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Spoils of Statehood: Montana Communities in Conflict, 1888-1894

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Spoils of Statehood: Montana Communities in Conflict, 1888-1894 Portland State University PDXScholar History Faculty Publications and Presentations History 1-1-1987 Spoils of statehood: Montana communities in conflict, 1888-1894 William L. Lang Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/hist_fac Part of the United States History Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Citation Details Lang, W. L. (1987). Spoils of statehood: Montana communities in conflict, 1888-1894. Montana: The Magazine Of Western History, 37(4), 34-45. This Article is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Faculty Publications and Presentations by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. ::: Anacondans.asorintown::: $5::moreMontana's - - :: billsoffice- ... toughs. in. ... topermanenthisHelena's .. trooped another, pockets,.. ... .... tocapital.boys . withreadyI the.. .. were railroadreportsfor. ...... The useready . conclusive . on.. ofstation ......w asilling"spies" ... the . tocapital.. and ..........Montanagreet at cor- work &,.......tfthe S 6<., J t .. < * t-- , - -49 11 \ 1., 9 83 < . opOltS of Statehood .< tW by William L. Lang C g Even vvithHelena's saloons andbars closed, rumorshad A > > st^5 circulatedall day about what the oppositionhad done and \ < ' $ BThatthey had planned. Runners scurriedfrom one down- \\< JG'% -4 2 among the electorate. Sharp-eyed informants directed y4tw t";f' a policemento suspectedbribers; they nabbedone with $200 { / 4 rl ruptible voters. Wild stories circulated: One ^Tarned that \+ /; | AnacondaCompany Pinkertons were on their way to dis- Vy , rupt the election in Helena. By four o clock, one hundred , Central pulled in, but the "Pinkertons" turned out to be - a troopof Anacondalawyers. They had come, so they said, ; > > >-\> to rescue their townsmenfrom rumored jailings in Helena. - a s The tension had affected everyone.1 +-^ \ t . It xvaselection day-November 6, 1894-the single most ^ - iy j4 importantday in Helena's history. Voters across the state 1Q ; X r \'t went to the polls to choose between Helena and Anaconda 3< l. .E-;&- fight X-asthe largest of Montana's statehood spoils, but )e-91 ^ the fractious squabbllng over the other prizes was t L x 18g nonetheless frantic.There was political patronageand the _ ^ vl ; selection of U.S. senators, but the plums for communities , iX tOx< across the state were the state institutions, especially the P w schools. As statehood became a probabilityin 1888 and t\ut\S%\K%'9? a near certainty in 1889, cities and towns began jockey- ing and competing for one or more of these institutions. In ways and to degrees that none of the participantscould have predicted,the inauguralpolitics of the new state be- came the politics of spoils. 34 MONTANATHE MAGAZINE OF WESTERN EIISTORY This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.75 on Fri, 7 Dec 2012 11:46:28 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions in Conflict, 1888-1894 r o -4 - @z*(X>_ovt1- i 4w. + Ji X i a Al*i t . ' . > . - , * 3 _,; .. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~SLW. L~~1 IA i.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~s*v, ; The most important spoil of Montana territorial Meagher counties and the struggle that political warfare, as caricatured in this 1875 developed between Governor Benjamin F. Potts cartoon, was the location of the capital. In a and Secretary James E. Callaway. Perhaps the contested election in 1874, after months of chief result of the struggle, however, was the wranglings and court battles, Helena emerged generation of an anti-Helena legacy that stalked the victor over Virginia City. Much attention the capital city for decades. focused on irregular vote tallies in Gallatin and AUTUMN1987 35 This content downloaded by the authorized user from 192.168.52.75 on Fri, 7 Dec 2012 11:46:28 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions T| |wenty and some years afterMon- Senate predictablygave Power and Sanderstheir tana'sfirst gold strikes attracted a rushof seats (withSanders drawing the short-termstraw) minersto its richgulches, delegates from and sent Clarkand Maginnisback to Montana.4 aroundthe territorymet in 1884to writea state con- Whenthe state's secondlegislative assembly met stitution.Territorial politics had gone throughits in Helenain earlyJanuary 1891, the failureof the year chaoticphase, had accepteda no-partyhegemony before stood as part prologueand part continuing duringthe 1870s, and had finallysettled down to a stain. All of the representativesand half of the combativetwo-party political structure. The popula- senatorswere back, and the five seats fromSilver tionhad boomed, a transcontinentalrailroad had been Bow remainedin