nts in scien.ce and technology. In resolution 2 (XXV) of 28 August 1972, the Sub-Commission requested the Secretary-General to In addition to the documentation submitted to it at inform Governments of the importance which it attaches its twenty-eighth session (E/CNA/I083 and Add.1 to such replies as Governments may wish to submit to and 2, and E/CN.4/1084), the Commission on Human communications transmitt(;d to them, and decided that Rights had before it at its twenty-ninth session .a pre­ the Working Group should consider at its second session liminary report of the Secretary-General on the Impact those communications it had not been able to examine of recent scientific and technological developments on at the first sessioH, as well as communications received certain econonUc, social and cultural rights (E/CN.4/ thereafter, and that it might re-examine the communica­ 1115) and a report prepared by the Secretary-General tions singled out in its report in the light of replies unde~' paragraph 1 (a) of General Assembly resolu­ of Governments, if any. tion 2450 (XXIII) of 19 dealing with respect for the privacy of the individuals and the in­ tegrity and sovereignty of nations in the light of advances in recording and other techniques (E/CN.4/1116 and P. Yearbook on I-Iuman Rights Add.1-3 and Add.3/Corr.l). The Yearbook on Human Rights for 1971, now in The Commission considered the question briefly at preparation~ its twenty-ninth session.43 How~ver, ?ecause. of l~c~ of is the twenty-sixth volume in the series. time, it postponed further conslderatlOn to ItS thlftleth In conformity with Economic and Social Council resolu­ session. tion 683 D (XXVI) of 21 July 1958, it is to include constitutional provisions, legislation, governmental de­ crees and orders and court decisions bearing on human rights in 80 States and in certain Trust and Non-Self­ O. Communications concerning human rights Governing Territories. From 1 June 1972 to 31 May 1973, 8,340 com­ At its special session, held from 11 to 19 January munications concerning human rights were dealt with 1973 in accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1693 (LII) of 2 June 1972, the Ad Hoc 42 For other relevant documents, see Official' Records of the Committee on Periodic Reports of the Commission on General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda Human Rights examined the effectiveess of the present item 58. 'f system of collecting and disseminating information about 43 Official Records of the Economic and Social Councl, Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5265), chap. XII, the realization of human rights, giving particular atten­ paras. 289-'296. tion to the Yearbook on Human Rights and its relation Chapter I. Human rights questions 49 to periodic reports on human rights (see also section K Corr.I), suggested that it would be useful if in 1973 above). The Commission on Human Rights examined or subsequent years deminars could be organized in the report of the Ad Hoc Committee (E/CN.4/1104) various regions or subregions at which, after adequate at its twenty-ninth session.44 consideration of human rights problems of our time, further areas of action and fresh priorities for United On the recommendation of the Commission, the Nations action might be explored. By resolution 2906 Economic and Socl::!l Council, in resolution 1793 (LIV) (XXVII) of 19 October 1972, the General Assembly of 18 May 1973, decided that the Yearbook should be requested the Secretary-General to organize as soon as issued every two years beginning with the Yearbook possible seminars on a regional level under the pro­ for 1973-1974, and that the Yearbook should include gramme of advisory services with the purpose of study­ a section on national developments relating to human ing new ways and means for promoting human rights. rights, a section on Trust and Non-Self-Governing Territories and a section on international developments. In resolution 3026 B (XXVII) of 18 Dec\~mber The Council requested the Ad Hoc Committee on 1972, the General Assembly requested the Commission Periodic Reports to keep under review suggestions for on HUffi&n Rights to proceed with and accelerate its improving the Yearbook and asked the Secretary-Gen­ work on human rights and scientific and technological eral to consider ways of making it more widely known. developments, making full use of the report of the seminar and of any future seminars on the same subject. At its twenty-ninth session, the Commission on Q. Advisory services in the field of human Human Rights took note of the reports on the pro­ rights gramme of advisory serviceR in the field of human rights submitted by the Secretary-General to the Commission The Secretary-General organized an international at its twenty-eighth session (E/CN.4/1087) and at its seminar on human rights and scientific and techno­ twenty-ninth session (E/CN.4/1122) ,45 logical developments in Vienna from 19 June to 1 July 1972 (ST/TAO/HR/45), and an international seminar on the status of WOffif.m and family planning in Istanbul R. Periodicity of the sessions of the Commis­ from 11 to 24 July 1972 (ST/TAO/HR/46). sion on Human Rights and its subsidiary During 1972, the Secretary-General awarded 56 bodies human rights ,fellowships to candidates from 37 coun­ tries, bringing to 499 the total number of awards under The Commission on Human Rights at its twenty~· this programme. Preference was given to persons having ninth session took note of the recommendation of the direct responsibilities in the field of implementation of Economic and Social Council in resolution 1730 (LIII) human rights in their respective countries. Every effort of 28 July 1972 that the Council's subsidiary organs was made to award fellowships to women candidates should meet not more frequently than every other year, nominated by their Governments. Among the 114 and its invitaticu to those bodies which were scheduled nominated, 21 women received 1972 awards. to meet more frequently to consider whether biennial 46 Attention was given to the advisory services pro­ meetings would not be feasible. gramme by various United Nations organs. The General In resolution 20 (XXIX) of 4 April 1973 the Com­ Assembly, in resolution 3044 A (XXVII) of 19 Decem­ mission recommended that the Council should maintain ber 1972, appropriated funds for technical assistance its earlier resolutions authorizing the Commission to programmes, including funds for the programme of ad­ meet annually for a p~riod of not less than ,four and visory services in the field of human rights. not more than six weeks, and that the Sub-Comm.ission The Secretary-General, in his report to the General on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Assembly on activities which could be undertaken in Minorities should meet at least once a year for three celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Uni­ weeks. The Council took note of the Commission's versal Declaration of Human Rights (A/8820 and resolution. 45 Ibid., chap. XV, paras. 322-325. 441bid., chap. XIII, paras. 300-307, chap. XX, resolution 21 461bid., chap. XIII, paras. 308-310, and chap. XXI, sect. B (XXIX), and chap. XXI, draft resolmion XI. decision 5. " CHAPTER 11

