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GIS Solution for Intelligence Led Policing in Part of Atiba Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria

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GIS Solution for Intelligence Led Policing in Part of Atiba Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria www.ijird.com September, 2016 Vol 5 Issue 10 ISSN 2278 – 0211 (Online) GIS Solution for Intelligence Led Policing in Part of Atiba Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria Ayo Ajani Lecturer, Federal School of Surveying, Oyo, Nigeria HOD, Department of Geographic Information System (GIS) of the School, Nigeria Ekpo Effiong Principal Lecturer, Federal School of Surveying, Oyo, Nigeria HOD, Department of Geographic Information System (GIS) of the School, Nigeria Felix Iyiola Senior Lecturer, Federal School of Surveying, Oyo, Nigeria Head, Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics of the School, Nigeria Mufutau Mana Sadiq Superintendent of Police Officer, Nigerian Police Force in Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria Divisional Police Officer (in charge), Atiba Divisional Police Headquarters Offa Meta, Oyo , Atiba Local Go vernment Area in Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria Abstract: Nigeria is currently being confronted by serious security challenges which include armed violence, stealing, Assault, ritual killing, violent conflict between groups, rapes, cultism or gang violence etc. These constitute immediate threats to security and development of the country. Lack of organized system of data collection, storage and analysis has been the major problem confronting the Nigeria Police in combating all forms of criminal activities in the country. The seriousness of crimes and violence in our society have led many people in deadly fear and people haunted by fearful thought of being mugged in the street, assaulted or vulnerable for rapping Protection of lives and security of properties by the police is the one of primary key function and Atiba Local Government Area of Oyo State is not an exception of these security challenges .Police is being an official of government and society saddled with the responsibilities for preventing and control of crimes and to dislodged the activities of these criminals. The study was aimed at applying Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques in analyzing crime pattern to determine its effectiveness and forecast the need for intelligence-led policing in the study area. Methodology involved database design, acquisition of geometric data from Ikonos satellite image and attribute data through social survey. Georeferencing and digitizing of satellite image was carried out in ArcGIS 10.0 software and spatial analyses performed included overlay operations, spatial query, buffering and road network analysis while the final information derived from the database were presented as maps. Keywords: Security, police hotspot mapping, road networks, database, and simulation 1. Introduction The prevention and control of crimes in our society is the major responsibility for the police and the traditional approach to policing focuses on responding to report of victimization by the public and the police activities revolved around detection and investigation of crimes and criminals. The Nigeria Police Force lack organized system of data collection, storage and analysis to combat all forms of criminal activities in the country. Worse still is the fact that the law enforcement agencies are yet to be computerized for effective record keeping, analysis of cases, easy reference, retrieval and storage of information to help them strategize and adequately plan for combating and eradicating of crimes in general. The victims suffered devastating consequences without any response from the police. Policing throughout the world is now on the proactive approach to prevention crimes and insecurity instead of reacting after incidents. This approach relies on collection of information to produce intelligence that is used to prevent crimes, Nigeria is currently confronted by serious security challenges, these challenges range from violence, stealing, Assault, ritual killing, violent conflict between groups, rapes, cultism to gang violence etc. They constitute immediate threats to the national security and development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 224 www.ijird.com September, 2016 Vol 5 Issue 10 Balogun et al., (2014) revealed that the old filing system of record-keeping is still in use and Most developed nations have migrated from the “pin on maps” to the use of computer aided dispatched technology but Unfortunately most of the developing nations, including Nigeria, still utilizes analogue method of keeping records. In most cases, police operations are carried out based on intuition, tip-off information and the simple “trial-and-error” method. Furthermore, the old pin maps technique which had been used in the country only useful for showing where crimes occurred, but they had serious limitations because as they were updated, the prior crime patterns were lost. The maps being analogue are usually not easy to manipulate. Getis et al, (2000) revealed that cities such as Chicago, Charlotte/Mecklenburg and New York city are equipped with sophisticated GIS system as part of their crime analysis, while the GIS has been an efficient and effective technology in policing. Empirical assessment conducted related to the multiplicity function of GIS. Gason and Vann, (2001), identified twenty-one (21) functions; pin mapping of crime location, mapping hot spots, mapping crime density, mapping for decision making, spatial tracking, resource allocation real response mapping, mapping for community policing etc. According to Nigeria police crime report (2013) criminal activities has been on high increase in the country, and these called for the need on modern approach to policing in the country. Intelligence driven policing is not a new concept to the Nigeria Police, however lack of the organized system of data collection and storage for the Nigeria police has negative impact on crime prevention and has contributed immensely to no record of the criminal activities in Atiba Local Government Area of Oyo Township. Crimes are being committed all over the places and these include Burglary, Armed robbery, Kidnapping, and Ritualism among others. Therefore, there is need for crime mapping and analysis to obtain useful information on crime location, hot spot, crime density, etc. to combat crime in our society. The aim was to apply GIS techniques in analyzing crime pattern and determine its effectiveness and forecast the need of intelligence policing in part of Atiba Local government of Oyo. The following objectives were set to achieve the aim of this study: i. Database design ii. Data acquisition iii. Database creation iv. Identification of crime hotspots in the study area v. Spatial analyses. 2. Study Area Atiba Local Government Area is located strategically and it was carved from Oyo East and West Local Government on the 4 th of December 1996 (Oyo report, 1996). The estimated population was given as169,702 according to the National Population Census (NPC,2006) it covers a land mass of 1,263 sq. km, and It is located between latitudes 70 52’ 24” N and 7 0 51’ 22” N of the equator and longitudes 30 54’ 51” E and 3 0 54’ 47” E of the Greenwich meridian. The major occupation of the people includes farming, trading, transportation and traditional craftwork etc. It has ten administrative wards and shares boundary in the North by the Old Oyo National Park and Orelope local Government; in the south by Oyo East and Oyo West Local Governments; in the East by Orire Local Government and in the West by the Saki East Local Government. The Local Government also hosts the palace of the Alaafin of Oyo. 3. Methodology Methodology employs various techniques and approaches in order to achieve the stated objectives. Database design shows the representation of entities and their relationships. Database design process enhances the organized integrated collection of non-relevant dataset stored to be used by relevant application at hand. Database design phase consists of three (3) stages; conceptual design, logical design and physical design. During Data Acquisition the Locations of Police station, Hospital, and Crime spot were captured through the use of hand held GPS ( GPS (MAP76 S Garmin). The data serve as the primary data. Quick bird image with 0.5m resolution of the area was used and the ground truthing carried out to ascertain the authenticity of the features in the study area. Map and national population figures were collected from the Office of Surveyor-General of Federation (OSGOF), and National Population Census (NPC). The monthly crime data for the year 2015 alone sourced from Atiba Divisional Police Station was restructured and used, the map and the census figures serve as the secondary data. Physical Design involved the representation of the data structure in the format of the implementation software; the database was created in ArcGIS10.0 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT Page 225 www.ijird.com September, 2016 Vol 5 Issue 10 Table 1: Attribute Table of Crime Spot and their declaration The management of the database to secure, maintain and retain its necessary values was done using ArcGIS 10.0 software. 4. Spatial Analyses and Information Presentation Spatial analyses have capability to gather different geospatial data by aggregating, comparing and combining various pieces of data stored in a database to generate information to support decision making (Burrough, 1986). The spatial data created in this project were linked to the attribute data and it demonstrates how GIS creates a model to answers basic generic questions to solve spatial problems. Figure 1: Composite Map of study area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH
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