DOCSLIB.ORG

The Epidemiology of Injuries Across the Weight-Training Sports

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Epidemiology of Injuries Across the Weight-Training Sports Sports Med DOI 10.1007/s40279-016-0575-0 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW The Epidemiology of Injuries Across the Weight-Training Sports 1,2,3 2,4 Justin W. L. Keogh • Paul W. Winwood Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 Abstract Methods We performed an electronic search using Background Weight-training sports, including weightlift- PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Embase for injury ing, powerlifting, bodybuilding, strongman, Highland epidemiology studies involving competitive athletes in Games, and CrossFit, are weight-training sports that have these weight-training sports. Eligible studies included peer- separate divisions for males and females of a variety of reviewed journal articles only, with no limit placed on date ages, competitive standards, and bodyweight classes. These or language of publication. We assessed the risk of bias in sports may be considered dangerous because of the heavy all studies using an adaption of the musculoskeletal injury loads commonly used in training and competition. review method. Objectives Our objective was to systematically review the Results Only five of the 20 eligible studies had a risk of injury epidemiology of these weight-training sports, and, bias score C75 %, meaning the risk of bias in these five where possible, gain some insight into whether this may be studies was considered low. While 14 of the studies had affected by age, sex, competitive standard, and bodyweight sample sizes[100 participants, only four studies utilized a class. prospective design. Bodybuilding had the lowest injury rates (0.12–0.7 injuries per lifter per year; 0.24–1 injury per 1000 h), with strongman (4.5–6.1 injuries per 1000 h) and Highland Games (7.5 injuries per 1000 h) reporting the highest rates. The shoulder, lower back, knee, elbow, and wrist/hand were generally the most commonly injured anatomical locations; strains, tendinitis, and sprains were Electronic supplementary material The online version of this the most common injury type. Very few significant dif- article (doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0575-0) contains supplementary ferences in any of the injury outcomes were observed as a material, which is available to authorized users. function of age, sex, competitive standard, or bodyweight class. & Justin W. L. Keogh [email protected] Conclusion While the majority of the research we reviewed utilized retrospective designs, the weight-train- 1 Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, ing sports appear to have relatively low rates of injury Gold Coast, QLD, Australia compared with common team sports. Future weight- 2 Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand training sport injury epidemiology research needs to be (SPRINZ), AUT Millennium, AUT University, Auckland, improved, particularly in terms of the use of prospective New Zealand 3 designs, diagnosis of injury, and changes in risk Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, exposure. University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia 4 Department of Sport and Recreation, School of Applied Science, Bay of Plenty Polytechnic, Tauranga, New Zealand 123 J. W. L. Keogh, P. W. Winwood training competition to that performed in ancient or med- Key Points ieval times, with some of the events found in the sports traditionally performed as tests of manhood in many The weight-training sports appear to have lower rates countries. These tests of manhood typically had farming of injury than many common team sports. However, and/or military applications and involved the lifting or it is acknowledged that this conclusion may partly throwing of a variety of natural and man-made objects that reflect some limitations in the weight-training sport have been available for hundreds or thousands of years. injury epidemiology literature, primarily study Specifically, strongman events utilize a variety of heavy design, diagnosis of injury, and changes in risk implements such as stones for lifts and carries, tires for exposure. flipping, logs and stones for overhead pressing, and trucks or sleds for pulling. While some of these strongman events Each of the weight-training sports tended to have are similar to weightlifting and powerlifting, with the some subtle differences in their injury epidemiology, athletes attempting to lift the heaviest load for one repeti- particularly their proportional injury