Economic and social activities at United Nations Headquarters

A. General framework of development restoration of fixed but adjustable parities, though a generally accepted objective, was clearly a long way off. 1. Wodd economic situation The problems of internal imbalance also remained. In order to provide a factual background for the Prices wer.e rising at an uncomfortable rate in most general discussion of international economic and social c~:)Untries, while in many there was still an unacceptably policy and to bring up to date the information presented hIgh level of unemployment. The unusual coexistence in connexioll with the review and appraisal of the of inflation and idle resources pointed to the need for International Development Strategy for the Second mor'e effective income policies that would ensure the United Nations Development Decade, the World Eco· equitable distribution of increments in output. nomic Survey, 19721 was submitted to the Economic While stressing the urgent need to solve these and Social Council at its fifty·fifth session. problem of balance, the Survey concluded that the The Survey assembled the latest available data on short-term outlook was generally favourable: most the production and use of r,esources in 1972 in each of cOuntries are looking forward to a satisfactory rate the three main groups of countries-the developed of growth in 1973. market economies, the centrally planned economies and the developing countries-and examined the state 2. World population situation of internal and external economic balance in individual countries. It described the upsurge in demand that had On 20 September 1972, the Secretary-General an­ occurred first in North America and then in 'Vestern nounced the appointment, within the Department of Europe and Japan, the high level of activity in Eastern Economic and Social Affairs, of the Secretary-General Europe and the adverse economic effects of unfavour· of t~e World Population Conference, Mr. Antonio able weather in the Soviet Union, Central America, Carnllo-Flores, who took up his duties in October. Sahelian Africa and parts of southern and south-eastern ~t the same time, he proclaimed 1974 as World Popula­ Asia. Preliminary statistics indicate that world agri­ tIon Year, the focal point of which will be the World cultural production actually declined in 1972 and cereal ~opulation Conference, to be held in August 1974 stocks were drawn down to a level that might be In Bucharest. The responsibility for those activities of considered dangerously low in the light of the vul· the WorId Population Year which relate directly to the n~rabi1ity of several heavily populated areas to natural Conference will devolve on its Secretary-General and dIsasters. the responsibility for the preparation of the other World Population Year activities on the Executive Director The poor: agricultural results were largely responsible ?f the United N~tions Fun~ for Population Activities, for holding down the over-all rate of growth of the In accordance WIth EconomIC and Social Council reso­ developing countries in 1971 and 1972 to well below lution 1672 (LII) of 2 June 1972.2 the 6 per cent target rate set for the Second United Nations Development Decade and slightly below the By that resolution, the Population Commission a in average actually achieved in the 1960s. addition to its normal responsibilities, had been'des­ ignated as the intergovernmental preparatory body for The upswing in demand in the developed market th~ World Population Conference and the World Popu­ economies stimulated international trade: in terms of lat1~n Year..In that capacity, it held two special United States dollar value, it rose by more than one seSSlOns, one In 1972 and another one in 1973. sixth between 1971 and 1972. Over half of this increase reflects price changes, induced partly by inflationary At its first special session, held from 7 to 15 August pressures and partly by the devaluation of the dollal. 1972, the Commission reviewed the plans and arrange­ While the uncertainties besetting the international ments for the Conference and for the World Population ~o?e.tary system since August 1971 had clearly not Year, which reflected the programme developments and InhIbIted world trade, the pattern of exports and imports legislative action since the Commission's sixteenth in 1972 did not reveal any movement towards a firmer equilibrium. The major deficits and surpluses all 2 For relevant documents, see Official Records of the Eco­ nomic and Social Council, Fifty-second Session, Annexes WIdened and, at the end of the period under review agenda item 4. I most of the principal currencies were floating. Th~ 3 For the membership of the Commission, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session 1 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.n.C.1. Supplement No. 3 (A/9003), annex Il. I 50 Chapter II. Economic and social activities at United Nations Headquarters 51 session in November 1971. The progress report on the to be convened in 1973 and 1974 to review the state Conference (E/CN.9/265) also reflected the recom­ of scientific and current knowledge and developments mendations of the interagency Preparatory Committee regarding population in relation tLl development, the for the Conference, established under Economic and social and cultural aspects of the family, resources and Social Council resolution 1484 (XLVIII) of 3 April environment, and human rights. The Commission also 1970. The Commission was informed that the fourth and approved the direction of the work on the technical final session of that Committee (see E/CONF.60/PC/ background study for the draft Wnrld Population Plan 4) had been held in August and that henceforth, and of Action. following the adoption of Council resolution 1672 (LII), arrangements had been made by ACC whereby The Commission endorsed the principle of the organ­ HE Sub-Committee on Population would become re­ ization of a forum as an activity parallel to, but sponsible for the interagency preparations for the Con­ independent of, the Conference. It noted that the Con­ ference hitherto assigned to the interagency Preparatory ference of Non-Governmental Organizations in Con­ Committee. sultative Status with the Economic and Social Council was prepared to select a committee to plan, organize The Commission discussed the report of the Ad Hoc and manage the forum in a way that would encompass Consultative Group of Experts on Population Policy participation of international and national non-govern­ (E/CN.9/267), convened from 15 to 17 December mental organizations as well as youth groups. It noted 1971, and noted with satisfaction the broad definition also the proposal by a member of the Commission for of population policy recommended in that report. a consultation of youth on population questions, which would be outside the forum and would take place The Commission also had before it the report of the before the Conference itself. Advisory Committee of Experts on the World Popu­ lation Plan of Action, formerly f'eferred to as the Further details on the work of the Commission at Advisory Committee of Experts on Global Population its s,econd special session will be found in its report Strategy (E/CN.9/268). The Committee had been to the Economic and Social Council. 5 convened from 19 to 23 June 1972 by the Secretary·, General to assist him in undertaking a study that would The Sub-Committee on Population of ACC held its highlight the world-wide implications of population seventh session in March 1973, at which time it assumed growth and of national population policies, and would its additional responsibilities concerning interagency be closely related to the International Development preparations for the World Population ConL:rence, as Strategy for the Second United Nations Development mentioned above. The Sub-Committee also considered Decade, as recommended by the Population Commission co-operative arrangements for research projects and at its sixteenth session. In accordance with the request technical meetings, demographic projections, and the of the Economic and Social Council in resolution 1672 progress of its comprehensive review of interagency (LII), the Advisory Committee had also been asked co-ordination in population fields. to assist the Secretary-General in. elaborating a draft During the period from November 1972 to June World Population Plan of Action, which was to be 1973, the Secretary-General of the World Population included in the provisional agenda of the World Popu­ Conference visited 11 countries to hold consultations lation Conference. The 'Study on global population and to attend the Secold Asian Population Conference, strategy, included in the Commission's regular work held at Tokyo from 1 to 13 November 1972. programme, was to be entitled "Study on population problems, policies and priorities: technical background A series of studies was carried out by the United to the 'Vorld Population Plan of Action". Nations, the regional economic commissions and the United Nations Economic and Social Office at Beirut, The Commission approved the following substantive interested specialized agencies and several non-govern­ items for the provisional agenda of the Conference: mental organizations. recent population trends and future prospects; relations between population change and economic and social The Population Division of the Department of Eco­ development; relations between population, resources nomic and Social Affairs continued to provide sub­ and environment; population and the family; and the stantive advice and technical evaluation from an over­ World Population Plan of Action. all policy point of view with respect to programme development in the population field and to provide Further details of the work of the Commission at its substantive support to projects financed under the first special session will be found in its report to the 4 United Nations Fund for Population Activities, UNDP Economic and Social Council. and the regular programme of technical co-operation. At its second special session, held from 19 to The projects included the services of population experts, 30 March 1973, the Population Commission continued fellowships, meetings and support to national population its work as intergovernmental preparatory body for programmes. the World Population Conference and the World Popu­ e~panded lation Year and reviewed the progress reports concern­ An United Nations fellowship programme ing preparations for the Conference (E/CN.9/275) and for population training was continued with the assist­ arrangements for the World Population Year (E/CN.9/ ance of a block allocation of funds from the United 276 and Corr.l and Add.l). The Commission also Nations Fund for Population Activities, in addition to considered a report on the African Census Programme the fellowships for training at the regional demographic centres sponsored by the United Nations in co-operation (E/CN.9/277). with Governments of the host countries. The Commission noted with satisfaction the sub­ stantive preparations under way for the four symposia On the recommendation of the Population Com­ mission, the Interregional Seminar on Mortality Analysis 4 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fi/ty­ third Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/5212). 5 Ibid., Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 8 (E/5264). 52 Part Three. Economic, social and hwnanitarian activities was held in Mamaia, Romania, from 20 September to The Secretary-General submitted a it'eport entitled 3 October 1972, in collaboration with WHO, and the The International Development Strategy." First Over-all Interregional 'Workshop on Population Action Pro­ Review and Appraisal of Issues and Policies. 10 A related grammes was convened in Manila from 15 to 28 No­ publication, ent;tled Implementation of the International vember 1972. Both meetings received financiai assist­ Development Strategy: Papers for the First Over-all ance from the United Nations Fund for Population Review and Appraisal of Progress during the Second Activities. United Nations Development Decade,!l consisted of More than 50 replies were received by 15 June 1973 five papers, three of which dealt with developing coun­ to the second inquiry on population growth and de­ tries and one each with developed market economies velopment,submitted on 26 October 1972 to States and the centrally planned economies. Members of the United Nations and members of the The Committee for Development Planning prepared specialized agencies in accordance with Economic and its comments and recommendations on the subject of Social Council resolution 1486 (XLVIII) of 3 April the first over-all review and appraisal of progress during 1970. the Second United Nations Development Decade at In accordance with the 1972-1973 work programme its ninth session, held from 2 to 12 April 1973Y~ recommended by the Population Commission at its Preliminary work for this purpose was carried out by sixteenth session,6 studies are under way, inter alia, on a Working Group of the Committee that met from 12 methods of measuring the impact of family planning to 16 February 1973. programmes on fertility; conditions and trends of fertility As part of its work relating to the Second United throughout the world; levels and trends of infant and Nations Development Decade, the Committee for De­ childhood mortality; the relationship between infant velopment Planning also examined the question of and childhood mortality and fertility; methods of pro­ possible modification in the list of the least developed jecting urban and rural population; principal ,features among the developing countries. Its ,examination was and components of urban and rural population changes; based on the up-dated infc.:.·mation furnished to it by demographic aspects of economic and social develop­ the Secretariat (ElAC.54/L.58) and on a note pre­ ment; projections of population by sex and age for pared by P. Ndegwa, member of the Committee individual countries, projections of urban and rural (ElAC.54/L.57). population and of households and families; guidelines for demographic considerations in planning, with par­ The Committee 'on Review and Appraisal he.ld its ticular regard to the formulation of demographic ob­ second session from 21 May to 8 June 1973. It con­ jectives; methodology for the evaluation of demographic sidered proposals for a declaration relating to the first factors in development planning; and a comparative over-all review and appraisal of progress in the im­ analysis ofyopulation policy development. plementation of the International Development Strategy. Details on the work of the Committee at its second By its resolution 3019 (XXVII) of 18 December session will be found in its report to the Economic and 1972, the General Assembly placed the United Nations Social Council.13 Fund for Population Activities under its authority, with the Governing Council of UNDP acting as the Fund's governing body subject to conditions to be established by the Economic and Social Council. It was formerly a C. Basic infrastructure for development trust fund of the Secretary-General. The aims and purposes of the Fund were considered by the Economic and Social Council at its fifty-fourth session and set 1. Development planning forth in its resolution 1763 (LIV) of 18 May 1973.1 In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1727 (LIII) of 28 July 1972, the Committee for DevelopmentPlanning14 continued its work on B. Second United Nations Development problems of mass poverty and unemployment in de­ Decade veloping countries.15 In pursuance of General Assembly resolution 3018 (XXVII) of 18 Dec0mber 1972 the ~ , Secretary-veneral requested Governments and organiza- Preparatory work was carried out for the first over­ tions of the United Nations system to supply him with all review and appraisal of progress in the implementa­ information on the measures they were taking to resolve tion of the Internatioual Development Strategy for the these problems. Based upon the information received, Second United Nations Development Decade in accord­ a report was prepared for the use of the Council and ance with the arrangements recommended by the Com­ the Assembly (E/5343). mittee on Review and AppraisalS at its first session, held from 26 to 29 June 1972, and endorsed by the Eco­ As part of the work programme of the Centre for nomic and Social Council in its resolution 1723 (LIII) Development Planning, Projections and Policies to assist of 28 July 1972. Details on the work of the Committee planners and policy-makers in developing countries, at its first session will be found in its report to the the fourth and fifth issues of the Jo1J.rnal of Develop- Economic and Social Council.9 10 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.II.A.6. ~ Ibid., Fifty-second Session, Supplement No. 3 (E/5090 11 Volumes I and H (United Nations publications, Sales and Add.1 ), chap. VI. Nos.: E.73.II.A.2 and 3). 7 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the 12 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Economic and Social Council, Fifty-fourth Session, Annexes, Fifty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 5 (E/5293), chap. I. agenda item 12. 13 Ibid., Supplement No. 11 (E/5316). 8 For the membership of the Committee, see Official Records 14 For the membership of the Committee, see Official of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, No. 3 (A/9003), annex H. Supplement No. :3 (A/9003), annex IT. 9 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty­ 15 Official R",'cords of the Economic and Social Council, third Session, Supplement No. 11 (E/5l84). Fifty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 5 (E/5293), para. 108. '.w Chapter ll. Economic and social activities at U~ited Nations Headquarters 53 ment Planning16 wer,e published. The former dealt Housing Statistics (first issue),23 Year,hook of National with problems and experience in long-term projections Accounts Statistics,24 Yearbook of International Trade for development planning and the latter with problems Statistics,2G World Trade Annual and Supplement,26 of mass poverty and unemployment. Commodity Trade Statistics,27 World Energy Supplies The Centre organized, in co-operation with the secre­ 1961-1970,28 Yearbook of Construction Statistics (first tariats of the regional economic commissions and the issue),29 The Growth of World Industry30), the follow­ United Nations Economic and Social Office at Beirut, ing were issued during the period under review: Recom­ field inquiries in 11 developing countries on methods fnendations for the 1973 World Programme of In­ dustrial Statistics (Part Ill, Organization and Conduct and procedures for evaluation of progress in the im­ 1 plementation of development plans. The inquiries were of Industrial Censuses3 ), Handbook of Population and designed t.o prepare material for use at the training Housing Census Methods (Part IV, Survey of Popula­ workshops to be convened in 1973 and 1974. tion and Housing Census Experience, 1955-1964, Section 132 ), Input-Output Bibliography, 1966-1970,33 The Centre continued to give substantive support to Sample Surveys of Current Interest {twelfth report),34 the technical assistance programme of the United Statistical Notes.35 Nations in development planning, including assistance offered through interdisciplinary teams at the multi­ 3. Public administration national level, to provide direct advisory services to requesting developing countries and to advise UNDP The Public Administration Division of the Depart­ and WFP on the impact of the assistance provided by ment of Economic and Social Affairs continued to them and its relation to the development priorities of provide substantive support for technical co-operation the countries concerned. projects in public administration in developing countries. Expenditures for such projects increased in 1972 to 2. Development of statistical information over $5,900,000, about 11 per cent more than 1971 and 42 per cent higher than 1970. There were 227 public At its seventeenth session, held at Geneva from 13 administration experts in 53 countries and regions and to "L4 November 1972, the Statistical Commission17 149 fellowships in 1972. Interregional advisers in public rey'iewed the international statistical programmes of the administration carried out missions in 40 countries at United Nations and the specialized agencies and ap­ the request of Governments. Large-scale projects were proved the following five main statistical policy objec­ conducted in 25 countries, six of which were among tives for 1973-1977: statistical work in connexion with the least developed countries. A meeting of project the Second United Nations Development Decade; de­ managers of large-scale projects in Latin America was velopment of a co-ordinated body of demographic and held to identify ways of improving the effectiveness of social statistics; creation, maintenance and co-ordination such projects. of data banks of economic and social statistics; develop­ ment of concerted efforts in technical assistance ac­ With the co-operation of the regional economic com­ tivities in 'statistics; and continuation of recurrent missions and the United Nations Economic and Social statistical activities. Office at Beirut, the Secretariat provided support for the increasing number of regional and subregional cen­ The Commission considered a draft system of statistics tres for development administration in Africa~ the Arab of the distribution of income, consumption and ac­ States, Asia and Latin America that are receiving or cumulation approved the general framework of the are seeking UNDP assistance. These centres are ex­ draft of the second revisic::.. of the Standard Inter­ pected to provide conSUltation, training and action· national Trade Classification, discussed a 'system of oriented research services in SUppOlt of national efforts demographic and social statistics and approved an to improve administration for development. outline of the topics to be discussed at the Second Interregional Seminar on Statistical Organization, to Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 2861 be held at Ottawa from 3 to 12 October 1973. (XXVI) of 20 December 1971, a report was prepared Further details on the work of the Commission will on the means by which the United Nations and the be found in its report to the Economic and Social specialized agencies can contribute to international co­ Council.18 operation between municipalities (E/5244). The Eco­ nomic and Social Council considered the report at its The Secretariat continued to collect and publish fifty-fourth session and adopted resolution 1738 (LIV) statistics showing the main economic and social char­ of 4 May 1973 on the subject. acteristics of the world as a whole, the regions and individual countries. In addition to the regular periodical 23 To be issued as a United Nations publication. data publications (Statistical Yearbook,llJ Monthly Bul­ 24 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.xVII.3. letin of Statistics,20 Demographic Yearbook, 21 Popu­ 25 To be issued as a United Nations pUblication. 26 Published commercially by Walker and Company, New lation and Vital Statistics Report,22 Yearbook of York. 27 Statistical Papers, Series D, vol. XIX (1969), Nos. 1-38 16 United Nations publications, Sales Nos.: E.72.IT.A.2 and 1-39 (ST/STAT/SERD/65-38 and 65-39); vol. XX and 13. (1970), Nos. 1-43 to 1-46 (ST/STAT/SERD/67-43 to 67-46). 17 For the membership of the Commission, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty·,eighth Session, 28 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.XVII.2. Supplement No. 3 (A/9003), annex H. 29 To be issued as a United Nations publication. 18 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, 30 Vol. I (United Nations publication, Sales No.: Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 2 (E/5236). E.73.xVII.6); vol. II (Sales No.: E.73.xVII.7). IlJ United Nations publication, Sales No.: E/F.73.XVII.1. 31 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.xVII.10. 20 Vol. XXVI, Nos. 7-12 (July-December 1972); vol. 32 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.70.XVII.7. XXVII, Nos. 1-6 (January-June 1973) (ST/STAT/SERQ/1-6). 33 Vol. I: Authors (United Nations publication, Sales 21 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.XIIll. No.: E.72.xVII.6); vol. II: Countries (Sales No.: E.72. 22 Statistical Papers, Series A, vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4 (ST/ XVII.7); vol. ITI: Subjects (Sales No.: E.72.XVII.8). STAT/SER.A/I01 and 102), and vol. XXV, Nos. 1-2 (STI 34 United Nations publication, Sales :No.: E.73.xVII.5. STAT/SER.A/l03 and 104). 35 Statistical Papers, Series B, No. 34 (ST/STAT/SER.B/34). 54 Part Three. Economi'c, social and humanitarian activities ------A pilot appraisal was made of progre~s in ~e prepared a note all the mobilization of financial re­ previous biennium in implementing the public admm­ :ources for submission to the Council at its -fifty-fifth istration provisions of the International Development session (E/5356). The United Nations Ad Hoc Group Strategy for the Second United Nations Develop­ of Experts on Tax Treaties between Developed and ment Decade and in order to gain experience for the Developing Countries held its fourth meeting from 4 mid-term appraisal, to which the Third Meeting ('f to 15 December 1972 at Geneva and made substantial Exnerts on the United Nations Public Administration progress in drafting guidelines for use in tax treaties Programme is I~xpected to contribute in 1974. between developed and developingcountrie~. Broad ~d­ consensus was reached on the tax treatment of dividends The Interregional Seminar on Organization and and royalties, as 'vell as on exchange of information to ministration of Planning Agencies was held at Kiev combat tax evasion or fiscal fraud, while some progress from 16 to 25 October 1972 and was attended by was made concerning general tax relief measures. The participants from 29 countries. A handbook entitled Group stated its strong support for tax-sparing credit "Systems approach to management training of profes­ designed to help avoid the nullification of incentives sional and technical personnel" (ST/TAO/M/54) was given by the host country to the foreign investor and submitted for publication and the United Nations suc:t~ Directory of National Agencies and Institutions for the to alternative measures, as the lease-back. Further Improvement of Puhlic Administration (revised edi­ ue:tails on the work of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts tion)36 was issued. The Secretariat contributed discus­ on Tax Treaties between Developed and Developing Countries will be found in its report to the Economic sion papers on public admini~tration .aspects of environ­ mental protectiop for the Uruted NatlOns Conference on and Social Council (E/5258). the Human Environment held in Stockholm, on the The United Nations Interregional Seminar on Gov­ basis of which a collection of papers on the organization ernment Auditing took place in Baden, Austria, from and administ.::ation of environmental programmes was 3 to 14 May 1971 and was co-sponsored by thl~ Inter­ prepared for publication. A comparative study of ad­ national Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions. ministrative aspects of family planning programmes was Details will be found in the report of the Seminar undertaken, the first result of which was the preparation (ST/TAO/SER,Cj136). of a background paper for the World Population Con­ ference (see sect. A.2 above). Preparatory work continued on agr:cultural and property taxation for submission to the second meeting The Report of the Interregional Seminar on Major of the Expert Group on Tax Reform Planning later Administrative Reforms in Developing CountrieS37 and this year. the Report of the Interregional Seminar on Electronic Data Processing in Governmenf3 8 were published. 5. Science and technology for development 4. Mobilization of financral resources One of the most important decisions of the Eco­ nomic and Social Council during the period under Pursuant to Economic and Social Council resolu­ review was the adoption of resolution 1715 (LIlT) of tion 1630 (LT) of 30 July 1971 and with a view to 28 July 1972, by which it approved the ten~lS of ref­ increasing export earning and thus aiding.the in­ 0rence of its Committee on Science and l'echnology dustrialization process. in~eveloping .countnes, t~e for Development,39 which was established in 1971 to Secretariat ieco-operatmg WIth the reglOnal economIC assist the Council in the definition of guidelinei in commissions in the implementation of multinational the field of science and technology for development in or national export credit insurance schemes. The Secre­ the interest of the developing countries. The Com­ tary-General prepared a ~eport. on this subject !or mittee will report to the General Assembly through submission to the CouncIl at Its fifty-fifth seSSlOn the Council. By resolution 1718 (LIII) of 28 July (E/5291). Emphasis is laid on the exporter's need to 1972, the Council requested the Committee, at its first mobilize the proceeds of the sales prior to the repay­ session, to recommend goals and targets for the ment by the foreign buyer and on the exporting coun­ achievement of the policy measures relating to science try's capacity to defer the collection of suc~ proceeds. and technology contained in the International Devel­ Field missions were undertaken in two AfrIcan coun­ opment Strategy for the Second United Nations De­ tries to assess the technical assistance needs for an velopment Decade, and to examine in detail the World appropriate savings promotion and mobilization pro­ Plan of Action for the Application of Science and gramme. Technology to Development.4o The Secretariat also intensifl~d technical assistance The Committee held its first session from 12 to 30 work in the field of foreign investment and related March 1973. It recommended to the Economic and techniques. In response to th.eir request~, short-ter~ Social Council the revision of paragraphs 60, 61 and advisory services were extended to AntIgua, BraZIl, 63 of the International Development Strategy, and the Cyprus, Guyana, Indonesia, Romania and Trinidad and adoption of resolutions which dealt with the promotion, Toba0'0. The Secretariat serviced the fourth session of review and appraisal, and implementation of the World the Economic Consultative Committee of the Inter­ Plan of Action for the Application of Science and national Chamber of Commerce, the United Nations 'it ~chnology to Development, and with the application and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade held 01 ~omputer technology to development.41 In accord­ in Paris from 17 to 18 January 1973. 2r'ce with the proposed revision of the relevant para- Pursuant to Economic and Social Council resolution 30 For the membership of the Committee, see Official 1631 (LI) of 30 July 1971, the Secretary-General Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 3 (Ai9003), annex H. 36 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E/F/S.73.II.H.1. 40 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.71.II.A.18. 37 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.II.H.5. 41 Official Records of the Economic and' Social Council, 38 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.II.H.3. Fifty-fifth Session. Supplement No. 4 (EIS272), para. 120. Chapter lIe Economic and social activities at United Nations Headquarters 55 graphs of the International Development Strategy, the and Social Council resolution 1718 (LIII). The Ad- developing countries would continue to increase their visory Committee's regional groups for' Asia and Africa expenditure on science and technology infrastructure met at the respective headquarters of the regional eco- as well as research development, and would endeavour nomic commissions. The regional group for Latin to attain, by the end of the Decade, a level equal to 1 America met in New York, while the regional group per cent of their gros8 national product. The df\vel- for Europe met in Madrid Pot the invitation of the oped countries would continue to hlcrease their aSHist- Government of Spain. ance for the direct support of science and technology programmes of developing countries in order to reach, At its twenty-seve< jth session, the General Assembly by the middle of the Decade, a -level equal to 0.05 adopted resolution 3017 (XXVII) of 18 December per cent of the gross national product of the developed 1972, in which it invited the Secretary-General to /~ountries. Moreover, developed countries would reach, prepare a study on the outflow of trained personnel by the end of the Decade, a target of 10 per cent of from developing to developed countries which affects their research and experimental development expendi- their technological development, and to draft the neces- tures earmarked for specific problems of developing s~ry, guidelines for a programme of action, indicating countries. Vla01e :measures that can be taken to deal with the problem. Further details on the work of the Committee on Science and Technology for Development will be found The Secretary-General was also requested to take in its report to the Economic and Social Council.42 urgent measures to make widely known to the ap­ propriate authorities in developing countries the pro­ The Advisory Committee on the Application of posals contained in the World Plan of Action, as one Science and Technology to Development43 held its of the means to counterbalance the outflow of trained seventeenth session at Geneva from 23 October to 1 personnel from developing countries. November 1972 and its eip.""~~enth session at Head­ quarters from 5 to 11 April' ,'3. The Advisory Com­ n.\e Office for ScieIJ.~e and Technology of the De­ mittee considered the implementation and promotion partment of Economic and Social Affairs, which pro­ of the World Plan of Action and approved the re­ vides the substantive secretariat for the newly-estab­ gional plans for Asia, Africa, Latin America and the lishe;d intergovernmental Committee on Science and area covered by the United J.~ations Economic and So­ Technology for Development, the Advisory Committee cial Office at Beirut. The Advisory Committee took on the Application of Science and Technology to De­ a number of decisions regarding the preparation of a velopment and the ACC Sub-Committee on Science blobal project; it app.:oved the general guidelines for the and Technology, continued to promote the application presentation of research proposals, and considered the of science and technology to development and to un­ possibility of establishing a clearing-house for research dertake action needed to stimulate the follow-up of proposals for developing countries. With regard to ap­ the recommendations and decisions of these Com­ propriate technology, the Committee decided that the mittees and the relevant resolutions of the Economic construction sector should be selected first for labour­ and Social Council and of the General Assembly in intensive technologies, the utilization of locally avail­ the field. of science and technology. able materials and the saving of foreign exchange. As second and third projects in this field, the Committee decided to undertake studies on the design of capital­ 45 saving and labour-intensive industria.l equipment, and D. Social development on the problems of appropriate te:clmology in agricul­ ture and rural development. Other questions considered 1. Social policy and planning by the Committee were its future activities in relation to the human environment, matters arising from the ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION FOR SOCIAL first session of the Committee on Science and Tech­ DEVELOPMENT nology for Development and the work and activities of its regional groups. Further details on the work of The Commission for Social Development46 at its the Committee will be found in its tenth report to the twenty-third session, held from 12 February to 2 Economic and Social Council.44 March 1973, considered the report of the Secretary­ General on the third follow-up regional Conference Three expert groups were convened during the pe­ of E' re ....Iean Ministers Responsible for Social \Velfare riod under review tu assist the Secretary-General in (E/CN.5/479), which was held at The Hague from the preparation of an updated report on computer 22 to 26 August 1972 under United Nations auspices technology (E/C.8/11 and Add.I), prepared in re­ and with the co-operation of the Government of the sponse to General Assembly resolution 2804 (XXVI) N~ther1ands. At the Conference, proposals were re= of 14 December 1971; a report on the role of modern celVed for the establishment of regional training and science and technology in the development of nations research centres at Beirut, Manila and Vienna. The (E/5238 and Add.l), pursuant to General Assembly proceedings of the Conference have been issued (E/ resolution 2658 (XXV) of 7 December 1970; and a CONF.64/7). report on goals and targets of the International De­ velopment Strategy for the Second United Nations After considering the report on the first phase of Development Decade, in accordance with Economic a study on social objectives, targets and programmes for the Second United Nations Development Decade 42 Ibid., Supplement No. 4 (E/5272). 43 For the membership of the Advisory Committee, see 45 For the section on the United Nations Research Institute Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth for Social Development, see part V, chap. Ill. Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/9003), annex IT. 46 For the m'embership of the Commission, see Official 44 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Records of the General Assemblv, Twenty-eighth Session, Sup­ Fifty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/52SS). plement No. 3 (A/9003), annex H. 56 Part Three. Economic} social and humanitarian activities 'and assessment of progress achieved (E/CN.5/476), for middle-level planners was held from June 1972 to the Commission, on 1 March 1973, adopted resolution March 1973 and the concluding seminar has been 5 (XXIII) containing preliminary comments and pro­ postponed until September. posals and resolution 6 (XXIII) concerning the pro­ gramme objectives in social development for the Country briefs, comments and a programme review medium-term plan 1974-1977. covering the social aspects of development were con­ tributed by the Secretariat to the formulation of coun­ In accordance with Economic and Social Council try programmes initiated and established by UNDP. resolution 1573 (L) of 19 May 1971 on the outflow The regular means of extending substantive support of trained personnel from developing to developed for technical co-operation activitie') were carried out, countries, an examination of the role of profession~ including short-term consultant missions by Head­ and middle-level personnel from developing countries quarters staff. who have migrated to, and are employed in, developed countries was carried out in 1972. An attempt is now The fourth issue of the International Social Devel­ being made to measure the real economic contribution opment Review,48 devoted to regional (subnational) of the migrants and the net balance of benefits and socio-economic development, was issued. costs in each of the principal countries involved. The Commission adopted, on 1 March 1973, resolution 7 CRIME PREVENTION AND CONTROL (XXIII) on migrant workers. On the basis of the Commission's recommendations After considering a report of the Secretary-General after it had considered the Secretary-General's report on crime prevention and control (A/8844), the Gen­ on national experience in achieving far-reaching social eral Assembly adopted resolution 3021 (XXVII) of and economic changes for purposes of social progress 18 December 1972 in which it drew attention to the (E/CN.5/478 and Add.1 and Corr.1 and 2, Add.2 threat that crime in its various forms presents to eco­ and Corr.1, and Add.3 and Corr.1), the Council nomic, social and cultural development and the quality adopted resolution 1746 (LIV) of 16 May 1973. of life, endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Fourth United Nations Further details on the work of the Commission at Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treat­ its twenty-third session will be found in its report to ment of Offenders49 and invited Member States to re­ the Economic and Social Council.47 port on the crime situation and measures taken in that In accordance with a recommendation made by the respect. Commission on the basis of its discussion of the pre­ At its second session, held at Headquarters from 14 liminary report of the Secretary-General aii a unified to 23 May 1973, the Committee on Crime Prevention approach to development analysis and planning (El and Contro150 held initial discussions on a proposed CN.5/477) as well as his report on the expert group international plan of action for the prevention of crime, meeting devoted to this subject, held at Stockholm taking into account the provisions of General Assem­ from 6 to 10 November 1972 (E/CN.5/490), the bly resolution 3021 (XXVII). The Committee also Economic and Social Council adopted resolution 1747 endorsed the recommendations of a working group of (LIV) of 16 May 1973. The Council recommended experts, which met at New York in September 1972, that Governments should closely tie up planning with that the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment national goals, pursue a policy directed at establishing of Prisoners not be changed substantively (ElAC.57i f;.Jcial equality and justice and examine their develop­ 8, para. 61) and that attention be given to the effective ment strategies, national plans and structures from dissemination and implementation of the Rules at the the point uf view of their conformity with the require­ country level. National correspondents in social de­ ments of a unified approach and the principles of so­ fence in approximately 88 countries were requested to cial development and peace in the world. provide the Secretariat with information on prison populations. STUDIES AND PROGRAMMES RELATING TO SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT In considering the question of drug abuse and crimi­ nality, the Committee urged further examination of the The second field study on social policy and distri­ relationship between crime and drug abuse and sug­ bution of income was completed in India in co-opera­ gested that special attention be paid to the correc­ tion with the Government and covered, in particular, tional aspect of the question. In discussing the question the availability and utilization of health and education of equality in the administration of justice, the Com­ facilities by different socio-economic groups. Nine mittee focused attention on the subject of cost and country studies on social aspects of rural industrializa­ the need to have more judges as well as magistrates tion were completed and will serve as a basis for a at the lower levels adequately prepared for their task. comparative study at the global level, to be discussed It expressed the intention to formulate some time in by an expert group meeting in late 1973. Six country the future some standard minimum rules for ensuring studies on rc~ent national experiences in community equality in the administration of justice. The Com­ programmes for low-income families in urban settle­ mittee also considered a progress report (ElAC.57I ments ,,,ere completed and will form the basis of an 13) on the preparations for the Fifth United Nations intercountry study, which would contain proposals on Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treat­ how community programmes could contribute to the ment of Offenders, to be held at Toronto in 1975. broader strategies for the benefit of those families. 48 United Nations puhlication, Sales No.: E.72.IV.7. The third correspondence course in social planning 49 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.71.IV.8. 50 For the membership of the Committee, see Official 47 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Records 0/ the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Sup­ Fifty-fourth Session, Supplement No. 5 (E/5252). plement No. 3 (A/9003), annex H. Chapter II. Economic and social activities at United Nations Headquarters 57 Further details on the work of the Committee at and programmes related to family planning, with spe­ its second session will be found in its report to the cial reference to family and child welfare. Commission for Social Development (E/AC.57/14). A report of the Secretary-General on the current 3. Human resources and popular participation in situation with respect to capital punishment (E/5242 development and Add. 1) was submitted to the Council in accord­ ance with its resolution 1656 (LII) of 1 June 1972 The Secretary-General's report on the socio-eco­ and General Assembly resolution 3011 (XXVII) of nomic situation of the elderly and the aged will be 18 December 1972. The Council adopted resolution submitted to the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth 1745 (UV) on 4 May 1973 in which it outlined the session in accordance with its resolution 2842 (XXVI) course to be taken in future work on this question. of 18 December 1971. On the basis of the Secretary­ A report (ST/SOA/118 and Add.1-3) has also been General's progress report on this study (EjCN.5/482) issued containing excerpted replies of Governments to and the recommendation of the Commission for Social the Secretary-General's questionnaire on the subject Development, the Council adopted resolution 1751 of capital punishment as requested by the General (UV) on 16 May 1973, in which certain social secu­ Assembly in its resolution 2393 (XXIII) of 26 No­ rity measures for the aged were recommended to Gov­ vember 1968. ernments. The International Review of Criminal Policy, No. A system of training of rural community leaders in 29,5l dealing with crime prevention and control in popular participation, including procedures for pe­ Eastern Europe, was also issued in 1972 and No. 30 riodic evaluation of the effectiveness of the training, has been submitted for publication.52 was initiated in several countries in Latin America. .. Substantive support and guidance was given to the A volume entitled A Policy Approach to Planning training in popular participation of community workers in Social Defence53 was completed as a reference for and leaders in connexion with Special Fund projects Governments. Assistance in the field of social defence in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. policies in relation to development planning continued to be provided when requested by Governments and The provision of technical assistance in social wel­ training courses on research methods in social defence fare training was continued and Governments were were given at the regional social defence institutes. A assisted in planning regional social welfare training project on research as a basis for decision-making in and research centres, as recommended by the Eco­ social defence and on criminal statistics was begun at nomic and Social Council in its resolution 1406 the United Nations Social Defence Research Institute (XLVI) of 5 . at Rome. Substantive support was given to regional social 2. Social reform and institutional change defence institutes in their training courses on public participation. On the basis of a note by the Secretary-General on land reform (E/5100), the Economic and Social A number of related activities were undertaken Council, in its resolution 1707 (UII) of 28 July under the project to promote the participation of youth 1972, requested the Secretary-General to submit in in development. On the basis of a report on channels 1975 the sixth report on progress in land reform and of communication with youth and international youth decided to take it into account in the mid-point review organizations (A/8743), the General Assembly and appraisal in 1975 of the International Develop­ adopted resolutions 3022 (XXVII) and 3024 ment Strategy for the Second United Nations Devel­ (XXVII) of 18 December 1972 endorsing the Secre­ opment Decade. tary-General's recommendations for action to be im­ plemented on nn experimental basis, including the con­ A progress report on the implementation of Council vening of an ad hoc advisory committee. A report on resolution 1668 (UI) of 1 June 1972, concerning the the organization and administration of domestic youth promotion of co-operatives (E/5246) was submitted services, on the basis of six country studies, has been to the Council at its fifty-fourth session. The Joint completed and will be issued in the course of the year. Committee for the Promotion of Agricultural Co­ operatives was reconstituted as the Committee for the The Secretary-General's "Report on youth" (E/ Promotion of Aid to Co-operatives, with new terms CN.5/486 and Add.l and E/CN.5/486/Summary) of reference and an expanded membership. including was before the Commission for Social Development at the United Nations. its twenty-third session and the Economic and Social The Commission for Social Development considered Council at its fifty-fourth session. The Council adopted the Report of the Interregional Meeting of Experts on resolution 1752 (LIV) of 16 May 1973 in which it called on Governments to increase opportunities for the Integration of Women in Development,54 which was youth to participate in all aspects of national and in­ held at Headquarters from 19 to 28 June 1972. ternational life. An interregional advis'er on family welfare and family planning, whose services were financed by the As proposed by the Commission, the Council also United Nations Fund for Population Activities, has adopted resolution 1749 (LIV) of 16 May 1973 in been carrying out missions to advise Governments, at which it requested Governments to give attention to their request, on the social welfare aspects of policies improving the plight of migrant workers. In resolution 1750 (LIV) of 16 May 1973, the Council requested 5l United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.IV.2. the Secretary-General to obtain current information 52 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.17. on policies, programmes and laws for the protection 53 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.IV.9. of children for adoption and foster placement and to 54 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.12. ~ 58 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities i infonn~ bring up to date the United Nations study on the development for the purpose of exchanging f Comparative Analysis of Adoption Laws.55 and experiences in the kind of training they have con. ! ducted and in order to agree on a mode of Co-operation r An ad hoc interagency meeting was held in No­ with the United Nations programme of research and vember 1972 on the training of rehabilitation per­ training in regional development. sonnel concerted interagency action for the develop­ ment 'of rehabilitation services for the disabled in Africa, and the participation of n?n-governm~~t~ or­ ganizations concerned In t?e studIes and actiy~tie~ of E. Promotion of equality of men and women , the United Nations system m the field of rehabIlItation. i The report entitled "Summary of information on During the period under review, the activities of the: projects and activities in the field of rehabilitation of new Branch for the Promotion ?f Equality of Men I the disabled during 1972" (ESA/SDHA/MISC.l) and Women of the Centre for SOCIal Development and ~ was issued. An interregional adviser on the rehabilita­ Humanitarian Affairs of the Department of Economic :, tion of the disabled, appointed in May 1972 with the and Social Affairs were directed primarily towards the ~ financial support of UNDP, carried out missions to a implementation of the many recommendations emanat- 1 number of countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and ing from the Commission on the Status of Women57 the Middle East. at its twenty-fourth session. Details on the work of the Commission at that session will be found in its report 4. Reseaxchand training programme in regional to the Economic and Social Council.58 development Assistance in the implementation of development 1. International Women's Year plans through the programme of research and training The General Assembly, by resolution 3010 (XXVII) in regional development continued to be provided. of 18 December 1972, designated the year 1975 as Advisory services were provided to the Governments International Women's Year, to be devoted to inten­ of Iran, Pakistan, the Philippines and Yugoslavia in sified action for the promotion of equality between preparing proposals for establishing research and train­ men and women, the integration of women in the total ing programmes in regional development with UNDP development effort and the strengthening of women's funds. Consultant services were also provided to the role in world peace. Government of Venezuela for designing training in re­ gional development to be conducted by the Interna­ 2. Elaboration and implementation of international tional Confederation of Associations of Graduates in . instruments Economic and Commercial Sciences. The Commission on the Status of Women, at its The Documentation and Information Service estab­ twenty-fourth session, adopted resolution 5 (XXIV) lished at Headquarters was further developed to assist of 24 February 1972, by which it decided to establish training and research institutions engaged in regional a working group to start preparing a new draft instru­ development. A number of comprehensive bibliog­ ment of international law to eliminate discrilnination raphies dealing with various aspects of regional de­ against women. At its fifty-fourth session, the Economic velopment have been issued, and links were estab­ and Social Council established the working group, lished with training and research institutions in regional whose report (E/CN.6/574) will be considered by development both within and outside the United Nations the Commission at its twenty-fifth session. system. The United Nations Centre at Nagoya, Japan, and the Institute of Development Studies, University Guidelines were prepared on the implementation of of Mysore, India, were both assisted in setting up the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination library and information systems. against Women and related international instruments A scheme for the preparation of teaching materials to assist Governments, specialized agencies and non­ was completed, and various centres and institutions governmental organizations in submitting information were contacted for the preparation of specific readers in accordance with a new four-year cycle of reporting for interregional as well as intraregional planners. A established in 1972. A report on the question of a beginning has also been made in the preparation of new instrument or instruments relating to the elimi­ case studies for teaching purposes. The study on the nation of discrimination against women, based on sug­ Human and Institutional Aspects of Regional Devel­ gestions received from Member States, was prepared opment and Planning56 has been submitted for pub­ for a 16-member working group of the Commission lication and a consultant has been engaged to prepare on the Status of Women, which is to meet in 1974. a reader on regional social policy, which will also be The General Assembly, at its twenty-seventh session, published. adopted resolution 3009 (XXVII) of 18 December The Commission for Social Development discussed 1972 relating to the employment of women in senior the Secretary-General's report on the third meeting of and other professional positions in the secretariats of the Ad Hoc Advisory Committee for Research and organizations in the United Nations system and, in Training in Regional Development (E/CN.5/488), resolution 3007 (XXVII) of 18 December 1972, which was held at Nagoya in December 1972 to review requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its the progress made and to recommend the future direc­ twenty-eighth session a study relating to the Staff Rules tion of activities. An interregional workshop was also held at Nagoya, in November 1972, for directors of 57 For the membership of the Commission, see Official centres engaged in research and training in regional Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Sup- plement No. 3 (A/9003), annex n. . 58 Official Records of the Economic and Social council, 51i United Nations publication, Sales No.: 56.IV.s. Fifty-second Session, Supplement No. 6 (E/5109 and Cord 58 To be issued as a United Nations publication. and Add.1). Chapter n_ EC(~~lOmic and .social activities al United Nations Headqllarters S~ and Regulations of the United Nations whose appli- organizations, including the International Committee cation might give rise to discrimination on grounds of of the Red Cross, and a report is being prepared for sex. submission to the Commission on the Status of Women dealing with steps taken to develop ways and means 3. Pl"Ogramme of concerted international action for of rendering all possible humanitarian support to the 11Ih'llncement of women women and children in emergencies and armed con­ I1ict.s., and with the condition of women and children The Commission on the Status of Women, under in such situations. resolutions 1 (XXIV) of 18 February 1972 and 14 (XXIV) of 1 March 1972. initiated studies on the status of women in rural areas. including agricultural workers, and on the influence of ItHl!'S media in creating F. Mobilization of natural resources a new image of w(Jmcn's role in present-day society. In accordance with the work programme approved by 1. Deve1o!)ment and utilization of nalural reSOurces the Commission, an interregional meeting of experts on Al its third session, held at from 6 to the integration of women in development took pl:lce at 17 February 1973., the Committee on Natural Re­ United Nations Headquarters from 19 to 28 June sourccsM made several recommendations on co-ordina­ 1972 and brought together experts on questions of tion of work in the natural resources field, projections development and on questions of the advancement of of natural resources reserves, the establishment of a women. The report of the mcetingl"ll will be considered United Na.tions Revolving Fund for natural resources by the Commission at its twenty-fifth ses.',ion. exploration, the holding of a water conference in 1977 Under the hU!l1an rights advisory services pro­ and permanent sovereignty over natural resources, and gramme, two sem1l1ars relating to the st.ltus of women also dealt with various technical questions and the were organized, and an increased Dumber of fellow­ relationship between natural reSOllfces development ships were awarded to women during the year under and the environment review. Details on the work of the Committee at its third st'Ssion will be found in its report to the Economic 4. \';'omen'il role. rights and responsibilities and Social Council,1I1 _ in tbe family During the period under review, about 100 large­ Within lhe framework of the human rights advisory scale projects were under execution in addition to service" programme, participants from 32 countries about 1~O individual experts serving in various coun­ have been invited to take part in an international tries. Deposits of minerals and encouraging geothermal seminar, to be held in Londun from 18 to 31 July fields were highlights of the discoveries made during 1973. to discuss the family in a changing society. The the year. report of the seminar will be submitted to the Com­ mIssion at its twentv-Iifth se~si()Jl. which will also have MiNERAL RESOURCES before it the (jest'of a series of comparative legal studies on the status of \VOmen in family law. This The Committee discussed projections of natural re­ study (E/CN.6/584) was completed in June 1973 sources reserves, supply and future demand. Under and deals with the legal capacity of married women. the programme of assistance, locations of porphyry and copper/molybdenum were found in Turkey, good p~sibilities of molybdenum, nickel, cobalt and gold 5. Status of women and population qneat.ionll were found in Egypt, nick.el and chrome were found At its twenty-fourth session, the Commission dis­ in Ethiopia, copper in Togo and diamond-bearingkim­ cussed the continuation of the study on the interrela­ bcr1ites In Lesotho. These were among the highlights tionship of the status of women and family plnuninig of the year from among the 42 large-scale projects and h~ld before it a progress report by the Special under execution. Benefits to be derived from mineral­ Rapporteur (E/CN.6/564). A seminar on this ques­ processing activities were demonstrated in the proj­ tion was held in Turkey from 11 to 24 July 1972, ect tJn off-shore exploration for tin and tin-dressing followed by regional seminars in the Dominican Re­ research in Indonesia. In institution-building, emphasis public and Indonesia in May and June 1973, respect­ was <:ontinued on the e.~tablishment of reliable labora­ Ively. Four in-depth national surveys were undertaken tory services, such as in Burma, Dahomey and Hon­ by nalional institutes in Egypt, India, Inclone.'\ia and duras. A fellowship programme continues to form a Nigeria. The findings of the seminars nnd surveys will part of all large-scale projects. be incorporated in Cl study, which will be submitted The Committee discussed the creation of a revolving to the Commission at it,> twenty-fifth session and will fund for natural resources exploration as a supple­ also be brought to the attention of the World Popu­ ment to the resources made available by UNDP for lation Conference (see section A.2 above). preinvesunent mineral surveys. Subsequently the Eco­ nomic and Social Council adopted resolution 1762 6. Protection of women and children in emergencies (UV) of 18 May 1973, in which it recommended that IInd armed conflicts the General Assembly, at its twenty-eighth session, take In accordance with Economic and Social Council the necessary steps for the establishment of the fund. resolution 1687 (LII) of 2 June 1972, consultations 00 For the membership of the Committee, see Official Records have been undertaken with Governments, United Na­ ell IIIe GfIlunl Assembly, Twenty-eiglzth Session, Supplement tions bodies, specialized agencies and non-governmental No. J (Al9003). annex n. . tU O{fidal Records oj the Economic and SOCial Council, 50 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.12. Fljty.fourtJi Session, Supplement No. 4 (EIS247). 60 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities In some cases, the discoveries made under the pro­ ENERGY gramme have progressed to the stage where investments At its third session, the Committee on Natural Re­ have followed as, for example, in the copper discoveries sources considered the report of .the Interregional this year in Panama. Seminar on Petroleum Refining in Developing Coun­ An interregional seminar on the application of ad­ tries, which was held at New Delhi from 22 January vanced mining technology was organized at Ottawa to 3 February 1973 (ST/TAO/SER.C/146). It called from 21 May to 3 June 1973, and the results of a for the establishment of a petroleum informat~on survey in this field were issued under the title Small­ bureau and for regional and snbregional co-operatIOn scale Mining in the Developing Countries. 62 to assure supplies of crude petroleum. Technical assistance in the field of energy was con­ WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT tinued in the form of 14 large-scale projects and about In 1ine with the objectives adopted by the Com­ 40 individual experts in different countries. Attention mittee on Natural Resources, increased emphasis was was given to projects in the field of petroleum ex~lo­ placed upon promoting the efficient and effective utili­ ration, legislation and agreements, training and dril1mg. zation of water resources through multipurpose com­ prehensive, integrated and interdisciplinary programmes The Committee also had before it a publication en­ and improved institutional and technological alterna­ titled Electricity Costs and Tariffs: A General Study66 tives to cope with water shortages. New concepts of which will serve as a practical guide from which effec­ comprehensive and conjunctive use in water resources tive electric tariffs may be formulated for use in devel­ utilization have been examined as in the national water oping countries. grid in India. Desalination continued ,to play a key The Committee discussed new technologies in energy. technological role in water-short countries, such as the Technical assistance was provided in the field of geo­ Bahamas, Israel and Kuwait. Groundwater investiga­ thermal energy and a seminar on its development and tions have been emphasized, as in Bolivia and India. use was held at Headquarters from 8 to 10 January Large-scale multipurpose projects have been promoted 1973. Production test drilling was started in Chile and in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Continued assist­ a production test drilling programme is expected to be ance was provided in water management, and there completed for Kenya. Both electric power generation were 36 such large-scale projects in operation. and non-power applications of geothermal resources An interregional seminar on current issues of water have been investigated in Turkey. resources administration was convened in New Delhi from 22 January to 2 February 1973. A publication The Committee on Natural Resources also consid­ entitled Abstraction ami Use of Water: A Comparison ered papers on world energy reserves, supply and de­ of Legal Regimes63 was issued. mand, and new technologies and energy (E/C.7/37, E/C.7/40 and Add.1). SURVEYING AND MAPPING 2. The sea An Ad Hoc Group of Experts on Cadastral Sur­ veying and Mapping was convened at Headquarters Marine activities have continued to grow both in from 9 to 20 October 1972 and considered problems diversity and complexity and, with them, the problems of cadastral surveying and mapping. Further details which face the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the on the work of the Group of Expel'ts will be found Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of in its report to the Seventh United Nations Regional National Jurisdiction in preparing for the Third United Cartographic Conference for Asia and the Far East Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea., and the (E/CONF.62/L.1), which will be considered by the Economic and Social Council in ensuring co-operation Economic and Social Council at its fifty-sixth session and co-ordination in marine affairs. For both there is in 1974. an extensive demand for comprehensive and up-ta-date The fifth session of the Ad Hoc Group of Experts information on scientific, technical and economic de­ on Geographical Names was held at Headquarters velopments. from 5 to 16 March 1973. The Group of Experts In accordance wth Economic and Social Council considered the results of the Second United Nations resolution 1537 (XLIX) of 27 " a back­ Conference on the Standardization of Geographical ground review of uses of the sea (E/5'120 and Corr.I) Names, held in London from 10 to 31 May 1972, and was circulated to Governments on 12 June 1972 with reviewed its own aim and functions. the r,equest that they submit their comments and pro­ Technical assistance in the form of six large-scale posals for strengthening international co-operation in UNDP projects and about 19 individual experts con­ marine affai~s. ~e subsequ~nt report of the Secretary­ tinued to be provided in the various fields of mapping General, whlCh will be conSidered by the Council at its and surveying. fifty-fifth session, presents the views of Governments The Committee on Natural Resources had before it on the issues raised in the earlier report and suggests at its third session volume XII of World Cartography.04 a future course of action with respect to a possible pro­ The second supplement to the International Map of gramme on the uses of the sea. the World on the Millionth Scale: Report for 1969,65 At its first session, the Committee on Science and covering the period from 1 to 31 Jan­ Technology for Development considered a note on one uary 1972, has been prepared. particular aspect of ma~ine co-o1?eration, namely, 62 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.ILA.4. coastal zone development m developmg countries (E/ 63 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.I1.A.I0. C.8/12). Owing to lack of time, however, the sugges- 04 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.I.9. 65 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E/F.70.I.19. 66Unitcd Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.II.A.5. Chapter II. Economic and social activities at United Nations Headquarters 61 tions made in that paper and the above follow-up to 6 December 1972. It considered and approved the action undertaken pursuant to Economic and Social reports of the Group of Experts on Explosives (El Council resolution 1537 (XLIX) will be brought to CN.2/CONF.5j47 and Add.I) and the Group of the attention of the Council at its fifty~fifth session. Rapporteurs on the Packing of Dangerous Goods (El CN.2/CONF.5j48 and Add.I) , which each met twice Two studies (A/AC.l38/87) were prepared by the in 1972. The Committee reviewed the entire classifi­ Department of Economic and Social Affairs for con­ cation of explosives and adopted the proposals sub­ sideration by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of mitted by the Group of Rapporteurs on the Packing the Sea-Bed and the Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of Dangerous Goods with regard to test requirements of National Jurisdiction at its second session this year. for packagings and the grouping of substances by de­ They dealt with the extent and economic significance grees of danger, and recommended more detailed pro­ of marine resources both for the international and visions with respect to packaging and conditions of national area in terms of the various proposals Gov­ transport of organic peroxides. It also adopted a new ernments have made on the limits of national jurisdic­ label for substances of Iow toxicity and decided that tion, in accordance with General Assembly resolutions the work of the Group of Rapporteurs on intermodal 3029 Band C (XXVII) of 18 December 1972. These tank containers should be pursued. An ilLustrated glos­ two major reports were supplemented by a third paper sary of packagings for the transport of dangerous goods summarizing recent developments in marine mineral was finalized and adopted. exploitation and related technology (A/AC.138/89). Further details on the work of the Committee at its In addition to the above studies, work of the Sec­ seventh session will be found in its report to the Eco­ retariat was concerned with the Joint Group of Experts nomic and Social Council (EjCN.2jCONF.5/49 and on Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution and the Add.l). Global Investigation of Pollution in the Marine En­ vironment. TOURIS~ At its fifty-fourth session, the Economic and Social G. Transport and tourism Council considered, inter alia, reports dealing with work done in the field of tourism within the United Nations system (E/5148) and with co-operation and TRANSPORT DEVELOP~ENT relationships between the United Nations and the At its fifty-second session, the Economic and Social future World Tourism Organization (E/5167). The Council took note of the suggestion by the Secretary­ Council also received oral reports on the outcome of General that, in view of the current financial situation, the ad hoc interagency meeting on tourism, held at the activities proposed earlier for a United Nations Headquarters from 26 to 27 April 1973, and adopted transport economics and technology centre could be resolution 1758 (UV) of 16 May 1973, in which the undertaken in a modest way within the existing organ­ Secr.etary-General was requested to invite the Interna­ izational framework. tional Union of Official Travel Organizations, in co­ operation with UNCTAD, to prepare a study on the • At its fifty-fourth session, the Economic and Social impact of international tourism on the economic devel­ Council had before it the report of the Secretary-Gen­ opment of developing countries for submission to the eral (E/5250) on the United Nations/IMCO Confer­ General Assembly at its twenty-ninth session. He was ence on International Container Traffic, convened at also requested to submit, at the same session, a progress Geneva from 13 November to 2 Deoember 1972. The report on the statutes of the World Tourism Organ­ Conference prepared for signature the International ization. Convention for Safe Containers and the Customs Con­ venDion on Containers, 1972. The Final Act of the Technical assistance was provided by some 13 ex­ Conference (E/CONF.59/44) contained eight resolu­ perts to var.ious countries. In addition" assistance was tions. In connexion with three of them, the Economic provided in physical planning for tourism development and Social Council adopted resolution 1734 (LIV) on to Yugoslavia and, in .the context of regional or urban 10 January 1973 and resolutions 1742 (LIV) and planning, to the Eastern Caribbean region and the fol­ 1743 (LIV) on 4 May 1973. lowing countries and territories: Bahamas, British Vir­ gin Islands, Haiti, Kenya, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, During the year under review, the following studies Philippines, Republic of Kor,ea, Singapore and Uganda. were prepared: Physical Requirements of Transport Systems in respect of Large Freight Corvtainers;67 Eco­ nomics and Techniques of Low-cost Roads in Devel­ H. Housing, building and planning oping Countries;6S and Air-cushion Vehicles for USe in os Developing Countries. ACTIVITIES OF THE CENTRE FOR HOUSING, Operational activities included nine large-scale pro­ BUILDING AND PLANNING jects, about 70 individual experts and 65 fellowships in the var10us fields of transport. The major activities of the Centre for Housing, Building and Planning of the Department of Economic TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS and Social Affairs concerned technical co-operation and the implementation of an integrated work pro­ The Committee of Experts on the Transport of gramme as approved by the Committee on Housing, Dangerous Goods, which is serviced by the secretariat Building and Planning.oo The Centre continued the of ECE, held its seventh session from 27 November 09 For the membership of the Committee, see Official 07 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.VIII.1. Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Sup­ 68 To be issued as a United Nations publication. plement No. 3 (A/9003) I annex II. 62 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities collection, evaluation, exchange and dissemination of the Committee on Housing, Building and Planning at information on problems and trends in human settle­ its eighth session, to be held in October 1973.71 A ments around the world and maintained consultation report on the implementation of Assembly resolution and Hadson activities with other units of the United 2718 (XXV) of 15 December 1970 has also been Nations, institutions, organizations and the professional submitted for the Committee's consideration. community. A Spanish edition of the quarterly bulletin entitled Human Settlements has been instituted and published The Centre participated in meetings of the Inter­ th~ough Agency Committee on Housing Programming in Latin the courtesy of the Government of Spain. America and evaluated the experience with the multi­ TECHNICAL CO-OPERATION ACTIVITIES national rural housing demonstration projects in Co­ lombia, Ecuador, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela. Integrated physical planning studies at the national The Centre also participated in the ECAFE regional and regional policy levels leading to multisector rec­ seminar on the financing of h011sing and community ommendations comprise two thirds of the technical facilities, held in Denmark in 1972. Missions were co-operation projects in this sector and also extend undertaken to El Salvador, Honduras and Uruguay to to tourism, disaster assistance and "sites and services" advise government planning offices on housing policy for housing low-income population. and programming. From to January 1973" the Govern­ ing Council of UNDP approved 58 country pro­ The Centre prepared contributions to special papers grammes for the period 1972-1976; these included 30 for the Advisory Committee on the Application of 7o small-scale and 34 large-scale projects in the housing, Science and Technology to Deve1opment. These in­ building and planning field, involving a total UNDP cluded a study on appropriate technologies m con­ contribution of about $14 million. During 1972 and struction and a pre-proposal to UNDP for a global 1973, the Centre was responsible for the substantive research project on low-cost, labour-intensive housing support of 79 small-scale and 17 large-scale projects construction for developing countries. The Centre par­ being implemented in 62 countries and terIlitories. ticipated in the third regional meeting on co-ordination Approximately 276 experts and associate experts were of building research in developing countries held for in the field. In addition to fellowships for participation Latin America in 1972. in seminars organized by the Centre, 82 fellowships Work continued, pursuant to Economic and Social for study abroad were awarded to nationals of 33 Council resolution 1224 (XLII), of 6 June 1967, on countries. The three dnterregional advisers (in housing improvement of slums and squatter settlements directed policy, housing finance and physical planning) under­ to the needs of developing countries. A multinational took missions to 17 countries. programme for· assistance in developing pilot efforts During the period under review" the following pub­ in this area is under way in the ECAFE region. The lications were issued: Prefabrication of Wooden Doors Centre also continued its co-operation with UNICEF and Windows;72 The Use of Bamboo and Reeds in in the development of measures for children, women Building Construction;73 Use of Precast Components and youth in slums and squatter settlements, including in Masonry Building Construction;74 "Report of the practical pilot programmes. Projects are now under seminar on the use of wood in housing" (ST/TAG/ way in Colombia, Egypt and India. Aninterregional SER.C/137); "Report of the seminar on prefabrication seminar on new towns, organized by the United Nations of houses for Latin America" (ST/TAO/SER.C/141); with the co-operation ofthe Government of the United Report of the Interregional Seminar on the Financing of Kingdom, was convened from 4 to 19 June 1973. Housing and Urban Development;75 Proposals for Ac­ tion on Finance for Housing, Building and Planning;76 The Centre participated, together with the UNEP Social Indicators for Housing and Urban Develop­ secretariat and the Government of Canada, in prepara­ ment;77 and six volumes of the study on Urban Land tions for the United Nations Conference-Exposition on Policies and Land-Use Control Measures: Vol. I­ Human Settlements, to be held in Canada in accordance Africa;78 Vol. II-Asia and the Far East;79 Vol. III­ with General Assemb1y resolution 3001 (XXVII) of Western Europe;80 Vol. IV-Latin America;81 Vol. V 15 December 1972. The Centre also co-operated with -Middle East;82 Vol. VI-Northern America.83 IBRD in the implementation of General Assembly res­ olution 2998 (XXVII) of 15 December 1972, con­ cerning multilateral financing of housing and human 1. Relations with non-governmental settlements. Initial steps were taken under General organizations Assembly resolution 2999 (XXVII) of 15 December As at 15 June 1973, there were 589 non-govern­ 1972, concerning the establishment of an international mental organizations in consultative relationship with fund or financial institution for human settlements. Finally, preparations were completed for the publica­ 71 For the report of the Committee on its seventh session, tion, in an integrated version, of the background papers see Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty. second Session, Supplement No. 4 (E/5086). related to the environment of human settlements, which 72 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.IV.6. was one of the agenda items of the United Nations 73 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.IV.3. Conference on the Human Environment held in 1972. 74 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.IV.4. 75 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.72.IV.5. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 2598 7B United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.4. (XXIV) of 16 , the first draft of the 77 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.13. Hou~ing 78United Nations pUblication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.5. World Survey was completed for review by 79 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.6. 80 United Nations publication, Sale8 No.: E.73.IV.7. 70 See the tenth report of the Advisory Committee (Official 81 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.8. Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty-fifth Ses­ 82 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.9. sion, Supplement No. 6 (E/5288»). 83 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.IV.lO. Chapter II. Economic and social activities at United Nations Headquarters 63 the Economic and Social Council. Of these, 19 are in and 1651 (Ll) of 29 concerning the category I and 181 are in category n. Sixty-eight contribution of non-governmental organizations towards organizations are on the Roster by action of the the International Development Strategy for the Second Council, 20 remain on the Roster by action of the United Nations Development Decade and on the im­ Secretary-General and an additional 30 are on the plementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Roster by virtue of their status with the specialized Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples by agencies or other United Nations bodies. the specialized agencies and the international institu­ tions associated with the United Nations. In accordance with the criteria set forth in Eco­ nomic and Social Council resolution 1296 (XLIV) of Further details on the work of the Council Com­ 23 May 1968, the Council Committee on Non-Gov­ mittee ·on Non-Governmental Organizations will be ermnental Organizations, during its session held from found in its report to the Economic and Social Council 5 to 9 February 1973, completed its consideration of at its fifty-fourth session (E(5257). applications and reapplications and requests for re­ classification from non-governmental organizations for Under Council resolution 334 B (XI) of 20 July consultative status, as well as other items referred to it 1950, the Secretariat continues to co-operate with the by the Council at its fifty-second session relating to the Union of International Associations in the prepara­ action to be taken on the measures adopted to imple­ tion of the annual edition of the Yearbook of lnterna-. ment Council resolution 15'80 (L) of 20 May 1971 tional Organizations. CHAPTER III

