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Public Disclosure Authorized DETAILS: COMPANY/ LIS CODE Road Development Agency NAME OF FACILITY Construction of Proposed Mufuchani Bridge TYPE OF FACILITY Bridge REVIEWED DOCMENT Final EPB LOCATION: Kitwe, Mufuchani PROVINCE Copperbelt DISTRICT Kitwe ADDRESS Road Development Agency
Public Disclosure Authorized CONTACT PERSON Muliya Mushimbeyi DESIGNATION Principal Environmental Officer FAX 0211 253404 TELEPHONE 0211 253088/253801/253002 E-MAIL [email protected] DATE OF SUBMISSION OF EIS March 2009 DATE OF REVIEW 1st – 3rd April, 2009 REPORT No. Performed By: Nancy Mushota, Luwita Kanema Changula, Catherine Nachangwe,
Public Disclosure Authorized Moono Kanjelesa Public Disclosure Authorized
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AUTHOR DETAILS:
Dr Muyoba Macwani Ms Suzanne Rattray Independent Consultant Director Njuwe Consultants Limited Rankin Engineering Consultants P.O. Box 32128 P.O. Box 50566 Lusaka. Lusaka Cell: 260 955 814 608 Tel: 0211 291195 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
Ms Litumelo Mate Mr Pelekelo Chipango Independent Consultant Independent Consultants Danish Embassy Celtel Zambia Plc trading as ZAIN ZAMBIA P/Bag 02, Woodlands P.O. Box 320001 Lusaka Lusaka Tell: 0211 233466 Cell: +260 978 980211 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
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Executive Summary
The Government of the Republic of Zambia has received funding under the Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Project (RRMP) from the International Development Association (IDA) towards the cost of carrying out a feasibility study and preliminary engineering design for construction of a bridge at Mufuchani across the Kafue River in Kitwe District of Copperbelt Province. This project is in support of the Road Sector Investment Programme Phase II (ROADSIP II). The project investment cost is estimated at US$4.8 million.
Consequently, the Ministry of Works and Supply, through the Road Development Agency, has appointed BCEOM in association with Rankin Engineering Consultants, to provide the required consultancy services. On their part, the consultants have held consultations with stakeholders in communities of Kitwe neighbouring the proposed site, in partial fulfillment of requirements of the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) for development projects.
Positive significant impacts identified are increase in agricultural production and hence improvement in food security of the affected communities and Zambia at large, improvement in transport and human safety whilst crossing the Kafue River during the operation phase on the one hand and job creation during the construction phase on the other. Among the major negative impacts are spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS virus in the local community and loss of air quality and increase in ambient noise level around the project site during construction phase. Choice of alternative routes upstream and downstream of the recommended site can result also into the demolition of property and possible resettlement of the affected persons.
Three possible alternative alignments have been identified for the construction of the bridge as follows: Option A near Mufuchani Pontoon crossing, Option B downstream through Chipata compound and Option C upstream through Musonda Compound (Jambo Drive).
Analysis of the three alternative alignments mentioned above in terms of biophysical and social economical impacts showed that Option A is the preferred one primarily due to low construction cost and the minimum impact it will cause on human property.
Based on mitigation measures contained in this report, Rankin Engineering Consultants have recommended to the Road Development Agency that the proposed Mufuchani bridge construction can proceed based on an Environmental Project Brief (EPB) contained in this report.
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Notwithstanding, the selected construction contractor is referred to the environmental management plan contained hereunder and the findings of the EPB which invariably will be inserted into the Project Implementation Manual to enable the contractor to faithfully execute mitigation measures. The RDA will supervise the project consultant in order to ensure that the construction contractor adheres to recommendations contained in the EPB. Moreover, the RDA will, if necessary, conduct a socio-economic survey of the project site for the purpose of compensating people whose property might become demolished during construction.
Being overall authority, the ECZ will review the EPB and take necessary measures to ensure that the Mufuchani Bridge project is implemented in accordance with the recommendations contained in this report and issue a decision letter as stipulated in the EPPCA 1990 and EIA Regulations (1997).
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... III LIST OF TABLES: ...... VII LIST PHOTOS ...... VII LIST OF MAPS: ...... VII ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...... IX 1.0 INTRODUCTION...... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT BRIEF (EPB) ...... 1 1.3 OBJECTIVE OF CONSTRUCTING THE BRIDGE ...... 2 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ...... 4 FRAMEWORK ...... 4 2.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN ZAMBIA ...... 4 2.2 THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICY ON INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT ... 5 3.0 METHODOLOGY ...... 7 3.1 PRE-SITE SURVEYS ...... 7 3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 7 3.3 RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY AND PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ...... 7 4.0 RESULTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL ...... 9 4.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 9 4.1.1 Preparation phase ...... 9 4.1.2 Construction Phase ...... 9 4.1.3 Operation phase ...... 10 4.2 ALTERNATIVES AND DESCRIPTION OF THE AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT ...... 10 4.3.1 “NO” Project Option ...... 10 4.3.2 Option A - Road and bridge near Mufuchani Pontoon Crossing ...... 10 4.3.2 Option B - Road and bridge downstream through Chipata Compound ...... 13 4.3.3 Option C - Road and bridge upstream through Musonda Compound...... 14 4.4 ANALYSIS AND SELECTION OF A PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE ...... 15 4.4.1 OPTION A, NEAR THE MUFUCHANI PONTOON ...... 15 4.4.2 OPTION B, DOWNSTREAM CONSTRUCTION THROUGH CHIPATA COMPOUND ...... 16 4.4.3 OPTION C, UPSTREAM CONSTRUCTION THROUGH MUSONDA COMPOUND ...... 17 4.5 PREFERRED ALTERNATIVE AND INPUTS ...... 18 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT TYPE ...... 19 4.5.1 Bridge Construction Phase ...... 19
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4.5.2 Products and by – products...... 20 5.0 THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT ...... 21 5.1 BIOPHYSICAL ...... 21 5.1.1 Geographical Location ...... 21 5.1.2 Topography ...... 21 5.1.3 Climate ...... 21 5.1.4 Hydrology ...... 21 5.1.5 Geology and Soils ...... 21 5.1.6 Vegetation Types ...... 22 5.1.7 Fauna ...... 23 5.2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ...... 23 5.2.1 Demography ...... 23 5.2.3 Agriculture ...... 25 5.2.4 Employment...... 25 5.2.5 Infrastructure ...... 25 5.2.6 Tourism ...... 25 5.2.7 Mining ...... 25 6.0 IMPACTS ...... 26 6.1 POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 26 6.1.1 Socio-economic Impacts ...... 26 6.2 NEGATIVE IMPACTS ...... 27 I. Site preparation and construction phases ...... 27 6.2.1...... 27 6.2.2 Environmental impacts ...... 28 7.0 MITIGATION MEASURES...... 30 7.1 ENHANCEMENT OF POSITIVE IMPACTS ...... 30 7.2 NEGATIVE IMPACT MITIGATION ...... 30 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 32 7.2 MONITORING AND AUDITING ...... 35 7.2.1 Baseline Monitoring...... 35 7.2.2 Health, Safety and Environmental Standards ...... 35 7.2.2.1 Reports ...... 36 7.2.3 Impact Monitoring ...... 36 7.2.4 Environmental Impact Audit ...... 36 8.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN (ERP) ...... 37 ...... 38 9.0 REFERENCES ...... 39 9.0 REFERENCES ...... 39
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APPENDIX 1 PEOPLE CONSULTED ...... 40 APPENDIX 2 TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES APPLICABLE TO BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION 41 APPENDIX 3 ZAMBIAN LEGISLATION, INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ...... 49 PROTOCOLS AND CONVENTIONS PERTAINING TO ...... 49 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ...... 49 APPENDIX 4 BRIDGE DRAWINGS ...... 56
List of Tables:
Table 4. 1 A matrix of impact prediction ...... 19 Table 4. 2 Key data for approach road sections ...... 20
Table 5. 1 Uses of dominant tree species ...... 22 Table 5. 2 Population characteristics of kitwe district ...... 24 Table 5. 3 Households and population distribution by constituency and ward ...... 24
Table 7. 1 Environmental Management Plan ...... 34
List Photos
Photo 1 Pontoon crossing ...... 11 Photo 2 A local from the market ...... 11 Photo 3 Girl drawing water from well ...... 13 Photo 4 Typical structure to be affected ...... 13 Photo 5 Typical vegetation at bridge site ...... 13 Photo 6 Typical structure on alignment ...... 14 Photo 7 Human habitation and general setting ...... 14 Photo 8 Vegetation at the river crossing ...... 14 Photo 9 Drinking water source ...... 14 Photo 10 Bags of charcoal at chipata compound market ...... 27 Photo 11 Chibuluma quarry ...... 28 Photo 12 Water supply point ...... 29
List of Maps: Map 1 Location of Mufuchani bridge ...... 3
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List of Figures
Figure 4. 1 Alternative options ...... 12
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Abbreviations and Acronyms
% Percent AIDS Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome CCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna CSO Central Statistical Office DSA District Situation Analysis EA Environmental Assessment ECZ Environmental Council of Zambia EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan EPB Environmental Project Brief ESMU Environmental and Social Management Unit EPPCA Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act GRZ Government of the Republic of Zambia HIV Human Immuno Virus IDA International Development Agency IEIA Initial Environmental Impact Assessment IEM Integrated Environmental Management km Kilometer km2 Square Kilometer KRHC Kawama Rural Health Clinic kV Kilo-volt m Meter MOH Ministry of Health MTC The Ministry of Transport and Communications NHCC National Heritage Conservation Commission NCL Njuwe Consultants Limited NCS National Conservation Strategy NEAP National Environmental Action Plan NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PAP Project Affected Person RDA Road Development Agency RAMSAR The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance ROADSIP Road Sector Investment Programme RoW Right of Way RRMP Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Project SCAFE Soil Conservation and Agro-Forestry Extension Project STD Sexually Transmitted Disease UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
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WASHE Water, Sanitation and Health Education Programme WWF World Wide Fund ZCCM Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines US$ United States Dollars
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) is proposing to erect a bridge over the Kafue River near the present Mufuchani Pontoon. It is hoped that the construction of the bridge will bring sustainable development in the Mufuchani region across the river from the central area of Kitwe, as new agriculture developments will be facilitated, reduction in travel time and in the operational costs of the vehicles will be achieved and rural industries will open up and employment opportunities will increase. The construction of the Mufuchani Bridge across the Kafue River will include clearing of vegetation to set out the right of way, earthworks for the construction of the approach roads, borrowing/ and or purchasing of road construction materials, excavation and allowing for the construction of the sub-structure and construction of the superstructure. The project investment cost is estimated at US$4.8 million.