dispute.In an effort to breakthe builtthrough the territory,and the miningindustry impasseon the firstday of the legislature,Democratic seemedprimed for expansion. But the complexionof GovernorJoseph K. Toolerecognized the Senateand nationalpolitics had been unfavorable, and Montana's the DemocraticHouse as organized;Republican statehoodbid had failed. In 1889, afterfive years of House memberswere left to meet alone in a rump politicalwrangling, Congress gave a green light to session. "The decisionof the representativesof the Montanaand three other western territories petition- respectiveparties to meet apartand not attemptto ing for statehood.In July, delegates met in Helena assembletogether, in the absenceof anyunderstand- to debateand write a state constitution,which voters ing," the HelenaIndependent offered, "was a wise affirmedon October1. Montanajoined the unionon one and preventedany unseemlyand unnecessary November8, 1889, andbegan the first andalso the ruction."The legislatorslooked hopefullyto com- most politicallytempestuous decade in the state's promise,but the strugglecontinued. "Legislature met history.2 and adjournedtill tomorrow,"Republican Senator Montanabegan statehood inauspiciously. Contested CorneliusHedges dashed in his diaryon January19. election returns from one precinctin Silver Bow "Thedemos don't want to do anythingor don'tknow Countysent a cloudover the firstlegislature, darken- what to do."5 ingits proceedings.The Senatehad broken even with Hedgeswas correcton bothcounts. Almost smug eight Democrats and eight Republicans,and the in GovernorToole's recognitionof their side of the House had followedsuit with twenty-fivefor each House,the Democratsevaded the issue andleft it on party;but the five seats fromSilver Bow were in dis- Republicandesks in the rumpHouse. Worriedthat pute. Hopingfor some resolution,Silver Bow politi- they wouldnever be allowedin the game, House cians sent two House delegationsto Helena, one Republicansproposed a compromise.Three weeks Republicanand one Democratic.Control of the House intothe session legislatorsfinally accepted an agree- meantultimate power in the jointballoting to choose mentthat awarded Republicans three of the five seats Montana'sfirst U.S. senators,and the seatingof the in exchangefor givingover Housecommittee assign- Silver Bow representativesbecame the session's ments and officersto the Democrats.6 decisive question. Both parties refused to com- In a flood, the pendingbills that both houses and promise. House Republicansand Democratsmet the Senatehad been debating for weeks inundated the separately. Political conflict and stubbornness reorganizedlegislature. Prime among them were bills descendedto burlesquewhen Democraticsenators to locatestate institutions.Everyone had anticipated refusedto attendtheir sessions, fearingthat an or- the bills,including Governor Toole, who devotedthe ganizedSenate might elect Republicansenators; some firsthalf of his addressto the legislatureon the sub- even fled the state when warrantswere issued for ject. In a caveathe told legislatorsin earlyJanuary: their arrest.3 . the locationof these institutionsshould Montananswatched first in disbeliefand then in be the subjectof earlyconsideration and settle- anger as the first legislature'sinternecine disputes ment.The longerthat is delayedthe greaterwill bledit weak. Not onlydid the first legislaturefail to be the strugglebetween aspiring sections of the makelaws (even to pay the legislators),but it also State. .7 sent foursenators to Washington,D.C. -Republicans Thatpotential struggle brewed while the legislature T. C. Power andW. F. Sandersand Democrats W. untangledits imbroglio.Helena Republican Richard A. Clarkand MartinMaginnis. A RepublicanU.S. Lockeygave expression to a popularview of the legis- 1. Helena Independent,November 7, 1894. latureand the contestover state institutions.Presid- 2. For discussions of Montana's constitutionalconventions, see Michael ingover his "Houseof Lords,"a satiricallegislature P. Malone and RichardB. Roeder, Montana: A History of Two Centuries thatlampooned the legitimateone, Lockeymimicked (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1976), 147-150; Margery H. Brown, "Metamorphosisand Revision," Montana the Magazine of Western Toole's address: History20 (Autumn1970): 3-17; John W. Smurr, "The MontanaTax 'Con- We are convincedthat ourinsane department spiracy'of 1889," Montanathe Magazineof WesternHistory 5 (Spring1955): is improperlymanaged, as seventy-fivelunatics 46-53, (Summer 1955): 47-56. 3. Clark C. Spence, TerritorialPolitics and Governmentin Montana, 4. Hanilton, From Wildernessto Statehood, 574; Malone and Roeder, 1864-89 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1975), 129-137; Kenneth Montana, 150-151. Owens, "Patterns and Structure in Western TerritorialPolitics,"
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