Regional economic commissions and United Nations Economic and Social Office at Beirut

During the period under review, the four regional ment. The Senior Economic Advisers to ECE Govern­ economic commissions held their regular sessions to ments considered the social aspects of development review achievements and adopt policies and pro­ plans and objectives and long-term trends in industrial grammes for the future. The main attention of the structures. The Senior Advisers to ECE Governments commissions and the United Nations Economic and on Environmental Problems also reviewed the progress Social Office at Beirut was focused on the regional made by ECE Governments in dealing with environ­ aspects of such global problems as the implementation mental problems. of the International Development Strategy, the World Plan of Action for the Application of Science and The secretariat of ECE prepared the Economic Tec~nology to Development, follow-up of the United Survey of Europe in 1972 and the Economic Bulletin NatlOns Conference on the Human Environment and for Europe, and completed work on long-term trends preparations for the 1974 World Population C~nfer­ and structural problems of the European economy, on ence and for the trade and monetary negotiations pur­ production and consumption of selected industrial mate­ suant to the third session of UNCTAD. The Com­ ~ials with projections for the next 20 years, on changes missions and the United Nations Economic and Social ID the organization of foreign trade in centrally-planned Office at Beirut continued to make progress in strength­ economies, and on macro-economic aspects of indus­ ening regional and subregional co-operation through trial co-operation. the expansion of regional institutional framework and With the help of a grant from the United Nations economic and social infrastructures. Fund for Population Activities, two studies entitled "P~st-war demographic trends in Europe and outlook ?ntII the year 2000" and "Fertility and family planning A. Economic Commission for Europe ID Europe around 1970: a comparative study of tv.:el~e national surveys" are being prepared for sub­ At its twenty-eighth session, held at Geneva from mISSIOn to the 1974 World Population Conference. 7 to 18 May 1973, the Economic Commission for Europe adopted resolutions on the work of the Com­ During the period under review, the following other mission as a whole and implementation of priorities, on principal subsidiary bodies of the Commission continued co-operation in the examination of long-term economic their work: the Committee on Agricultural Problems, trends and problems and in long-term planning and the Chemical Industry Committee, the Coal Committee, programming, and on science and technology. Other th.e Conference of European Statisticians" the Com­ decisions of the Commission related to the following lUlttee on Electric Power, the Committee on Gas, the subjects: symposium on the planning and development Committee on Housing, Building and Planning, the Inland Transport Committee the Steel Committee the of the tourist industry in the ECE region, scientific Co~ittee and technological co-operation, recurrent publications, Timber Committee, the on the Develop:Uent European convention on commercial arbitration, de~ of Trade and the Committee on Water Problems. De­ velopment of trade, industrial co-operation, standard­ tails on the work of those bodies will be found in the annual report of ECE to the Economic and Social ization, automation, engineering industries and appli­ 1 cation of modern mathematical-economic methods and Council. computer techniques to economic research. The Com­ mission also approved its programme of work for 1973/1974 and endorsed its long-term programme of B. Economic Commission for Asia and the work for 1973-1978. Far East Details on the twenty-eighth session will be found in the annual report of ECE to the Economic and Social The Economic Commission for Asia and the Far Council,l East held its twenty-ninth session at Tokyo from 11 Ap~il19.73. ~e The Senior Advisers to ECE Governments on to 23 Commission adopted a number Science and Technology reviewed the current work of of resolutlOns, mcludmg those on the impending retire­ ment of U Nyun, Executive Secretary of ECAFE the EeE in this field and decided on preparations for a ~sian Stati~tical second seminar on technological forecasting and assess- envi.ronme?t, the Highway, the Asian InstItute, mtegratlOn of women in the development 1 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty­ process, agriculture, rationalization of the conference fifth Session. Supplement No. 10 (E/5276). structure of ECAFE, and the use of Chinese as one of 64 Chapter Ill. Regional economic commissions and United Nations Economic and Social Office at Beirut 65 the working languages of the Commission; approved ume IX of the Statistical Bulletin for Latin America.6 the programme of work and priorities for 1973/1974; A number of studies were also prepared; they related, and took note of -long-term planning proposals. The inter alia, to the ECLA population programme, to Commission recommended to the Economic and Social industrial development, to trade in milk and milk pro- Council the inclusion of the Trust Territory of the ducts and beans in the countries of the Latin American Pacific Islands and the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Free Trade Association, to the petroleum industry in Colony within the geographical scope of ECAFE and Latin America, to the Seminar on the Generalized their admission as associate members. The offer made System of Preferences and to the economic and social by the Government of Sri Lanka to be host to the 1974 classification of Latin American countries. The Com- session of the Commission at Colombo was accepted mission's secretariat continued its collaboration with and note was taken of the offer made by the Govern- the Special Committee on Latin American Co-ordina- ment of India to be host to the 1975 session. tion. It also organized or participated in meetings and Details on the twenty-ninth session will be found in courses, such as two important statistical meetings; a the report of ECAFE to the Economic and Social meeting of Experts on the Administration of Public CounciJ.2 Enterprises, held at Santiago from 27 to 29 Novem- During the twenty-ninth session, the Commission ber 1972; and the third mwtinational course in export discussed major issues relating to the economic and development. social development in the region, on the basis of the The Mexico Office devoted most of its time to the Economic Survey for Asia and the Far East, 1972,3 analysis of the economic development of the Central prepared by its secretariat. The Asian Plan of Action American countries, Panama and Mexico. The Office for the application of science and technology to devel- for the Caribbean continued to analyse the economic opment was finalized and the Asian industrial survey, and social problems associated with development in which had been launched in October 1971, will be the subregion. The Washington Office completed two completed shortly. studies, one on direct foreign investment in Latin Regional co-operation continued in a number of America and the other on the indirect effects of for~ fields. The agreements on the Asian Clearing Union eign affiliate production in Latin America on the balance and on the Asian Rice Trade Fund were each signed of payments. The Rio de Janeiro Office continued to by two countries during the twenty-ninth session. collaborate with Brazilian government officials in re- Progress was also made in the establishment of the search and advisory assistance activities. The Bogota Asian Centre for Development Administration at Office analysed economic trends and development pro- Kuala Lumpur, and the Commission elected the Cen- grammes and policies in Colombia, Ecuador and Vene- tre's Governing Council. zuela. The Montevideo Office continued to co-operate Progress continued to be made in the implementa- with the Latin American Free Trade Association. tion of a number of projects, including the development The following subsidiary bodies of ECLA met in of natural resources and the Asian Highway project; 1972: Working Group on Water Resources in Guate- and several activities of the Mekong Project were suc- mala; Working Group on Water Resources in Panama; cessfully completed. Working Group on Water Resources in Nicaragua; In addition, the Third Asian International Trade Fair and Regional Committee on Electrical Standards. In and the fifth session of the Typhoon Committee were addition, the various units of the secretariat furnished held during the period under review. The Second technical assistance to virtually all countries of the Asian Population Conference resulted in recommenda- region. tions and a Declaration of Population Strategy for In accordance with the rules of procedure of the Development. Commission, the Executive Secretary of ECLA decided Details on the work of the Commission will be found to convene a session of the Committee of the Whole in the annual report of ECAFE to the Economic and to consider what technical and financial international Social CounciJ.2 co-operation might be obtained for Nicaragua, which was in need of medium- and long-term emergency aid, c. Economic Commission for Latin America as a result of the earthquake that had occurred on 23 December 1972, causing heavy loss of life and The Economic Commission for Latin America held virtually destroying the capital city of Managua. its fifteenth session at Quito from 23 to 30 March 1973. The seventh extraordinary session was held at The proceedings were dominated by the appraisal of United Nations Headquarters from 16 to 18 January the International Development Strategy for the Second 1973. At the last meeting of the session, the Com­ United Nations Development Decade, which led to mittee adopted three resolutions. Details on the ses­ the approval of a resolution containing the Quito sion will be found in the report of ECLA to the Eco­ Appraisal. Other resolutions were also adopted on nomic and Social Council.7 several topics of special importance to the economic and social development of the countries in the region. Details on the fifteenth session will be found in the D. Economic Commission for Africa report of ECLA to the Economic and Social Counci1.4 During 1972, the Commission's secretariat prepared The second meeting of the Conference of Ministers the Economic Survey of Latin America, 19715 and vol- which was also the eleventh regular session of the Commission, held at Accra from 19 to 23 February 2 Ibid., Supplement No. 9 (E/5277). 1973, stressed the need for African countries to give 3 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.II.F.1. 4 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty­ 6 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E/S.n.lI.G.S. fifth Session, Supplement No. 8 (E/5275). 7 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Fifty-· 5 United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.II.G.1. fifth Session, Supplement No. 8A (E/5239 and Corr.t). 66 Part Three. Economic, social and hunu:mitarian activities particular emphasis to self-reliant activities and adopted ance in demographic training continued to be provided the Commission's work programme for 1974-1979 and to national and multinational training and research resolutions on various topics, including trade; science institutes. In addition, technical advisory services were and technology; African participation in negotiations given to countries participating in the African Census in trade, finance and monetary matters; co-operation Programme. with international organizations; conference of African Ministers of Trade, Development and Finance; African In science and technology, the draft African Plan for Institute for Economic Development and Planning; the World Plan of Action was circulated to all member drought in the Sudano-Sahelian Zone; intra-Mrican eco­ States, and the seventh meeting of the African Regional nomic co-operation; Association of African Trade Pro­ Group approved it. motion Organizations; and the establishment of United Nations Multi-national Inter-disciplinary Development Advisory Teams. E. United Nations Economic and Social Office Details on the meeting will be found in the report of at Beirut ECA to the Economic and Social Council. 8 During the period under review, the Commission During the period under review, the Office con­ continued to provide to the African Governments tinued to follow economic developments in the region. technical advisory services and various training courses. Analytical studies of the three most recent development plans of Iraq, Lebanon and Saudi Arabia were pre­ A major study on intra-African economic co­ pared. In 1972, the annual Planners' Meeting was operation and Africa's relations with the European devoted to consideration of 'the question of "Financing Community was prepared. The progress made in the of Economic Development in Relation to Overall De­ establishment of the Multi-national Inter-disciplinary velopment Efforts". The 1973 issue of Studies on Teams gave added weight to multinational economic Development Problems in Selected Countries in. the co-operation. Middle East contains papers on various aspects of de­ The Africa Trade Centre undertook market research velopment financing in the region." studies in respect of selected products in specified In the field of agricultural development, activities markets and the Centre maintained very close col­ were concentrated on the analysis of key agricultural }aboration with the UNCTAD/GATT International problems in order to suggest appropriate policy meas­ Trade Centre. Efforts were continued also in assisting ures. African countries in harmonizing their positions on relevant financial and monetary issues at various inter­ In the field of industrial development, assistance and national forums. In industrial development, operational advisory services were provided in the manufacturing guidelines for the development of investment promotion sectors in relation to targets for the Second United institutions were formulated. The progress made to­ Nations Development Decade, promotion of exports wards the est,ablishment of an ECA/UNIDO Joint of manufactured and semi-manufactured products and Industry Division augurs well for the future of indus­ identification of specific industrial investment opportun­ trialization efforts in the region. Following the creation ities. of a Human Environment Unit within BCA, efforts to collect data needed in analysing environmental problems In the field of trade, work was primarily directed continued. The Regional Centre for Training in Aerial towards problems of market access for products of Surveys was 'OfficiaUy opened at TIe-lie, Nigeria, on export interest to the region. The first of a series of 21 October 1972. The secretarIat in October/November regional seminars on the generalized system of prefer­ 1972 convened a meeting on the implementation and ences was held. In addition, the Office participated in financing of the Pan-African Telecommunications Net­ a joint country mission to Syria with the aim of assisting work. It further continued to follow up vigorously the in identifying new export opportunities resulting from implementation of the proposed Lagos-Mombasa Trans­ the introduction of the generalized system of prefer­ African Highway. In agriculture, increased attention ences. continued to be given to key projects, including the In preparation for the first biennial review and ap­ West African Rice Development Project. In statistics, praisal of progress towards achievement of the targets activities continued to be directed at assisting the de­ and objectives of the Second United Nations Develop­ velopment of national statistical services and establishing ment Decade, three major reviews were prepared. In a centralized statistical and economic information serv­ the field of human resources, efforts were directed ice at regional level. chiefly to assisting Governments in integrating the inter~ economic and social aspects of the planning process, The Voluntary Agencies' Bureau assisted the dealing with the problems of marginal population groups national voluntary agencies in pre-investment studies of within urban agglomerations. selected projects. Forty country studies were completed on pre-vocational and vocational training for girls and In addition, the Office prepared a "Regional Plan women and a five-year (1972-1976) training pro­ of Action for the Application of Science and Technol­ gramme was drawn up. The secretariat continued to ogy to Development". direct efforts towards assisting member States in re­ orienting their educational and training systems to meet During 1972, three meetings were organized by the the urgent manpower needs for development. Steps Office: a meeting on the status of women in relation continued to be taken to enlarge the pool of scholar­ to family planning, in July; a meeting of a group of ships of the Association of African Universities. Assist- experts on the application of science and technology to development, in October; and a regional workshop 8 Ibid., Supplement No. 3 (E/5253). in social development, in December. Chapter W. Regional economic commissions and United Nations Ecorwmic and Social Office at Beirut 67 In the population field, the Office continued to assist Beirut were published in July 1972 and January 1973, Governments and regional institutions in the formula- respectively. The Office was able to meet an increasing tion of their plans and programmes, to promote demo- number of government requests for advisory services graphic knowledge through mass media, and to provide in the field of population. An Expert Group Meeting technical advisory services to Governments and sub- on Mortality was held at Beirut fr·om 4 to 8 December stantive support to United Nations technical co~ 1972 and the second session of the Preparatory Com- operation programmes carried out in the region in the mittee for the First Regional Population Conference field of population. Several studies were prepared and was also convened by the United Nations Economic the third and fourth issues of the Population Bulletin and Social Office at Beirut from 29 November to of the United Nations Economic and Social Office at 1 December 1972. CHAPTER IV