In support of the Road Sector Investment Programme Phase II (ROADSIP II), the GRZ has received funding under the Road Rehabilitation and Maintenance Project (RRMP) from the International Development Association (IDA) towards the cost of carrying out a feasibility study and preliminary engineering design for construction of a bridge at Mufuchani across the Kafue River. The Government is the major shareholder while the Director and Chief Executive of RDA represents the shareholder’s interests in Road and Bridge projects in Zambia. The track record of the RDA in the Road sector has been impressive.
In order to conform to environmental laws of the country and ensure that environmental issues are integrated in the design, implementation and operation of the aforesaid bridge, the environmental specialists on the project team held consultations with stakeholders in both Chipata compound and Mufuchani village in partial fulfillment of legal requirements of the Environmental Council of Zambia (ECZ) for development projects. Ultimately, this report identifies potential significant impacts arising from project activities and propose mitigation measures as part of the detailed design of the proposed Bridge.
1.2 Purpose of the Environmental Project Brief (EPB)
The purpose of undertaking this EPB is to conduct an environmental appraisal of the project area and identify possible environmental impacts and mitigation measures. The measures devised will form a basis for the Environmental and Social Management Unit (ESMU) of the Road Development Agency to monitor implementation of mitigation measures. To the extent possible, preliminary predictions of potential impacts of the
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proposed bridge construction are presented, as well as tentative mitigation measures to address the impacts.
1.3 Objective of constructing the bridge
The main objective of constructing this bridge is to facilitate easy transport between Kitwe main town and Mufuchani farming block thereby increasing food production and hence reducing poverty among the affected communities.
The location map of the project site is shown in Map 1.
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Map 1 Location of Mufuchani bridge
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2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK
There are several pieces of environmental legislation in Zambia that regulate activities associated with road and bridge construction. Sourcing and extracting construction materials such as gravel and aggregates for rehabilitation of roads undoubtedly impose limitations on the affected sites. The impairment could result from pollution, ecological damage, species removal and several others. This therefore leads to the need to examine and possibly mitigate potentially adverse effects that could arise from such activities. Construction in and around rivers also present many opportunities for impacting on water quality and aquatic life, which impacts need to be identified and mitigated.
This section of the report presents specific information on the Zambian legislation related to environmental management as relates to the proposed construction of a bridge at Mufuchani. It should be noted that specific environmental permits will be required at construction stage. Extraction of gravel from material sites requires the preparation of an environmental project brief. At the time of bridge construction, the Contractor will be required to prepare EPB’s for each borrow area to be opened in order to meet this requirement.
2.1 Brief history of environmental management in Zambia
Environmental management in Zambia started with the adoption of the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) as Zambia’s first environmental policy in 1985, the enactment of the Environmental Protection and Pollution Control Act (EPPCA) in 1990, and finally the passing of statutory instrument No. 28 in 1997 to provide for EIA. In terms of legislation, there are 28 pieces of legislation, which guide environmental management in Zambia.
The NCS provided for the establishment of environmental legislation and institutions to promote natural resources conservation in Zambia while the EPPCA when used in conjunction with EIA Regulations 1997 enables the country to conduct and review EIAs for projects that require EA. Among the statutes which fall under the EPPCA and are relevant to the current study include the Public Health Act, Local Government Act. Water Act, The Zambia Wild life Act, The petroleum Act, The energy Legislation Act, The National Heritage and Conservation Act, The Town and Country Planning Act and Noxious Weeds Act.
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The 28 pieces of Zambian legislation including international and regional protocols and conventions pertaining to environmental management in the country are summarized in Appendix 3.
Those of relevance to this project are the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as a Waterfowl Habitat, Convention on the Protection of world Cultural and Natural Heritage, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Convention on Biological Diversity and United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
2.2 The World Bank Operational Policy on Involuntary Resettlement
This policy is triggered not only by physical relocation caused by the project but also by any loss of assets resulting in:
Relocation or loss of shelter; Loss of assets or access to assets; or Loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected people must move to another location.
The policy applies to all components of a project that result in involuntary resettlement. It also applies to other activities resulting in involuntary resettlement that in the judgment of the Bank, are:
− Directly and significantly related to the Bank-assisted project, − Necessary to achieve its objectives as set forth in the project documents; and − Carried out, or planned to be carried out, contemporaneously with the project.
The objectives of the resettlement policy are therefore to:
− Avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement where feasible, exploring all viable alternative project design; − Assist displaced people in improving their former living standards, income earning capacity, and production levels, or at least in restoring them; − Encourage community participation in planning and implementing resettlement; and − Provide assistance to affected people regardless of the legality of land tenure.
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The policy safeguards against impoverishment risks as a result of involuntary resettlement that may be associated with the development project. It addresses the risks of destroying production systems of the project affected people; people may face impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people may be relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and social networks may be weakened; kin groups may be dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority and the potential for mutual help may be diminished or lost.
Consistent with the borrower’s national legislation the World Bank will detail its Task Manager to assist and monitor the EA process as stated under Operational Directive 4.01. The Bank will also request the borrower to release the EA report as part of information disclosure extended to the affected communities and local NGOs.
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3.0 METHODOLOGY
The preceding chapters have presented the context and need for conducting environmental appraisals for the construction of the road approaches and the bridge. The environmental appraisal of the project site provides for, among others, a description of the method and approach used in the environmental appraisal process.
A step by step description of the method followed is detailed in the three sub-sections as follows:
• Pre-site survey meetings; • Literature review; and • Reconnaissance survey and holding of public consultations with interested and affected parties.
3.1 Pre-site surveys
A pre-site survey meeting was held with both the RDA’s ESMU and the local associate of the consultant (Rankin Engineering Consultants). This was held to obtain information on the project activities and specifically on the proposed sites. Furthermore, discussions were held on the need for the environmental appraisal.
After the meeting with the project proponent and the design consultant, a literature review was conducted to enable the environmental team to acquaint itself with the project and the project area as outlined below.
3.2 Literature review
The second step in the preparation of the environmental appraisal involved the review of relevant documents obtained at Kitwe District Council, Forestry Department and Central Statistical Office in Lusaka. The documents reviewed include, among others, the following:
• Kitwe District Situation Analysis, 2005; • 2000 Census of Population and Housing; and • IEIA for the Construction of Chembe Bridge.
3.3 Reconnaissance Survey and Public Consultations
A reconnaissance survey of the project area was made in order to appreciate both the biophysical and socio-economic environment to be affected by the project.
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During the survey, environmental data was collected using the following techniques:
• Field observations and professional judgments; • Holding group and individual interviews with project affected people (PAP) and key stakeholders; • Holding consultations with key stakeholders that included the Kitwe District Council, the local leaders in the affected communities, the Department of Water Affairs and the ECZ; and • Collection of demographic data from the Central Statistical Offices in Lusaka as well as the Kitwe District Council Planning Office.