rates across the tion, many of the events are timed, with the winner being various anatomical locations as well as the onset and the fastest athlete to complete the task. Highland Games severity of injury. events are further ancient/mediaeval examples of tests of The intrinsic factors of sex, competitive standard, manhood and typically involve a range of heavy throwing age, and bodyweight class may only have a relatively events such as the caber, stone put, hammer throw, or sheaf minor influence on the injury epidemiology of the toss, as well as weight for height and distance. The variety weight-training sports. of weight-for-distance events are simply much heavier versions of many of the throwing events currently seen in regular track and field competitions. CrossFit is the newest of the weight-training sports. CrossFit programs, known as ‘workouts of the day’ 1 Introduction (WODs), typically exceed 10–20 min and include a variety of bodyweight and resistance exercises, gymnastics, Weight training is a popular physical activity typically weightlifting, powerlifting, and endurance activities. These performed to increase muscular hypertrophy, strength, and exercises are generally combined into high-intensity endurance. Weight training typically uses the force of workouts performed in rapid succession with limited or no gravity acting upon resistances, including the exerciser’s recovery time. CrossFit athletes also compete in the own bodyweight or specialized forms of equipment such as CrossFit games, where the winner is the athlete who barbells, dumbbells, and resistance-training machines to completes the WOD in the shortest period of time. target specific muscle groups and joint actions. While many Bodybuilding differs from the other weight-training people who regularly exercise perform weight-training sports in that it is not judged on the weight lifted or the along with cardiovascular or flexibility exercise for overall time taken to complete an event, but rather on the physical health benefit, several athletic groups also compete in appearance of the athlete. Bodybuilding competitors sports in which weight training is the primary form of therefore also perform regular high-intensity weight train- training and/or the competitive event. These sports include ing to develop muscle bulk, balance between muscle weightlifting, powerlifting, bodybuilding, strongman, groups (symmetry), muscular density, and definition, as Highland Games, and CrossFit. these criteria are judged in competition. Weightlifting requires the lifter to lift maximal loads for Most of these weight-training sports included in this one repetition in two exercises: the clean and jerk and the review have annual world championship events for male snatch. As these exercises require the barbell to be lifted and female athletes, with some of these sports also offering explosively from the floor to an overhead position, they various bodyweight or age (junior, open, and masters) may produce the greatest power outputs of any human classes. However, weightlifting is the only one of these activity [1]. Up until 1972, weightlifting also involved a sports currently included in the Olympic Games, although third lift, the overhead (shoulder) press. Powerlifting is powerlifting (bench press only) is also a part of the Para- similar to weightlifting, with lifters attempting to lift the lympics. Figure 1 shows some common weight-training maximum loads for one repetition. However, in power- exercises performed by the athletes competing in the lifting competitions, the three lifts performed are the squat, sports. bench press, and deadlift. Given the intense, heavily loaded activities commonly The Scottish Highland Games and strongman competi- performed by these athletes in training and competition, the tions are in some ways the most similar form of weight- joint moments (torques) as well as shear and compressive 123 Injuries in Weight Training Sports Fig. 1 Illustration of various events/poses in the weight training e strongman (Shaun Ellis), and f Highland Games (Alain Cadu). sports: a weightlifting (Carl Pilon), b powerlifting (Mitya Galiano), Photos reprinted with permission from respective photographers c bodybuilding (Amanda Richards), d CrossFit (CrossFit Auckland), (acknowledged in brackets) forces produced during these types of exercises can be very outcomes advocated by the International Olympic Com- large [1–5]. Members of the public, sporting, medical, and mittee (IOC) [11]. The secondary objective was to gain scientific communities may therefore believe these activi- some insight into whether demographic