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

During the period under review, .the main efforts of by the Secretary~General of UNCTAD (TD/B/412 • the Trade and Development Board1 and its subsidiary and TD/B/427 and Add.1-3). In this resolution the and ad hoc bodies were directed towards implementing Board, inter alia, took note of the association of the the resolutions adopted at the third session of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD with the Ad Hoc Com­ United Nations Conferenoe on Trade and Development mittee of the Board of Governors of the International in April and May 1972.2 Monetary Fund on Reform of the International Mone­ tary System and Related Issues" as well as his associ­ The discussion at the first and second parts of the ation with the work proceeding in GATT; it decided twelfth session of the Board (3-25 October 1972 and to consider this matter at its thirteenth session on' the 7-11 May 1973) was dominated by three closely re­ basis of a comprehensive report by the Secretary­ lated issues-the forthcoming multilateral trade nego­ General of UNCTAD and to hold a special session, tiations to be held under the auspices of GATT; the before or after its thirteenth session, to discuss this question ·of access to markets for primary commodi­ subject further. ties, pricing policies and intergovernmental poHcies on commodities; and the interdependence of trade, devel­ The first attempt within a United Nations body at a opment finance and the international monetary situa­ sectoral review and appraisal exercise on the imple· tion and the role that UNCTAD could play in ,this mentation of the International Development Strategy field. for the Second United Nations Development Decade was made by the Trade and Development Board at The Secretary-General of UNCTAD reported to the its fifth special sess'ion (24 April-9 May 1973) on Trade and Development Board (see TD/B/415 and the basis of documentation prepared by the UNCTAD Add.1) on steps being taken to assist developing coun­ secretariat (TDjB/429/Rev.1). After extensive dis-' tries in their preparations for the multilateral trade cussions on the economic situation and the develop· negotiations, including preparations for a UNDP inter­ ments which had taken place since the adoption of the regional project. In agreed conclusion 92 (XII) of 23 ~trategy, the Board adopted resolution 94 (S~V) of October 1972,3 the Board recognized that one of the 4 May 1973 (TDjB/440, annex 1).,4 to which were an­ fundamental aims of these negotiations should be the nexed the differing views of the developing countries, expansion and diversification of exports of developing the developed market economy countries and the so· c{)untries in accordance with their trade and develop­ cialist countries of Eastern Europe on ,the efforts made. ment needs. In the area of access to markets for pri­ to implement the Strategy. marycommodities, pricing policies and intergovern­ mental consultations on commodities, the Board The discussion in the Trade and Development Board adopted agreed conclusion 90 (XII) of 23 October and its action on other matters arising from the resolu· 1972,8 in which it reiterated that the work should be tions and recommendations of the third session of the pursued vigorously in UNCTAD and not be delayed in Conference wm be found in the Board's reports to the any way by the multilateral trade negotiations. General Assembly at its twenty-seventh sessionll and twenty-eighth session. After a discussion which spanned the first and sec­ ° ond parts of its twelfth session, the Board adopted The Committee on Commodities, at its seventh (spe-! resolution 95 (XII) of 10 May 1973 entitled "Inter­ cial) session (27 February-ID March 1973 )" concen· i dependence of problems of trade, development finance trated its efforts on the task of organizing intensive ~ and the international monetary system" (TDjB/441, intergovernmental consultations on agreed commodi· ~ annex I),4 on which subject it had received two reports ties in accordance with Conference resolution 83 (nIl! of 20 May 19727 and agreed conclusion 90 (XII) of 1 For the membership of the I1oard, see Proceedings of the 23 October 1972. In resolution 7 (VII) of 10 March, United Nations Conjerence on Trade and Development, Third Session, val. I, Report and Annexes (Unite~, Nations p'u?lic~. 1973 (see TD/B/432,8 annex I), the Committee de-I tion, Sales No.: E.73.ILDA), annex LA, Other decIsions. 2 See Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on 5 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seven'!1 Trade and Development, Third Session, vol. I, Report and Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/87l5/Rev.l and Rev.lICorr,I), Annexes (United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.II.DA), O/bid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/9015! annex LA. Rev.I). B See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty­ 7 See Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on seventh Session, Supplemellt No. 15 (A/8715/Rev.l and Trade and Development, Third Session, vo], I, Report and Rev.lICorr.l), part one, annex I. Annexes (United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.II,DA)'f 4 For the printed text, see Official Records of the General annex LA. Assembly, Twenty.eighth Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/90I5/ B For the printed text. see Official Records of the Trade Rev'!). Development Board, Thirteenth Session, Supplement No. 2. 68 Chapter IV. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 69 cided on the modalities, procedures and general terms development, the Board requested the Secretary-Gen­ of reference of these intensive consultations. The Sec­ eral of UNCTAD to examine, with the assistance of a retary-General of UNCTAD was requested to deter­ group of governmental experts., the concepts of the mine the commodities which would be subject to these present aid and flow targets in order to prepare for a consultations on the basis of lists submitted by regional discuss~on thereon in the mid-term review of the im­ groups after consultations and by agreement with inter­ plementation of the International Development Strat­ ested Governments. egy. The Group will be convened from 26 to 29 June After efforts extending over 16 years, the text of an 1973; the Secretary-General of UNCfAD will, as re­ International Cocoa Agreement (see TD/COCOA.3/ quested, report on the subject to the Committee on 0 9 ) was adopted by the United Nations Cocoa Con­ Invisibles and Financing related to Trade in . ference on 21 October 1972. Forty-one Governments and the European Economic Community have signed In the field of shipping, the Economic and Social the Agreement. On the assumption that the Agreement Council, by resolution 1734 (LIV) of 10 January will enter into force definitively or provisionally on 1973, concurred with the recommendation of the 30 June 1973 under the terms of paragraphs (1) or (2) United Nations/IMCO Conference on International of article 67 of the Agreement, attention is now being Container Traffic (13 November-2 December 1972) given to matters which will facilitate the work of the that UNCTAD should carry out further studies on the first session of .the International Cocoa Council and problems of the international combined transport of the operation of the Agreement. goods and requested the Trade and Development Board to establish an intergovernmental preparatory During the period under review, it was decided to group to draw up a preliminary draft of a convention extend the current International Olive Oil Agreement, on the subject for eventual submission to a plenipo­ due to expire in December 1973, for a further period tentiaryconfer,ence. of five years and a first session of .the United Nations Sugar Conference was held for the purpose of renego­ Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 3035 tiating the International Sugar Agreement of 1968. (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, the Secretary-Gen­ eral of UNClAD appointed a 48-member Prepara­ In the field of manufactures the first annual Ieview tory Committee to draw up the draft of a convention under Conference resolution 77 (Ill) of 19 May 19727 or any other multilateral legally-binding instrument on of the operations and effects of the generalized system a code of conduct for lin~r conferences for submission of preferences on the trade of developing countries was to a plenipotentiary conference SCheduled for Novem­ undertaken by the Special Committee on Preferenc.es ber/December 1973. The Committeehc.1q its first ses­ at its fifth session (3-13 April 1973). The CommIt­ sion from 8 to 26 January 1973. tee's resolution 1 (V) of 13 April 1973 (see TD/B/ 442), together with relevant statements, assesses the In the field of transfer of technology, the UNCTkU present situation and provides for further action to Intergovernmental Group on the Transfer of Technot­ achieve the objectives of the generalized system of ogy at its second session" held from 29 January to 9 pref.erences. February 1973 adopted resolution 1 (II) of 9 Febru­ ary 1973 (ID/B/424, annex 1), which emphasi~d A major study entitled "International trade in cotton the speedy implementation of Conference resolutlOn textiles and the developing countries: problems and 39 (Ill) of 16 May 1972. It also invited the Secre­ prospects", covering trade and production trends, de­ tary-General of UNCTAD to prepare studies on the mand and competition from synthetics, tariff protec­ possibility of international or region.al arrange!Uents tion and the generalized system of preferences scheme, for improving access of the developmg countnes to has been prepared (TD/B/C.2/117). The study is of technology and on the conceptual framework of the particular relevance to developing countries in the nature extent and consequences of technological de­ forthcoming renegotiation of the Long-term Arrange­ pende~ce of the dev~loping countries. It also requested ment regarding International Trade in Cotton Textilis him to bring to the att.ention of th,e Trade a~d Devel­ and the multilateral trade negotiations in GATT. opment Board at its thIrteenth seSSIOn the des~e of the An expert group was convened under. Co~erence developing countries that the Bo~rd ,ex~nl1ne ~s a resolution 73 (Ill) of 19 May 197210 to Identify and specific item the question of prepanng an mternatlonal . study, to the extent poss,ible, restrictive busin:ess prac­ code of conduct in the field of transfer of technology. tices including, among others, those resultmg from multinational enterprises. This subject is now a major Activities ,in the following areas were initiated or issue of discussion within UNCTAD bodies, especially continued: preparation by a working group established in the context of .the liberalization of trade in manu­ under Conference resolution 45 (Ill) of 18 May factures and semi-manufactures of developing coun­ 197210 of a draft charter of the economic rights and tries. The Group's report is to be considered by 'the duties of States; trade relations. among countrie,s hav­ Committee on Manufactures in August 1973. ing different economic and SOCIal systems; reVIew of the tungsten market and its implicatio~s for furth~r In resolution 91 (XII) of 20 October 197211 on intergovernmental att~ntion~ trade ~xpansIOn, ,economIC the question of the flow of financial resources for co-operation and reglOnal mtegratlOn among devel?p­ ing countries; insurance; lea~t devel~ped countnes, I) United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.II.D.9. . land-locked developing countrIes a~d Isla~d. ~evelop­ 10 See Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Third Session, vat. I, Report and ing countries' technical co-operatIon actIVItIes; and Annexes (United Nations publication, Sales No.: E.73.I1,D.4), UNCTAD/GATT International.Trade Centre. Details annex I.A. of these activities will be found m the relevant reports 11 See Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty­ seventh Session, Supplement No. 15 (A/8715/Rev.l and Rev.!/ of the UNCTAD intergovernmental machinery as well Corr.l ). part one, annex I. as in UNCTAD secretariat studies. 70 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities The General Assembly adopted" at its twenty-seventh among the developing countr.ies", "Charter of the eco­ session, a number of resolutions of direct concern to nomic rigbts and duties of States", "Dissemination of UNCTAD: resolutions 2904 A and B (XXVII) of informatiol and mobilization of public opinion regard­ 26 September 1972 relating to amendments to Gen­ ing problems of trade and development", "External. eral Assembly resolution 1995 (XIX) and the revision debt servcing by the developing countnies"" "Multi­ of the lists of States eligible for membership .in the lateral trade negotiations" and "Report of the United Trade and Development Board; resolution 3002 Nations Conference on Trade and Development on its (XXVII) of 15 December 1972 relating to develop­ third session".12 ment and environment; and resolutions 3035 (XXVII) to 3041 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972 entitled, re­ 12 For o:her relevant documents, see Official Records of spectively, "Code of conduct for liner conferences", the GeneI'll Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, "Special measures in favour of the least developed agenda iten 43. CHAPTER V

United Nations Industrial Development Organization

A. Significant developments countries, which amounts to a ratio of 11.5 per cent. During the past five years" the ratio of UNIDO's pro­ jects financed by UNDP was only of the order of 5 to During the period under review, three significant 6 per cent. The doubling of this ratio is a clear indica­ developments took place which will affect the actM­ tion of the necessary and growing priority which the ties of the United Nations Industrial Development developing countries are assigning to industry in their Organization in the coming years: first, the introduc­ country programmes. The analys,is of the industrial tion by the General Assembly of a new system of plan­ projects included in the approved country programmes ning, programming and budgeting with its consequent also provides a fairly accurate indication of those change in the presentation of the programme of work specific activities and branches within the programme of UNIDO and its budget estimates for the years 1974­ of UNIDO which are likely to receive larger requests 1977; secondly, the further implementation of the new from the developing countries during the years to come. country programming procedures of UNDP which brought into focus UNIDO's increased operational ac­ The report of the Group of High-Level Experts on tivities and calls for careful planning in order to carry a Long-Range Strategy for UNIDO (ID/B/133) rep­ out the projects programmed for 1973-1977; and resents a look into the future of the functioning of thirdly, the consideration by the Industrial Develop­ UNIDO, expressed not in budgetary and financial ment Board1 at its seventh session of the report of the terms but rather in terms of recommendations with Group of High-Level Experts on the Long-Range regard to concrete strategy and direction of evolution. Strategy of UNIDO (ID/B/133), whose recommen­ The recommendations contained in the report and the dations, if implemented" will require a corresponding further discussions on this subject in the forthcoming adjustment in the structure and activities of UNIDO Second General Conference of UNIDO, to be held at in the coming years. Lima early in 1975, could provide guidance for the coming years regarding the best utilization of the re­ The Permanent Committee of the Industrial Devel­ sources available to UNIDO (see sect. E below). opment Board held its second sess.ion in Vienna fr0I?­ 24 April to 5 May 1973 and revIewed UNIDO's bI­ The fifth annual United Nations Pledging Conference ennial programme and budget for 1974-1975 (ID/B/ on the United Nations Industrial Development Organ­ 119 and Add.1-3) and the medium-term plan for ization, held on 23 October 1972 at Headquarters, 1974-1977 (ID/B/120 and Add.l), which had been resulted in pledges for 1972 of $2.2 million from 65 prepared in accordance with the new system of pro­ countries. The total sum pledged to UNlDO from the gramming and budgeting approved by the General establishment of the General Trust Fund in 1968 to Assembly. The Permanent Committee recommended December 1972 amounted to $11.2 million. Against that ,the Industrial Development Board should, at its these resources, projects amounting to $6.3 million seventh session, approve the programme of work of had been implemented as at 31 December 1972 in UNIDO as contained in those documents, and at the such fields as provision of industrial equipment and same time noted that the budget estimates for 1974­ other physical units, technical workshops and meet­ 1975 (ID/B/119 and Add.I-3) might fall short tin ings" training projects, collection and dissemination of meeting the requirements of the total programme. The industrial information, and promotional activities. Industrial Development Board further adopted the report of the Permanent Committee on its second ses­ sion (lD/B/135' and Corr.2 and 3) and decided to transmit it to the Secretary-General for information B. Seventh session of the Industrial and review in connexion with further examination by Development Board the General Assembly of the activhies of UNIDO. The seventh session of the Industrial Development The Governing Council of UNDP approved 35 Board was held in Vienna from 7 to 15 May 1973; it country programmes in 1972 and another 23 in Jan­ was preceded by the second session of the Permanent uary 1973. The analysis of these programmes indicates that the share of UNIDO is likely to be about $80 Committee from 24 April to 5 May 1973. million out of a total of $726 million for this group of The Board, in its decision I (VII) of 11 May 1973, r-ecommended to the General Assembly at its twenty­ 1 For the membership of the Board, see Official Records of eighth session that it should increase the planning level the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement and budget of the regular programme of technical No. 30 (A/8730), p. xiv. 71 72 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities assistance of UNIDO from $1.5 million to $2 million (ID/BI133) and contributions offered by member as of 1975 and introduce this increase in the proposed States. The Board transmitted that report to the Gen­ programme budget of the United Nations for the bi­ eral Assembly through the Economic and Social Coun­ ennium 1974-19752 and for subsequent years. It also cil. recommended, in its decision III (VII) of 14 May Further details on ,the activities of UNIDO wilt be 1973, an increase in the number of industrial develop­ found in the reports of the Industrial Development ment field advisers from 30 to 40 by 1975 and up to Board on the work of its sixth sessionS and seventh 60 by 1977" and further requested the Executive Di­ session.4 rector to continue to explore the possibility of financ­ ing the above-mentioned increase from the United Nations budget or other resources. C. Role of UN/DO in the co-ordination of In its decision II (VU) of 14 May 1973, ·the Board industrial development activities r,equested the General Assembly" at its twenty-eighth session, to examine with regard to increasing the au­ The General Assembly, in resolution 2953 (XXVII) tonomy of UNIDO the proposals for the preparation of 11 December 1972 on co-operation between UNDP and submission to the General Assembly of a budget and UNIDO, reaffirmed the central role of UNIDO for UNIDO separate from that of the United Nations, in co-ordinating the activities of the United Nations the establishment of a United Nations ,industrial devel­ system in the field of industrial development and wel­ opment fund comprising all the voluntary contributions comed the readiness of UNDP to assist UNIDO fully to UNIDO other than UNDP, and the transfer to in implementing its co-ordinating role by consulting it UNIDO of full powers regarding the allocation of re­ on projects in the field of industry; approved the guide­ sources, including the appointment and promotion of lines for the operation of the programme of Special all its staff as well as experts. The Board also requested Industrial Services; and welcomed the system of con­ the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth session to sultation machinery and periodic meetings between review the appropriate provdsions of Assembly resolu­ the Administrator of UNDP and the Executive Direc­ tor of UNIDO, as recommended by the Ad Hoc Com­ tion 2152 (XXI) of 17 November 1966 on the basis mittee on Co-operation between the United Nations of its examination of the above-mentioned proposals. Development Programme and the United Nations In­ In. resolution 36 (VII) of 14 May 1973, the Board dustrial Development Organization in its report (AI invited the Executive Director to establish as soon as 8646, paras. 20-24). Among the specific areas of co­ possible and as a first stage a concrete programme of operation mentioned by the report and endorsed by operational activities for the purpose of promoting the General Assembly are multi-country projects in exchange of experience and ,technical co~operation industry, special procedures and techniques required among the developing countries, to make adequate allo­ for technical assistance in industry, country program­ cations within the 1974-1975 regular programme of ming and industrial development field advisers. technical assistance in order to develop a programme During the period under review, a number of actions of industrial co-operation among developing countr,ies, have been initiated by UNIDO to enlarge the areas and to seek for this purpose other sources of financing. of its co-operation with organizations in the United In resolution 37 (VU) of 15 May 1973 on the Nations system. Action was initiated in 1972 to estab­ programme of action for the least developed of the lish a lJNIDO/mRD co-operative programme unit developing countries" the Board requested the Execu­ within UNIDO in Vienna which is expected to begin tive Director, in co-operation with the Economic Com­ its operations formally on 1 January 1974. Similarly, mission for Africa, to take the necessary steps to preparatory work was completed to establish in 1974 ~obilize adequate resources for implementing the pro­ a Joint ECA/UNIDO Industry Division at ECA head­ Jects prepared on the occasion of the regional seminar quarters in Addis Ababa. on UNIDO operations for the least developed coun­ The agreement reached between UNIDO and FAO tries in Africa, which was organized by UNIDO in in 1969 was further amplified in July 1972 to in­ co-operation with ECA and held in Addis Ababa from clude an unders,tanding on the question of forest-based 29 January to 8 February 1973; it further requested industries and food industries, which had been deferred the Executive Director to organize similar seminars in the 1969 agreement. Also, co-operation between ~ the future and to ensure that special attention be ~IDO and the ILO has been reviewed, particularly gIven to the least developed countries in the utilization m. rega~d to the employment programme of the ILO. of UNlOO's programme of voluntary contributions in DISCUSSIOns took place between UNIDO and the envi­ r·espect of equipment, training and supply of experts. ro~ment secretaria~ to establish a joint programme whIch could be ultImately supported by the Environ~ In resolution 38 (VII) of the same date On the re­ mentFund. port of the Group of High-Level Experts on a Long­ Range Strategy for UNIDO, the Board decided to . In 1972 UNIDO .continued its existing co~opera­ establish in Vienna, for a peIiod -of one year, an ad tlve programmes WIth the donor countries and hoc committee consisting of 27 member States to further developed ?e,:" forms of co-op.eration with identify in consultation with the Executive Director some of them by utilIzmg voluntary contrIbutions (see the possibilities, ways and means of implementing the ID/B/12? an~ COIT.l, paras. 44-73). These forms of recommendations of the Group of High-Level Experts co-operatIOn mclude development of special pro~ and to assis,t the Board in the further formulation of gramme.s fina~ce.d by contributions made by a num­ the long-range strategy for UNIDO, taking into ac­ ber of mdustnalized countries. count the report of the Group of High-Level Experts 3lbid., Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/8716). F:or other relevant do.cuments, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Ses­ 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth SIon, Annexes, agenda Item 44. Session, Supplement No. 6 (A/9006). 4lbid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 16 (A/9016). Chapter V. United Nations Industrial Development Organization 73 D. Technical co-operation programmes UNIDO's operational activities during the program­ ming period 1973-1977 will be concentrated in the fields of engineering industries, me.tallurgical industries, During 1972, the total expenditures of UNIDO for light industries, smaU-scale industries, industrial re­ operational activities amounted to $21.1 million. The search and standards, industrial training as well as in­ corresponding figures for 1970 and 1971 were $12 dustrial 'programming and project planning. million and $16.8 million respectively, indicating an annual rate of implementation of operational projects of 33 per cent during this period. The programmes financed by UNDP accounted in 1972 for $13.3 mil­ E. Second General Conference of the United lion and the programmes financed under Special In­ Nations Industrial Development Organiza­ dustrial Services for $4.5 million, which represented tion 62 and 22 per cent, respectively, of the total value of projects implemented by UNIDO. The General Assembly decided, by resolution 2952 Africa accounted for 35.5 per cent of the total of (XXVII) of 11 December 1972, to convene a Second UNIDO's operational programme; Asia and the Far General Conference of UNIDO in Vienna, at tile East followed with 22.2 per cent; the Americas, 17 per highest possible level of governmental representation, cent; and Europe and the Middle East, 16.3 per cent. for two weeks early in 1975. The Industrial Develop­ The remainder of the total, i.e. 9 per cent, corre­ ment Board at its seventh session decided to recom­ sponded to interregional projects. As in previous mend that the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth years, almost half of the total operational programme session should accept the invitation from the Govern­ of UNIDO was in the field of industrial technology. ment of Peru to hold the Second General Conference Operational projects in the field of industrial research, of UNIDO at Lima from 12 to 26 . It small-scale industries, training, etc. accounted for 33 also approved the provisional agenda of .the Con­ per cent, and those in the field of industrial planning, ference and submitted it to the General Assembly for programming and policies for the remainder, namely its final approval. 21 per cent. The Executive Director of UNIDO has initiated With the introduction by UNDP in 1972 of country preliminary consultations with a number of experts and programming, UNIDO prepared a forecast of the organizations within and outside the United Nations growth of its operations, which was based on the system as well as the advisory bodies of the United country programmes already aJpproved, as well as on Nations on the preparations for the Conference. The an estimate of programmes for the countries for which Industrial Development Board, at its seventh session, country programmes have not yet been approved. The decided to include an item in the agenda of the third expenditures of UNDP-financed projects are expected and fourth sessions of the Permanent Committee as to increase from $13.3 million in 1972 to $41.8 well as the agenda of the eighth session of the Board million in 1977, an increase of over 300 per cent. on the preparations for the Conference. CHAPTER VI

United Nations programmes for development and technical co-operation

A. United Nations Development Programme major source of these investment commitments was the public sector of the developing oountries concerned. 1. Review of operatioIlB Further details on the activities of UNDP during the period under review will be found in the annual report During 1972 UNDP and the Governments of 135 of the Administrator for 1972 (DP/~.277 an? of the less developed countries and territories around Add.1-3) and in the reports of the GovernIng Council the world joined together in technical and pre­ on its fourteenth session (6-27 June 1972),1 fifteenth investment assistance activities amounting to over $500 session (22 January-13 February 1973)2 and sixteenth million. Measured in terms of UNDP-financed inp~t~ at session (6-29 June 1973).3 the country level, expenditures totalling $~74 million paid for international technical exper.tise, eqUipment .a~d 2. The new approach to country needs supplies, and training and educational o~portumtles designed to reinforce, in more than 6,,000 different but For UNDP and its partner organization~ i~the often interrelated projects, the efforts of the develop- United Nations system, 1972 was a year of slgnificant ing countries to help themselves. achievement in the widespread application of new ap­ proaches to the programming of UNDP assi~tance. For The year saw the financing by UNDP of over 11,000 the first time this assistance was delivered ill the con­ exec~t­ assignments of experts, recruited directly by the text of indic~tive planning figures est~blished for ea,?h ing agencies or obtained through subcontractedactiv­ country -as estimates of the resources lIkely to be avail­ ities. Orders of equipment placed during 1972, for use able from the Programme for the period 1972·1976. in survey, demonstration and training projects, totalled Within this financial framework, integrated country $31 million. Some 6,400 fellowships were awarded to programmes were approved for 58 of the ?evelop!ng nationals of developing countries for study or training countries, with projected costs to UNDP ill commg abroad, with the majority of fellows placed in the more years valued at $658 mWion. These programm~s at­ advanced countries. tempted to identify and define, in at least approXImate The efforts made by UNDP involved almost every terms, the priorities, phasing and directions.of UNDP conceivable kind of development activity. While the assistance in carefully considered relationshIp to each principal endeavour was in th~ field of agricu.1ture, ~b­ country's development objectives, and for periods up sorbing 30 per cent of expendItures, other major claJD1­ to five years. The new programming process was ~o ants on UNDP resources were in the sectors of in­ begun in 1972 in most other developing countries, WIth dustry (14 per cent), transport and communications a view to making it universal by the end of 1974. (10 per cent), general economic -and social policy and This country-oriented approach was also extended planning (10 per cent), and education (9 per cent). to the programming of intercountry activities, involving Among the different regions, countries in Africa were two or more countries, and to which up to a maximum the major recipients of UNDP assistance, accounting of 18 per cent of total resources available for program­ for 26 per cent of expenditures on country projects. ming may be devoted. Here a start was made to re­ The proportion of total activities devoted to country programme regional, interregional and global activities projects in the regions of Asia and the Far East on against criteria aimed at placing greater emphasis OD the one hand, and Europe, the Mediterranean and the carefully defined priorities of participating Govern­ Middle East on the other, was the same-22 per cent, ments, with particular attention to measures for eco­ while Latin America received 17 per cent of expendi­ nomic integration and to training best carried out on tures on country projects. Of the 1,362 new projects an inter-country basis. Through global projects, UNDP approved in 1972, 1,073 were small-scale projects supported promising international research work on with budgets averaging close to $24,000 each. For the improved grains and legumes and tropical insect con­ remaining 289 -large-scale projects approved, the aver­ trol, inclucIang a pioneering, comprehensive study of age cost of each to UNDP was $575,000. 1 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, The organization strove to increase its efforts at Fifty.third Session, Supplement No. 2 A (E/5185/Rev.l). refining the elements of projects which were invest­ 2 Ibid., Fifty-fifth Session, Supplement No. 2 (E/5256 and ment-oriented. Investment commitments totalling eOIT.l). $2,600 million were reported in 1972 as being related sIbid., Supplement No. 2 A (E/5365). For other relevant documents, see Official Record.r of the General Assembly, to activities in some 130 UNDP-assisted projects. The Twenty-s8venth Session, Annexes, agenda item 46. 74 Chapter VI. United Natiom programmes for development and technical co-operation 75 the social and economic implications of the "green spond favourably to the invitation contained in General revolution". Assembly resolution 2973 «XXVII) of 14 December 1972 to increase their contributions by at least 15 per Concurrent with these new approaches to the pro­ cent annually in order to ensure the dynamic growth of gramming of UNDPassistance, further organizational the Programme. and procedural changes occurred which were brought into effect during 1972. These adjustments involved A first priority that emerged from the experience in greater emphasis on decentralization of responsibility 1972 was the need for higher quality, faster delivery to the country level and the consequent restructuring and new modes of 'assistance corresponding better to and strengthening of administrative and management the rapidly changing capacities and circumstances of services at UNDP headquarters. Similarly, the organi­ many of the developing countries. This need for better zations of the United Nations system participating in per£ormance was no less important to the future of the the Programme began or continued to adjust their own Programme than the continuing need for increasing the structures and procedures in order to be 'able to respond resources available to the Programme. better to the country approach. Procedures were also introduced in 1972 with a view to upgrading the personnel component of the B. Programmes administered by the United Programme, including improving the selection, recruit­ Nations Development Programme ment and training of all staff. A start was made on increasing the recruitment of younger people, often 1. United Nations Capital Development Fund directly from colleges and universities, and efforts to improve the geographic balance of staff resulted in The responsibility of the Administrator of UNDP almost one third of new staff members tin 1972 coming for the management of the United Nations Capital De­ from developing countries. velopment Fund was most recently extended by the General Assembly in resolution 2976 (XXVII) of Other new possibilities for the Programme which 14 December 1972. occupied attention in 1972 included special measures for the least developed countries and improved co­ At the fourteenth session of the Governing Council, ordination with other organizations engaged in deliver­ the Administrator recommended a new focus for the ing assistance. Fund, in which the modest resources available to it might be used in part to finance self-contained capital For the 25 countries designated by the General projects, primarily in the industrial field, which had not Assembly as the hard core least developed, the Gov­ attracted financing from conventional sources because erning Council of UNDP adjusted their share of esti­ of their small scale or anticipated modest return on mated resources upwards in the direction of an eventual investment. The Council invited the Administrator to increase from 20 to 25 per cent of the total, and explore the possibility of using the Fund to finance such authorized the Administrator to co-operate with Gov­ activities in the least developed countries. The opera­ ernments in programming, with utmost flexibility, new tions under the Fund are currently being programmed and supplementary activities suited to their special in accordance with this new focus, primarily for the needs. These adjustments were made, moreover, in the least developed countries. context of a continuing, broader endeavour towards greater equity in the over-all distribution of the re­ Further information on the Fund will be found in sources of the Programme. the progress reports of the Administrator to the Gov­ As regards co-ordinatLon, the country programming erning Council at its fourteenth session (DPIL.222) process brought in its train a positive desire to have and fifteenth session (DP1L.258 and Corr.!)'. several important bilateral programmes follow the 2. United Nations Volunteers same approach and use it, with the agreement of the countries concerned, as a means of more effective co­ Following the establishment of a small secretariat at ordination among all sources of technical assistance. Geneva and the undertaking of the necessary ground­ The year 1972 also saw a number of countries begin work to publiciZe the programme and organize it ad­ to look to UNDP, and especially its resident representa­ ministratively, the United Nations Volunteers pro­ tives, to play a stronger role in helping them to identify gramme began to function in a widening number of and assess their over-all needs for assistance and to co­ countries and has enjoyed a modest but steady rate of ordinate the use of their over-all external resources of growth. At the end of March 1973, 161 United assistance to meet those needs. Nations volunteers had been recruited, including more All this forward planning of UNDP assistance went than 50 from developing countries. These volunteers ahead, however, under the shadow of some uncertainty are serving in 19 countries in such varied fields as about the future resources available to the Programme. architecture, city planning, agricultural extension, edu­ Although resources and expenditures in 1972 were cation and vocational training, and wildlife manage­ higher than ever, the rate of growth of both fell off. ment. At its fifteenth session, the Governing Council under­ Contributions and pledges to the Special Voluntary lined the need fora resurgence in the growth rate of the Fund, established by the General Assembly for the Programme's resources by urging all Governments, and support of the programme, totalled $337,505 as at in particular those whose contributions had lagged be­ 31 March 1973 and were utilized primarily to cover the hind the agreed target level of 9.6 per cent annual external costs of volunteers recruited from devel

