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A Meta-Analytic Review of Hypodescent Patterns In PSPXXX10.1177/0146167220941321Personality and Social Psychology BulletinYoung et al. 941321research-article2020 Empirical Research Paper Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin A Meta-Analytic Review of Hypodescent 1 –23 © 2020 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc Patterns in Categorizing Multiracial and Article reuse guidelines: sagepub.com/journals-permissions Racially Ambiguous Targets DOI:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220941321 10.1177/0146167220941321 journals.sagepub.com/home/pspb Danielle M. Young1 , Diana T. Sanchez2 , Kristin Pauker3, and Sarah E. Gaither4 Abstract Research addressing the increasing multiracial population (i.e., identifying with two or more races) is rapidly expanding. This meta-analysis (k = 55) examines categorization patterns consistent with hypodescent, or the tendency to categorize multiracial targets as their lower status racial group. Subgroup analyses suggest that operationalization of multiracial (e.g., presenting photos of racially ambiguous faces, or ancestry information sans picture), target gender, and categorization measurement (e.g., selecting from binary choices: Black or White; or multiple categorization options: Black, White, or multiracial) moderated categorization patterns. Operationalizing multiracial as ancestry, male targets, and measuring categorization with binary or multiple Likert-type scale outcomes supported hypodescent. However, categorizing multiracial targets as not their lower status racial group occurred for female targets or multiple categorization options. Evidence was mixed on whether perceiver and target race were related to categorization patterns. These results point to future directions for understanding categorization processes and multiracial perception. Keywords multiracial, racial ambiguity, racial categorization, person perception, hypodescent Received May 14, 2019; revision accepted June 17, 2020 Individuals identifying as multiracial increased by approxi- 2018; Cooley et al., 2017; Ho et al., 2015; Krosch et al., mately one third from 2000 to 2010 in the United States 2013; Noyes & Keil, 2018). (Humes et al., 2011), and according to some estimates com- The term hypodescent is rooted in the history and culture prise 6.9% of the adult population in the United States (Pew of race relations in the United States. As a concept, hypo- Research Center, 2015). Given the rising multiracial popula- descent stems from defunct antimiscegenation laws enacted tion in the United States and multiracial presence in other in some states in the United States that legally classified an countries (e.g., 8.8% of the South African population is mul- individual with any known Black ancestry (i.e., “one drop” tiracial, Statistics South Africa Census, 2018), there is a need of blood) as Black (Banks & Eberhardt, 1998; Davis, 1991). to understand the lived experience of multiracial individuals, Thus, historical and social contexts shape social categoriza- which is shaped by how society perceives them racially tion, especially racial categorization. Due to the develop- (Pauker, Meyers, et al., 2018). People’s categorization of ment of hypodescent within an American context, multiracial and racially ambiguous individuals can “reveal hypodescent could plausibly be a U.S.-specific phenomenon how culturally entrenched social categories and norms guide, that only applies to Black/White multiracial targets when and even limit, social perceptions” (Ho et al., 2011). The past ancestry is known or at least inferred. However, hypodescent two decades have produced an increase in research on how people categorize multiracial (i.e., explicit multiracial heri- tage or identity) and racially ambiguous (i.e., not visually 1Manhattan College, Bronx, NY, USA 2 prototypical of one racial/ethnic group) individuals (for Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA 3University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA reviews, see Chen, 2019; Kang & Bodenhausen, 2015; 4Duke University, Durham, NC, USA Pauker, Meyers, et al., 2018). This research has largely focused on hypodescent, or a pattern of racial categorization Corresponding Author: Danielle M. Young, Psychology Department, Manhattan College, 4513 where a multiracial or racially ambiguous individual is cate- Manhattan College Pkwy, Bronx, NY 10471, USA. gorized as their lower status group (e.g., Chen, Pauker, et al., Email: [email protected] 2 Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 00(0) has been applied in the psychological literature in a broader multiracial is operationalized (e.g., racial ambiguity vs. mul- fashion. Psychological research has used hypodescent as a tiracial ancestry), the race of perceivers studied, the race and modern day prediction about how