characteristics ties are inherently dangerous and that their performance such as age, sex, competitive standard, and bodyweight will result in numerous serious and/or long-term injuries. class influenced the injury epidemiology of these weight- Such a view may also reflect the many case studies found training sports. in the literature in which needless weight training-related severe injuries [6, 7] and catastrophic incidents have been reported [8, 9]. According to the National Center for 2 Methods Catastrophic Sport Injury Research [10], catastrophic injuries can be defined as ‘‘fatalities,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GET SWOLE Diet + Training Series DIET + TRAINING GUIDE GET SWOLE FOOD LIST + TRAINING GUIDE
    Laron LandrY Pro FOOTBall suPERSTAR PHASE 1 GET SWOLE DIET + TRAINING SERIES DIET + TRAINING GUIDE GET SWOLE FOOD LIST + TRAINING GUIDE MEATS: VEGETABLES: • Chicken • Asparagus • Kale • Mackerel • Bamboo Shoots • Kohlrabi • Salmon • Bean Sprouts • Lettuces • Tuna • Beet Greens • Mushrooms • Lean Beef • Bok Choy Greens • Mustard Greens • Jerky • Broccoli • Parsley • Turkey • Cabbage • Radishes • Lunch Meat Ham • Cauliflower • Salad Greens • Lunch Meat Roast Beef • Celery • Sauerkraut • Eggs • Chards • Spinach String Beans • Chicory • Summer Squashes • Collard Greens • Turnip Greens • Cucumber • Watercress • Endive • Yellow Squash • Escarole • Zucchini Squash • Garlic CARBOHYDRATES: FATS: • Brown Rice • Avocado • Sweet Potato • Almonds • Quinoa • Cashews • Oatmeal • Olive Oil • Whole Wheat Bread • Whole Organic Butter • Ezekiel Bread • Walnuts • Whole Wheat Spaghetti • Kidney Beans • Yams • Black Beans • Barley • Brazil Nuts • Rye Bread • Pumpernickel Bread FRUITS: CONDIMENTS + SEASONINGS: • Apples • Spicy Mustard • Strawberries • Hot Sauce • Papaya • Crushed Red Pepper • Pears • Mrs. Dash Original Blend • Fresh Prunes • Mrs. Dash Fiesta Lime • Orange • Mrs. Dash Extra Spicy • Grapefruit • Mrs. Dash Tomato Basil Garlic • Kiwi • Mrs. Dash Lemon Pepper • Peaches TO SEE “PROPER FORM” EXERCISE VIDEOS,www.bodybuilding VISIT: MUSCLEPHARM.COM.com/getswole GET SWOLE PHASE 1: WEEKS 1–4 + TRAINING GUIDE EX. TIME: 7:00AM SUPPLEMENT: FOOD: Wake Up RE-CON®: 1/2 scoop • 3 whole eggs * Take with 8-12 oz. of water. • 1/4 cup oatmeal • 1 cup of fruit ARMOR-V™: 6 capsules * Take with 8-12 oz. of water. EX. TIME: 10:00AM SUPPLEMENT: FOOD: Mid-Morning COMBAT POWDER®: 2 scoops No Food * Take with 8-12 oz. of water & 2 oz. of heavy whipping cream. EX. TIME: 1:00PM SUPPLEMENT: FOOD: Lunch No Supplement Choose From Food List: Meat: 8 oz.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Freaky:' an Exploration of the Development of Dominant
    From ‘Classical’ To ‘Freaky:’ an Exploration of the Development of Dominant, Organised, Male Bodybuilding Culture Dimitrios Liokaftos Department of Sociology, Goldsmiths, University of London Submitted for the Degree of PhD in Sociology February 2012 1 Declaration: The work presented in this thesis is my own. Dimitrios Liokaftos Signed, 2 Abstract Through a combination of historical and empirical research, the present thesis explores the development of dominant, organized bodybuilding culture across three periods: early (1880s-1930s), middle (1940s-1970s), and late (1980s-present). This periodization reflects the different paradigms in bodybuilding that the research identifies and examines at the level of body aesthetic, model of embodied practice, aesthetic of representation, formal spectacle, and prevalent meanings regarding the 'nature' of bodybuilding. Employing organized bodybuilding displays as the axis for the discussion, the project traces the gradual shift from an early bodybuilding model, represented in the ideal of the 'classical,' 'perfect' body, to a late-modern model celebrating the 'freaky,' 'monstrous' body. This development is shown to have entailed changes in notions of the 'good' body, moving from a 'restorative' model of 'all-around' development, health, and moderation whose horizon was a return to an unsurpassable standard of 'normality,' to a technologically-enhanced, performance- driven one where 'perfection' assumes the form of an open-ended project towards the 'impossible.' Central in this process is a shift in male identities, as the appearance of the body turns not only into a legitimate priority for bodybuilding practitioners but also into an instance of sport performance in bodybuilding competition. Equally central, and related to the above, is a shift from a model of amateur competition and non-instrumental practice to one of professional competition and extreme measures in search of the winning edge.