United Nations Environment Programme

A. Action by the General Assembly C. Action Plan for the Human Enyironment

The report of the United Nations Conference on A preliminary effort of the environment secretariat the Human Environment (A/CONF.48/14 and was to formulate functions and programmes on the Corr.1), held at Stockholm from 5 to 16 June 1972, basis of the recommendations adopted at Stockholm was considered· by the General Assembly at its twenty­ so as to enable the Governing Council to provide gen­ seventh session.1 The Assembly, by resolution 2997 eral policy guidance and establish priorities in the (XXVII) of 15 December 1972, established the in­ utilization of the resources of the Environment Fund. stitutional and financial arrangements for international environmental co-operation which constitute the United Recommendations adopted at Stockholm had already Nations Environment Programme. The Assembly, on led to the completion of action in a number of fields, the same date, also adopted resolutions 2994 (XXVII) including the conclusion and signature of the Conven­ to 2996 (XXVII) and 2998 (XXVII) to 3004 tion on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dump­ (XXVII), which set forth the criteria according to ing of Wastes and Other Matter, done at London, which the work of UNEP should proceed and the Mexico City, Moscow and Washington on 29 Decem~ priorities which should govern this work. ber 1972; the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, adopted on 16 The principal elements of the machinery established November 1972 by the General Conference of by the General Assembly are the 58-member Govern­ UNESCO at its seventeenth session, held in Paris; and ing Council of UNEP, the environment secretariat the Convention on International Trade in Endangered headed by the Executive Director of UNEP, the En­ Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, done in Washington vironment Fund and the Environment Co-ordination on 2 March 1973. Board. With regard to the other recommendations, which Following the General Assembly session, the en­ constituted the major portion of the Action Plan, the vironment secretariat started work at Geneva pending secretariat sought to augment the information which the establishment of the permanent headquarters of was available at the time of the Conference and, for this UNEP at Nairobi. The activities during this initial purpose, held consultations with all interested organiza­ period were devoted mainly to preparatory work for tions within the United Nations system and with a num­ the first session of the Governing Council, which was ber of other organizations. The secretariat thus. sought held at Geneva from 12 to 22 June 1973. to synthesize the new information and proposals in the light of the concern expressed during the preparations for the Stockholm Conference and at the Conference itself, in a manner responsive to the recommendations B. First session of the Environment adopted, which resulted in the presentation of an Co-ordination Board appropriate document for submission to the Govern­ ing Council at its first session (UNEP/GC/5). The Environment Co-ordination Board held its first session at Geneva on 9 April 1973, This session of the Board marked the beginning of regular co-opera­ tion in the field of the environment within the new D. Environment Fund institutional framework by members of the United Nations system, a process which had its origins in the During the first half of the year, contributions successful co-operative relationship which had charac­ amounting to over $13 million for 1973 were pledged terized the preparations for the United Nations Con­ to the Environment Fund, Considering that the Gov­ ference on the Human Environment. The Board erning Council had the task of formulating such gen­ decided upon its methods of work, considered the pro­ eral procedures as are necessary to govern the opera­ posed programme objectives and procedures for the tion of the Fund, a first priority was the development Environment Fund and submitted its report to the of draft proposals for the consideration of the Govern­ Governing Council at its first session (UNEP/GC/7) , ing Council (UNEP/GC/4). Financial and personnel arrangements as well as draft Financial Rules of the

1 For relevant documents, see Official Records of the General Environment Fund were prepared by the Secretary­ Asumbly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 47. General (A/C,5/1505). 79 80 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities Pending the adoption of the Programme by the Gov­ vironmental concerns. The Council also called for an erning Council, the Executive Director approved the early initiation of the monitoring portion of the Earth­ financing from the resources of the Fund of a limited watch and authorized the Executive Director to initi­ number of activities of a preprogramming nature. ate the pilot phase of the international referral system. In addition, the Council authorized the Executive Di­ rector to provide secretariat services for the iJpple­ mentation of the Convention on International Trade E. United Nations Conference-Exposition on in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and Human Settlements called on him to give assistance as appropriate in the preparation of other international conventions in the Following the decision by the General Assembly, environment field. It also called for the establishment in resolution 3001 (XXVII) of 15 December 1972" or strengthening of institutions and activities to im­ to hold a Conference-Exposition on Human Settle­ prove public awareness of environmental problems, ments and its acceptance of the offer by the Government I of Canada to serve as host for the Conference-Expo­ By decision 2 (I), the Governing Council adopted I the General Procedures governing the operations of ~ sition, which will take place at Vancouver, preliminary ~ work with a view to outlining the objectives, prepara­ the Environment Fund. In approving the Fund Pro- tory process, organization and estimated costs of the gramme for 1973 and 1974, the Council accepted for! Conference has been an important priority. The Con­ 1973, and provisionally for 1974" the Executive Di-' ference-Exposition ,is scheduled to be held in 1976. rector's recommendations (UNEP/GC/8) and ae-' cordingly established the Financial Reserve and author- I ized the necessary allocation of funds for Fund: Programme Reserve activities, Programme supporti F. World Environment Day costs and the administrative costs of the Fund. f By decision 3 (I), the Council also authorized, in! By its resolution 2994 (XXVII) of 15 December accordance with its apportionment of resources and 1972, the General Assembly' had designated 5 June until its second session, the allocation of resources up as the date on which World Environment Day would to a sum of $5.5 million for Fund Programme activities. be observed every year. In 1973, the Day was marked i by a variety of events organized in different countries; The Governing Council, having examined the docu- ~ these included addresses by heads of State or Govern­ mentation concerning the United Nations Conference-f ment, by scientists, scholars and political leaders, the Exposition on Human Settlements and in the light of~ broadcast of special radio and television programmes, the views expressed in the debate" recommended to the,: and activities in educational institutions. General Assembly, in decision 4 (I), that the Seere-~ tary-General of the United Nations should be entrusted,; with the over-all responsibility for the Conference·~ G. First session of the Governing Council Exposition, that a preparatory committee should be;. established and that the Secretary-General should ap-. poiJ;1~ a Secretary-General for the Conference-Ex,~, The Governing Council held its first session at Ge­ pOSItion, who would report to him througb the:; neva from 12 to 22 June 1973, during which the Executive Director of UNEP and work in close co-! United Nations Environment Programme became op­ operation with the Under-Secretary-General for Eco-i erational. nomic and Social Affairs,the executive secretaries of ~ Having considered the report of the Executive Di­ the re,gional economic commissions and the specializedl, rector entitled "Action plan for the human environ­ agenCIes concerned and set up a small conference sec·" ment: programme development and priorities" (UNEP/ retariat, which would be located at United NatioID' GC/5'), the report of the Environment Co-ordination Headquarters, drawing upon the resources of the: Board on its first session (UNEP/GC/7) and the United ~ations system,especially those of the UNEPi policy statement made by the Executive Director at secret~nat and the Centre for Housing, Building and, t?e opening ~eeting (UNEP/GC/L.I0), and in the Planmng of the Department of Economic and Social lIg~t of the v~ews. expressed by its members, the Gov­ Affairs. The Council also recommended that the Sec-( ernmg CounCIl reiterated the general policy objectives retary-General should keep the Governing COUOdj' of UNEP,. noted .its detailed obje~tives and designated and the General Assembly, through the Economic and the followmg subject areas for pnority action: human ~ocial Council, informed of the progress of prepara­ settlements" human health, habitat and well-being; tIOns and should submit in due course a final report OIl lan?, water at;ld dese~tification; education, training, the Conference-Exposition. The Council also notell asSIstance and mformatIOn; trade" economics, technol­ the financial implications for the United Nations 01 ogy and transfer of technology; oceans' conservation holding the Conference-Exposition as set out in the re-f of nature, wildlife and genetic resource;; and energy. port of the Secretary-General (UNEP/GC/6/Add. 1),~ and recommended that the basic costs of the Con,;' The Governing Council, in its decision 1 (l) in­ U~ited ference:Expositi?n be met by the regular budget of;' vited member States and the components of the the l!1l1ted Nations and that a portion of the cosl~' Nations system to participate actively in the planning especI~~Y as regards the "Exposition and preparatol)', and implementation of the Programme, and welcomed process , be met by the Environment Fund. In order co-operative consultations between UNEP and other ~o ena?le work on the Conference-Exposition to start( bodies of the United Nations system. It authorized ImmedIately, the ~overning Council gave interim 8p'1:: the. Executive Director to proceed promptly to extend proval to. tha~ POrtIO? of the costs to be borne by the ;, aSSIstance to Governments in dealing with their en- Fund whIch IS reqUIred before the second session 01')' Chapter VII. United Nations Environment Programme 81 the Council, when a more detailed review of the total Further details of the work of the Governing Coun­ costs should be undertaken. cil at its first session will be found in its report to the General Assembly.2 The Governing Council decided that it should nor­ mally hold a two-week regular session annually at 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Nairobi in February/March. Session, Supplement No. 25 (A/9025). ,

CHAPTER VIII

HUlllanitarian activities

A. Office of the United Nations High Com­ siderable attention had to be focused on the African continent, where the largest number of refugees are at ~ missioner for Refugees present settling. Qose co-operation with the Govern­ ments in the area and the Organization of African The General Assembly, in its resolution 2957 Unity should contribute to further improving the legal (XXVII) of 12 December 1972, recognized the con­ status of refugees in Africa. tinuing need for international action on behalf of refugees and decided to continue the Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees for a further period Material assistance in the framework of the. of five years from 1 January 1974. By resolution UNHCR current programme I 2956 A (XXVII) of the same date, the Assembly took note -of the annual report of the High Commissioner1 Main developments have been the influx of some' and, inter alia" urged Governments to continue to lend 90,000 new refugees into various countries in Africa, ,. their support to the High Commissioner's humani­ the voluntary repatriation of large numbers of Sudanese I tarian action. which was greatly facilitated by the implementation ?f I the United Nations immediate relief programme m R Details on the more recent activities of the Office of southern Sudan (see E/5261) and the phasing out of ~ the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNHCR assistance in certain areas. will be found ,in the report ()f the High Commissioner to the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth session.2 The number of beneficiaries in 1972 was approxi­ mately 215',000., including an estimated 45,000 assisted INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION with a v.iew to their voluntary repatriation (nearly all of them in Africa), over 10,000 assisted with a view Additional States have acceded to the international to their resettlement through migration (all of them instruments relating to the status of refugees which, at from countries in Europe) and some 156,000 assisted., the national level, constitute the framework for pro­ towards their local settlement, the great majority in l, tection. Reports received from 36 States parties to the Africa; supplementary aid was furthermore prOvidedj 1951 Conventionrelating to the Status of Refugees and/ for some 11,800 cases and legal assistance for some or the 1967 Protocol indicate that these instruments 4,400. A sum of $8,178,726 was committed under the are, on the whole, being implemented in a satisfactory 1972 Programme and Emergency Fund, supplemented', manner. by supporting contributions from countries of residence On the national plane, further measures have been of refugees, estimated at over $2,920,000. In addition, l' taken for the benefit of refugees, particularly in respect $1,023,116 was provided in the form of trust funds of access to employment and social security, which for' essential complementary assistance projects, 'I" should contribute to facilitating the integration of $576,695 of which was earmarked for the UNHCR j refugees. Education Account. 'I With regard to the vital questions of asylum and In Africa, the majority of new refugees were from I non-refoulement, new groups of refugees were gen­ Burundi, some 60,000 at the end of 1972, who were,; erously welcomed by receiving countries. In his report, welcomed mainly in Rwanda, the United Republic of'l the High Commissioner stressed the importance of Tanzania and Zaire" where emergency relief was pro-I following a similar liberal policy in respect of indi­ vided tor them. They were subsequently assisted in! vJdual refugees. New developments in respect of the their rural settlement. Some 12,000 refugees from l drawing-up of a convention on territorial asylum have countries under colonial administration entered Sen-" taken place, as described in the High Commissioner's egal, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zambia. I report. There was also the sudden arrival in Zambia in Qc. ~ tober 1972 of some 20,000 refugees from Malawi, f While the task of protection is carried out by members of the Watchtower Christian Organization, UNHCR on a world-wide basis as far as possible, con- who were assisted in their repatriation by the Zambian Government after it had obtained the necessary guar- j, 1 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 12 (A/8712) and Supplement No. 12A antees from the Malawi authorities. I (AI8712/Add.l). For other relevant documents, see ibid., Twellly-sevehth Session, Annexes, agenda item 56. . The.majority of other refu~ees assisted by UNHCR' 2 ibid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 12 (AI9012). 1ll Afnca benefited from projects for their settlemenll ~ I I Chapter VIII. Hum.aTritanan activities 83 ~n the land, mainly in Ethiopia, the Sudan, the United pean Migration. At the request of the Secretary-Gen­ Republic of Tanzania, Uganda, zaire and Zambia. eral, the High Commissioner arranged for 3,650 per­ While setbacks were suffered by a number of local sons to be admitted forthwith to transit centres in settlement projects owing to the new influx or to Austria, Belgium, Italy, Malta and Spain, and sub­ drought, the need for assistance to certain groups of sequently to countries of permanent resettlement in refugees in some areas has, on the other hand" de~ Europe and overseas. An appeal was also made to creased thus making it possible to prepare for a Governments for the funds required for care and transfe; of responsibility to the national government. maintenance. As at 15 June, 1,315 Uganda Asians of undetermined nationality were awaiting permanent As previously, assistance included food aid. mostly resettlement opportunities, and an estimated amount by the World Food Programme; medical facilities; of $700,000 was still required to ensure their care seeds tools and equipment for tilling the land; and and maintenance in the transit centres and their trans­ the n~cessary improvements in the infrastructure com­ portation to countries of final settlement. prising where necessary water supply, roads, primary schools and other essential simple constructions. A number of refugees benefited from scholarships for Southern Sudan operation post primary education. On 2 May 1972, following a request for assistance by the President of the Sudan after the ratification In some of the capital cities in Africa. the estab­ earlier in the year of the Addis Ababa Agreement, the lishment of counselling services was promoted with a United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was view to assisting the increasing number of individual entrusted with the responsibility of co-ordinating the cases of urban background. United Nations programme of immediate relief in the In south-east Asia the need emerged to strengthen southern Sudan. The ultimate aim of the programme, UNHCR representation and to appraise the situation of which the implementation has been closely followed of persons who might be the concern of the Office. In by the Economic and Social Council and by the Gen­ India, assistance was continued on a limited scale,. eral Assembly,S was to encourage and facilitate the whereas in Macao and Nepal the refugees are on thelr return of some 700,000 persons to their homes, in­ way to achieving self~sufficiency and UNHCR branch cluding 180,000 refugees from neighbouring States. offices are being closed, in consultation with the In agreement with the Government of the Sudan, pri­ authorities concerned. ority was given to the immediate provision of food, shelter and transport facilities, urgent health and edu­ In Europe the main problem remained that of cational amenities aod the restoring of communications. the Caribbeans in Spain, the majority of whom arc In his efforts to achieve these aims, the High Com­ being assisted towards their rc~ettlen:ent in other co~n­ missioner has received the full assistance of various tries. In a few European CQUnlms assIstance was prOVId­ members of the United Nations system, including WFP. ed for a limited number of new arrivnls, pending their UNICEF, the ILO, FAO, WHO, UNESCO, IBRD resettlement. Further progress was made 1ll the imple­ and lW. ThrQughout his activities, the High Com­ mentation of local settlement projects for the benefit missioner has also maintained close contact with the of the remaining needy refugees of European origin, Administrator of UNDP, who was asked to assume re­ including a number of handicapped. Assistance was sponsibility for longer-term development assistance in also provided to a number of refugees from other the area, once the immediate relief phase was com­ Latin American countries. pleted. In the Middle East, where the number of African The revised financial target of the operation was set refugees is on the increase, especially in Egypt, refu­ at approximately $20,630,000. In response to the gees have benefited from a variety of assistance meas­ Secretary-General's initial appeal and to those subse­ ures under the UNHCR programme. ~uently made by the High Commissioner, contribu~ liOns in cash and in kind, mainly from Governments, The work for refugees continued to benefit. from amounted to $17,925,933 as at 15 June 1973. the close co-operation of other members of the United Nations system, including in particular UNICEF, Aircraft and crews were made available by several UNDP, WFP, the ILO, FAO. UNESCO and WHO. Governments to ferry the vital food and relief supplies The Council of Europe, the Intergovernmental Com­ and basic equipment required in southern Sudan to mittee for European Migration, the Organization of enable the refugees to return to their homes. African Unity and other rC$:ional organizations also made an important contribution. The non-governmen­ According to Sudanese Government statistics, some 129,000 refugees had been repatriated by May 1973, tal organizations again played a major role in imple.­ assista~c~ menting assistance projects and in many other ways. including nearly 60,00.0 with the of 1J!ffiCR. By that time an est:lmated half a mIllIOn dlsplaced persons were also thought to have returned to their Assistance to Uganda Asians of homes. undetermined nationality Further details on this question will be found in the On the request of the Government of Uganda, the progress report of the High Commissioner to the Ec~ U~ited Nations, in October 1972, organized the evacu­ nomic and Social Council (E/5261). atlon of Uganda Asians of undetermined nationality, through the Resident Representative of UNDP. in co­ 11 See Economic nnd Social Council resolutions 1655 (LIT) operation with the International Committee of the Red Rnd 1705 (LW), and General Assembly resolution 2958 Cross and the Intergovernmental Committee for Euro- (XXVII). 84 Part Three. Economic, social and humanitarian activities B. Humanitarian assistance in the South Asian October 1972 it was clear, however, that further m; sive imports would be needed in 1973. The fallure of subcontinent the 1972 monsoon, coupled with shortages of fertilizer and heavy pest infestation, made it certain that the UNITED NATIONS RELIEF OPERATION autumn harvest, which provides the bulk of ·the coun­ IN BANGLADESH try's grain supply, would be catastrophically low. An The first phase of the Organization's relief and re­ expert UNROD mission headed by Professor Chandler habilitation operation ended on 31 March 1973, when of the Rockefeller Foundation estimated in March 1973 the United Nations relief operation in Dacca was that 2,500 million tons of food grains would have to be imported in 1973 to meet essential needs. wound up as planned. In the light of this situation, the Prime Minister of During this phase, UNROD continued to provide an Bangladesh requested the Secretary-General to provide instrument through which the organizations and pro­ ~ontinued grammes of the United Nations system pooled their relief assistance, mainly in food grain and resources and specialized knowledge in a concerted m the transport sector, after the planned termination programme to meet the country's emergency relief of UNROD on 31 March 1973. After consultations needs. It also functioned as a clearing-house for the with Governments interested in assisting Bangladesh, co-ordination of aid activities. Working in close co­ the Secretary-General announced that the operation operation with the Government of Bangladesh, donor would be continued in a modified form after that date. Governments and the voluntary agencies active in the The Government of Bangladesh also informed the Sec­ country, UNROD provided a continuous review of retary-General that it would commit one third of its priorities and of the resources available to meet them, foreign currency resources to buy grain on the world and helped to mobilize assistance on the scale required market and the Secretary-General began intensive con­ to match resources to needs or to move supplies rap~ sultations with Governments to obtain further food idly to the point of use. . grain pledges. As a result of these efforts a total of 1.5 million t.ons of grain was scheduled to be delivered The volume of aid mobilized is a measure both of in. Bangladesh by 1 October 1973. Negotiations to ob· the concern of the international community and of the tam the balance of grain estimated to be required to success of the operation. By the end of 1972, the aid meet essential needs are in progress. committed from all sources totalled $1.,318.85 million. Of this total 65.85 per cent was pledged bilaterally, 9n 1 April 1973, the modified organization, the UDlte~ Nati~ns 25.98 per cent multilaterally through UNROD and Special Relief Office in Bangladesh, the United Nations system and 8.17 per cent through came mto bemg. The Office is headed in Dacca by Mr. voluntary agencies. Francis Lacoste, Special Representative of the Secre­ tary-General and Chief of Mission who assumed his More than a quarter of the total pledged was for duties when Dr. Victor Umbricht, the Chief of Mission food aid, food grains, edible oil, high protein food of UNROD, completed his assignment. Sir Robert and other essential food-stuffs, over 75 per cent of Jackson remains as the Under-Secretary-General at whicI: had been delivered by 31 March 1973. The Headquarters in over-all charge of the operation. The remamder was for non-food aid, transport equipment, ~ffice ~i11 assist, when requested by the Government, medical supplies, fuel, fertilizers, and other longer­ m seekmg to obtain essential food-stuffs and in the term rehabilitation and development aid. operational management of the infrastructure. Local costs of the operation will be borne by the Government In the transport sector, the UNROD-chartered fleet of Bangladesh; other costs will be met from voluntary of minibulkers, tugs" barges and lightering vesselsful­ contri~utions and savings from the earlier phase of the filled an essential role, moving over 1.25 million tons operatIOn. of relief cargo in the period ending 31 March 1973 from incoming ocean-going vessels to the ports and to A more detailed account of the operation is given inland distribution points. Urgently needed food and in the reports of the Secretary-General (A/8996-S/ medical supplies were airlifted by UNROD to regions 10853 and Add.1-3).4o . in north-western Bangladesh cut off. from the southern d!stribution points by floods. Assistance was also pro­ ASSISTANCE TO DISPLACED PERSONS IN PAKISTAN VIded to the Government of Bangladesh, bilateral don­ ors and voluntary agencies in rebuilding the country's In January 1973, an estimated 1.7 million Pakistani war-damaged transport network and in September citizens, who had been displaced since December 1971, 1972, at the request of the Government, UNROD un­ began. ~etu:rning to their homes. In anticipation of their dertook the clearance of the port of Chalna. The sal­ reha~Ihtahon and resettlement requirements, and to vage operation, involving the removal of six major prOVIde for emergency relief needs during the period wrecks, was completed on schedule in May 1973. of their displacement, the Secretary-General made two appeals. Throughout this period, the supply 0'£ essential food­ stuffs r~mained the main objective of the operation. In the first appeal, on 27 June 1972 the Secretary­ The rehef programme adopted was necessarily austere General indicated that :the cost of e:nergency relief and left some of the urgent relief needs resulting from needs totalled $15 million. In response to that appeal, the disasters of 1971 unfulfilled. . almost $14.5' million in food clothing medicines, household supplies and cash w~s contributed by Gov- The operation ~a~ successful in averting famine in 1972. Nearly 2 mIllion tons of food grain were im­ 4 For the printed text, see Official Records of the SecuritY ported in t?e secor:d half of the year; a large quantity Council, Twenty-eighth Year, Supplement for January, Feb­ ruary and March 1973 and Supplement for April, May and of the gram was Imported overland from India. By June 1973. Clwpter V/lf. HunUlfU'Wrian activities 85 ernments and international organizations. In the second assistance to Governments in the field of pre-disaster appeal, on 3 August 1972, the Secretary-General noted planning and to report on this matter to tbe Assembly that the rehabilitation and resettlement costs for the at its twenty-eighth session. displaced persons were estimated at $75 million, over and above the funds provided by the Government of More details on the activities of the Office of the Pakistan. Following his visit to Pakistan in February Co-ordinator will be found in the reports of the Sec­ 1973, the Secretary-General again called attention to retary-General to the General Assembly at its twenty­ the remaining rehabilitation and resettlement require­ seventh session (A/8854)1> and at its twenty-eighth ments, the!,l totalling some $45 million, primarily in session (A/9063), as well as in his report to the food, housing, health needs, rural improvements and Economic and Social Council at its fifty-fifth session. agricultuml equipment. The Resident Representative of UNDP in Pakistan has been co-ordinating, in co-operation with the Gov­ D. Aid to the Sudano-Sahelian populations ernment of Pakistan, the efforts of donor Govern­ ments and organizations in meeting the needs of dis­ United Nations efforts to deal with the terrible tragedy placed persons, and since December 1972 he has been that has struck the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Africa assisted by an experienced United Nations liaison and after several years of recurrent drought were initiated co-ordination omcer. During the emergency relief phase shortly after the FAO/WFP Early Warning System and the continuing rehabilitation and resettlement signalled in September 1972 that an acute emergency phase, the contributions of WFP and UNICEF have sitllation was developing. In February 1972 a meeting been of particular importance. of representatives of all United Nations programmes and organizations concerned was called, on behalf of the Secretary-General, to ascertain how the United Nations system could most effectively deal with this C. Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief situation, Pledges of food aid totalling 471,000 metric Co-ordinator tons have been made by WFP and by governmental and intergovernmental donors. The WFP contribution, The omce of the United Nalions Disaster Relief Co­ 55,000 metric tons, was the largest single contribution ordinator, e1uring the period under review. co-ordi­ to any drought-affected area made from WFP sources nated United Nations and other assistance and/or in its history, In Ma}', the Director-General of FAO provided assistance directly through allocations from made an appeal to 20 donor Governments and a num­ the Working Capital Fund on the occasion of disasters ber of non-governmental organizations for $15 million which struck Peru (floods an cl landslidc,'i) , Haiti (floods in cash donations in addition to food and transport. and fire), the Philippines (Hoods and an outbreak of As at 7 June. the total contributions pledged in cash foot-and-mouth disease), Pakistan (earthquake), Fiji and kind in response lo this appeal amounted to (tropical cyclone), the Gilbert and Ellice Islands $4.285.638. A special office for the Sahelian relief (tropical cyclone), Afghanistan (famine resulting from operation has been established in Rome and jn Ouaga­ drought), Democratic Yemen (floods). Nicaragua dougou. Dpp-er Volta; co-ordination in New York is (earthquake), Iceland (volcanic eruption), Ecuador heing carried out in the Office of the Under-Secretary­ (floods) and the Gambia (fires). Geneml for Political and General Assembly Affairs. In resolution 1759 (LIV), adopted on 18 May 1973, In addition, the Office initiated activities in the field the Economic and Social Council requested the Secre­ of pre-disaster planning (disaster prevention and miti­ tan--Gencral to call upon all elements of the United gation and preparedness for disaster relief). Visits Nation.." system to respond to the immediate needs of were made to a number of disaster-prone developing the affected nations in co-operation with and taking countries and a programme for assistance in this field in to account the measures recommended by the Direc­ was launched, in accordance with General Assembly tor~General of FAO; and called upon the Secretary­ resolutions 2816 (XXVI) of 14 December 1971 and General to organize as soon as possible, in collabora­ 2959 (XXVII) of 12 December 1972, Activities also tion with the organizations of the United Nations covered the establishment of a wide range of working system, the necessary assistance action in order to relations with donor Governments, a large number of respond to the requests of the Governments of this international, non-governmental, professional and vol­ region with regard to their medium-term and long-term untary organizations active in both pre-disaster plan­ needs. Steps were immediately thereafter taken by the ning and disaster relief and the issuance of guidelines Secretary-Genera.l to enable t~e inTte~national com­ to resident representatives of UNDP. who also act as munity and particularly the Umted NatIOns system, to the representatives of the United Nations Disaster Re­ meet the recovery and rehabilitation needs of the lief Co-ordinator in the field. affected countries on an effective, co-operative and In resolution 2959 (XXVII) of 12 December 1972, harmonious basis. the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-Gen­ Ci For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the eral to explore various means, including support General Assembly, TwenJy-sevrmth Sessioll, Anllexes, agenda through UNDP, of making adequate provision for item 63. CHAPTER IX

Drug abuse control

Twenty-fifth session of the Commission on incidence and prevalence of drug abuse in the world. The ComJ?issi?n inyited WHO to prepare timely reports Narcotic Drugs on the epIdemIOlogIcal .patterns of drug abuse in order to develop a more comprehensive view of the problem, The Commission on Narcotic Drugs held its twenty­ fifth session at Geneva from 22 January to 9 February 1973. In accordance with Economic and Social Council resolution 1663 (LII) of 1 June 1972, its membership Illicit traffic has been enlarged to 30.1 The Commission proposed to the Council the adoption of a number of resolutions dealing mainly with the setting up of regional bodies The Secretary-General received and disseminated for the fight against illicit traffic, the possibility of an increasing amount of information on the illicit traf­ convening a special session in 1974 and the co-ordina­ fic in drugs: 1,300 reports on 1,750 seizures and in· tion of the activities of international organs in the field formation in respect of 129 countries. Collaboration of drug abuse. The Council, at its fifty-fourth session, continued on the subject with the International Criminal adopted these resolutions with some slight changes. Police Organization (Interpol). Additional information will be found in the report of the Commission on its twenty-fifth session.2 United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control

Operation of the international drug treaties As at 1 June 1973, the total resources of the United tNations Fundi for Drug Abuse Control stood at $5,723,634, of which almost $4.3 million had been Ninety States are now parties to the Single Conven­ committed to projects completed or in execution. The tionon Narcotic Drugs, 1961; 12 to the Protocol ~ec~etary-General decided on a change in the organ­ Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, lZat10nal structure affecting the Division of Narcotic 1961; and 11 to the Convention on Psychotropic Drugs and the Fund to ensure the most effective in­ Substances. I tegration and co-ordination of their respective activities.