An outline of the environmental field appraisal findings is outlined in the next chapter and the list of people contacted is here attached as Appendix 1.
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4.0 RESULTS FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL
Having conducted the environmental appraisal using the method outlined above, observations were made and findings noted.
This chapter therefore describes the findings with regards to the environmental set up of the project site and the proposed project activities as they relate to both the bio-physical and socio-economic environment.
4.1 Project description
The proposed bridge configuration is shown in the Appendix 4. The main project activities in the construction of the bridge will include among others the following:
• Setting out the right of way; • Vegetation clearing; • Earthworks for the construction of the approach roads; • Borrowing of road construction materials; • Excavation and allowing for the construction of the sub-structure; • Construction of the superstructure; and • Other associated activities.
These above stated activities are executed at different project phases as shown hereunder:
4.1.1 Preparation phase
Setting out the right of way (RoW) and vegetation clearing in order to prepare for construction works is the major task in the preparatory phase. It will entail physically setting out the approach road and bridge location, marking out and organizing relocations of resident communities in the RoW (expected to be 36m wide).
4.1.2 Construction Phase
During the construction phase, gravel and laterite will be imported from the nearby borrow pits in Chibuluma as there will be no need to open a new one. However in the event that more construction material is needed, the contractor will have the option of opening new borrow pit on the eastern side of the project site.
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Other activities during the construction phase will include constructing the bridge sub- structure comprising the piers an abutments at an appropriate depth using reinforced concrete and finally constructing the super structure with safety rails for safety purposes.
4.1.3 Operation phase
After hand over of the bridge, the KCC on behalf of RDA will draw a maintenance programme to ensure that the bridge does not deteriorate.
4.2 Alternatives and description of the affected environment
There are four possible alternative alignments identified for the construction of the bridge as follows: “NO” Project Option, Option A near Mufuchani Pontoon crossing, Option B downstream through Chipata compound and Option C upstream through Musonda Compound (Jambo Drive). The map of the three sites is given in Figure 4.1.
4.3.1 “NO” Project Option
The option implies that no bridge will be built at Mufuchani. On the other had an expansion of Kitwe would be constrained by lack of space on the southern side of the city due to mining activities. Consequently, this option is not on the table for further consideration.
4.3.2 Option A - Road and bridge near Mufuchani Pontoon Crossing
At the end of Jambo Drive Road, turning right on Mukuba road for approximately 500 m before turning left to build a gravel approach 350m long road. Mukuba road may require improving while the access to the bridge (350m) will be a new construction.
On the approach to the Kafue River are newly demarcated plots that may be eligible for title deeds. In addition, the high water table, shallow wells and settlements are environmental variables of concern (See Photos 1-2).
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Photo 1 Pontoon crossing
Photo 2 A local from the market
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Figure 4. 1 Alternative options
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4.3.2 Option B - Road and bridge downstream through Chipata Compound
The second proposed road alignment and bridge location is furthest from Jambo Drive. Mukuba road will require extension for 500 m, to connect with the bridge approach of 350 m before the Kafue River.
The pontoon ferry is on the 500m extension of Mukuba road and includes the following: settlements, a school, wells for drinking water and fruit trees across the Kafue River (Photos 3 -5)
Photo 3 Girl drawing water from well
Photo 5 Typical vegetation at bridge site
Photo 4 Typical structure to be affected
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4.3.3 Option C - Road and bridge upstream through Musonda Compound
The third option involves locating the bridge by extending Jambo Drive straight to the Kafue River. The bridge will be 1.4km from Jambo Drive Road with an appreciable embankment of the approach road of about 450m.
On this particular alignment, the main environmental features of concern include a number of houses constructed of mud (Photos 6 and 7 below) and vegetation none of which is of economical value, protected or endangered (See Photo 8 below)
Photo 8 Vegetation at the river crossing Photo 6 Typical structure on alignment
Photo 9 Drinking water source
Photo 7 Human habitation and general setting
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4.4 Analysis and selection of a preferred alternative
The analysis of alternatives will try to identify the most preferred or least impact alternative in biophysical and social economical terms. The identified environmental variables above are used as criteria to assess both magnitude and significance of impact of each alternative on the environmental variables. The main environmental issues to be used for selecting an appropriate alternative therefore are:
• Impacts on water resources; • Impacts on settlements; • Impacts on vegetation; • Project costs; and • Social risks.
4.4.1 Option A, near the Mufuchani Pontoon
This alternative entails constructing about 1.3 km of road and the bridge structure across the Kafue River. Issues of concern in comparison with the other two alternatives are explained below:
Impacts on Water Resources
The significance and magnitude of impacts on the water resources using this alternative is very low due to because the Kafue River waters is heavy contaminated with heavy metals such as copper arising from stream discharges from mining activities as noted earlier (ZESCO, 2003).
Impacts on Settlements
There are no settlements that will be affected resulting from the use of this alignment. However, three undeveloped plots will be affected. There may therefore be need to compensate the affected people with new land. The significance and magnitude of compensation resulting from this alternative as compared to Options B and C is therefore very low.
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Impacts on vegetation
There are no rare, protected or endangered tree species on this alignment. The effects arising from construction activities of both the approach road and the bridge structure are negligible.
Project Cost
Project costs are not as high as those associated with Options B and C. The cost of compensating with land to those affected will be very minimal as compared to loss of structures associated with Options B and C.
Social Risks
There are no major social risks associated with this option as there are no settlements to be affected by road construction. The only issue will be the loss of wells for drinking water. With appropriate mitigation measures, the effect will not be there at all.
4.4.2 Option B, downstream construction through Chipata Compound
This alternative entails constructing about 1.45 km of road and the bridge structure across the Kafue River.
Impacts on Water Resources
The significance and magnitude of impacts on the water resources using this alternative is very low due to the high contamination of Kafue River waters arising from stream discharges from mining activities as noted earlier (ZESCO, 2003).
Impacts on Settlements
This alignment will entail resettling 13 homes on the proposed route. These families will have to be moved to other areas and a resettlement plan would have to be done. The following is likely to happen:
• Loss of housing units; • Loss of sources of income; • Splitting of the community; and • Loss of traditional lifestyles.
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This alternative will have significant impacts on settlements compared to Option A. The magnitude is also larger than Option A.
Impacts on vegetation
There are no rare, protected or endangered tree species on this alignment. The effects arising from construction activities of both the approach road and the bridge structure are negligible.
Project Cost
Project costs are higher than those associated with Option A due to the longer approach road as well as the resettlement cost for affected households.
Social Risks
This alternative has some significant social risks. This emanates from loss of property, income sources, split community, loss of lifestyles, etc.
4.4.3 Option C, upstream construction through Musonda Compound
This alternative entails constructing about 1.35 km of road and the bridge structure across the Kafue River.
Impacts on Water Resources
The significance and magnitude of impacts on the water resources using this alternative is very low due to the high contamination of Kafue River waters arising from stream discharges from mining activities as noted earlier, (ZESCO, 2003).
Impacts on Settlements
This alignment will certainly entail resettling a number of people. Over 15 homes are on the proposed route and will have to be moved to other areas, meaning, a resettlement plan would have to be done and the following is likely to happen:
• Loss of housing units; • Loss of sources of income; • Splitting of the community; and
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• Loss of traditional lifestyles.
This alternative will certainly go with significant impacts on settlements compared to the other two. The magnitude is also the largest when you compare with Options A and B.
Impacts on vegetation
There are no rare, protected or endangered tree species on the alignment. The effects arising from construction activities of both the approach road and the bridge structure are negligible
Project Cost
This alternative would be the most expensive if undertaken. The cost would arise from resettling over 15 families. Land would have to be acquired and new structures constructed for the affected families
Social Risks
This alternative has some significant social risks. This emanates from loss of property, income sources, split community, loss of lifestyles, etc.
4.5 Preferred alternative and inputs
Going by the analysis above, the preferred alternative from the environmental point of view is Option A, building the bridge near the Mufuchani Pontoon. It has no impacts on settlements, less social risks and is less costly. It is also the most likely to be accepted by the community in terns of switching from canoe use to using the bridge.
The construction of gravel approach roads to the bridge will involve clearing grass and shrubs. gravel will be sourced from Chibuluma borrow pit and two others on the eastern side of the Kafue River located about 01 km from Mufuchani village. For concrete works, coarse aggregates will be transported from the Phoenix quarry in Kitwe while sand is plentiful locally; cement will be bought from Ndola while steel for bridge construction will most likely come from South Africa.