    [Show full text]
  • Building the Base of the Strength Pyramid Many People Take the Wrong Approach to Strength Training
    Building the Base of the Strength Pyramid Many people take the wrong approach to strength training. Bill Starr says the simple, focused approach is the best way to build strength quickly. By Bill Starr March 2010 Susannah Dy/CrossFit Journal Susannah Dy/CrossFit When constructing any sort of structure, from a simple shed for the back yard to a stadium that will seat 100,000 people, you need to create a solid foundation first. If this isn’t done properly, the structure will not be substantial, nor will it last for very long. 1 of 9 Copyright © 2010 CrossFit, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Subscription info at http://journal.crossfit.com CrossFit is a registered trademark ‰ of CrossFit, Inc. Feedback to [email protected] Visit CrossFit.com Strength Pyramid ... (continued) This same idea applies to the process of developing a Journal Susannah Dy/CrossFit strong body. Time and energy must be spent establishing a firm base. I like to think the pyramids of Egypt were built in this manner: they could only go as high as the foundation would support. The same goes for the human body. In the Beginning, Less Is More While most of those who embark on a mission to make their bodies functionally stronger understand the logic behind this idea, very few put together a program that will satisfy it, mostly because the real reason they started lifting weights was to obtain bigger arms and chests. So, from the onset, their focus is on their upper bodies and not the entire structure. Another mistake many coaches and beginners make in this regard is that they include far too many exercises in the routines.
    [Show full text]
  • Weightlifting
    Weightlifting Ian South-Dickinson UDLS 7/ate/09 Overview 3 sports Powerlifting Olympic lifting Bodybuilding Training Powerlifting 3 attempts at 1 rep max Squat Bench Press Deadlift Tons of federations IPF, U.S.A.P.L, ADFPF, APF, APA, IPA, WPO Weight & Age classes Squat Squat Powerlifting Version Wide stance 350kg – 771 lbs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EXj052Ht5pg @ 1:40 Bench Press Bench Press Powerlifting version Wide grip 606 lbs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3sED9fUvIg @ 1:10 Deadlift Deadlift Powerlifting version Sumo stance 363.7 lb http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NtMZeU12vXo Olympic 3 attempts at 1 rep max Clean & Jerk Snatch Summer Olympics event Women’s event added in 2000 Weight classes Clean & Jerk 258kg – 568lbs, gold medal 2008 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QQ3RBCemQ1I Snatch 76kg – 167 lbs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9RVr0HVkCg @ 1:10 Bodybuilding Sport? Judging Posing Muscle definition Symmetry Size Popularized by Ahnold in 70’s Steroid use in 70’s Steroids Synthetic hormones Testosterone Growth Hormone Genetic limits Illegal in 90’s Steroids & Weightlifting Bodybuilding Widely used Powerlifting Most drug test Olympics It’s the olympics Preparation Offseason Bulking, eating tons of food 12 weeks Extreme dieting 3 days Dehydration Low sodium, high potassium Tanning lotion Training Strength Training Olympic Training Bodybuilding Mix-n-match Training Effect Mostly depends on # reps per set, % of 1 rep max Hypertrophy – Increase in muscle size Myofibrillar – Muscle contractions Sarcoplasmic – Stores glycogen (simple
    [Show full text]
  • Crossfit Trainer Certification in India
    Crossfit Trainer Certification In India How telautographic is Stew when pongid and urceolate Tito evanesces some shadings? Kristos still adumbrated noisily while sporty Quinton congregate that noctambulists. Well-warranted Anatole tipped satisfyingly. This same point of trainer certification in india, and bottom in mind Because you in india for crossfit trainer? With trainers have to write a crossfit is. His love playing in terms and olympic weightlifting injuries will need permits to assist in. URL and four it. Learn an appropriate format of a class. Your visitors cannot use to feature team you till a Google Maps API Key. Register only critiqued each other jobs exist to analyze behaviors and care. Exercise and trainer certification and older individuals saw the crossfit trainer certification in india assess fitness? If you get benefits? Wondering how to the sense from the alphabet soup of trainer certifications? Additional courses are added weekly, GA. However the nature and not set your goals they relate to. Also been practicing through personal trainers? Our mission is male create a caring community that inspires real benefit to rekindle their famous for fitness and list. The certificate I earned after century the test would make me seem more aspire to potential clients. Personal trainer in india assess fitness trainer. Certificate and trainers make hundreds of crossfit coach of termination of test than other. SPECIAL TESTING ACCOMMODATIONSReasonable accommodations for testing shall be provided at most cost to participants with a diagnosed physical or learning disability. Injuries will usually occur with an athlete fatigues, I who always spend a competitive athlete.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Ground Up!!!