Scientific research Operations financed under the Fund and The United Nations Laboratory continued its research technical co-operation programme, giving priority to the work on cannabis and special emphasis to the co-ordination of the research being carried out by scientists the world over col­ The Division of Narcotic Drugs in conjunction with laborating in the programme. A working gro~p of the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control, prep~reda progr~~me experts on was convened to con­ of proposed priority projects, papaver bracteaturn ~otallmg ~.5 sider recent developments in research on these species $1 ml1lion. Some 35 projects were under I of poppy, producing thebaine which can be converted Im,Plementat1On by 30 April 1973, covering the strength- I into codeine. enmg of control measures the reduction of demand for l illicit consumption, the ;eduction of illicit supply of ! dru~s, r~search and operational support. The country l project m Thailand was fully operational and pre- I Abuse of drugs parato~ work was undertaken for similar projects in I Afghamstan and Lebanon. Preliminary missions visited A document was prepared for the consideration of Burma and Nepal. the Commission (E/CN.7/546), compiling data on the . Under th~ regular programme of technical co-opera- i t1On, the Umted Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control 1 For the members~ip of the ~ommission, see Official Re­ c?rds of the EconomIc and SocIal COUTlcil, Fifty-fourth Ses­ and the United Nations Development Programme, 65 SIOIl, Supplement No. 3 (E/5248), annex I. fellowships in various aspects of drug control were I II Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, granted. The Central Training Unit held a course in . Fifty-fourth SessioTl, Supplement No. 3 (E/5248). Teheran and three courses in Geneva. . I... 86 . I I Chapter IX. Drug abuse control 87 Information ~f various international drug control agreements, issued Its r~port for 1972 (E/INCB/17),3 which was com­ The Division of Narcotic Drugs published the mUnIcated to Governments in February 1973 and s~bsequently released to the public. This report, together quarterly Bulletin on Narcotics and the monthly "In­ co~ents formation Letter" and increased to 53 the number of WIth of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, was exalllll1ed by the Economic and Social Council at films in its circulating library. its fifty..fourth session. In resolution 1779 (LIV) of 18 May 1973, the Council endorsed the Board's appeals and recommendations, commending its contribution to International Narcotics Control Board international drug control.

3 United Nat~ons publication Sales No.: B.73.XU. This The International Narcotics Control Board, respon­ ~ocument also hsts all other publications issued by the Board sible for the over-all supervision of the implementation ID fulfilment of its treaty responsibilities. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I Part Four

Legal questions

CHAPTER I

International Court of Justice

Composition of the Court to entertain India's appeal and dismissing the appeal by 14 votes to 2. On 30 October 1972, the General Assembly and re~elected the Security Council JUdges Isaac Forster FISHERIES JURISDICTION and Andre Gros and elected Sir Humphrey Waldock, Mr. Nagendra Singh and Mr. Jose Mada Ruda to be (United Kingdom v. Iceland) Members of the Court as from 6 February 1973. The (Federal Republic of Germany v. Iceland) three outgoing Members of the Court were Judges Sir These two cases concern Iceland's decision to extend Muhammad Zafrulla Khan, Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice its exclusive fisheries jurisdiction from a limit of .12 and Luis Padilla Nervo. to one of 50 miles as from 1 September 1972, WhICh On 8 February 1973, the Court elected Judge Man­ the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of fred Lachs to be its President and re-elected Judge Germany contend to be contrary to international law. Fouad Ammoun as its Vice-President. On 17 August 1972 the Court, at the request of the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Ger­ many, made two Orders indicating by 14 votes to 1 Compulsory jurisdiction of the Court the following interim measures of protection: pending ( Article 36, paragraph 2, oj the Statute) the final decision of the Court, the Parties should each ensure that no action is taken which might aggravate the dispute, Iceland should refrain from enforcing its By a letter of 5 December 1972, the Government of decision and tbe annual catches in the sea area of China made known that it did not recognize the state­ Iceland by vessels registered in the United Kingdom ment made by the defunct Chinese Government on or the Federal Republic of Germany should be lim­ 26 October 1946 concerning the acceptance of the ited, respectively, to 170,000 and 119,000 metric tons. compulsory jurisdiction of the Court. Judg~ By a letter of 5 February 1973" the Government of On 2 February 1973, the Cour.t delivered two Costa Rica declared that it recognized the jurisdiction ments finding that it had jurisdiction to deal with the of the Court as compulsory. cases. Forty-six States at present accept the compulsory By two Orders of 15 February 1973" it fixed 1 jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph August 1973 as the time-limit for the 1iling of Mem­ 2, of the Statute. orials on the merits by the United Kingdom and the Federal Republic of Germany and 15 January 1974 as the time-limit for the filing by Iceland of Counter­ Memorials on the merits. Cases submitted to the Courtl ApPLICATION FOR REVIEW OF JUDGEMENT NO. 158 OF ApPEAL RELATING TO TBE JURISDICTION OF THE THE UNITED NATIONS ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL leAD COUNCIL (Advisory opinion) (India v. Pakistan) These proceedings arose from ar; application for .the The subject of this case was an appeal by India to review of Judgement No. 158 gIven by the UnIted the Court from decisions whereby the Council of the Nations Administrative TribllDal on 28 April 1972 International Civil Aviation Organization on 29 July in the case of Fasla v. the Secretary-General (ATI 1971 found that it had jurisdiction to deal with a DECj158). dispute between Pakistan and India. On 20 June 1972, the Committee on Applications On 18 August 1972, the Court ~eliver~ ,a !U?g­ ment finding by 13 votes to 3 that It had JunsdIctton for Review of Administrative Tribunal Judgements de­ cided to request of the Court an advisory opinion on the questions whether the Tribunal had failed t~ exer­ 1 See also I.C.J. Reports 1972, pp. 12, 30, 46, 181 and 188; cise its jurisdiction in the case or had comnutted a I.C.J. Reports 1973, pp. 3, 49, 93, 96, 99 and 135; I.C.J. Yearbook 1971·1972, No. 26; and I.C.J. Yearbook 1972-1973, fundamental error in procedure occasioning a failure No. 27. of justice. 91 Part Four. Legal questions ;J9,2=------;:;=~ - NUCLEAR TESTS Details on the activities of the Court from 1 August 1972 to 31 July 1973 will be found in its report to (Australia v. France) the General Assembly at the twenty-eighth session.' (New Zealand v. France)

These two cases, instituted on 9 May 1973, cancel? AMENDMENT TO ARTICLE 22 OF THE STATUTE OF THE ~y the atmospheric nuclear tests carried out France In INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (SEAT OF THE the South Pacific region, which Au.stralia .and New COURT) AND CONSEQUENTIAL AMENDMENTS TO Zealand contend to be conrtrary to mternatlonro. law. ARTICLES 23 AND 28 Two Orders made by 8 votes to 6 on ~2 June 1973 On 22 September 1972, the General Assembly indicated interim measures of protectlOn whereby, adopted a recom~endat~on of the General C;ommittee4 pending the Court's final decision in either case, each that the item entitled 'Amendment to Article 22 of Party should ensure that no action of ~y kind is tak.en the Statute of the International Court of Justice (Seat which might aggravate or e~tend the ~hspute or preJu­ of the Court) and consequential amendments to Ar­ dice the rights of the opposmg Party In respect of.the ticles 23 and 28" should not be considered at the whatev~r dec~sion carrying out of the Court might twenty-seventh session and that it should be included th~ render in the case; and" In partIcular, French Go,:­ in the provisional agenda of the twenty-eighth session. emment should avoid nuclear tests causmg the deposIt of radio-active fall-out on Australian or New Zealand territory. REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF THE COURT

TRIAL OF PAKISTANI PRISONERS OF WAR The item entitled "Review of the role of the Inter­ national Court of Justice" was included for the first (Pakistan v. India) time in the agenda of the General Assembly at its These proceedings were instituted on 11 May 1973 twenty-fifth session. At that session and at t}1e twenty­ by the Government of Pa~ista1l;, ac~or~ng to which sixth session, the Assembly, by resolutlODS 2723 India proposed to hand 195 Pakistam pnsoners of ~ar (XXV) of 15' December 1970 and 2818 (XXVI) of over to Bangladesh for trial on charges of genOCIde 15 December 1971" invited Member States and States and crimes against humanity. parties to the ~tatut.e o! the InternatioJ?-al Court of Justice to submIt theIr VIews and suggestlOns concern­ On 4, 5 and 26 June 1973, the Court heard the ing the role of the Court. observations of Pakistan in support of its request for the indication of interim measures of protection. At the twenty-seventh session, the Sixth Committee had before it a report of the Secretary-General con· taining replies received from Governments (A/8747).~ Other activities The debate in the Committee was, however, adjourned until the following session and the General Assembly REPORTS OF THE COURT decided on 18 December 1972 to include the item in the provisional agenda of its twenty-eighth session. The Court transmitted to the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh session a report covering its activi­ ties from 1 August 1971 to 31 July 1972.2 The Assem­ 3 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 5 (A/900S). 4 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 8, bly took note of this report on 13 December 1972. document A/8800/Rev.l, para. 15 (e). 5 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda Session, Supplement No. 5 (A/8705). item 90. CHAPTER 11

International Law Commission

Twenty-fourth session of the Commission tional organizations. It also invited States and the specialized agencies and interested intergovernmental The International Law Commissionl held its twenty­ organizations to submit, as l;oon as possible, their writ­ fourth session at .Geneva from 2 May to 7 July 1972. ten co~~ents on ~e draft articl~s prepared by the Most of the sessIon was devoted to the consideration Comr~:I1SSlOn c,?ncern~g the preventIon and punishment of the topics "Succession of States in respect of treaties" of ~nmes agamst dIplomatIc agents and other inter­ and "Question of the protection and inviolability of natIOnally protected persons. In resolution 2927 diplomatic agents and other persons entitled to special (XXVII) of 28 November 1972, the General Assem­ protection under international law". On both of these bly recommended that the twenty-fifth anniversary of topics the Commission adopted a complete set of draft the International Law Commission should be observed articles. in an appropriate manner by the Assembly during its twenty-eighth session.

Consideration by the General Assembly Twenty-fifth session of the Commission

On 28 November 1972, the General Assembly The twenty-fifth session opened at Geneva on 7 May adopted resolution 2926 (XXVII) concerning the report 1973 and the Commission is expected to conclude its of the Commission on the work of its twenty-fourth work on 13 July. Details on the work of the Com­ session;2 the Assembly recommended, inter alia, that mission at that session will appear in its report to the the Commission should continue its work on State General Assembly.s responsibility, proceed with ,further consideration on succession of States in respect of treaties, continue its On 15 May, the Commission elected Mr. Juan Jose work on succession of States in respect of matters other Calle y Calle (Peru), Mr. C. W. Pinto (Sri Lanka), than treaties, continue its study of the most-favoured­ Mr. Al,fredo Martfnez Moreno (El Salvador) and Sir nation clause and continue its consideration of the Fraucis Vallat (United Kingdom of Great Britain and question of treaties concluded between States and inter­ Northern Ireland) to fill, respectively, the casual va­ national organizations or between two or more interna- cancies caused by the death of Mr. GODZaJO Alcfvar (Ecuador) and the resignation of Mr. Nagendra Singh (India), Mr. Jose Maria Ruda (Argentina) and Sir 1 For the membership of the Commission, see Official Re­ cords of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Sup­ Humphrey Waldock (United Kingdom of Great Britain plement No. 10 (AI9010jRev.l), para. 2. and Northern Ireland) as a result of their election as 2 Official Records of the General Assembly Twenty-seventh Judges of the International Court of Justice. Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/8710/Rev.1): For other rele· vant documents, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session Annexes 11 Ibid., Twenty-eighth Sesston, Supplement No. 10 (AI9010/ agenda item 8S. ', Rev.I).

93 CHAPTER III

United Nations Con1mission on International Trade Law

The United Nations Commission on International gress reports from the Working Group on the Interna­ Trade Law1 continued to make substantial progress in tional Sale of Goods, the Working Group on Interna­ the unification and harmon~zation of the law of inter­ tional Negotiable Instruments and the Working Group national trade. on International Legislation on Shipping. Draft legis­ lative provisions on each of the :above subjects are The report of the Commission on the work of its being prepared by these Working Groups. fifth session,2 held in New York ,from 10 April to 5 May 1972, was considered by the General Assembly The Commission adopted measures designed to pro­ at its twenty-seventh session. In resolution 2928 mote unification and harmonization of the law relating (XXVII) of 28 November 1972, the Assembly com­ to international commercial arbitration, and requested mended the Commission for the progress it had made the Secretary-General to prepare a draft set of arbitra­ and recommended that the Commission should continue tion rules for optional use in international trade. The its work. In resolution 2929 (XXVII) of the same Commission also requested the Secretary~General to date, the Assembly decided that an international con­ proceed with the preparation of a set of uniform gen­ ference of plenipotentiaries should be convened in 1974 eral conditions which could be adopted by the parties to -conclude, on the basis of the draft articles prepared to define their obligations under an international sales by the Commission, a convention on prescription (limi­ transaction. tation) in the international sale of goods. Pursuant to an invitation by the General Assembly The sixth session of the Commission was held at contained in resolution 2928 (XXVII), the Commis­ Geneva from 2 to 13 April 1973. The Commission sion requested the Secretary~General to obtarn. infor­ devoted most of the session to the examination of pro- mation from Governments and interested international organizations concerning legal problems presented by 1 For the membership of the Commission, see Official Rec­ multinational enterprises and the implications thereof ords of the General Assembly, Twenty-fifth Session, Supple­ for international trade law. ment No. 28 (A/8028 and Corr.1), p. xiv. 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Details on the sixth session of the Commission will Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/8?17). For other relevant be found in its report.8 documents, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 86; and Yearbook of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, Volume lU: 1972 (United Nations aOfficial Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth pUblication, Sales No.: E.73.V.6). Session, Supplement No. 17 (A/9017).

94 CHAPTER IV

Other legal questions

A. Question of defining aggression B. International terrorism

CONSIDERATION BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY By a note dated 8 September 1972 (Aj8791),4 the The report of the Special Committee on the Question Secretary-General requested the inclusion in the agenda of Defining Aggression1 on the work of its fifth session, of the twenty-seventh session of the General Assembly held in New York from 31 January to 3 March 1972, of an additional item entitled "Measures to prevent was before the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh terrorism and other forms of violence which endanger session. 2 On 14 December 1972, the Assembly adopted or take innocent human lives or jeopardize fundamental resolution 2967 (XXVII) , in which it noted the freedoms". On the recommendation of the General Com­ progress so far achieved by the Special Committee in mittee,5 the General Assembly decided, on 23 Septem­ its consideration of the question of defining aggression ber, to include the item in the agenda and to allocate and on the draft definition, as reflected in its report. it to the Sixth Committee for consideration and report Noting also the common desire of the members of the in the following amended form: "Measures to prevent Special Committee to continue their work on the basis international terrorism which endangers or takes in­ of the results achieved and to arrive with due speed nocent human lives or jeopardizes fundamental at a draft definition, the Assembly decided that the freedoms, and study of the underlying causes of those Special Committee should resume its work at Geneva, forms of terrorism and acts of violence which lie in in accordance with General Assembly resolution 2330 misery, frustration, grievance and despair and which (XXII) of 18 , as early as possible cause some people to sacrifice human lives, including after 1 April 1973. their own, in an attempt to effect radical changes". On 18 December 1972, the General Assembly SIXTH SESSION OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE adopted resolution 3034 {XXVII), in which it decided QUESTION OF DEFINING AGGRESSION to establish an Ad Hoc Committee on International Terrorism consisting of 35 members;6 invited States to In accordance with General Assembly resolution 2967 consider the subject-matter urgently and submit ob­ (XXVII), the Special Committee held its 'sixth session servations to the Secretary-General by 10 April 1973, at Geneva from 25 April to 30 May 1973. including concrete proposals for finding an effective The Special Committee decided to establish a Work­ solution to the problem; requested the Secretary-General ing Group open to all delegations with the same rights to transmit an analytical study of ,the observations of of participation and decision. The Working Group was States to the Ad Hoc Committee; and requested the requested to attempt to prepare and submit to the Committee to consider those observations and submit Special Committee a draft definition of aggression. its report with recommendations .for possible co-opera­ The Working Group submitted for the consideration tion for the speedy elimination of the problem to the of the Special Committee a report containing a con­ General Assembly at its twenty-eighth session. solidated text of the reports of the contact groups and The Ad Hoc Committee is scheduled to meet at of the drafting group as well as draft proposals and United Nations Headquarters from 16 July to 10 August comments submitted during tl).e session. After an ex­ 1973. An account of the Committee's work will appear change of views on the report of the Working Group, in its report to the General Assembly.7 the Special Committee took note of it and decided to annex it to its report to the General Assembly.8 The Special Committee's report contained the text C. Respect for human rights in armed conflicts of a resolution whereby it recommended that the General Assembly, at its twenty-eighth session, should In accordance with General Assembly resolutions invite the Special Committee to resume its work 2852 (XXVI) and 2853 (XXVI) of 20 December in 1974. ~ For the note and other relevant documents, see Official 1 For the membership of the Special Committee, see Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-sevellth Session, Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-second Session, Annexes, agenda item 92. Supplement No. 16 A (A/6716/Add.l), p. 9. '. 5 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 8, document A/S800/Rev.1, Session, Supplement No. 19 (A/8719). For other relevant para. 18. documents, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda ~ For the membership of the Ad Hoc Committee, see item 88. A/8993. B Ibid., Twenty.eighth Session, Supplement No. 19 (A/9019), 7 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth. annex n. Session, Supplement No. 30 (A/9030). 95 96 Part Four. Legal questlollJ 1971, the Secretary-General presented to the. Assembly and concluded expeditiously and decided to include in at its twenty-seventh session a report concernIng respect the provisional agenda of its twenty-seventh session an for human rights in armed conflicts (A/8781 and item entitled "Representation of States in their relations Corr.1 ) .8 The report contained a summary of the with international organizations". results of the Conference of Government Experts on The General Assembly, in resolution 2966 (XXVII) the Reaffirmation and Development of International of 14 December 1972, having noted the report of tbe Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts Secretary-General (A/8753 and Add.1-3 ),'10 decided convened by the International Committee of the Red that an international conference of plenipotentiaries Cross -at Geneva from 3 May to 3 June 1972, including should be convened as soon as practicable and that an the text of a "Draft additional protocol to the four item entitled "International conference of plenipoten­ Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Part II tiarries on the representation of States in their relations (Wounded, sick and shipwrecked persons)", submitted with international organizations" should be included in to the plenary session of the Conference, and informa­ the provisional agenda of its twenty-eighth session in tion on relevant activities of certain non-governmental order that the Assembly might consider the question bodies. of participation in the conference, the date and place On 18 December 1972, on ,the recommendation of of the conference and other related matters. the Sixth Committee (see also part three, chap. I, sect. I), the General Assembly adopted resolution 3032 (XXVII), in which it welcomed the readiness E. Question of special invitations to States to of the Swiss Federal Council to convoke a diplomatic become parties to the Vienna Convention conference on the reaffirmation and development of international humanitarian law applicable in armed on the Law of Treaties and to the Con­ conflicts; urged all Governments and invited the Inter­ vention on Special Missions national Committee of the Red Cross to continue to seek through consultations to achieve a rapprochement On 22 September 1972, the General Assembly in the positions of Governments to ensure that the decided, on the recommendation of the General Com­ diplomatic conference envisaged will adopt rules which mittee,l1 not to place on the agenda of its twenty­ will mark substantial progress on fundamental legal seventh session the items entitled "Declaration on issues connected with modern armed conflicts and Universal Participation in the Vienna Convention on which will contribute significantly to the alleviation of the Law of Treaties" and "Question of issuing special the suffering brought about by such conflicts; called invitations to States which are not Members of the upon all parties to armed conflicts to observe the in­ United Nations or members of any of the specialized ternational humanitarian rules which are applicable, agencies or of the International Atomic Energy Agency in particular the Hague Conventions of 1899 and or parties to the Statute of the International Court of 1907, the Geneva Protocol of 1925 and the Geneva Justice to become parties to the Convention on Special Conventions of 1949, and to provide instruction con­ Missions". The first item had been deferred from the cerning these rules to their armed forces and informa­ twenty-fourth, twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth sessions and tion concerning the same rules to the civilian popula­ the second from the twenty-fifth and twenty-sixth tion; and requested the Secretary-General to encourage sessions. The Assembly decided to include both items the study and teaching of principles of respect for in the provisional agenda of its twenty-eighth session. international humanitarian rules applicable in armed conflicts, to report to the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth sesMon on relevant developments con­ Need to consider suggestions regarding the cerning the topic and to prepare, -as soon as possible, F. a survey of existing rules of international law concern­ review of the Charter of the United Nations ing the prohibition Or restriction of use of specific weapons. At its twenty-seventh session, the General Assembly had before it a report of the Seoretary-General sub­ mitted in accordance with resolution 2697 (XXV), containing the views and suggestions of 32 Member D. International conference of plenipotentiaries States On a review of the Charter (A/8746 and Corr.1 on the representation of States in their re­ and Add.1-3).12 lations with international organizations In resolution 2968 (XXVII) of 14 December 1972, the General Assembly observed that less than a quartet In resolution 2780 (XXVI) of 3 December 1971, of the Governments of Member States had submitted the General Assembly, having considered the report to the Secretary-General their comments on a review of the International Law Commission on the work of of the Charter and that no general trend of opinion its twenty-third session,o and having noted with satisfac­ could be deduced from those comments; recognized that tion that at this session the Commission had adopted a review of the Charter without general support would as the basis of a convention draft articles on the militate against the desired result, that is, the strength- representation of States in their relations with inter­ national organizations, expressed its desire that an 10 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the international convention on the subject be elaborated ~elleral Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda Item 87. 11 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-sevellth 8 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the Session, Amlexes, agenda item 8, document A/8800/Rev.l, 'General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda para. 15 (c) and (d). 'item 49. 12 For other relevant documents, see OffiCial Records of the Il Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-sixth General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session Annexes agenda ,Session, Supplement No. 10 (A/8410/Rev.l). item 89. ', Chapt~r IV. Other legal questions 97 ening ''tIf the effectiveness of the United Nations; The Sub-Committee because of lack of time was not requested the Secretary-General to invite Member able to consider other items on its agenda formulated States that had not done so to submit to him, before in accordance with the aforementioned decision of the 1 , their views on the desirability of a review General Assembly. Some delegations, however, recorded of the Charter and their actual suggestions, and to their views on those questions in the general discussion. submit to the Assembly at its twenty-ninth session a Two proposals, one relating to direct broadcasting report setting out such views and suggestions. satellites and the other relating to the remote sensing of earth resources through 'satellites, were submitted by the USSR (A/Ae.105/US, annex HI). The Sub­ Committee was also of the view that the Committee on G. Legal aspects of the peaceful uses of outer the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, during its next space session, might wish to consider the question of altering priorities of items on the Sub-Committee's ag~nda. The most significant development was the coming into effect, on 1 September 1972, of the Convention Further details will be found in the report of the on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space to the Objects.1s General Assembly.16 At its fifteenth session, held at United Nations Head­ quarters from 5 to 15 September 1972, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space commended its H. Legal aspects of the peaceful uses of the Legal Sub-Committee for approving, at the Sub-Com­ sea-bed and the ocean floor beyond the lim­ mittee's eleventh session, the text of the preamble and its of national jurisdiction and preparation 21 articles of a draft treaty relating to the Moon, and for a United Nations conference on the law for elaborating the text of the preamble and nine Dj the sea articles of the draft convention on the registration of space objects (see AIAC.1 051101). With regard to both drafts, however, some issues remained unresolved. The work of the C

in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider NEW MULTILATERAL TREATIES IN RESPECT OF wmCH Appreciation of International iLaw17 in. October 1972 THE SECRETARY-GENERAL IS THE DEPOSITARY on the steps taken with regard to the Programme in 1972 or envisaged for 1973. The Secretary-General will The following treaties have been deposited with the submit his next report on the Programme to the General Secretary-General since the publication of the last Assembly at its twenty-eighth session. report: European Agreement (with annex) supplement­ ing the Convention on Road Traffic opened for signature at Vienna on 8 (done at Geneva on 1 May 1971); European Agreement (with annex) sup­ J. United Nations Juridical Yearbook plementing the Convention on Road Signs and Signals opened for signatpre at Vienna on 8 November 1968 At the twenty-seventh session of the General Assem­ (done at Geneva on 1 May 1971); International Cocoa bly, the Secretary-General, in a report on the pro­ Agreement, 1972 (open for signature at New York gramme of recurrent publications (A/88S1), proposed from 15 November 1972 to IS January 1973); Customs various changes in the outline of the United Nations Convention on Containers, 1972 (done at Geneva on luridical Yearbook as it had been established by :resolu­ 2 December 1972). tion 1814 (XVII) of 18 December 1962. The Sixth Committee, to which the question was referred ,for prior consideration, entrusted it to a working group composed STATUS OF SIGNATURES, RATIFICATIONS, ACCESSIONS, of 12 Member States. The Working Group approved ETC.; TREATIES IN FORCE t:J1e Secretary-General's proposals and submitted a draft The number of multilateral treaties for which the resolution for approval by the Sixth Committee. Secretary-General exercises depositary functions has On 18 December 1972, that draft resolution, which risen to 243. had been approved by the Sixth Committee and trans­ During the period covered by the present report, a mitted to the General Assembly through the Fifth Com­ total of 36 signatures have been affixed to those treaties, mittee,18 was adopted by the Assembly as resolu­ and 312 instruments of ratification, accession, etc., as tion 3006 (XXVII) . The Assembly thereby decided well as various notifications and communications re­ that the United Nations Juridical Yearbook should lating thereto, have been received by the Secretary­ henceforth contain the documentary materials listed General. in the annex to the resolution. Of those treaties, 204 have entered. into force, the ,following since 16 June 1972: Convention for the K. Treaties and multilateral conventions Protection of Producers of Phonograms against Un­ authorized Duplication of their Phonograms (done at Geneva on 29 October 1971; entered into force on REGISTRATION AND PUBLICATION OF TREATIES AND 18 April 1973). INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

A total of 246 treaties and international agreements REVISED GENERAL ACT FOR THE PACIFIC SETTLEMENT were registered with the Secretariat during the period OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES from 16 June to 30 September 1972:10 171 by 13 Governments, 61 by four specialized agencies and one During the period under review there has been no international organization, and 14 ex officio. A total of change in the status of the Revised General Act for seven treaties and agreements were filed and recorded, the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, ap­ three at the request of two specialized agencies and proved by the General Assembly in resolution 268 (Ill) four by the Secretariat. This brought to 17,71320 the of 28 April 1949. total number of treaties and agreements registered or filed and recorded from 14 December 1946 to 30 Sep­ tember 1972. In addition, during the period ended 30 September 1972, 185 certified statements were reg­ L. Privileges and immunities istered or filed and recorded, bringing up to 8,228 the total of certified statements registered or filed and CONVENTION ON THE PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES recorded as at 30 September 1972. OF THE UNITED NATIONS During the period from 16 June 1972 to 15 June During the year under review Guyana acceded to'the 1973, the Secretariat issued 36 volumes of the Treaty Convention, bringing the number of States parties Series. to 107.

