Creating Space for Nature: Camden Biodiversity Strategy
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Creating space for nature: Camden Biodiversity Strategy Consultation draft Comments can be made at https://camdenbiodiversitystrategy.commonplace.is/ until the 14th May 2021. Contents Vision ......................................................................................................................... 1 What is ‘biodiversity’? ................................................................................................. 1 Why we need nature .................................................................................................. 2 An Ecological Emergency .......................................................................................... 7 The policy, strategy and legislative context .............................................................. 10 What you can do for nature ...................................................................................... 12 The Biodiversity Strategy ......................................................................................... 14 A Nature Recovery Network for Camden .............................................................. 15 The Action Plan ..................................................................................................... 16 The Camden Nature Partnership .......................................................................... 17 Evidence-based decision making .......................................................................... 17 Planning for a changing climate ............................................................................ 18 Communication, Engagement and Participation ................................................... 18 The Objectives ......................................................................................................... 19 Designated Sites ................................................................................................... 19 Habitats ................................................................................................................. 21 Species ................................................................................................................. 22 Trees ..................................................................................................................... 24 Parks and green spaces ....................................................................................... 25 Access to Nature ................................................................................................... 27 Greening the grey ................................................................................................. 29 Camden’s natural future ........................................................................................... 31 Vision “The London Borough of Camden is a place where nature thrives, a place where wildlife can make a home in our green spaces, gardens, streets and on buildings, and moves freely along corridors and stepping- stones of habitats through the Borough and beyond. Camden is a borough where nature is part of the everyday lives of residents, visitors and workers, where development increases biodiversity, and where everybody is cooperating to nurture healthy ecosystems and increase the quality of life for all.” What is ‘biodiversity’? The word biodiversity refers to the variety and abundance of living things, from the smallest of soil organisms to the largest trees, from ocean plankton to whales. It encompasses everything from genetic differences within a species – the different colour forms of 2-spot ladybirds, for example – to communities of species interacting within and between habitats. The biodiversity of Camden may only be a small fraction of worldwide biodiversity, but it is nevertheless diverse, vibrant and important. From Hampstead Heath in the north of the Borough to tree-lined squares in the south, the Regent’s Canal running through the centre, and street trees, railway embankments, nature reserves, parks, gardens and ponds – every part of Camden has its own character and associated wildlife. In this document, we use the words ‘biodiversity’ and ‘nature’ interchangeably, and intend it to mean those species that are or should be present in the Borough and that contribute positively to ecosystems and the environment. Everyday experiences of biodiversity… sitting in the shade of a tree on cool grass on a hot summer day. walking to the bus stop to the sound of birds singing. watching the flowers in the window box nodding with the weight of a bumblebee gathering pollen. smelling the scent of wildflowers in the meadow in the park hearing the sound of swifts swooping down your street. walking home at night out and hearing the snuffle of a hedgehog in the undergrowth. watching seasons change through spring shoots, summer fruits and autumn leaves cycling past swans nesting by the Canal. seeing a wren, out of the corner of your eye, disappear into the hedgerow along your street. enjoying bee-pollinated raspberries and tomatoes. 1 Why we need nature Nature not only has an intrinsic value, but it also contributes positively to our lives in many essential and desirable ways. These benefits are sometime called ‘ecosystem services’ and include not just those things we need and take directly from the natural environment like food, building materials and medicines, but also many less tangible but important, complex and interconnected ‘services’. Ecosystems: the interaction between living things (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria) and their environment (climate, water, soil) Ecology: the study of ecosystems, the interactions among living things and their environment Many of the spaces or features that support ecosystem services can be considered part of our ‘green infrastructure’ (or ‘green-blue infrastructure’ where it includes water). These are multi-functional green spaces or green features which can deliver quality of life and environmental benefits alongside, or because of, the biodiversity they support. Ecosystem services …are the benefits provided by ecosystems that contribute to making human life both possible and worth living. Provisioning services: The products obtained from ecosystems. For example: food; building materials like wood; medicines obtained from plants; and fresh water Regulating services: The benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes. For example: pollination; urban cooling and noise reduction by vegetation; and regulation of water, air and soil quality Supporting services: Ecosystem services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services. For example: soil formation; nutrient cycling; water cycling; primary production (the production of nutrients from sunlight and carbon dioxide by plants and algae) Cultural services: The non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems. For example: through spiritual or religious enrichment, cultural heritage, recreation and tourism, aesthetic experience1 - enjoying nature and natural spaces! 2 Pollination Pollination of crops by insects is one natural process that we benefit from immensely. It is necessary for production in 84% of all crops in Europe and 75% of the crops that are used directly as human food worldwide1. Crops like apples, pears, strawberries, raspberries, tomatoes and beans benefit from pollination, with insect visits also leading to more and better-quality yields2. Many trees, garden plants and wildflowers also require pollination to produce seed. One of the most important factors that influences pollination is a diversity of pollinators, and it is not surprising therefore that an area’s proximity to natural habitats, and therefore pollinators, has the greatest impact on pollination services3. Our natural spaces are vital for the food we eat, and in urban areas the most important habitats for pollinators are gardens and allotments4. Insect pollination When an insect visits a flower, to drink nectar or collect or eat pollen, some pollen gets stuck to its body. When it visits the next flower, that pollen gets transferred, fertilising the plant allowing it to produce fruits and seeds. Making life more comfortable in a changing climate The top ten warmest years for the UK, in the series from 1884, have occurred since 20025. Climate predictions for the UK show an increased chance of milder, wetter winters and hotter, drier summers along with an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather6. 2020 alone saw the wettest February recorded, the driest May on record, and the first and third wettest days recorded since 1891 (in February and October)7. Camden published its Climate Action Plan in 20208 in response to the Climate and Ecological Emergency declaration it made in 2019, to bring to life the vision of a zero carbon Camden. While its impact on biodiversity (and therefore Ecosystem Services) is one of the biggest threats we face from climate change, nature and natural spaces can help make life more comfortable in a changing climate. Trees and vegetation can provide shade and cool the air on hot days, reducing the ‘Urban Heat Island’ effect. 1 https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=BB%2FI000275%2F1 2 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-pollinator-strategy-for-bees-and-other- pollinators-in-england 3 Garibaldi et al. (2013) Wild pollinators enhance fruit set of crops regardless of honey bee abundance. Science 339(6127):1608–1611 4 Baldock et al. A systems approach reveals urban pollinator hotspots and conservation opportunities. Nat Ecol Evol 3, 363–373 (2019). 5 https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/state-of-the-uk-