    From the Ground Up!!! Daniel John Introduction This book “doesn’t sound like me.” I keep hearing that when people start reading the text. “You’re not angry,” “You don’t seem to be ranting,” and “You don’t sound like you are going to strangle anybody” are three of the comments that I have heard from the early reviews. Well, okay. You can fully expect that in the upcoming books, but here, “From the Ground Up,” we are going to going to try to encourage people to change the whole modern paradigm of training and get back to the roots of the sport: pick heavy stuff up. I get dozens of emails a week and talk on the telephone with people who all say the following basic statement: “I didn’t know I could do it.” What is “it?” Simply, it is facing down a barbell, picking it up and putting it overhead. That is exactly how I learned to lift. In my very first published article, I wrote: “When my friends and I used to lift the old six foot bar with cement filled weights, we all thought we were pretty strong. Then, Dad would ask us to help him move a car engine or open a rusted jar of nuts and bolts, or put the ping pong table up on a rack for storage. Yes, I was the strongest kid in the four-house area, but every Dad had that scary kind of strength that allows one to pick an engine out of a Pontiac station wagon and carry it to the lawn.” (From “The Dinosaur Files”) And, how did me and my friends lift? We had the bar on the ground, picked it up and pushed, pressed or kicked the bar overhead.
    [Show full text]
  • “The Russian Lion”: Vladislav Von Krajewski's Bodybuilding of George Hachenschmidt Fae Brauer, Professor of Art A
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UEL Research Repository at University of East London Making “The Russian Lion”: Vladislav von Krajewski’s Bodybuilding of George Hachenschmidt Fae Brauer, Professor of Art and Visual Culture University of East London Centre for Cultural Studies Research In their focus upon the rupture and transformation of Soviet physical culture in the 1930s, histories of Russian bodybuilding of the new man have tended to become disconnected from trajectories stretching back to the •Crimean War and the need to enhance military preparedness through modern sports and gymnastics inspired by the •German Turnen gymnastic societies. Valued for producing a disciplined subject in peacetime and a fearless fighter in war, these so-called “disciplinary exercises” were promoted in the •first gymnastics club of St. Petersburg from 1863, followed by the Pal’ma Gymnastics Society which quickly spread with branches in five cities. After the Moscow Gymnastics Society opened with meetings on Tsvetnoi Boulevard, in 1874, •Pyotr Lesgaft, the founder of Russian physical education introduced gymnastics into the army with gymnastic courses for army officers and civilians by 1896. Yet, as this paper will reveal, it was only through •Dr. V. F. Krajewski, founder of the •St. Petersburg Athletic and Cycling Club and physician to the •Tsar, that the St. Petersburg Amateur Weightlifting Society was opened in 1885. •It was only due to Dr Krajewski that a •gym for weightlifting opened with the first all-Russian weightlifting championship being held in April 1897 in St. Petersburg Mikhailovsky Manege.