17 For the membership of the Advisory Committee, see Gen­ CONVENTION ON THE PRMLEGES' AND IMMUNITIES eral Assembly resolution 2838 (XXVI). OF THE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES 18 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 80, document A/8978. 11l After that date, up to 15 June 1973, 688 treaties and acceded and Fiji succeeded to the Convention, lnternational agreements and 414 certified statements have to which there are now 77 States parties. been received by the Secretariat and are still to be processed tor registration or filing and recording. 20 This figure has been corrected to incorporate 716 treaties AGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE UNITED NATIONS AND ,or international agreements which, inadvertently, were not in­ MEMBER STATES CONTAINING PROVISIONS ON PRM­ cluded in the figures given in the previous reports from 1954 LEGES AND IMMUNITIES 10 1972. Thus the figure given in the report to the General Assembly at its ninth session (A/2663), should have read. The agreements of a standard character entered into 5 221' 705 should be added to the totals given in the sub­ 'S~que~t reports up to 15 ; and the figure given in during the year, relating to the activities of UNDP the report to the Assembly at its twenty-seventh session and UNICEF and to the holding of seminars and expert .(A/8701) should have read 17,460. meetings in various Member States, contained provisions Chapter IV. Other legal questions 99 on privileges and immunities. A special agreement was N. International claims concluded with Panama regarding the arrangements for the meetings of the Security Council held in Panama No progress has been made towards settlement of City between 15 and 21 March 1973 (see part one, the claims presented by the Secretary-GeneraJ. to Israel, chap. IV, sect. U). Jordan and Egypt relating to losses sustained by the United Nations during ,the events and hostilities in the Middle East in 1967. Generally the position remains M. Relations with the host country as described in part four, chapter IV, section I, of last year's report. Though, as in previous years, reminders The Committee on Relations with the Host Country21 were sent to the respective Governments, no com­ held six meetings in June, July and August 1972. At its munications have been received from them within the meeting on 23 June, the Committee established a reporting period. working group with seven members to deal with the While discussions have proceeded, no a:eply has been matters under the Committee"s mandate other than the received {ram Pakistan to the claim presented by the questions of the security of permanent missions and the Secretary-General with regard to the loss, in 1965, of safety of their personnel. an airplane chartered by the United Nations from Canada. The plane was destroyed by Pakistani aircraft In ,its report to the General Assembly at the twenty~ at Srinagar airfield. seventh session,22 the Committee on Relations with the Host Country included a set of recommendations on The Secretary-General sent a further communication measures by the host country to ensure the security of to India substantiating the claim related to the destruc­ permanent missions and the safety of their personnel. tion, in 1971, of another airplane placed at the disposal The report also dealt with the matters considered by of the United Nations by Canada. The loss of that the Committee and its working group. In an annex airplane a:esulted from an attack by Indian aircraft at the report gave a summary of 'Views requested from Chaklala airport, Rawalpindi. Member States in pursuance of paragraph 9 of General Assembly resolution 2819 (XXVI) with respect to the measures needed to ensure the future security of missions and the safety of their personnel. O. United Nations Admin"prative Tribunal On 18 December 1972 the General Assembly The United Nations Administrative Tribunal met in adopted resolution 3033 (XXVll). in which it con­ New York from 25 September to. 20 October 1972 demned all acts of wolence, terrorist attacks ·and har­ and in Geneva from 19 March to 6 April 1973. It assment against missions or their personnel, considered examined 16 cases and held its annual plenary session it necessary that active measures be taken to enhance for the consideration of matters affecting its opera­ relations between the diplomatic community and the tion. local community in order to ensure conditions condu­ cive to the effective functioning of the Un~ted Nations The judgements delivered during the New York session have been published (AT/DEC/159-166); the and the missions accredited to it, and decided that the list of cases examined during that session appears in Committee on Relations with the Host Country should the note from the Administrative Tribunal to the Gen­ continue its work in 1973. eral Assembly at its twenty-seventh session (A/INF/ In the same resolution, the General Assembly wel­ 151). comed the adoption, on 24 ~ctober ~972, of the ~ct The judgements delivered during the Geneva session for the Protection of ForeIgn OffiClalS and OffiCIal have been published (AT/DEC/167-174); the list of Guests of the United States (see A/SS71/Rev.1). cases examined during that session will appear in the note from the Administrative Tribunal to the General During 1973 the Committee on Relations with the Assembly at its twenty-eighth session. Host Country has continued to deal with all questions concerning security, and it has also considere~ reports In addition, the judgements of the Administrative of its Working Group. The latter completed Its work Tribunal are summarized in chapter V of the United on the items concerning the public relations of the Nations luridical Yearbook. United Nations community in the host city; the ~o­ vision of identity documents for members of the family of diplomatic as well as non-diplomatic personnel of missions; and the acceleration of customs procedures. P. Committee on Applications for Review of The Working Group is continuing its consideration of Administrative Tribunal Judgements all other items under its terms of reference. The Committee on Applications for Review of Details on the activities of the Committee on Rela­ Administrative Tribunal Judgements, which was estab­ tions with the Host Country will be found in its report lished by article 11 of the Statute of the United Na­ to the General Assembly.28 tions Administrative Tribunal (AT/ll/Rev.4), held its eleventh session at United Nations Headquarters, 21 For the membership of the Committee, see OtJicial Records from 20 November to 14 December 1972, to consider of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement two applications for review, one in respect of Admin­ No. 26 (A/9026), para. 3. istrative Tribunal Judgement No. 163 (AT/DEC/163) 22 OtJical Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 26 (A/8726). For other relevant and the other of Judgement No. 165 (AT/DEC/165). ~ocuments, see ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda Item 91. In its report (A/AC.86/15), the Committee re­ 231bid., Twenty-eighth Session, Supplement No. 26 (A/9026). corded that it had decided unanimously that there was 100 Part Four. Legal questions not a substantial basis for either application under cation for r,eview of Administrative Tribunal Judgement article 11 of the Tribunal's Statute and had thus con~ No. 172 (AT/DECjl72), the application having been eluded not to request an advisory opinion from the made after the expiry of the 30-day time-limit from International Court of Justice. the date of the Judgement specified in article 11 of the Statute of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. At a meeting held on 5 June 1973, the Committee The Committee concluded that the application was not considered the question of the receivability of an appli- receivable (A/AC.86/16).

• Part Five

Other matters ;,' ~ ! II CHAPTER I

Public infornlation activities

The Office of Public Information, working through was paid than heretofore to the different interests and its four Divisions (Press and Publications, Radio and concerns of the many audiences which the Office of Visual Services, External Relations Centre for Eco­ Public Information serves, including the varying cul­ nomic and Social Information), confuued to implement tural, linguistic and other specific circumstances exist­ both its basic mandate of promoting to the greatest ing in different parts of the world. possible extent an informed understanding of the work. and purposes of the United Nations among the peoples In addition to continuous in-depth coverage of vir­ of the world, as requested by the General Assembly in tually every United Nations activity through all the in­ annex I to resolution 12 (I) of 13 February 1946, as formation media accessible to the Office of Public well as numerous additional more specific public infor­ Information, special efforts were undertaken to dissemi­ mation mandates addressed to the Secretary-General by nate information on behalf of the various universal the Assembly and other legislative bodies. The Office of causes approved by the General Assembly, including Public Information was assisted in this task by the re­ disarmament, the Second United Nations Development constituted and enlarged Consultative Panel on Public Decade, decolonization and the struggle against racism Information, which was convened by the Secretary­ and apartheid. A multimedia task force was assigned General ,from 11 to 13 September 1972, and on 17 to the International Conference of Experts for the Sup­ and 18 April 1973, to advise him. on the information port of Victims of Colonialism and Apartheid in South~ policies and activ,ities of the United Nations. ern A,frica, held at Oslo from 9 to 14 April 1973. The information channels available to the Office of Preparatory work was begun for World Development Public Information included press briefings and con­ Information Day, 1973, for the observance of the ferences, press releases and bulletins, publications, ra­ twenty-fifth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of dio and television broadcas~s and programmes, films, Human Rights and for World Population Year, 1974. photographs and photo wallsheets, United Nations information centres throughout the world, briefings of In resolution 3047 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, non-governmental organizations, intern programmes. the General Assembly expressed the view that guided guided tours of United Nations buildings, group brief­ tours were conceived primarily as a public informa­ ings, speaking engagements by Secretariat officials, re­ tion service and as a means of informing visitors of the plies to inquiries, "encounters" of prominent political aims of the United Nations, and requested the Secretary­ and economk personalities and editors, symposia and General to take appropriate measures to 'Strengthen the seminars. Further progress was achieved in making operation of the public services of the Office of Public available publications and programmes of the Office of Information in order to increase their effectiveness. Public Information in a number of non-official lan­ A more detailed account of certain aspects of the gua~es. activities of the Office of Public Information during During the period under review, initial steps were the period under review is given in the report on United taken with a view to improving the effectiveness of Nations information policies and activities submitted United Nations public information efforts by gradually by the Secretary~General to the General Assembly at reorienting the Office of Public Information away from its twenty-seventh session (A/C.5/1452). A further its traditional media-based approach towards an inte­ report is expected to be submitted to the Assembly at grated thematic approach. Similarly, greater attention its twenty-eighth session.

103 CHAPTER 11 United Nations Institute for Training and Research I

On 1 September 1972, Dr. Davidson Nicol, a scien­ grammes are intended primarily for national and inter- i...•. tist, former President of the University of Sierra Leone national officials and provide practical training for ~

and former Permanent Representative of Sierra Leone diplomats and members of delegations at the United i.,.:. to the United Nations, became Executive Director of Nations. At the beginning of the twenty-seventh ses- w UNITAR. The term of office of the members of the sion of the General Assembly, the Institute organized ' Board of Trustees expired on 13 March 1973, and a its annual series of seminars on the functioning and I new Board! was appointed by the Secretary-General in procedures of the Assembly, which was attended consultation with the President of the General As­ by more than 75 members of delegations. Specialized " sembly and the President of the Economic and Social courses on procedures for the settlement of disputes I'.,'.': Council. In accordance with an amendment to the under United Nations auspices and on the United Statute, the Board is to be composed of up to 24, rather Nations regional structures and related organizations than 18, members. have also been introduced, in which some 80 members of delegations and the Secretariat participated. In April The unifying theme and focus of UNITAR's stud­ 1973, the Institute organized its annual series of semi­ ies continues to be the effectiveness of the United nars on the organization and functioning of the United Nations in achieving its major objectives, with em­ phasis on issues directly related to the capabilities of Nations system for new members of Permanent Mis­ the Organization, its structure, functions and proce­ sions. In addition, it provided facilities for ad hoc dures, and the problems faced in implementing deci­ specialized training to foreign service officials. One sions. such programme, consisting of lectures, seminars and briefing sessions arranged by the Office of Public In­ UNITAR's research studies have increased in num­ f?rmation for its summer interns, was organized for If, ber and variety and now total 43. During the period eIght new recruits to the Mexican foreign service.' under review eight studies were published, including: The United Nations and the News Media;2 The Rela.­ The Institute's training programmes in regard to ,t tions between the Council of Europe and the United develol?ment consisted mainly of regional programmes Nations;8 Relations between the United Nations and for natIOnal officials. Regional seminars on international Non-UN Regional Intergovernmental Organizations;4 pr~curement problems-organized with the financial The Quiet Approach: A Study of the Good Offices assIstaIl;ce of the Swedish International Development Exercised by the United Nations Secretary-General in Aut~onty-w~re held at Nairobi, Bangkok, Dakar and the Cause of Peace;5 and a report containing the recom­ Santiago, Chile, enabLing over 60 national officials ,. mendations of the UNITAR co-sponsored Interna­ :n:om Africa, A.sia and Latin America to study tech- t: tional Symposium on the Documentation of the United mcal aspects of IDternational procurement. I Nations and Other Intergovernmental Organizations.6 Fol;U' other studies ~e in preparation, among them a In accordance with General Assembly resolutions f major study on relations between the United Nations 2099 (XX) of 20 December 1965 -and 2838 (XXVI) f and

ants, ~ staff ',. werell l for; ~~~I'; has ,[ eo> :nefil i;, 'i':+ CHAPTER III

United Nations Research Institute for Social Development

A great part of the ac~vity of the United ~ations results of a preliminary case study has been prepared Research Institute for SOCIal Development dutIng the by the Institute. period has been concentrated on two major projects: A preliminary summary of conclusions of the study the unified approach to development analysis and plan­ on the economic and social implications of the large­ ning and the project on social and economic implica­ scale introduction of new varieties of food-grain tions of new high-yield varieties of food-grain ("green ("green revolution") has been prepared for discussion revolution"), sponsored by UNDP. The former led to with UNDP and the Office of Technical Co-operation the issuance of the preliminary report of the Secretary­ and for presentation to the Advisory Board of the General to the Commission for Social Development project in July 1973. This report will be submitted to (EjCN.5j477) (see part three, chap. n, sect. D.1). the Governing Council of UNDP at its seventeenth The work of the United Nations Research Institute session, in January 1974. for Social Development during 1971 and 1972 is A study by the Institute on the role of rural co­ summarized in the report of the Board of the Institute operatives as agents of planned change was presented (EjCN.5j489 and Corr.1) to the Commission for to a meeting in November 1972 attended by repre­ Social Development at its twenty-third session. Since sentatives of the international organizations and non­ that time the Institute has continued its work towards governmental bodies concerned with the promotion of completi~n of the full report on a unified approach to co-operatives, as well as independent experts. The con­ development analysis and planning. Financial support clusions of the study, together with a summary of the has been received for and work has begun on the Data discussion on the conclusions, are being issued. Bank of development indicators for 1970 covering some 120 countries and 100 or more different eco­ A report on the nature of problems of adjustment nomic and social development items. A study of tech­ encountered by young people entering modem industry DJiques of analysis of such data on development indi­ in developing countries, based on a survey of the ex­ cators and related data has been issued under the periences of technical assistance experts who have title Methods of estimation and prediction in soda-­ served in those countries, has been published. A follow­ economic development: regression and the best4itting up project is under way to determine the most effective line. l A report surveying literature on the measurement tra.inJing methods for dealing with two of the more of real progress at the local level and describing the critical problems uncovered by the research, namely, the problem of precision and the problem of task man­ agement. This project is being carried out in co­ 1 UNRISD Report No. 73.2. operation with the ILO.

106 CHAPTER IV

United Nations University

At its resumed fifty-third session" the Economic and the concept of the University should be that of a sys­ Social Council considered the question of the establish­ tem of academic institutions with binding guarantees idy ment of an international university. In resolution 1731 of academic freedom and autonomy and that the Uni­ ~e­ (LIII) of 15 September 1972, the Council endorsed versity should consist of a programming and co-or­ a.in the views and recommendations of the Secretary-Gen­ dinating central organ -and a decentralized system of lon eral contained in his reports (A/8510 and Add.l/ affiliated institutions, integrated into the world uni­ [on Rev.l, E/5155 and Add.l), and recommended that versity community; requested the Secretary-General, in the the General Assembly should take a decision on the close co-operation with the Director-General of to establishment of an international university at its twenty­ UNESCO, to establish a Founding Committee of the 11th seventh session and take practical steps for implementa­ United Nations University to define further the objec­ tion as soon as possible. tives and principles of the University and to draft its charter; requested the Secretary-General to commence co-­ The General Assembly had before it also resolution efforts for raising the necessary funds in order to permit ted 1.323 adopted on 17 November 1972 by the General the launching of the University at the earliest possible 're­ Conference of UNESCO (see A/8898)1 in which the date; invited the Executive Board of UNESCO to sub­ ::>n- General Conference recommended that the Assembly mit its comments on the draft charter; and requested of at its twenty-seventh session should take a decision to the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly at its ::>0­ establish an international university under the auspices twenty-eighth session the draft charter as well as a the of the United Nations, and authorize the establishment report on the implementation of tile resolution. of a founding committee for defining the objectives of the university. The Founding Committee of the United Nations ent University2 met in March 1973 at United Nations :try On 11 December 1972, the General Assembly Headquarters and in June 1973 at UNESCO House ex­ adopted resolution 2951 (XXVII), in which it decided in Paris. The Committee adopted a draft charter for :Lve to establish the United Nations University; decided that submission to relevant United Nations and UNESCO )w­ organs. lve 1 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the ore General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda 2 For the membership of the Founding Committee, see Gen­ ~ly, item 48. eral Assembly resolution 2951 (XXVII), foot-note 6. an­ co-

107 CHAPTER V

Administrative and financial questions

A. Staff administration candidates for United Nations technical co-operation! assignments as well as for Secretariat posts, has been I established. The roster will b.e c.onti.nuously monitored I 1. Personnel matters as ;regards the number and dtstnbutlOn by occupation, I The year under review was ma:rked by ,two main nationality and 'sex of candidates with a view to ' developments in staff administ,r.ation. ~n~. was the matching it as closely as possible with actual recruit. : resumption of more normal recruItment actiVItIes fo¥~w­ ment requirements as forecast in the long-term re. ing a period of :suspension. The other was the decISIon cruitment paan. taken by the General Assembly, in resolution 3042 A further innovation in r'ecruitment was the develop. (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, to es.tablish. i? ment of a plan for the use of competitive examinations principle, as of 1 January 1974, an Intemation.al CIvil, as a means of selecting young men and women for . Service Commission for the purpose of regulatmg and service in substantive posts. A pilot project has been set I co-ordinating the conditions of service of the United up through an agreement concluded with the Govern· Nations common system. ment of Italy, one of the countries under-represented in the Secretariat. Under the agreement, the United RECRUITMENT Nations and the Italian Government will co-operate in The temporary suspension of recruitment o! P~ofes­ the organization of a competitive examination, sched· sional staff which the Secretary-General had InstItuted uled to be held in Rome in January 1974, for the as an eco~omy measure for an initial period of six purpose of selecting young professionals of Italian I months beginning January 1972, was extended to nation~lity for career service with the United Nations 1\.... 10 September 1972. The free2ie affected principally in the fields of economiCs and administration. The .. Secretariat posts in the Professional and higher cate­ measure will serve the dual purpose of improving the i gories other than language and extrabudgetaxy posts. geographical balance in the Secretariat and encouraging ~ It resulted in the decrease of ,the total number of greater participation of youth in the work of the Organ- i appointments to Professional posts from 303 in 1971 ization. ~. ~, to 221 in 1972, producing over-aU savings of about $3 million. INTERNATIONAL CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION The gradual resumption of lJlormal recruitment was The decision of the General Assembly to establish, accompanied by several measures designed to improve an International Civil Service Commission was embodied standards and methods of recruitment and to help in resolution 3042 (XXVII), which the Assembly 1 a:ehieve a more equitable geographical distribution of adopted foRo wing its considenation of the item on the: the staff. A tentative outline of a long-term recruit­ report of the Special Committee for the Review of f ment plan (A/8836),t covering the period from July the United Nations Salary System.s The report w~; 1972 to June 1977, was submitted by the Secretary­ submitted by the Special Committee pursuant to l~ General to the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh mandate set forth in Assembly resolution 2743 (xxyJ , session. The plan was based on a set of estimates of of 17 December 1970. The Special Committee, which annual recruitment requirements, identified by occupa­ was composed of governmental expen:s appointe~ ,by tion and grade, for the five-year period. It envisaged 11 Member States, was unable ,to arnve at definitive the preparation of a series of recruitment action pro­ proposals on the kind of modifications that should grammes for individual Member States or groups of be made in the ,salary system. It '!ecomroended thal: States and the establishment of a candidate ["oster. The an intergovernmental civil 'service commission, to, be, General Assembly took note 'of the recruitment plan created as a central regulatory organ in the ymted \ and of a related decision of the Fifth Committee Nations common system, should be entrusted WIth the I requesting the Secretary-General to include in his annual task of completing the necessary studies. reports on the composition of the Secretariat informa­ tion on progress in the implementation of the plan.2 The General Assembly directed its attention to the ! proposal on the establishment of the commission. Ittook i At the 'same time a computerized roster of can­ into account the comments submitted by the Inter· t didates, which provides a consolidated register of national Civil Service Advisory Board,' the SecretarY· h 1 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the General (A/8839 and Corr.1 and Add.1) and t e General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary item 8l. 2 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh 3 Ibid., Supplement No. 28 (A/8728 and Corr.1). Session, Supplement No. 30 (A/8730), p. 110. 'Ibid" Supplement No, 28A (A/8728/Add.l). 108 Chapter V. Administrative and financial questions 109 Questions (A/8914), and the views of the Federation gories, 6,315 in the General Service rold relat~ of International Civil Servants' Associations (see categories, and 316 in the Field Service category, while A/C.5/1466). Under the terms of Assembly resolu~ those specrncally serving with subsidiary organs co,n­ tion 3042 (XXVII), the Commission would be com­ sisted of 1,055 in the Professional and higher categones posed of experts appointed in their individual capacity and 1,576 in the General Service and related categories. by, and accountable as a body to, the General Assembly and would be independent of executive heads, staff In addition, there were 1,843 staff members speci­ associations and Governments. The General Assembly fically engaged for service with technical co-operation requested the Secretary-General and his colleagues in projects. the Administr,ative Committee on Co-ordination, after appropriate consultations, to prepare draft terms of 2. Management improvement programmes reference and procedures of the Commission and to By the middle of 1973, the Administrative Man­ compile a roster of candidates for appointment to the agement Service (AMS) had completed, with one >eration . Commission in time for consideration and decision by exception, the series of reviews comprisin~ its su~vey the Assembly at its twenty-eighth ses'sion. The Assembly as been of the utilization of manpower in the Umted Nations mitored further decided to transmit to the Commission, after it Secr,etariat; the review which had not yet been com­ had been constituted, the report of the Special Com­ pleted was that of the Executive Office of the Secretary­ lpatiOD, mittee and other relevant comments, for its consider,ation new ID General other ,than ,the Protocol and Liaison Section. and the submission of recommendations for action at The results of the reviews of the Office of the United recruit· the earliest possible date. It also decided that, until ~rm re· Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the Proto­ such ,time as the Commission was constituted and col and Liaison Section of the Executive Office of the became operational, the International Civil Service Secretary-General were reflected in the initial.budget levelop­ Advisory Board was to be continued in its functions. estimates for 1973, and the results of the reVIews of inatiom the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Special oen fot COMPOSITION OF THE SECRETARIAT Political Affairs, ,the Office of the Under-Secretary­ Jeen set General for Administration and Management and the 30vem­ In the context of its review of the composition of Office of General Services were reflected in the revised ~nted the Secretariat, based on the report of the Secretary­ budget estimates for 1973. The final report ~n the Unite1l General (A/8831 and Corr.1 and Add.l), the General Dag HammarskjOld Library was under preparation at erafe in Assembly adopted resolution 3007 (XXVII) of 18 D~­ the end of June 1973, while the results of the reviews sched· cember 1972 reque'sting the Secretary-General to submIt in respect of the following major organizational units for the to it at the twenty-eighth 'session a study on those or functions were under consideration by the Secretary­ Italian provisions of the Staff Rules and Staff Regulations of General: Department of Political and Security ~oun~il NatiOlll the United Nations whose application might, in certain Affairs, Division of Human Rights, Office of Fma.ncIal ID. The. cases, give rise to discrimination between staff members Services, Office of Personnel Services, Office of the ling the' on grounds of sex. Under-Secreta'TY-General for Political and General mraging Assembly Affairs ·and field missions. Organ.' As at 31 May 1973, the Secretariat of the. United Nations consisted of 12,389 :staff members holdmg per­ With the completion of the manpower utilization manent appointments or temporary appointments of survey, priority attention will be given by AMS, as one year or more. Of this total, 9,758 were in the IN recommended by ihe General Assembly ~t its~wenty~ regular Secretariat financed prj.ncipally by the ann~al seventh s,ession,f; to a programme of on-sIte reVIews of ~stabllib budget of the United Nations, and 2,631 were servmg the status of ~mp1ementation of 'Survey recomme~da­ !lbodi~ with five subsidiary organs which were wholly or largely tions. Such reVIews have been completed for the Umtoo ssembly financed by voluntary contributions. Nations Economic and Social Office at Beirut, ;the on till Economic Commission for Africa, the Department of view By organ and location, the staff members of .the et fo~ows: Conference Services, the Office of Public Information ort Will regular Secretariat were distribute? as Umted and its field establishment and the Department of t to iu Nations Headqua'fters-4,513; Umted NatIOns Office at Political Affairs, Trusteeship and Decolonization. Seven (XXV) Geneva (except the Economic Commission for Europe) additional follow-up oreviews are expected to be under­ -1455' Economic Commission for Europe-219; " whid Eco~omic taken in the second half of 1973. Additionally, AMS tlted bi Commission for Asia and the Far East-612; has undertaken a series of 'specific studies aimed at efiniti~ Economic Commission for Latin America-614; Eco­ management and productivity improve~.ent., Am,?ng sboulC nomic Commission for Africa-,-393; United Nations these have been a special study of the VlsItors Section ediM Economic and Social Office at Beirut-63; inform~tion of the Office of Public Information, a study of the , to III centres-277; special missions-352; InternatIonal UNCTAD/GATT International Trade Centre and a Unite: Court of Justice-34' United Nations Conference on study of UNITAR. Specific productivity ~tudies have rith tk Trade and Developdtent-250; United Nations In- been initiated in the Office of General SerVIces and the dustrial Development Organization-976. . Department of Conference Services. 1 to ~ The staff members serving with subsidiary organs . It tool were distributed as folloW's: United Nations Children"s e Inter· Fund-l 083' United Nations Development Programme B. Meetin.gs an.d documentation services crelary­ (excludi~g IdcM staff)-1,093; Unj.~ed Nati.ons Rig? md thi Commissioner for Refugees-324; Umted !';Tattons I~stt­ ldget8I!: . tute for Training and Research-53; Umted NatIons The Seoretariat oontinued to provide the meetings Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in and documentation services required by the calendar the Near East (excluding local staff)-78. of conferences and meetings and by the publications

By category, the staff of the regular .Secretariat 5 ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 73, consisted of 3,127 in the P'fofessional and hIgher cate- document A/8985, para. 58. 110 Part Five. Other matters programme. As in previous years, the high level of to tlle contents of the United Nations Juridical Year­ these requirements, reflected in the table below, con­ book. 7 tinued to be a matter of concern to Member States, expressed particulady, but not exclusively, in the Eco­ In the first of these two resolutions, ilie Joint t nomic and Social Council and the General Assembly. Inspection Unit was requested to examine questions ' The Council consideIed these matters as part of its relating to ilie pattern of conferences and report to j.i broader review of the rationalization of its method of the Assembly at its twenty-ninth session. There was • work and structure; ,the relevant proceedings and de­ no general resolution on publications and documenta­ cisions of the Council at its fifty-second and fifty-third don of the United Nations, in respect of which the sessions are described in its report to the General Secretary-Generail is to submit a further report to the i Assembly at its twenty-'seventh session. 6 Further discus­ Assembly at its twenty-eighth session; the Secretary­ sions and decisions on this subject by the Council at General did repor,t, however, that the 15 per cent later sessions will be reflected in its report to the reduction in documentation other than meeting records Assembly at its twenty-,eighth session. originating in the Secretariat called for by resolu­ tion 2836 (XXVI) of 17 December 1971 had been At its twenty-:seventh session, the General Assembly achieved, and he undertook a further 10 per cent adopted resolution 2960 (XXVII) of 13 December reduction in the volume of material in this category 1972, relating to the pattern of conferences, and ;resolu­ for 1973, as compared with the 1970 base. tion 3000 (XXVII) of 18 December 1972, relating 7 For other relevant documents, see Official Records of the 6 Ibid., Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement No. 3 (A/8703), General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda chap. XIX. item 75; and ibid., agenda item 80.