Other raw materials required include diesel, gasoline and oils that will be sourced locally. These fuels and lubricants will be used to power construction machinery.
About 100 skilled and unskilled workers will be employed during the 12 months construction phase.
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A matrix of impact prediction of each alternative is shown below.
Table 4. 1 A matrix of impact prediction
Environmental Impact Type
Bio-physical Socio-economic
Project Criterion of Site Impact
water Surface Contamination & Loss of Air Noise Quality Vegetation Loss in Increase Agriculture Production Human Safety Construction cost Property demolition Income generation Income generation Spread& of STD HIV/AIDS virus Magnitude 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 Option A: Duration 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 Significance 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1
Magnitude 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 Option B: Duration 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 Significance 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 2
Magnitude 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 Option C: Duration 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 Significance 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 2
Key: 3 = Large magnitude, high significance, long duration, no potential for mitigation. 2 = Medium magnitude, medium significance, medium duration, mitigation possible but costly. 1 = Small magnitude, low significance, once-off duration and high potential for mitigation.
4.5.1 Bridge Construction Phase
Approach roads will be opened up from Mukuba road. The proposed approach roads will be double lane earth roads with a 6 m carriageway and shoulders 1m wide on each side. Both sides of the approach roads will have drainage trenches. Construction of approach roads will basically require a bulldozer to clear the shrubs and grass, a grader to create the formation and mix materials, tipper trucks, water bowsers and compaction equipment to compact the wearing course.
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As already indicated, reinforced concrete will be used for the substructure of the proposed bridge while the superstructure will likely comprise composite construction material of steel and concrete deck. Steel rails on either side of the bridge will provide safety for vehicles and pedestrians crossing the bridge. Given that construction materials, save for cement and steel, will be sourced locally, no labour camps will be constructed. Nevertheless, temporary pit latrines near the resettlement sites will be installed for construction workers, but shall be reclaimed upon completion of construction works in accordance with Technical and Operational Guidelines Applicable to Road and Bridge projects (National Roads Board, 1997).
A summary of key data for approach road sections is shown in Table 4.2.
Table 4. 2 Key data for approach road sections
Approach Road Overall length (km) Embankment length (m) Option A 1.2 300 Option B 1.45 500 Option C 1.35 450
4.5.2 Products and by – products.
Domestic refuge, human waste, abandoned structures, drainage systems, petroleum and chemical spillage will be the products of environmental concern in this project. The bridge contractor will apply documented procedures as shown in Appendix 2 in order to ensure that any hazardous material is collected and unloaded at a designated disposal site within Kitwe.
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5.0 THE EXISTING ENVIRONMENT
5.1 Biophysical
The biophysical environment of the project area represents a geomorphologic unit whose biological systems and physical landscapes have to a large extent been modified by anthropogenic activities. Kafue River is the only valued ecosystem that is ecologically sensitive to the proposed Mufuchani Bridge construction.
5.1.1 Geographical Location
Mufuchani village is located around latitude 12047’48” S and longitude 28015’36” E and is roughly 15 km from the Kitwe Town Center as shown in Map 1.
5.1.2 Topography
A sloping ground towards the Kafue River characterizes the Mufuchani project area at an elevation of 1175m above sea level.
5.1.3 Climate
Kitwe District receives very good rainfall, which has an annual range of 1,226mm. The district enjoys three main seasons. The cold dry season, which has a mean temperature range of 150 Celsius, starts from April and ends in July. The hot dry season that has a mean temperature range of 18.50 Celsius, begins in August and ends in October and the hot wet season, which has a mean temperature range of 20.30 Celsius, begins in November and ends in April.
5.1.4 Hydrology
The project area is drained by the Kafue River, which is under the Zambezi River catchment. Its water temperature ranges from an average low of 17oC in July to an average maximum of 33oC in February. Flooding normally takes place between February and July of each year.
5.1.5 Geology and Soils
Precambrian geology of Zambia can be divided into several domains: • The Paleoproterozoic (Eburnian ) in the Bangwelu Block • The Mesoproterozoic (Kibaran) Irumide Belt, • The Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup.
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In the Mufuchani area of Kitwe, the area is underlain by pre-Katangan Basement Complex rocks of the Lufubu group. These include schists as well as porphyroblastic granite gneiss.
Visual survey of the site identified the presence of outcrops of gneiss.
Erosion and deposition in recent times have resulted in topsoils of predominantly sandy and clayey loams.
The comprehensive characterization and main limitations of these soils is as follows:
Acidity: slight to strong, generally strong. Aluminium toxicity: slight to severe, generally moderate. Nutrient retention: low to moderate. Nutrient reserves: very low to low, generally low. Erosion and soil degradation: slight to very severe. Topsoil capping: severe in places. Topsoil texture: often course textured, occasionally sandy. Rooting depth: often limited due to subsoil acidity.1
5.1.6 Vegetation Types
The project area is sparsely populated by tree species that include Cassia siamiae, Combretum fragrans, Rhus longipes, Phyllocosmus lemaireanous, Termanalia stenostachya and Mangifera dudica. Vegetation types in the vicinity of the three potential sites chosen for bridge construction are dominated by Chipya species of Syzygium guineese and termitaria plant species including reeds. A summary of uses of the identified tree species is given in Table 5.1
Table 5. 1 Uses of dominant tree species
Species Uses Cassia siamiae Fuelwood, wind break, medicinal properties and building Combretum fragrans Fuelwood, fish catching and medicinal Rhus longipes Fuelwood, bee keeping Phyllocosmus lemaireanous Traditional tooth brush, medicinal,
1 Ministry of Agriculture and Water Development – Department of Agriculture Soil Surveys Unit, Bulletin No.13, 1987: Soils of Zambia, 2nd Edition, By W.J Veldkamp
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Fuelwood Termanalia Mollis Fencing, tool handles, construction Syzygium guineese Bee keeping, tanning leather, canoe making
5.1.7 Fauna
Aquatic fauna include Hippo (Hippopotamus amphibious), Crocodile (Crocodilus sp.), Water monitor, Fish e.g. spotted bream, Mirror carp and Nile carp. Birdlife include geese and ducks which, however, are spotted further upstream and downstream of the pontoon site.
5.2 Socio-economic
5.2.1 Demography
Historically, the population of Kitwe district, like other copper mining towns, has been influenced by rural-urban migration in search of employment and perceived better living conditions.
According to the CSO preliminary report of the 2000 census, the population for Kitwe District stood at 388,646 with an estimated 1.1% growth rate per annum.
However, the actual population catchment for the District is about 700,000. This is because many people and business houses from nearby districts conduct their businesses in Kitwe, where the market is, thus increasing the population.
Table 5.2 shows that the demographic trend of the district has been increasing but at a declining rate due to the reverse rural-urban migration caused by the privatization of the mines and liberalization of the economy and the attendant job losses. The rise in HIV/AIDS related diseases such as tuberculosis and diarrhoea has also contributed to the observed population decline.
Notwithstanding, Table 5.3 shows that Riverside Ward which includes Chipata compound and Mufuchani village has the highest population within Kwacha Constituency, a clear indication that the City of Kitwe is expanding eastwards.
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Table 5. 2 Population characteristics of Kitwe district
Population Annual Census Population Density/km2 Growth Year Rate % Male Female Total 1980 165,555 154,765 320,320 412.2 4.4 1990 175,812 171,212 347,024 447.6 0.8 2000 192,287 196,359 388,646 500.2 1.1 Source: Kitwe District Situation Analysis, 2005.
Table 5. 3 Households and population distribution by constituency and ward
Constituency and Ward 2000 Population Percent Distribution Households Males Females Total Males Females Total Kwacha Constituency 17,534 49,454 48,179 97,633 50.65 49.35 100.00 Bulangililo 3,152 9,365 9,286 18,651 50.21 49.79 100.00 Ipusukilo 4,758 12,278 11,941 24,219 50.70 49.30 100.00 Kwacha 1,992 6,278 6,116 12,394 50.65 49.35 100.00 Lubwa 2,377 6,737 6,437 13,174 51.14 48.86 100.00 Riverside 5,255 14,796 14,399 29,195 50.68 49.32 100.00 Source: CSO, 2002.
5.2.2 Settlement Patterns, Traditional Authority and Land Tenure
There are two human settlements around the proposed project site namely the Chipata compound and Mufuchani village. Chipata compound is well built and comprises brick walled houses/structures with Zinc roofing while the majority of houses/structures in Mufuchani village are made of clay with grass/zinc roofing. The Chipata market offers saleable commodities like mealie-meal, cooking oil, sugar, candles, soft drinks etc to both settlements.
