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Sarah Rosemary Hight University of Otago Does anthropomorphism affect people's ability to distinguish fact from fiction? Sarah Rosemary Hight A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Communication Centre for Science Communication, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand February 2017 Abstract Anthropomorphism is a fictional tool that is used in documentaries to invoke empathy and communicate science in an entertaining and engaging way. However, the appropriateness of anthropomorphism is contested as it may fictionalise scientific content, create misleading messages and undermine the factual authority of documentaries. This thesis presents the benefits and consequences of using anthropomorphism and explores whether anthropomorphism can alter people’s ability to distinguish fact and fiction. To test this empirically, participants (N= 265) were shown one of two films and then asked to answer a short online survey. The two films were the same duration (1.56 minutes), and used identical footage from A Million Dollar Nose (Hight, 2016; the creative component of this thesis). Although they both used the same narrator, one films’ narration was anthropomorphic (Film A) whilst the other was non-anthropomorphic (Film B). Half of the participants watched Film A and the other half watched Film B. All participants then completed a short survey containing multi- choice and Likert scale questions that tested memory recall and their attitudes towards the film’s content. The results found that although both films were perceived as having the same level of accuracy, the anthropomorphised film was less strongly identified as a documentary (P=0.002). However, the anthropomorphised film also increased accurate information recall (P=0.035) without creating anthropomorphic attitudes towards the films content. This suggests that anthropomorphism is a useful tool for communicating science, engaging audiences and increasing content absorption without compromising the information’s integrity. i Acknowledgements I am incredibly grateful for my amazing friends who have supported me over the last few years. I am also grateful to Sue Harvey and the rest of the amazing staff and students at the Centre for Science Communication who have all helped set me on an exciting career path. Thank you to Ross Johnston, Robert Brown, Judith Curran and Steve Ting for helping make my film become a reality. I also want to thank Clement Dufour and Manon Knapen for their assistance in translating French. Lastly, I want to thank Lloyd Davis, Fabien Medvecky and Jean Fletcher – this thesis would not have been possible without your guidance. ii Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ii Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... iii Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1: Documentaries blurring the lines of fact and fiction ........................................ 6 1.1 The rise of documentaries .................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Documentary modes .............................................................................................................................. 7 1.3 Defining documentary .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Definition as used in this thesis ...................................................................................................... 11 1.5 Fact in fictional films ........................................................................................................................... 12 1.6 The use of fictional tools in documentaries ............................................................................... 13 1.6.1 Storytelling in documentaries .............................................................................................. 13 1.6.2 Formula driven storylines ...................................................................................................... 14 1.6.3 Fictional camera techniques .................................................................................................. 15 1.7 Why is it important to maintain factual truth in documentaries? ..................................... 15 1.7.1 People accept documentaries as truth ............................................................................... 15 1.7.2 Documentary expectations .................................................................................................... 16 1.8 How do people decide what is fact and what is fiction in films? ........................................ 17 1.8.1 Processing factual and fictional information ................................................................... 17 1.8.2 Trust and information sources .............................................................................................. 18 1.9 The role of narrators ........................................................................................................................... 19 1.10 The role of documentaries in science communication ........................................................ 21 1.10.1 Documentaries as a tool for education ...................................................................... 21 iii 1.10.2 Documentaries alter people’s perceptions of the world ...................................... 21 1.11 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 23 Chapter 2: The effect of anthropomorphism on fact perception .................................... 25 2.1 Defining anthropomorphism .......................................................................................................... 25 2.1.1 Definitions in literature ..................................................................................................... 25 2.1.2 The innate tendency to anthropomorphise ................................................................ 26 2.2 Historical use of anthropomorphism ........................................................................................... 27 2.2.1 First documented appearance in human culture ..................................................... 27 2.2.2 First appearance in literature ........................................................................................ 28 2.2.3 First appearance in film .................................................................................................... 28 2.2.4 The Disney Phenomenon ................................................................................................... 29 2.3 Advantages of anthropomorphism ............................................................................................... 31 2.3.1 Increase understanding .................................................................................................... 31 2.3.2 Enhance connectivity ......................................................................................................... 31 2.3.3 Invoke empathy ................................................................................................................... 32 2.3.4 Create social change .......................................................................................................... 32 2.3.5 Narrative device .................................................................................................................. 33 2.3.6 Anthropomorphised narration ....................................................................................... 34 2.4 Consequences of anthropomorphism .......................................................................................... 35 2.4.1 Misrepresent truth of animals ........................................................................................ 35 2.4.2 Sacrifice science for fiction .............................................................................................. 36 2.4.3 Unrealistic expectations of audience ............................................................................ 37 2.4.4 Hinder conservation efforts ............................................................................................. 38 2.4.5 Negative stereotypes .......................................................................................................... 39 2.5 Utilising anthropomorphism as a communication tool ........................................................ 40 iv 2.5.1 A Million Dollar Nose ......................................................................................................... 40 2.6 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 42 Chapter 3: Experimental Methodology and Results .............................................................. 44 3.1 Study Design .........................................................................................................................................
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