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Management of Laminated Root Rot Caused m+ 1 ~atmnalLiRwary BibliothTe nationale - * of Canada du Cana a '- Canadian Theses Service Service des theses canadiennes - -Ottawa. Canada NOTICE ., ?he quality of this microform is heavily dependent upon the La qualit4 de cette microform"e6pend grandement de la quality of the origanal thesis submitted for microfilming. qualit6 de la these soumise au microfilmage. Nous.avons Every effort has been made to ensurethe highest tout fait pour assurer une qualit6 supkrieure de reproduc- reproduction possible. tion. - If pages are missing, contact the university which gr'anted S'il manque 'des pages, veuillez mmmuniquer avec the degree. I'universit6 qui a confer6 le grade. Some pages may have indistinct print especially if the La qualit6 d'impression de certainei pages peot laisser a original pages were typed with a poor typewriter ribbondor desirer, surtout si les pages orginales ont 6tk dactylogra- ifthe univefsity sent us an inferior photocopy. phi6es A I'aide d'un ruban us6 ou sitl'universit6 nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualit&,inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of this microform is overned La reproduction, meme partielle, dexette' microforme eSt bytheCanadiancopyright Act, R.S.C. 1970,~.d-30, and sournise a la Loi canadienne sur I6 droit 'd'abteur, SRC subsequent amendments. 1970, c. C-30, et ses amendements ~AGBMBITOF LAMINATED ROOT ROT CAUSED BY,PHBLLINUS WIRII A PROPESSIOHAL PAPER SUBHITTED IN PARTIAL PULFILLHEWT OF WTER OF PEST MANAGEMENT in the Department 0 f Biological Sciences > , Robert G. Praser 1989 . P 0 SIHON PRASBR WIVERSITY a All rights reserved. This work may not he . fl $eproduced in whole or *.'in part, by -photo~opy . 4- .E , , . - : or other &ansf without permission of the author. National Library Bibtioth&que national& 1+1 bf Canada du Canada ". i" Canadtan Theses Serv~ce- Service des theses canad~ennes I .a. Orlawa .Canada KIA ON4 J A 4 B * 1 A e The authpr has granted an irrevocable non- rauteur a accorde une licence irrevocable et exclusive liceice allowing the National Library non exclus7ve pennettant' A la Bibliotheque of CarSadd to reproduce, ban, distribute or sell nationale du Canada de reproduice, pr&ter, ; &pies ~f Widher thesis by any?mems and in .distribuer ou vendre des copies de sa these any fmor fomtat, making this thesis available , . de bue&ue maniere et sous quelque forme to hterested persons. que ce ~oitpour mettre des exempt&ires de . cette these a la disposition des personnes . e 5 u ' - interessees. ' >' 7 , The author retains ownership of the copyright L'auteur conserve la propriet6 du droit d'auteur i~ 'hi~lher thesis. Neither the thesis nor qui protbe sa thh.Ni la these ni des extraits , substantial extracts from it may be printed or . substantiels de celled ne doivent &re - otherwise reproduced without hisfher per- imprinles ou autrement reproduits sans son mission. autofisation. ISBN 0-345-59324-5 Name: Robert rase; 6 -Degree : Master of Pest Manag-nt- ~itl;op~hesis: - , -. wwkqmrr OF ~wrR(YP CAUSED BY P~WS~IRII (b. ) GILBERTS& IN . DOUGLAS FIR Examining Cornnittee: Chairman : Qr. John $. wkbSter Dr. Jdhn Borden; Professor, senior %pervisor Dr. Jim Rahe, Professor hn .muir, Forest Pathologist, Victoria, - 4 6 4 -e PARTIAL COPYRIGHT LICEASE - * a. I - a \ ' *. " I hereby grant to, Simon Fraser University the right t,o my thksis, groject or extended es'say (the title ofs which, 5to:users QF the Simon Fraser University Library, and to single 'copies o'nUly for such users or in response to a request from the . e l i brary of a y other university, orcother-e"ducational institution, on, I it; own beha f or for onc"of its users. I further 'agree that p'ermissioh for rntll't iple copying of this work for scholarly purposes may be granted - by me ~r the Dean of Graduate Studies. It is understood that copying 5 or publication af this work for financial gain sh;l l not be allowed withbut my written permisston. 1 Ti t le of ~hesis/~roject/~xtended Essay 'Lq 'u, &LJ d -. -. Roi C11 ' Phflllnus.(~urr.~n A - I -in Douglas. Fir Author: (signature) (datej 0 e 'IAE~LB OF COW~TS s .I a 1 , PAGE . - ' , 3 - , . f . :* TABLE OF CONTENTS ............... i 5 P P LIST b~ TABLES ...............:+................: ii + . + ABSTRACT' ....................................... iii -- -- a. INTRODUCTION .............. ..................... 1 BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY ............................'. 4 i$ J . DEPECTION and DAHAGE APPRAISAL .........I........ .: 8 Ground Surveys .......................-.. .... 8 Remote Sensing .........i.........::....'.... '. 9 , *. 1 Damage Appraisal ..................... h..... 11 nANAGEflENT STRATEGI ES AND TACTTIcs ..........'. ... , 14 Present Guidelines ........................ 14 State of Research ........................ - 15 ' *. .-STATUS* of HANAGEHENT ..'.... 18 Sanitation 18 c---_ FALLOW CROPS OR A~T~RNATESPECIES .... 18 PHYSICAL REHOVAL = BCHMICAL CONTROL.. 2 1 6- BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE ........,...:. 26 ' b % BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ...;................. 2 7 Tr ichoderma ........ .1. ........... 