There are basically two types of land management systems practised in Kitwe District, namely Reserve Land, which comprises gazetted land and is mainly forest areas and State or Leasehold Land, which is land that can be leased to individuals for a period of ninety- nine years (Kitwe DSA, 2005). Although most residents in Riverside have title to land/property, those in Chipata Compound and Mufuchani village are illegal squatters who took up residence in the area from other parts of Kitwe and elsewhere. These settlements are therefore under the jurisdiction of the Kitwe City Council even though there are area chairmen who deal with disputes within the communities.
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Despite being a cosmopolitan area, Bemba is the common language.
5.2.3 Agriculture
Mufuchani is one of the six blocks within Kitwe that have been identified with good arable land ideal for crop production. Others are Itimpi, Luangwa, Kafue, South Down and Kakolo (Kitwe DSA, 2005). Subsistence farming is practised in traditional crops like maize, rape, cabbage, sweet potatoes, onion and fruits. A few emergent farmers have taken up land in Mufuchani block but are constrained by poor transport communication.
5.2.4 Employment
Subsistence farming is the major income generating activity in the project area. However, some of the residents in the project area lost employment after the privatization of the former ZCCM Mines and are therefore in dire need of employment.
5.2.5 Infrastructure
The main infrastructure in the project area includes government institutions on both sides of the Kafue River, the 330 kV power line, Jambo Drive paved road and a Pedestrian Pontoon.
5.2.6 Tourism
Neither tourist attractions nor archaeological sites were reported.
5.2.7 Mining
There are sand borrow pits near the Chipata market on the southern bank of the Kafue River near the Mufuchani ferry.
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6.0 IMPACTS
6.1 Positive Impacts
6.1.1 Socio-economic Impacts
I. Site preparation and construction phases. a) Employment creation
During site preparation and the construction phases, about 100 and 150 unskilled workers will be employed respectively. This direct impact will increase their incomes and social standing. The significance of the impact is low-moderate, will occur during site planning and construction phases and will be for 06 months and 01year duration respectively. The impact will be experienced within and around the project site and it sensitive to the duration of the project.
II. Operation phase b) Increase in crop production and improved transport communication
The increase in crop production on account of improved road transport resulting from bridge construction constitutes a significant, long-term and indirect positive impact to the affected communities. With the bridge in place, not only will Mufuchani residents grow more food but they will at the same time be able to access big markets, schools and clinics that are located across the Kafue River. Furthermore, large quantities of charcoal produced in Mufuchani will find its way into nearby Chipata Market, Chimwemwe and Chisokone Markets in the City where low-income consumers will access it2, photo 10. Increase in food production is sensitive both to weather, supply of fertilizer and improved transport. c) Improved Human Safety
Ferrying of people across the Kafue River by canoe is potentially dangerous due to the presence of crocodiles. However, the operation of the proposed Mufuchani Bridge will remove the possibility of crocodile attacks on people crossing the river. Improved human safety is a long-term, indirect impact of high significance. The safety of the Mufuchani
2 Whereas charcoal production is a negative impact in so far as vegetation clearing is concerned, its easy accessibility by low-come consumers when Mufuchani bridge is operational can be regarded as a positive impact
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travelers and the general public at large is highly sensitive to the mode of transport used and the associated infrastructure such as a bridge in this case.
Photo 10 Bags of charcoal at Chipata compound market
6.2 Negative impacts
I. Site preparation and construction phases
6.2.1 Socio-economic
a) Spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS
Construction workers will have extra disposable income compared to unemployed residents within the project area. This sudden acquired affluence will translate itself into antisocial behaviour including excesses on beer and other social vices e.g. prostitution and hence the spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS cases. The impact is long-term with a moderate-high significance. Given the lack of knowledge on the modes of transmission and the lack of vaccine against the spread of HIV/AIDS virus in particular. It is also severe and can be transmitted to people located faraway.
b) Fatal human accidents
Improper use of cranes, ropes etc during bridge construction can lead to fatalities. This direct impact is localized, severe and of low-moderate significance.
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6.2.2 Environmental impacts
I. Site preparation and construction phases
a) Loss of Air Quality and increase in ambient Noise Levels
The bridge contractor will collect aggregates from Phonix Materials in Kitwe and gravel from Chibuluma Quarry and two pits on the eastern side of the Kafue River located at 01 km from Mufuchani village. Loss of air quality and increase in ambient Noise Level is of two types. Firstly, solid and human waste will potentially pollute the air in and around construction sites while excavation of quarry materials e.g. at Chibuluma quarry (Photo 11) will give rise to dust pollutants that might impair workers’ health. Secondly, the transportation of raw materials from supply sources to the construction site will cause air pollution and increase noise around human settlements close to the construction site. These transient impacts are indirect and of moderate significance. The impacts are localized and can be severe depending on how close the worker and/or human settlement is to the source of pollution.
Photo 11 Chibuluma quarry
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b) Surface water contamination
Photo 12 Water supply point
The area between Chipata compound and a wire fence surrounding the school nearby has a high water table. In a few instances, the water table has reached ground level resulting into water springs/wells (photo 12). The construction activities might contaminate these water sources including water of the Kafue River through accidental spillage of petroleum fuels and lubricants. In such an event, the most likely scenario is an upsurge in dysentery and other related stomach illnesses. Water springs by nature are highly sensitive to contamination arising from bridge construction activities. This indirect impact is highly localized. On the other hand, the already highly polluted Kafue River waters would not be as severely compromised but its spatial extent would be longer.
c) Soil contamination
Disposal of solid and liquid waste and accidental petroleum and oil spillage around the construction site will contaminate the soil to the extent where vegetation growth in the area could be curtailed. The scraping off of top-soil during site preparation and construction will loosen the soil and might lead to soil erosion especially if such work is conducted during the wet season. Soil erosion is an indirect impact of moderate severity and significance.
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7.0 Mitigation Measures
7.1 Enhancement of positive impacts
a) Employment creation
The contractor will give preference to locals for unskilled jobs during implementation of construction of the Mufuchani bridge. This has far reaching consequences on the survival abilities of the affected people in view of the depressed employment opportunities on the Copperbelt and Kitwe in particular following the suspension of ore smelting within the city.
b) Increase in crop production, improved transport communication and human safety
The promotion of agricultural extension services to farmers in the Mufuchani farming block as well as the provision of regular and periodic maintenance to the Mufuchani bridge will enhance the above mentioned positive impacts. Government shall therefore strengthen the department of agriculture and roads in Kitwe in order to achieve the aforesaid goals.
7.2 Negative impact mitigation
a) Spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS
Poverty due to the lack of employment opportunities and lack of awareness are partly responsible for increased social immorality among the city dwellers. The contractor shall therefore promote HIV/AIDS awareness as well as circulating condoms among his workers in order to reduce the spread of STDs and HIV/AIDS virus. The contractor will additionally outsource specialized services from hospitals in the area in order to provide early diagnosis and hence treatment when required.
b) Loss of Air Quality and increase in ambient Noise Levels
The contractor will provide eye and mouth masks and earplugs to workers around polluted areas and will water down dust roads 03 times a day in order to keep dust in check. Increased noise levels to workers and the general public will be minimized by restricting working hours between 0800 hrs and 1800 hrs when most people aren’t resting
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in their homes. Moreover, merely by using well serviced vehicles and maintaining low speeds will achieve the same end results. c) Surface water contamination
The affected communities rely on poor quality water supply systems. Until boreholes are sunk and/ or communities have access to treated water supply the Government through their District Councils and/ or NGOs should promote consumption of boiled water in order to minimise cases of diarrhoea
The Contractor will on the other hand ensure that there is installation of proper drainage structures to mitigate against soil erosion thereby minimizing siltation and pollution of watercourses.
d) Soil contamination
Soil contaminated with toxic waste shall be collected and disposed off in a designated dump site. .
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8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The Government of the Republic of Zambia through the RDA is the proponent of the Feasibility Study of the Development of the proposed Mufuchani Bridge along Kafue River in Kitwe. A construction contractor would be hired to implement the project according to given specifications. The EPB was prepared in order to enable the ECZ and other stakeholders decide whether or not the proposed development should go ahead and if so which mitigation measures should be implemented. Rankin Engineering Consultants conducted the Environmental Impact Assessment of the project sites.
The purpose of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is to present a structured approach for optimising beneficial impacts on the one hand while mitigating adverse impacts on the other. The construction contractor would thus assist RDA in implementing mitigation measures contained in the EPB to ensure environmental protection. In this regard, the EMP that is based on the EPPCA (EIA) Regulations of 1997 together with World Bank guidelines (World Bank, 1976) underscores responsibilities for RDA, the construction contractor, supervising consultant, GRZ agencies, NGOs and the affected community in safeguarding the environment in and around the project sites; refer to Table 7.1 below.