Headquarters 1970 1971 1972 Meetings held ...... • 2787 2665 2685 Interpreter assignments , . 19106 18264 19539 Meetings provided with: Verbatim records .' ,., . 410 376 311 Summary records . 1020 1011 1031 Pages of translation and revision (in all languages) 237767 247624 233 037 Pages of typing (in all languages) .,,. 487222 508298 533822 Pages edited for inclusion in the official records 99174 115112 121 160 Page-units reproduced internally . 547899325 557768550 518 837445

Geneva 1970 1971 1972 Meetings held " . 3727 4205 4634 Interpreter assignments , . 17256 18177 17367 I Meetings provided with summary records . 596 695 534 Pages of translation and revision (in all languages) 137556 147036 127863 f Pages of typing (in all languages) . 359043 400636 333189 I, Pages edited , .. ", . 41998 42530 50668 Page-units reproduced internally . 225 101 093 233792 780 231 302220

LIBRARY SERVICES pursued during the year; at Headquarters, in indexing Library services also continued to be provided by through the computer-assisted indexing programme and the Secretariat, and, as indicated below. the provision in management of holdings through ilie microfiche pro­ and use of these services remained at a high level. gramme; at Geneva, ilirough the computerization of Modernization techniques previously described were the list of periodicals for use in 1973.

Headquarters 1970 1971 1972 Acquisitions (rounded figures): Books ." ,. 11 000 10600 8400 United Nations and specialized agency documents .. 119500 112400 77100 Government documents and others ,. 158500 230800 311200 Services to readers: Loans . 60326 60969 61541 Queries answered .. , . 101720 97082 98387 Serials routings , . 112240 103756 125 105 Geneva 1970 1971 1972 Acquisitions (rounded figures): Books .,., . 13 000 14000 12000 United Nations and specialized agency documents ,. 142 000 130000 114000 Government documents and others . 175000 174000 164000 Service to readers: Loans and circulation ,., ,...... 62 000 57 000 71000 Readers' cards issued 720 861 825 Total holdings at the Geneva Library at the end of the year were 732,000 volumes. Chapter V. Administrative and financial questions 111 C. Financial and other administrative WORKING CAPITAL FUND questions By resolution 3046 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, the General Assembly established the Working Capital 1. Budgetary and related matters Fund for. the financial year 1973 at $40 million; the advances from Member States to the Fund being ac­ REGULAR BUDGETs cording to the scale of assessment for the 1973 budget. At the end of May 1973, all advances due from As~ During the twenty-seventh session, the General Member States in respect of 1973 had been received. sembly, by its resolution 2947 (XXVII) of 8 Decem­ ber 1972" approved revised gross appropriations for Under the authority granted by the General Assem­ 1972 in the amount of $208,650,200 and revised bly in paragraph 4 of resoiution 2901 (XXVI) of 22 estimates of income amounting to $35,385,400 includ­ December 1971, the Secretary-General had made ad­ vances from the Fund as at 31 May totalling $40,960,­ ing $24,910,000 as income from staff assessment. By 800, as follows: unforeseen and extraordinary expenses, resolution 3044 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972, the $149,373; self-liquidating purchases and activities, Assembly approved gross appropriations for 1973 in $446,694; regular budget expenditure pending receipt the amount of $225,920,420 and income estimates of assessed contributions, $39,500,013. amounting to $27,383,000 for income from staff assessment and $8,575,800 for other income, for a CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE REGULAR BUDGET , 0/ Ihe agenda ' total estimated income of $35,958,800. The contributions of Member States to the United The gross budget expenditure for 1972, including Nations regular budget for 1973 were established under unliquidated obligations, amounted to $208,,395,154. General Assembly resolution 3044 C (XXVII) of 19 Income from staff assessment was $25',739,931 and December 1972, on the basis of the scale of assess­ from other sources $10,075,721, leaving a net expen­ ments for that year as approved by the Assembly in diture of $172,,579,502. resolutions 2654 (XXV) of 4 December 1970, 2762 (XXVI) of 8 November 1971 and 2961 A (XXVII) The balance in the surplus account on 31 Decem~ of 13 December 1972. bel' 1972 was $3,102,600, of which $1,238,198 had Under the terms of resolution 2654 (XXV), the been applied as a credit against contributions of Mem­ Secretary-General was authorized to accept a portion ber States for 1973. of the contributions of Member States for the years 1971, 1972 and 1973 in currencies other than United The initial budget estimates for the biennium 1974­ States dollars. Taking into account actual United 1975, forming part of the documentation for ,the Nations requirements in various currencies, arrange­ Assembly's twenty-eighth session, anticipate a gross ex­ ments were made to extend to Member States the penditure of $513,440,000. Income from staff assess­ maximum facility for payments in currencies other ment is estimated at $65,200,000 and other income than United States dollars for 1973. Eight Member at $17,562,000, leaving an estimated net expenditure States have so far avaiIed themselves of this pre­ of $430,678,000. rogative. As at 31 May 1973, the status of contributions to S For relevant documents, see Official Records of the General the regular budget for 1973 and prior years was as Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 73. follows: dexing le and e pro- (In US dollars) ion of 1973 1972 1971 1970 1969 Total gross assess- ment ...... 216,106,422 8 203,279,377b 178,718,816 159,833,395 143,543,8540 Credits and cash payments received ., .... 82,901,639 181,073,622 176,774,589 159,172,835 143,423,229

Unpaid b a I a n c e 31 May 1973 ., 133,204,783 22,205,755 1,944,227 660,560 120,625

a Includes contributions assessed in 1973 in respect of new Member States for 1971 and 1972 totalling $311,032. . b Includes contributions assessed in 1972 in respect of new Member States for 1970 and 1971 totalling $75,951. c Includes contributions assessed in 1969 in respect of new Member States for 1967 and 1968 totalling $76,587.

The Committee on Contributions is presently review­ mittee will be taking account of the decisions taken ing the scale of assessments for the purpose of recom­ by the General Assembly at its twenty-seventh session mending to the General Assembly at its twenty-eighth in resolutions 2961 B to D (XXVII) of 13 December session a scale for the next three-year period, i.e., 1972 with respect to the question of lowering the ceil­ 1974-1977. For the purposes of this review, the Com- ing for the maximum contribution to 25 per cent; 112 Part Five. Other matters reviewing the elements of the low per capita income and the liquidation of the Force, nor did it take into allowance formula; and lowering the floor for minimum account the extra costs borne by Member States which contributions from 0.04 per cent to 0.02 per cent.9 provided contingents and units to the Force. As at 31 May 1973, voluntary contributions re­ SPECIAL ACCOUNT FOR THE UNITED NATIONS ceived by the Special Account totalled $129.6 million, EMERGENCY FORCE and $8.1 million was expected to be received in the No expenditures were incurred in respect of 1972 future against outstanding pledges. In addition, some under the Special Account pursuant to the authority $1.5 million was received from interest earned on granted by General Assembly resolution 2304 (XXII) the investment of temporarily surplus funds, public of 13 December 1967. contributions, gains on exchange and other miscel­ laneous income. Accordingly, additional contributions The amount in the surplus account as at 31 Decem­ in the amount of $26.4 million were required to fulfil ber 1972 was $4,470,838. This is the total deriving past commitments and maintain the Force until 15 from the unencumbered balances of the appropria­ December 1973 (see also part one, chap. II). tions for the years 1963 to 1967 ($5,201,600), plus miscellaneous income of $1.,099,720 from 1956 to SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON THE FINANCIAL SITUATION 1972, less $389,640 transferred to finance the liquida­ OF THE UNITED NATIONS tion of the Force during the years 1968-1970 pursuant to General Assembly resolution 2304 (XXII), and The Special Committee on the Financial Situation less $1,440,842 representing an adjustment arising of the United Nations,ll established by the General from the revaluation of claims due to Governments. Assembly during its twenty-sixth session and charged with suggesting concrete proposals for resolving the financial situation of the United Nations, submitted its Ad Hoc ACCOUNT FOR THE UNITED NATIONS 12 OPERATION IN THE CONGO report to the Assembly at the twenty-seventh session. No expenditures were incurred in respect of 1972 In its report the Special Committee stated that it under the Ad Hoc Account pursuant to the authority had generally organized its work in three areas: the granted by General Assembly resolution 1885 (XVIII) cash liquidity situation; the development of a sound of 18 October 1963. and agreed budget and financing structure from which there would be no withholding in the future; and the The amount in the surplus account as at 31 Decem­ elimination and financing of the past deficit. ber 1972 was $33,472.,973. This amount included As a result of action taken by the Special Com­ $32,267,190 derived from the unencumbered balances mittee with respect to the cash liquidity situation, seV- i of the appropriations for 1960-1964 inclusive and era! Member States had made payments of their 1972 }. from the 1965-1969 allotments, as well as miscellane­ assessed contributions at significantly earlier dates than ~. ous income of $7,386,603 from 1961-1972" less $4,­ in 1971 and there had been some improvement in the *; 413,550 transferred to finance the liquidation of the collection of arrears contributions. ~ operation during the years 1964-1969 pursuant to 1 General Assembly resolution 1885 (XVIII), and less With regard to the development of a sound and ,:, $1,767,270 representing an adjustment arising from agreed budget and financing structure, the Special ( the revaluation of claims due to Governments. Committee had based its consideration on the prin- i ciple that a "total package" solution was required; • SPECIAL ACCOUNT FOR THE UNITED NATIONS that a tentative agreement on any single problem would PEACE-KEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS be subject to, and dependent upon" a final over-all solution; and that the responsibility for seeking a final As provided in Security Council resolution 186 solution was a collective one which rested with all (1964) of 4 March 1964" which established the Member States and not solely with any single category United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus, the of Member States. Only 12 of the 15 members of the costs of the Force are met by Governments providing Committee were able to reach an understanding on f contingents, by the Government of Cyprus and by the key elements of the "total package". I voluntary contributions f.rom a number of Member and non-member States. As to the question of the elimination and financing I' of the past deficit, there had been general agreement In a report issued on 31 May 1973,10 the Secretary­ in the Special Committee that the major part of the I General stated that the estimated costs to the United deficit could be eliminated only by voluntary contribu­ Nations of maintaining the Force from its inception tions from Member States or by the cancellation of ( on 27 March 1964 to 15 June 1973 totalled $158.1 obligations incurred by the Organization within the i million, and that the estimated costs for a further six­ short-term deficit. i month period, to 15 December 1973, totalled $7.5 Finally, the Special Committee concluded that it ! million. Accordingly, the costs to the United Nations had been unable to formulate a common position on I for the period from 27 March 1964 to 15 December 1973 were estimated at $165.6 million. That estimate the matter of resolving the financial situation of the ? did not include the amount of $500.,000 that would United Nations because no common viewpoint was! be required for the final repatriation of contingents reached among its members, and. it asked for guidance f.',.' from the General Assembly with respect to the ideas I

Q For relevant documents, see Official Records of the General . 11 For the membership of the Committee, see Official Record.! ~. Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 77. of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh Session, Supplement I 10 Official Records of the Security Council, Twenty-eighth No. 29 (A/8729) , para,!. f' Year, Supplement for April, May and June 1973, docu­ 12. Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-seventh. ment 8/10940. SeSSIon, Supplement No. 29 (A/8729). ~. lther matteT3 Chapter V. Administrative and financial questions 113 it take into put forward in its report or new elements which could comments-i~c~uding, where appropriate, comments States which be added to bring about a solution to the problem. ce. b>: the Adnnmstrator of UNDP and the Executive On 19 December 1972, the General Assembly ap­ DIre~t~r of ,UNICEF-to the Advisory Committee on "ibutions re­ proved resolutions 3049 A to C (XXVII) on the AdmIlll~trahve and Budgetary Questions, in accord­ Z9.6 million. subject. ance WIth the procedures governing the handling of eived in the In resolution 3049 A (XXVII), the General As­ ~hese reports. The reports which have already been dition, some sembly requested the Secretary-General inter alia Issued bear the following titles: "Report on treatment earned on to solicit suggestions from Member State~ for amenl of 'Yater resources development in the United Nations mds, public ments to the Financial Regulations of the United famIly of organizations" (E/5231) "Report on :the ther misceJ.. Nations Or to other instructions and procedures which ~se of. travel funds in the United N~tions" (A/8900) , contributions wouI~ have as their o~jective the achieving of ~ steady Int,erun report on the use of consultants in the United ired to fulfil and timely cash flow ID the payment of assessed con­ NatIons" (A/8811), "Report on communications in ~ce until 15 tributions to the Organization, and requested the Sec­ the Unit~d Natio~s system" (JIU/REP/72/7), "Report ~he Introductl~n [I). retary~General to submit a report thereon to the Assem­ ?n of cost accounting in the organ­ bly at its twenty-eighth session; to establish a special IzatIOns of the Umted Nations family" (Jill/REP/72/ LSI'l'UATlON ac,?ount into which voluntary contributions might be 10), "Report on the capacity of the regional economic paId ~nd used for the purpose of clearing up the past commissions for a unified approach to development" (JIU/REP/73/1) and "Report on office accommo­ :ial Situation financIal difficulties of the United Nations. The Assem­ bly also requested Member States and invited non­ dations for United Nations staff in Geneva" (JID/ the General REP/73/2). and charged member States, as a matter of urgency, to make vol­ untary contributions; requested the Secretary-General By resolution 2924 B (XXVII) of 24 November :esolving the 1972, the General Assembly decided that the Joint submitted its to consider, in consultation with Member States, ways u and means of obtaining voluntary contributions to Inspection Unit should continue in being for a further lth session. resolve the financial difficulties of the United Nations period of four years beyond 31 December 1973" and tated that it and to devise modalities for that purpose; and re­ to evaluate, at its thirty-first session, the work of the ·e areas: the quested the Secretary-General to report to the Assem­ Unit, in conjunction with an over-all review of the of a sound bly at its twenty-eighth session on the results achieved. mac~i~ery ?f the United Nations and of its system for : from which .In resolution 3049 B (XXVII), the Assembly, inter admmIstratIve and budgetary control, investigation and :ure; and the· alw, asked the Secretary-General to continue to ex­ co-ordination, The Assembly also requested the Sec­ .cit. plore all possibilities for an over-all solution of the retary-General to subInit annually a succinct report fi.na~cial ~ifficulties of the United Nations, taking into ~n thos~ major recommendations of the Joint Inspec­ :pecial Cam­ a~ ituation, sev· conSIderatIOn the results of the examination of the tIon. Umt, set forth in reports affecting the United problems undertaken by the Special Committee. N~tlons, WhICh have not been implemented, together )f their 1912 WIth ~he reasons therefor. The Secretary-General will er dates than Resolution 3049 C (XXVII) dealt with the unpaid submIt the first such report to the Assembly at its 'ement in the assessments for the regular budget appearing in the twenty-eighth session. accounts of the United Nations for China; in that reso­ lution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General i sound and FORM OF PRESENTATION OF THE REGULAR BUDGET the Special to retain on the accounts only such an amount as AND INTRODUCTION OF THE BIENNIAL BUDGET CYCLE equals a pro rata share of the 1971 assessed contribu­ on the pJin. On 19 December 1972, the General Assembly vas required; tions for China based on the period from 25 October to 31 December 1971 inclusive. The resolution also adopted resolution 3043 (XXVII) in which it ap­ :oblem would-· proved on an experimental basis a new form of pres­ final over-all requested the Secretary-General to transfer the bal­ ances of all unpaid contributions for 1971 and prior entationof the United Nations regular budget on a :eking a fin.aI programme basis and the introduction of a biennial sted with an years as were shown on the accounts for China to a special account, and to include as a part of the short­ budget cycle. The Assembly also approved procedures ngle category whereby the biennial work programme and budget ~mbers of tm term deficit of the Organization the balance of the amount so transferred, arising from regular budget would be prepared within the context of a medium­ :rstanding 01 assessments. term plan covering a period of four years, the first two of which would be covered by the biennial pro­ As far as the first two resolutions are concerned, and financing the Secretary-General has established the Special Ac­ gramme budget. 'al agreement count requested by the General Assembly and will In the same resolution, the General Assembly re­ : part of tht submit the appropriate reports to the Assembly at its quested the Secretary-General to implement the new :ary contribu­ twenty-eighth session. procedures for the regular budget, including those mcellation d Regarding the third resolution, the 31 December items for which additional provision is made from n within tm 1972 statement of accounts of the United Nations extra-budgetary sources, taking into account for this reflects the transfer of the arrears in question to a purpose the views expressed in the Fifth Committee uded that it special account, as instructed by the General Assembly. at the twenty-seventh session. Accordingly, the Sec­ retary-General has prepared, for review by the compe­ 1 posilion 00 lation of tlle 2. Administrative and budgetary procedures of the tent programme-formulating bodies and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Ques­ iewpoint WaI United Nations tions and for the consideration of the General Assem­ for guidan« ACTIVITIES OF THE JOINT INSPECTION UNIT bly at its twenty-eighth session, a proposed programme to the ideal During the period under review, the Joint Inspec­ budget for the biennium 1974-1975,14 and a medium­ Official RecOIGl tion Unitl3 submitted seven formal reports, which have term plan for the period 1974-1977,111 on, Supplemtl'l. been transmitted, together with the Secretary-General's 14 Official Records of the General Assembly, Twenty-eighth Twenty-sewllli 13 For the membership of the Joint Inspection Unit, see Session, Supplement No. 6 (A/9006). 151bid" Supplement No. 6A (A/9006/Add.!). A/9090, p. 132. 114 Part Five. Other matters In the proposed programme ~u~get, the Secr7t~o/­ ters and gave its advice and submitted recommenda­ tion's thereon as required. General has provided a full descrtptlon of th7 actiVIties of each organizational unit of the Secretanat a,nd of The operations of the International Computing the resources required for the fulfilment of theIr ob­ Centre at Geneva were carefully moni!ored and co- ' jectives. Information is also provided on the tot.al ordinated with the New York Computing Centre. A resources to be at the direct disposal of each urnt, major study was initiated to ensure that the facilities including those to be derived from extra-budgeta'!1' available were suited to projected needs of using agen­ eac~ sources. In the presentation relating to urnt, cies, and major changes in policies were instituted to the Secretary-General has endeavoured to provIde, to ens~re maximum utilization of the International Com­ the extent appropriate, a description of programm~s ~nd puting Centre by the agencies of the Un}ted Nat!0ns and their components, their legislative basis theIr system. The Service represented the Umted Nations objectives, as well as an indication of accomplishments on the Inter-organization Board for Information sys­ to date and future lines of action. tems and Related Activities which continued its pilot In the initial medium-term plan for the period 1974­ project in the development of an interagency informa­ 1977 the Secretary~General has concentrated on plan­ tion system. ning for the organizations a~d activities in .the eco~ nomic social and human nghts fields which lend thems~lves more readily to forecasting over a medium D. General services term. The Secretary-General envisages that in future plans programming procedures will have been devel~ 1. Administrative support for field operat;iollB oped for as many of the other activities o! the Organ­ The Secretariat continued to provide administrative . ization as lend themselves to such planmng and that and logistic support for the United Nations peac~· in~ the related estimates will therefore be more fully keeping missions in 0e Mid~le Eas~, .C;ypr.us, Indl~ dicative of potential requirements. The budget infor­ and Pakistan' the Umted NatIOns actlVltIes ill Korea, 1 mation for the first two years of the present plan the Special Relief Office in Bangladesh; the United corresponds to that contained in the biennial budget Nations Supply Depot in Pisa; the 52 information cen­ submission' the amounts shown in respect of 1976 tres; and a number of special political missi.ons, com­ and 1977' represent orders of magnitude based 0.0 mittees of inquiry and missions of representattves of the certain stated assumptions. The plan as a whole IS Secretary-General. The magnitude of the Bangladesh intended to provide a useful framework which will operation exceeded financially any single relief opera­ assist Member States in their review of the biennial tion undertaken by the United Nations to date. programme budget and in their approval of both the short-term and long-term objectives involved. 2. Accommodations at Headquarters and overseas ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING AND INFORMATION At Headquarters, the critical problem of office space SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED NATIONS was alleviated by the acquisition of ~dditio~a.1. rental space and the relocation of staff. Seatmg faCIlIties for The Electronic Data Processing and Information delegations in the General Assembly Hall, the Trustee­ Systems Service the establishment of which was ap­ ship Council Chamber and Conference Rooms 1, 2, • proved by the 'General Assembly at its twenty-sixth segmen~s. 3 and 4 were expanded to accommodate 142 members. . sessioD" completed important of .approved A new residence was acquired for the Secretary-Gen­ automation projects in supporting adIDlllistrahve areas, eral and is being refurbished and furnished in part such as personnel and accounting, and in substantive through gifts and loans. Technical guidance and ad­ areas, such as the preparation of statistical data, for ministrative support were provided for building pcc: general publication and for Member States, for control grammes in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Geneva, Santi-. of development projects directed by the Office of Tech­ ago and Vienna. Assistance was also given in respect nical Co-operation, and in support of t~e document information system of the Library. ExtenSIve computer of accommodations problems in Beirut, Mexico City < support was provided· for economic studies and anal~ and Nairobi. Efforts were continued to extend the use ; by yses undertaken by the Centre for Development PI~~ of common premises, services and facilities the I United Nations and its agencies. . ning, Projections and Policies, ..for 1;he. Po~ulation Division and for UNCTAD. Working wlthm strict cost limits, modifications were made to procedures and to 3. Procurement, contraCJI:s and travel the computing equipment in order to increase the re­ Supplies" equipment and contractual services total-. sponsiveness and flexibility of the support of all users ling $48.5 million in value were procured in 1972 in ' of the New York Computing Centre. Important new support of regular United Nations operations ($8 investigations were undertaken to determine the feasi­ million), UNDP projects ($10.7 million) and United bility of increased u.se of a~tomation in.the Office of Nations relief operations in Bangladesh ($29.8 mil- i General Services, WIth a VIew to redUCIng costs and lion). The value of official United Nations travel ar- t improving efficiency, and, in conjunction with the ranged was $7.8 million. ~scer­ Treaty Section of the Office of Legal Affairsl to tain the feasibility of developing a computerIzed Index of the Treaty Series which would also enable organs 4. Communications and records management I of the United Nations and Member States to obtain Cable service between Headquarters and the United i prompt information on the registration of treaties. The Nations Office at Geneva was improved by the instal~ ; Service received information on requirements and pro­ lation of a high speed teleprinter circuit via submarine i posals relating to electronic data processing and in~ cable. The United Nations international communica- J formation systems from offices away from Headquar- tions network provided direct communication between ' I ,. maJtLTS Chapter V. Administrative and financial questions 115 ­nmenda- 12 United Nations stations, including two emergency 5. Revenue.producinl1l activities stations established in 1973. In addition, extensive intra-mission radio networks were maintained in sup­ The sale of United Nations postage stamps in 1972 )mputing port of mission operations. A survey has been com­ resulted in a gross Tevenue of $5.03 million. As a result andCG­ pleted on the immediate and long-range communica­ of continuing efforts to increase the overseas sales" entre. A. tion requirements of the United Nations. The feasibility nine additional agencies were established, bringing the facilities of utilizing satellite communication facilities is being total to 97. Participation in national and international ng agen-· considered. Under the records management programme, philatelic exhibitions, for promotional purposes, was ituted to 2,500 linear feet (762 metres) of records were dis­ increased. The commemorative medal programme in­ lal Coro- posed of and a survey was initiated with the aim of augurated in 1972, together with the annual peace Nations increasing the retirement or disposal. rate of inactive medal, produced a gross 1972 revenue to the Organ­ Nations or duplicated records. ization of $730.,000. ion Sys-. its pilol informa··

~atiollB llistrative s peace­ is, India 1 Korea; ~ United tion cell' ns, corn' 'es of the ngladesh ~f opera·

)verSea! i ~ ice spare I, al renlal~ llities fQ.!' Trustee­ ns 1, 2, nemben. ary-Gen. in part and ad· ing pro­ Sant~ a 2 1 resped leo Ci~ [ the me by the

1 es total· 1972 iD. ::>ns ($8 1 United 9.8 miJ· ravel ar.

m.ent ~ United le instal.' Lbmarine' lmunica· betweell ~ CHAPTER VI

Questions relating to interagency co-operation and co-ordination

The Administrative Committee on Co-ordination, to Security Council resolution 329 (1973) of 10 March which is the chief co-ordinating body of the United 1973. Nations system at the secretariat level, met under the The ACC reviewed the implementation of the Dec­ chairmanship of the Secretary-General on 28 June laration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial and on 25 and 26 October 1972 and from 11 to Countries and Peoples by the organizations of the 13 April 1973. The executive heads of all.the organiza­ United Nations system (see part two, chap. I, tions of the system attended these meetmgs. It also, sect. CA) and expressed satisfaction ,that two useful as an previous years, held joint meetings with the Com­ meetings on the matter had been held in October 1972 mittee for Programme and Co-ordination, on 29 and and March 1973 between representatives of OAU and 30 June 1972. The new intersecretariat co-ordinating those organizations. It further noted that a co-ordinated body for questions relating to the environment, the approach was now being used, whenever possible on Environment Co-ordination Board, which was estab­ a multidisciplinary basis, towards the provision of as­ lished within the framework of ACC under General sistance for the colonial peoples concerned. Assembly resolution 2997 (XXVII) of 15 December 1972 (see part three, chap. VII), met for the first The ACC also reported on other questions, includ­ time in April 1973. ing the preparatory work for the first biennial review and appraisal of progress in the Second United Nations As set forth in its report to the Economic and Social Development Decade, education and training, public Council (E/5289, part one), ACC took action on a information questions, population, and information wide range of general co-ordination and programme systems. In accordance with Economic and Social Coun· questions, as well as on administrative and financial cil resolution 1643 (LI) of 30 July 1971, it suggested matters. It agreed on arrangements for maintaining and that the Council might consider in depth in 1974 in­ developing co-operation in the employment field, which formation systems and the use of computers, and co­ would allow organizations to share their resources in ordination of marine activities. tackling specific problems, on the bas.is of a report by.its With regard to administrative and financial questions, functional group on employment polIcy. Another major ACC made recommendations regarding the draft statute programme area which it reviewed in depth was natural for the International Civil Service Commission as resources, where there were promising developments in requested in General Assembly resolution 3042 the efforts to improve the co-ordination of activities and (XXVII) of 19 December 1972. It also discussed to ensure that responsibility was properly shared among the situation arising from the recent currency disturb­ the organizations involved. The ACC also paid consider­ ances and from general inflationary trends, expressing able attention to the development of prior consultations grave concern at their impact on the programmes of among organizations on their work programmes-one work and budgets of the organizations of the system, of the methods used for co-ordinating activities-and and decided to study the matter with a view to identify­ discussed the possibility of extending these consulta­ tions to medium-term plans. ing possible options, should the currency instability continue or recur. The ACC 'also reported on a number of major At the Joint Meetings of ACC and CPC in June interagency efforts involving relief and rehabilitation: 1972, the debate centred on two questions: the ration­ the concerted multilateral programme of assistance to alization on a system-wide basis of the activities and Bangladesh under the auspices of the Uniited Nations programmes of work in the economic and social field relief operation in Dacca; the programme of assistance in the light of available resources; and the envir?n­ to the southern Sudanese returnees and displaced per­ ment, with particulat reference to the institutional lm· sons; and the assistance which is being provided by the plications of the recommendations of the United United Nations and the agencies to Zambia, in response Nations Conference on the Human Environment.

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