perceivers categorize mul- gender of the targets studied, and how categorization is mea- tiracial individuals on samples outside of the U.S. context sured. Despite the multi-field interest, to our knowledge, no (e.g., Chen, Couto, et al., 2018), with multiracial targets from systematic examination (i.e., meta-analysis) exists of these non-Black racial backgrounds (e.g., Asian/White; Ho et al., categorization patterns or the methods utilized in these 2011), and using racially ambiguous faces instead of ances- studies. try as an operationalization of multiracial (e.g., Halberstadt To gain insight into the ways multiracial and racially et al., 2011). Thus, hypodescent has been examined in a vari- ambiguous individuals are perceived and the methods used ety of research contexts outside of the specific historical con- to date, this article critically examines extant research to test texts in which this term was originally developed. key moderators that may predict when patterns of hypo- Although research referencing hypodescent is wide- descent are observed. Although arguments can be made that spread, empirical evidence supporting hypodescent is mixed. hypodescent patterns are only possible when racial ancestry There is research that clearly demonstrates hypodescent pat- is known, we use a broader definition here to reflect the var- terns in the racial categorization of multiracial and racially ied ways hypodescent has been operationalized in research ambiguous individuals today (e.g., Freeman et al., 2016; Ho (see Chen, 2019), as well as to explore the possibility that et al., 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017; Krosch et al., 2013; Peery & hypodescent patterns could apply outside of these narrow Bodenhausen, 2008, S1; Roberts & Gelman, 2015). However, bounds. This definition includes populations within and out- some work demonstrates that multiracial targets are catego- side of the United States, multiracial targets operationalized rized into groups other than their socially subordinate iden- through visible racial ambiguity and explicit multiracial tity, such as multiracial (e.g., Chen & Hamilton, 2012; ancestry, and multiracial targets of non-White and non-Black Pauker, Carpinella, et al., 2018; Peery & Bodenhausen, 2008, backgrounds. Here, we focused on five key moderators S2). Research also reveals the existence of alternative cate- which vary considerably across studies: operationalization of gorization patterns (e.g., minority bias; Chen, Pauker, et al., multiracial, perceiver race, target race, target gender, and cat- 2018) or suggests that categorization patterns can vary across egorization measurement. This meta-analysis uses research racial group membership due to a perceiver’s lifetime expo- published from January 2000 to July 2018 to explore if and sure to different racial groups (and thus provides evidence when categorizations follow hypodescent patterns and to test both consistent and inconsistent with hypodescent (e.g., whether understanding the influence of these potential mod- attention theory; Halberstadt et al., 2011). In sum, evidence erators helps to reconcile mixed findings. for hypodescent is mixed and to date there has not been a systematic evaluation of the methods and results from this area of research. Thus, a meta-analysis is needed to examine Key Moderators Explored the extent to which hypodescent categorization patterns are Operationalization of Multiracial replicable and generalizable and under what conditions they emerge. Here, this meta-analysis explores if and when racial Experiments have operationalized multiracial as racial ambi- categorizations of multiracial and racially ambiguous targets guity (e.g., Chen & Hamilton, 2012; Cooley et al., 2018; follow hypodescent patterns. Halberstadt et al., 2011; Ho et al., 2011, S3), ancestral infor- The literature on racial categorization patterns for multi- mation (e.g., Ho et al., 2011, 2017, S1, S2; Roberts & racial or racially ambiguous targets appears across journals Gelman, 2015), and a combination of both cues (e.g., Young and fields (e.g., neuroscience, social psychology, cognitive et al., 2013). Although not all multiracial individuals are psychology, developmental psychology) and draws upon racially ambiguous, research on racially ambiguous categori- diverse study designs, making it difficult to get a broad sense zation is often framed in terms of understanding perceptions of categorization patterns. One typical design in cognitive of multiracial individuals. Thus, this meta-analysis will psychology directs White and racial minority participants to include research that uses either operationalization, recog- categorize racially ambiguous Asian/White face morphs as nizing that racial ambiguity and multiraciality are often “Asian” or “White” across a continuum of morphs to esti- conflated.
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