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Table 7. 1 Environmental Management Plan Aspect Impact Mitigation measure Time frame Performance indicator Monitoring and Cost reporting Piers & abutments scour Provide gabion protection 03 months from Scour occurrence nil Contractor N/A3 around abutments and piers bridge installation Human safety Falling into Install safety rails on sides of During installation Safety rails are installed Contractor “ water superstructure of superstructure on superstructure Before bridge commissioning Road traffic safety Loss of human Install speed warning signs All the time Only few causalities are Kitwe police- “ life before the bridge and human recorded Regular and settlements period monitoring Dust/ Air Pollution Loss of air Wet access and approach 18 moths Air quality improved quality roads 03 times daily Noise Increase in Workers to wear ear plugs in During site Noise level around Contractor “ noise level noisy environs. preparation and construction site fall back Contractor to avoid working at construction phases to ambient noise levels night & to tune-up construction vehicles Construction Sites Soil Collect and dispose solid Weekly for solid Fresh air and reduced Contractor “ Waste Management contamination waste into designated dump waste and on odour site. Channel liquid waste into continuous basis drainage systems for liquid waste Conservation of Overexploitati Restrict removal of vegetation Before and after Vegetation removal Contractor “ Ecological Resources on of natural to operational areas labour camp restricted to right of way, resources decommissioning labour camp revegetated and or re-vegetate needy areas
3 Only the construction contractor would know at the time of tendering because payment of such cost is included in the tender documents.
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Aspect Impact Mitigation measure Time frame Performance indicator Monitoring and Cost reporting Human health Spread of Promote sensitisation, Throughout project Reduction in number Of Contractor/health N/A HIV/AIDS distribute condoms life new cases services provider virus
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7.2 Monitoring and Auditing
Baseline and compliance monitoring will be required in order to evaluate environmental impacts due to project activities. The EPPCA states that the proponent of the project may prepare reports and take corrective measures where needed in relation to the recommended mitigation measures. The Client will be advised to engage an independent monitor/consultant who will be stationed on site as a member of the project management team to prepare the necessary reports.
The EPPCA, however, does not state how often impact monitoring should be conducted, but it is clear on the timing of the environmental audit, which at present must be conducted within three years of project implementation.
7.2.1 Baseline Monitoring
The baseline data on the environment would be collected prior to commencing any construction activities. The parameters that would be considered are discussed below.
a) Soil Erosion
Clearing activities during site preparation and construction of the approach roads will disturb the existing soil structure and result in soil erosion, particularly during the rainy season. It will therefore be the Contractor’s responsibility to inspect all areas at the project site that could be prone to soil erosion (e.g. slopping sides of the road and near the bridge site) and to incorporate appropriate soil erosion mitigation measures.
b) Surface and groundwater contamination
Although accumulative impacts on surface water arising from soil removal and pavement layer construction are unlikely to change the existing quality of the Kafue River waters at Mufuchani, it is advisable for the contractor to take remedial measures to ensure that water wells in the vicinity of the project are not polluted.
7.2.2 Health, Safety and Environmental Standards
The Contractor will devise a health plan that emphasizes workers’ safety, detailing emergency procedures to be followed during hazardous events. The Contractor will also draw up waste management and industrial hazard plans that conform to applicable laws. The handling of toxic waste (e.g. oil and diesel spills) deserves attention, and these products will not be allowed to contaminate water resources. This could be achieved by disposing of these wastes in a pre-determined location for incineration. Moreover,
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containers of toxic waste would need to be clearly labeled in both English and Bemba languages to avoid accidental poisoning.
7.2.2.1 Reports
The Contractor will prepare environmental reports for submission to the RDA and other stakeholders as will be advised. These reports would address compliance issues as well as any difficulties encountered and the solutions prescribed. Emergency situations involving accidental oil spills, worker injury, discovery of cultural resources, dead fish or game and/or removal of rare and endangered species would be reported within the day in which they would occur.
7.2.3 Impact Monitoring
Impact monitoring will enable the RDA to take stock of changes to the environment in order to make mitigation measures effective. The frequency of monitoring would depend on the sensitivity of the environment concerned. Notwithstanding the above, the Contractor, on behalf of the RDA, will be expected to do the following:
• Record the removal of soil and grass, which removal will be restricted to defined areas only,
• Regularly inspect disturbed slopes especially along the approach roads and close to the bridge site during the rainy season in order to estimate the extent of soil erosion,
• Regularly monitor the health of workers to check the spread of communicable diseases,
• Regularly monitor and document the discovery of cultural resources, if any, throughout the project area.
7.2.4 Environmental Impact Audit
According to PART VII Section 28 (2) of the EPPCA No. 12 of 1990 and Statutory Instrument No. 28 of (EIA) Regulations of 1997:
“the developer shall undertake an environmental audit of the project within a period not less than twelve months and not more than thirty-six months after the completion of the project or the commencement of its operations, whichever is the earlier”
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The Environmental Impact Audit report will be submitted to the Environmental Council of Zambia for approval.
RDA or its agent (s) will conduct the audit as per the agreed checklist of environmental issues, some of which are listed below:
• How has the environment changed from baseline conditions? • Have mitigation measures been effective in minimizing identified impacts? • What is the quality of water in the boreholes and surface water stream? • Have perceptions changed about the project?
8.0 Emergency Response Plan (ERP)
Bridge construction and its operation are associated with dangers of work-related injuries, traffic accidents and structural failures which the contractor and operator alike must prepare in advance in order to avert disaster.
The key features of the ERP should include but not limited to a site safety and evacuation plans. Among the issues to be addressed in the EMP include:
• What will the contractor do to ensure a safe work environment? The contractor will educate construction personnel about workplace safety on a continuous basis through formal training and periodic safety meetings. The public will be warned to reduce speed and to be alert when driving through the construction work zone.
Workplace safety included many facets: o Reflective clothing to provide good visibility of workers to motorists. o Fall protection, such as harnesses and railings, on elevated structures. o Head, foot, sight and hearing protection. o Worker awareness of construction equipment, properly functioning backup sirens. o Clear and consistent construction signing and traffic-control devices. o Advance notice of lane and ramp closures. o Respiration when necessary to protect against lead exposure; blood testing to monitor lead exposure.
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• How will the bridge operator communicate with the public about bridge closures during replacement of damaged structures and /or construction thereof? A regular update of messages through the electronic and print media about the status of the project and details about closures will assist the public.
• When will the bridge be fully closed to traffic? In order to replace damaged structures full closure can be effected at night when traffic is light.
• Will the non motorized ferry provide service during full bridge closures? In order to minimize inconvenience to the public, the bridge operator might consider ferrying people even at night in which case the installation of light systems on both sides of the River is a must.
• How will emergency medical service be provided to the public living in the Mufuchani Farming Block during full bridge closures? The big hospitals in Kitwe would be detailed to keep a number of ambulances on stand- by in order to ensure that patients with life-threatening illnesses or injuries are transported quickly to the nearest hospital.
.
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9.0 REFERENCES
1. Central Statistical Office, 2001: 2000 Census of Population and Housing. Report prepared for Ministry of Finance and Economic Development.
2. Njuwe Consultants Limited, 2003: IEIA for the Construction of Chembe Bridge Across Luapula River in Luapula Province. Report prepared for Rankin Engineering Consultants.
3. The Manual of Bridge Engineering, 1994: The Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridges; edited by MJ Ryall, GAR Parke and JE Harding.
4. Kitwe District Situation Analysis, 2005.
5. ZESCO, 2003. Integrated Kafue River Basin Environmental Impact Assessment Study.
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APPENDIX 1 People Consulted
Chipata Compound:
Lewis Saiteno Gabriel Mwamba John Muyembe (Village Chairperson) Enock Machai Paul Mabemnga Kennedy Musonda
Peter Ngombe Dennis Muma Jerry Nkanta
Taipi Kunda John Kantu Maggie Kamwanu
Christine katota Edith Samutinta Nakabi Kalukelo
Abia Sambwa Musonda Kakumbi Richard Mafeking
Philip Chifunte Magret Mwewa Chrispin Chinunka
Mufuchani Village:
Peter Chabala George Sambo Lungu Yowani Chilufya Kennedy Kabangu Sicembe Mawazu Chrispin Chishala Christine Mushali Annie Mulenga John Kabwe Mary Ngandwe Nicolas Chanda Christine Sela Mary Mwale Sharon Kubangu Edina Kubamba Robert Chalwe Millet Choka Antony Kunda Kaoma John Chola Lidya Kazungula Justina Mwila Middena Simutali
Kitwe District Council:
Name: Position: Shadrick M Hamwiibu Forest Extension Assistant District Planning Officer
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APPENDIX 2 Technical And Operational Guidelines Applicable To Bridge Construction4
The following are measures which the road/bridge contractor shall apply in order to ameliorate adverse environmental impacts associated with the proposed bridge construction works.