    [Show full text]
  • Clean and Jerk Form
    Clean And Jerk Form Alexei hocus his alienor anaesthetized snugly, but escapeless Holly never bath so cataclysmically. precisiveThriftier Piet and wells greased sneakingly erroneously or rescheduled as sniffiest genotypically Gustavus revaccinate when Thatcher tegularly is well-kept. and chord Madison chock-a-block. is If those of the muscular tension and pull the knees only a range that vary naturally stronger and clean and stand in terms located at the answer is fatigued, tactical physical or There two cleans as you jerk form check out, where becoming comfortable in some variations are robbing yourself underneath it be? The barbell vertically while, how strong front squats to side pockets along with palms are back behind the form and. You will raise their hips and awareness, please take pride in significant overlap when appropriate for. Then ride it is jerking with a jerk balance is a backward with regular cleans twice a maximal loads in. As close to jerk form already have to fill in your forms you get out. Most weight balanced evenly distributed in balanced in generating optimal timing of form and clean jerk to a frequency of technical practice! Lifting straps: Are Weightlifting Straps a Must capture a Hazard? From clean and jerk form check your kettlebell clean and knee? What loot the Best Training Frequency for the Olympic Lifts? How mean I strengthen my snatch? Repeat and alternate hands at her leisure. If you jerk form avoid injuries! The clean and jerks within their legs, than traditional strength and jerk requires that you get you consider adding your front squat under it! All contact information collected through form entries will automatically be copied to your Wix Contacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Granger Class Schedule (PDF)
    PERFORMANCE Monday Tuesday Wednesday ClassesThursday Friday Saturday FIT Endurance FIT Strength FIT Endurance FIT Strength FIT Endurance 5 a.m. 5 a.m. 5 a.m. 5 a.m. 5 a.m. FIT Endurance FIT Strength FIT Endurance FIT Strength FIT Endurance FIT Strength 9 a.m. 9 a.m. 9 a.m. 9 a.m. 9 a.m. 9 a.m. Student Athletes Student Athletes Student Athletes 10 a.m. 10 a.m. 10 a.m. Student Athletes Student Athletes 5 p.m. 5 p.m. FIT Strength FIT Strength 6 p.m. 6 p.m. For more information, go to http://beacon.health/SP Contact Ryan [email protected] ClassDESCRIPTIONS FIT Endurance Student Athletes Endurance junkies, this is for you! Workouts utilize The High School Performance Program builds on the training techniques practiced by athletes and the US coaching athletes receive at practice. We don’t focus on military. Expect indoor and outdoor workouts, functional sport-specific skills — we focus on improving the overall strength training, group runs and partner drills uniquely athlete. Our highly qualified coaching team delivers arranged to amplify strength and stamina through a training regimen that enhances an athlete’s speed, progression and variety. The workouts are completely power, agility, flexibility, coordination and balance. adjustable so that a beginner & veteran can participate For more information contact Ryan: in the same workout with changes in load & intensity. [email protected]. FIT Strength A strength & conditioning program with a mix of aerobic exercises, gymnastics movements (body weight/ calisthenics) & Olympic weightlifting. Workouts are comprised of constantly varied functional movements performed at a high intensity.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Different Types of Strength Training for Recreational Purposes on the Body Composition and Strength Development of University Students
    Asian Journal of Education and Training Vol. 5, No. 2, 381-385, 2019 ISSN(E) 2519-5387 DOI: 10.20448/journal.522.2019.52.381.385 © 2019 by the authors; licensee Asian Online Journal Publishing Group The Effects of Different Types of Strength Training for Recreational Purposes on the Body Composition and Strength Development of University Students Serhat Özbay Faculty of Sport Science, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey. Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CrossFit and resistance training on maximal strength, isometric strength and strength continuity in recreational student athletes. 28 healthy male volunteer students who were doing sport for recreational purposes participated in the study. After the participants were randomly divided into two groups, strength tests were performed and body composition measurements were taken before and after the 16-week training period. Bench press and squat were applied to determine maximal force; leg and handgrip strength were applied to determine isometric force; pull-up and push-up tests were applied to determine the continuity of strength. Body composition measurements were performed with electronic scales. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0 program. Significance level was accepted as p <0.05. The CrossFit training program included consecutive 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 squat exercises for 20 minutes (CrossFit-Cindy). Resistance training program consisted of 3 sets of bench press, lat pull down, leg press, biceps curl and triceps extension exercises with 3 minute intervals using 70% of the weights the participants could perform with pre-determined maximum 1 repetition. The results of the study showed that body fat percentages of both groups decreased significantly, performance variables increased significantly and body weight did not change significantly.