2 7 Bacilltls ........................ 2 9 P Stre~tomycesand mn-filamentous bacteria.. 3 0 Future ~rosaects : 3 1 , .:........ ..... .sf CHEMICAL CONFROL'. ..................... 3 1 Nitrouenous Fertilizers ......... -31' Phenolics ........................ 33 Fumiaants ................;. ...; .. 3 3 Glv~hosate ................ i..... 40 Prounosis ....................... 4 3 H1 Containnient :.. .......;. .................... / 43 Managing as if the Di,sease Were not Present. 4 4 REFERENCES r ......................<.............. , 49 PAGE * Table 1. Volume and &oductivity losses to '2 Phellinus y?irii i.n the Pacific Northwest. t I d C Table 2. Susceptibility of Pacific Northwest - 2 0 tree species to Laminated root rot. Table 3. Effect of three tjpes of stump - uprooting equipment on the percentage of infected root . , residue remaining after treatment. .- . - $. Laminated root rot caused by phellinus weirii. (Uurr. ) ~ilbertson; -is a destructive pest in Douglas-Fir foretits; it causes an estimated ' . - annua1 loss in the- Pacific ~orthwest,of 4.4 raillionm3 of wood. 1. Research andrdevelopment on the management' and control of q. w=iLL has been ongoing for mre than 25 years. .Three management strategies6 have e, emerged: 1) the site can be sanitized to remove the disease inoculum r L I prior to referestation, 2)-,thedisease can be contained until the stand I is harvested, and 3) 'the stand can be knaged as if the' disekse were 4 - not present. Fallow crops, alternative crops and physical removal of , inoculumr are currently being used to sanitize infected sites. Whew L potential management tactics.are breeding Douglas-f ir ;esistant to P. b ---- , weirii, and the yse of biblogical agents such as Trichoderma, and chemicals s"ch 'as ~hloropicrin or . glyphosate, to kill the fungus. Containing the spread of the disease in immature stands can be , , accompl ished during thinning operat i.o,ns provided crews are properly I . .. trained. Managing infected stands as if the disease were not present is becoming increasingly uncommon, especially in B.C. where new W . c legislation makes current and future recognition and treatment ot pests mandatory when h'arvest ing infec,ted stands from crown land. The understandingpof g. wirii in Douglas-fir forests has increased greatly in the past 40 years. Despite cuts in research funding and the fact that there are only a few researchers investigating P. weirii, many of the critical remining questions are currently being addressed. > . I % 4 * . INTRODUCTION rodt rot, caused by Phellinus weirii, (Murr . ) Gf lbertson, * 8 / .can be found in most cobrferous stands. in the Pacific Northwest, and is particularly destruct,ive in' second _ grow?% stands of' Douglas-f ir, d" ja, - 3, pseudotsusa wnziesii (Hirb.) Franco IBuckIand et al. 1954, Wallis 1976). nbrtality in young stands is scittered and trees are srkll. s: k From ade 40 onward; however, the problem is of ten - conspic'uous. and . , - 4 ' volume losses dan be substantial (Nelson et al. 1981). ' dote a. impor_tantly, once established on a site, the disease persists from one rotation to the next in roots< and stumps and if left unchecked will substant iaUlly lower site productivity (Welson et al.. 1981 1. Furthermore, c'oramon cultural practices, such as clearcutting and . ieplanting with douglas-f i'r enhance the ,spreaa of the disease and . ,'+ intensify its impact. Despite the importance of P_. yeirii, fore@ managers have only recently begun to take action to manage the disease. Legislation is now in place in B.C. whdch makes recognition and control of pests.such as P_. weirii mandatory on crown land. .(B.C. ~i*.of For. and Lands. -- -. B 1988b.3 In addition, forest compafiies operating OJ-I private land are also' developing strategie; for E. weirii control. C One of the main reaso& it hds taken over 40 years tp recognize= # the importance of e. weirii is the lack of quantitative data on vorup losses attributable to this disease. Only two of the published volume loss estimates describe the method by which they were derived (Table 1). * Without such quantitative studies, vhich demonstrate a need for research, A 3 , 4 \ TABLE 1. Volume and. productivity losses td Phellinus , . weirii in the Pacific Northwest, fi Source Loss Es t i-mate Y ., @ - Childs and Shea (1967) 0.9 ,millionam3/g:r in Douglas-fir forests on th6 - west s-ideYpf the Cascade Mountains; estimate was a .con$ensus * of four forest pisease specialists using data from 1958 U.S.Forest Service Timber Resource Review supplemented by , updated, measurements of -.forest volumes, growth rates, and disease -. effects. , .. 0 Q Wallis (1967) 3.2 million m3/yg in the u.s,; first put forth by Childs add Shea (1967) as annual loss to P. weirii,, Armillarsa mellea (Fr.) Karst .and -3 - Fomes annosus ' (Fr . ) t8 Cke . in Washiqgton and - - Oregon. 1 million m3/yr annual mortality in British ~olurnbid;no-method described. '2 Wallis (1976) annual losses to mortality in British ~olumbia . - exced 1 million m3/yr;. -*no method descr ibd. - Nelson, et a1 (1981) annual loss to mortality of 4.4 million m3/yr in the ~orthwesternUnited States and British Columbia; no method described.
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