These measures are:
Site Installation
a) Location
• Work sites shall be located no less than 5 km from any surface water sources; • The location of work sites within the boundaries of local authorities shall be done with permission from the authority and/or the local communities; • Work sites shall not be located in cultural heritage sites. The NHCC Act of 1989 shall be observed. b) Drainage
• Work sites shall have perimeter drains. The perimeter drains shall be excavated outside the site fence; • All drainage channels inside the site shall discharge the effluent into oil interceptors; • All buildings shall be surrounded by spoon drains; • All sheds shall have spoon drains. c) Buildings
• Buildings shall be architectured and constructed in a manner that could facilitate conversion to social service facilities such as schools, clinics, etc. at the end of road works; • All Buildings in work sites shall be approved by the Buildings Department; • All sheds shall have concrete floors.
4 National Roads Board (1997)
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d) Labour Camp Facilities
• Labour camps shall have rubbish bays approved by the Environmental Council of Zambia; • Labour camps shall have toilet facilities approved by the Local Council’s Health Authorities; • Labour camps shall have one toilet for every 10 – 15 persons; • Pit Latrines shall be located away from any wetland or water source by no less than 250m in clay soils and 500 m in loam soils and no less than 1000 m in sandy soils. e) Community Education
• In consultation with the Ministry of Health, the road contractor shall provide awareness education on Diarrhoea, Coughing, STDs and HIV/AIDS to local communities in the project area; • The road contractor shall provide information about his activities to local communities.
Petroleum Products Handling
a) Transportation
Fuels shall be delivered to the sites by certified petroleum tankers; All petroleum tankers shall observe the Petroleum Act, Cap 424.
b) Storage
• Petrol shall only be stored in underground tanks. Tanks should be jacketed; • Diesel may be stored in skid tanks positioned in a bund wall; • Underground tanks shall undergo regular pressure checks; • Oils shall be stored in oil sheds with concrete floors. c) Dispensing and Disposal
• Petroleum sites shall be located on concrete platforms and surrounded by spoon drains; • Approved dispensing equipment shall be used for dispensing petroleum products; • Used oil shall be reused, recycled or incinerated; • Sludge from petroleum storage tanks shall be incinerated.
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Material Mobilisation
a) Haulage
• Haulage trucks carrying laterite or stone aggregate shall not exceed the speed limit of 60 km per hour on paved roads and 40 km per hour on gravel roads; • The height of loaded laterite or stone aggregate shall not exceed haulage truck sides; • Haulage trucks carrying cement or lime shall be covered. b) Storage
• The distance from any stockpile to the nearest community shall not be less than 5 km; • Stockpiles shall be located no less than 5 km from any surface water sources. • The distance from the stockpile to the nearest wetland shall not be less than 5 km; • Stockpiles shall not be located on cultural heritage sites; • The distance from the stockpile to the nearest cultural heritage site shall not be less than 5 km; • Stockpiles shall have perimeter drains and buffer vegetation; • Cement and lime shall be stored in enclosed sheds; • Bitumen in excess of 2000 litres shall be stored in appropriate storage tanks.
(c) Material Handling
• Appropriate equipment shall be used in handling materials; • The road contractor shall provide appropriate protective clothing to the workers handling hazardous and corrosive materials; • Safety techniques and accident emergency measures shall be outlined to all workers.
Plant/Equipment Operations
a) Noise Control
• Noise from plant and equipment operations shall be limited to no more than 90 decibels in human settlements; • Stationary Plant (e.g. generator) shall be noise masked; • Plant and equipment shall not be operated near human settlements after 18.00
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hours; • Plant and equipment shall not operate without exhaust silencers; • Plant and equipment speeds shall be limited to 60 km per hour. b) Emission Control
• Plant and equipment exhaust pipes shall be fitted with catalytic convertors; • Plant and equipment shall meet ECZ emission standards.
(c) Safety Control
• Carrying of abnormal loads of plant and equipment shall be done in accordance with Road Traffic Regulations; • All abnormal load-carrying regulations shall be observed (Road Traffic Regulations).
Drainage Excavations and Constructions
• Drainage excavations shall not be done in the rainy season; • No excavations shall be done in gazetted cultural heritage sites; • The provisions of the NHCC Act of 1989 shall be observed; • Side drains in low water table areas shall be stone pitched; • Shaped mitre drains shall be used in wildlife areas; • Mitre drains shall be discharged into settlement basins.
Borrow Pits
• Borrow pits shall not be located near wetlands. The distance from the borrow pit to the nearest wetland shall not be less than 5 km; • The location of borrow pits shall be subject to approval by relevant government departments and local communities in the areas in which they are located; • Borrow pits shall preferably be located in less vegetated areas; • Borrow pits shall be surrounded by perimeter drains; • Borrow pit restoration plans shall be provided and approved by relevant government departments and local communities affected.
Energy Acquisition
Firewood will be collected from dead wood;
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Permits for large quantities of firewood shall be obtained from the Forestry Department.
Asphalt Plant
a) Location
• The location of an asphalt plant shall be approved by the local authorities;
b) Operation
• Road contractors shall obtain licences to operate asphalt plants; • The asphalt plant shall be operated by qualified personnel; • The asphalt plant shall meet ECZ emission standards; • The asphalt plant shall meet ECZ effluent standards.
(c) Measures
• The asphalt plant shall be positioned in a bund wall; • Preventive maintenance measures shall be observed and logged; • Flushings from asphalt plants shall be incinerated.
Detours
a) Width
Detours shall have width of existing carriageway or 6 m, whichever is the lesser; Detours shall be cleared and maintained for a width of at least 1.5 m beyond the edge of the carriageway; Throughout the existence of the detour, traffic shall be maintained over a reasonably smooth traveled way, which shall be marked, by all appropriate legal signs, delineators, guiding devices and other methods in accordance with government regulations. b) Restoration
Unserviceable detours shall be re-vegetated at the end of the road works in accordance with government regulations.
Quarry Pits
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a) Quarrying
Quarrying shall not be done near surface water sources. The distance from the quarrying site to the nearest water source shall not be less than 5 km; Quarrying shall not be done near human settlements. The distance from the quarry site to the nearest settlement shall not be less than 10 km; There shall be no quarrying in National Parks; There shall be no quarrying on or near gazetted cultural heritage sites; The provisions of the NHCC Act of 1989 shall be observed; Road contractors shall obtain mining licences for quarrying; Quarrying shall be done in conformity with the Mine and Minerals Act, No. 31 of 1995; and Quarry sites shall be surrounded by a boundary perimeter drain. b) Restorations
Top soil shall be stockpiled in such a manner so as to be of benefit to local demand; Sides of quarries shall be trimmed with a slope of 1:3 and shall be planted with grass and fast growing trees; Where quarry depths are low, the quarry shall be fenced; Where quarries may not be used for other purposes after the road works, they shall be back-filled; • Back-filled quarry sites shall be re-vegetated.
Excess Materials
• Excess materials of laterite, stone aggregate, concrete blocks, etc shall be removed from the work sites no longer than 2 weeks after completion of rehabilitation; • The excess materials, if not for subsequent works, shall be used in back-filling local trenches; • By-laws for disposal of any material shall be observed.
Drainage Systems
• Drainage ditches shall be planted with grass or stone pitched; • Drainage systems shall have silt traps installed at regular intervals; • Mitre-drains shall discharge into settlement basins; • Wide mouth drainage systems shall be constructed in wildlife areas; • Drainage systems shall have scour checks and gabions, as appropriate;
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• Drainage systems shall not discharge into settled and cultivated areas.
De-vegetated Areas
• All de-vegetated areas shall be replanted by the road contractor on completion of road works; • There shall be no vegetation clearing near surface water resources, catchment areas, wildlife habitats, cultural heritage and scenic sites. All relevant legislation to this effect shall be observed.
Improved Roads
Improved roads shall have all the necessary road sign billboard, pedestrian crossing facilities and wildlife by-passers in wildlife areas; Raised roads in wetlands shall have water communication channels; Where possible, improved roads shall not pass in wildlife areas; Billboards indicating speed limits of 40km/hour in wildlife areas shall be put on improved roads; Billboards indicating speed limits of 40km/hour in settled areas shall be put on improved roads; Information road signs showing cultural heritage and scenic sites shall be put on improved roads.