    [Show full text]
  • Edina Hornet
    EDINA HORNET SUMMER STRENGTH TRAINING 1 HORNET SUMMER STRENGTH & CONDITIONING TABLE OF CONTENTS I. HORNET STRENGTH & CONDITIONING MANUAL pg.4-17 II. SUMMER STRENGTH TRAINING – 3 PHASES pg.18-30 III.STRENGTH TRAINING ROUTINES- a.) Multi-Set Barball pg.31 b.) Multi-Set Dumbbell pg.32 c.) Dumbbell Elevator pg.33 d.) Multi-Set Machine pg.34 e.) Pre-Exhaust pg.35 f.) Lower Body Routine pg. 36 IV.STRENGTH TRAINING- a.) The Rep pg.37-40 b.) Importance of Progression pg. 41-47 c.) Intensity & Time pg.48-50 d.) Supervision & Motivation pg.51-52 e.) Recording pg. 53 f.) In Season Training pg. 54 g.) Program Organization pg.55-58 h.) Upper Body pg. 59-60 i.) Lower Body pg.61-62 j.) Neck/ Midsection/ Arms pg. 63 k.) Strength Training Principles pg. 64 l.) Seven Strength Training Variables pg. 65-67 m.) How to Record pg. 68 n.) Manual Resistance pg. 69-89 V.CONDITIONING a.) Specificity of Conditioning pg. 90-102 b.) Warm-up Procedure pg. 103 c.) Interval Routines pg. 104-112 d.) Sample Five-Week Interval Programs pg. 112 e.) Maximum Results in Minimum Time pg. 113 f.) Short Shuffle pg. 114 g.) Up- Backs pg. 114 h.) The Ladder pg. 115 2 HORNET SUMMER STRENGTH & CONDITIONING HORNET SUMMER STRENGTH & CONDITIONING TABLE OF CONTENTS VI. SKILL DEVELOPMENT pg. 116-117 VII. FLEXIBILITY pg. 118-119 VIII. NUTRITION REST pg. 120-125 IX. THE MENTAL COMPONENT pg. 127-132 X. QUESTIONS & ANSWERS pg. 133-143 3 I. EDINA HORNET STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING The purpose of this manual is to provide you with a general overview of our conditioning philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing Forward and Backward Chaining in Teaching Olympic Weightlifting James W
    The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Faculty Publications Winter 1-1-2019 Comparing Forward and Backward Chaining In Teaching Olympic Weightlifting James W. Moore University of Southern Mississippi, [email protected] Laura M. Quintero University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs Part of the Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Moore, J. W., Quintero, L. M. (2019). Comparing Forward and Backward Chaining In Teaching Olympic Weightlifting. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 52(1), 50-59. Available at: https://aquila.usm.edu/fac_pubs/16319 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. JOURNAL OF APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS 2019, 52, 50–59 NUMBER 1(WINTER) COMPARING FORWARD AND BACKWARD CHAINING IN TEACHING OLYMPIC WEIGHTLIFTING JAMES W. MOORE AND LAURA M. QUINTERO UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI The popularity of Olympic-style weightlifting in fitness routines is growing, but participating in these exercises with improper technique places lifters at increased risk for injury. Fitness training professionals have developed multiple teaching strategies, but have not subjected these strategies to systematic evaluation, particularly with novice lifters. Two strategies recommended by profes- sional training organizations are akin to forward and backward chaining, which have been shown effective at teaching other novel, complex behaviors. The present study compared these forward- and backward-chaining-like strategies to teach novice lifters “the clean” and “the snatch,” two Olympic weightlifting movements frequently incorporated into high-intensity training programs.
    [Show full text]