Post Excavation Works
Quarries and borrow pits shall be restored at the end of rehabilitation and maintenance works; Permanent quarries and borrow pits shall have embankments turfed; Park sites detours and stock pile areas shall be replanted with fast growing indigenous vegetation; Restoration of quarries and borrow pits in settled areas shall be done only after consultations with local communities; Quarries and borrow pits left as community water reservoirs shall be drainable; Excavated and graded areas in cultural heritage and scenic sites shall be stores at the end of the road works. The restoration shall be done with the provisions of the NHCC Act of 1989.
Abandoned Structures
Permanent road works buildings in settled areas shall be handed over to local
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communities for conversion into social service facilities such as schools, clinics, etc;
Waste
ECZ approved waste disposal methods for roadwork wastes shall be used; Waste dumping sites shall not be located in wetlands, settled areas, cultural heritage and scenic sites; Waste in abandoned mobile camps shall be buried or incinerated.
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APPENDIX 3 Zambian Legislation, International And Regional Protocols And Conventions Pertaining To Environmental Management a) The Forest Act, Chapter 199
The Forest Act of 1974 provides for the management, conservation and protection of forest and trees. The Act prohibits the felling, collecting or injuring of forest products in protected forest areas or forest reserves, unless a license has been obtained to do so. It also prohibits excavation, construction, and operation of machinery within the forest reserves or protected areas.
Forest reserves currently cover approximately 10% of the country and are intended for the conservation and development of forest resources, as well as providing protection to watersheds.
The Act also provides for the protection of 6 tree species nationally, whether in a protected area or outside as shown in the Table below.
Table of Protected Tree Species
Species Scientific Name English Name Entandrophragma Mountain Mahogany caudatum Khaya nyasica Red Mahogany Pterocarpus angolensis African Teak Afzelia quanzensis Pod Mahogany Faurea saligna Beechwood Baikiaea plurijuga Teak
b) National Parks and Wildlife Act, Chapter 201
The National Parks and Wildlife Act provides for the establishment, control and management of National Parks and Game Management Areas. Under this Act is a schedule of protected animal species.
c) Water Act, Chapter 198
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The Water Act provides for the control, ownership and use of public and private water. Public water use is controlled by the Water Board through the allocation of water rights which are granted following investigation, advertisement and, where necessary, permission from the Chief.
The Act also establishes the pollution of public water as an offence, although the Water Pollution Control Regulations are established by the EPPCA.
Of relevance to the project is a recommendation by the NEAP that the Act should recognise community participation in water management in rural areas. The principle of community based water management is further recognised as fundamental to sustaining Rural Water Supply and Sanitation by the National Water Policy, 1994 and the Water, Sanitation and Health Education Programme (WASHE).
d) National Heritage and Conservation Act
The National Heritage and Conservation Act established the National Heritage Conservation Commission (NHCC), which is responsible for the conservation of ancient, cultural and natural heritage, relics and objects of aesthetic, historical, prehistoric, archeological or scientific interest by preservation, restoration, rehabilitation, reconstruction, adaptive use and good management. The Commission also provides regulations for archeological excavation and export of relics.
If a development is unable to proceed without affecting an item of heritage, permission must be sought from the NHCC as outlined in Sections 35 and 36 of the National Heritage Conservation Commission Act. Sections 35 and 36 state that:-
“35 (1) Any person who intends to destroy, demolish, alter or remove from its original site any national monument, relic or ancient heritage shall apply to the Commission for permission.
(2) The applicant shall –
− state the nature and extent of the intended alteration, removal, destruction or demolition and the locality of the area; − supply diagrams or sketch plans and any other relevant information; and − define the type of object, its age, where possible, size and what material it is made of.
36. Section thirty-five shall not apply in respect of the alteration or demolition of a property, which is immediately necessary:
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− in the interests of the safety of persons in or about the property; or − to avoid any reasonable risk of substantial damage being caused by the property to any other property in its vicinity”
e) The Land Act
The Land Act of 1995 was enacted to guarantee people’s right to land while enhancing development. The Act recognises the holding of land under customary tenure and the Chief’s role has been legally recognised, such that land cannot be converted or alienated without approval of the Chief.
f) Mines and Minerals Act, Chapter 213
The Mines and Minerals Act regulates mining activities and operations and provides for regulations for environmental protection during prospecting and mining activities and rehabilitation of the areas mined. The Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC) Environmental guidelines state that the Mines and Minerals Act supports the following requirements of the guidelines for borrow areas and quarry pits.
Section 7.6 (2) (p61) of the MTC Environmental Guidelines states that:
“Contractors shall obtain licences from the Ministry of Mines to operate borrow areas” and Section 7.10(6) (p63) states that:
“Contractors shall obtain mining licenses for quarrying” g) Roads and Traffic Control Act, Chapter 464
The Roads and Traffic Control Act provides for the control of traffic, and for the regulation of storm water disposal structures.
h) Town and Country Planning Act, Chapter 283
The Town and Country Planning Act provides for the control, use and change of land use zones and reservations for various purposes e.g. siting of work sites. It also provides for the compensation of those affected by planning decisions and regulated development subdivisions. i) Local Government Act, Chapter 281
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The Local Government Act allows the Council to implement environmental protection and natural resources management functions, which include prevention of pollution of water supplies and undertaking of mining operations. For example, the Act would support the location and restorations of borrow pits, subject to approval by the relevant Government Departments and Local Communities in the areas in which they are located. j) Public Health Act, Chapter 295
The Public Health Act empowers a Council to prevent diseases and pollution dangerous to human health to any water supply for domestic use. k) Factories Act, Chapter 441
The Factories Act provides a framework for the setting of regulations to ensure the safety, health and welfare of persons employed on construction work sites and in factories. l) Petroleum Act, Chapter 439
Areas of the Petroleum Act of relevance to this project are regulations for the conveyance and storage of petroleum, inflammable oil and liquids e.g. paraffin. m) Energy Regulation Act, Chapter 436
This Act allows for the establishment of procedures for the transportation, handling and storage of fuels to minimise negative environmental impacts.
International and Regional Legislation
Zambia is a signatory to a number of international and regional conventions, which are related to the environment. Those of relevance to this project are: a) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as a Waterfowl Habitat
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as a Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR) was revised in 1982 to emphasize the sustainable use of wetlands in the approach towards their conservation as opposed to preservation only. The convention defines wetlands as:
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“Areas of marsh, fen, peatland or water…….with water that is flowing……”
Zambia acceded to RAMSAR in 1991 and designated the Kafue Flats and Bangweulu Swamps as areas deserving of such status. A National Wetlands Policy is in the process of being established that defines approaches to wetland conservation, including wetlands that are not protected, through the encouragement of the community based wetland management e.g. World Wide Fund (WWF) Wetlands Project. b) Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage
The Convention on the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WCNH) signed in 1973 aims to protect areas of universal value to science, conservation or natural and cultural heritage. It contains two legal principles, one of which states:
“There is a legal duty on the part of all states to conserve and take responsibility for all natural and cultural heritage.”
Zambia acceded to the Convention in 1984. c) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) came into force in 1980 and was ratified by Zambia in 1981. It aims to provide protection to animal and plant species, which are deemed threatened by international trade. On ratification to CITES, a country is committed to implementing the required regulations and procedures to ensure the objectives of the Convention. d) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), signed in 1992, has a central objective:
“ To achieve stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere….”
Zambia recognises that the largest source of one of the main greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, is from the burning of wood fuel and the use of coal and oil. Two-thirds of primary energy demand in Zambia is from wood fuel.
e) Convention on Biological Diversity
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The Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted in 1992 and aims to encourage and enable all countries to conserve biodiversity and use its components sustainably in support of national development.
A number of plans falling under the Department of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries and National Parks and Wildlife Services integrate the philosophy of this Convention and the National Environmental Action Plan addresses many of the issues raised. f) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) established in 1994 emphasizes desertification and mitigation of drought, but also aims to encourage long- term integrated strategies for:
− improved production of land; and − rehabilitation, conservation and sustainable management of land and water resources.
The CCD emphasizes the need for local participation in strategic programme implementation.
Zambia is a signatory to the CCD but has yet to ratify it. Among the obligations of the CCD relevant to Zambia and the project is the:
“encouragement of decentralisation and local resource tenure to strengthen local participation”
The Soil Conservation and Agro-Forestry Extension Project (SCAFE) is an example of an extension program in place, which addresses the issues raised in the Convention and a number of other international conventions. Central to SCAFE, which is established through the agriculture extension services, is the promoting of community awareness of land management and conservation in order to prevent land degradation and establish rehabilitation of degraded land.
g) Other
Other international and regional conventions signed by Zambia are:
− The Convention on Plant Protection established in 1951 and revised in 1979;
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− The Regional Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources of 1968; and − The Action Plan for the Environmentally Sound Management of the Common Zambezi River System (ZACPLAN) initiated in 1985 and signed in 1987.
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APPENDIX 4 Bridge Drawings
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