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University of the Witwatersrand
UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African Studies Seminar Paper to be presented in RW 4.00pm MARCH 1984 Title: The Case Against the Mfecane. by: Julian Cobbing No. 144 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African studies Seminar Paper to be presented at Seminar in RW 319 at 4,00 pm on Monday, 5 March 1984 THE CASE AGAINST THE MFECANE by. QuJJjun Cobbing. By the 1970s the mfecane had become one of the most widely abused terms in southern African historical literature. Let the reader attempt a simple definition of the mfecane, for instance. This is not such an easy task. From one angle the mfecane was the Nguni diaspora which from the early 1820s took Nguni raiding communities such as the Ndebele, the Ngoni and the Gaza over a huge region of south-central Africa reaching as far north as Lake Tanzania. Africanists stress the positive features of the movement. As Ajayi observed in 1968: 'When we consider all the implications of the expansions of Bantu-speaking peoples there can he no doubt that the theory of stagnation has no basis whatsoever.' A closely related, though different, mfecane centres on Zululand and the figure of Shaka. It has become a revolutionary process internal to Nguni society which leads to the development of the ibutho and the tributary mode of production. Shaka is a heroic figure providing a positive historical example and some self-respect for black South Africans today. But inside these wider definitions another mfecane more specific- ally referring to the impact of Nguni raiders (the Nedbele, Hlubi and Ngwane) on the Sotho west of the Drakensberg. -
11010329.Pdf
THE RISE, CONSOLIDATION AND DISINTEGRATION OF DLAMINI POWER IN SWAZILAND BETWEEN 1820 AND 1889. A study in the relationship of foreign affairs to internal political development. Philip Lewis Bonner. ProQuest Number: 11010329 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11010329 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT The Swazi kingdom grew out of the pressures associated with competition for trade and for the rich resources of Shiselweni. While centred on this area it acquired some of its characteristic features - notably a regimental system, and the dominance of a Dlamini aristocracy. Around 1815 the Swazi came under pressure from the South, and were forced to colonise the land lying north of the Lusutfu. Here they remained for some years a nation under arms, as they plundered local peoples, and were themselves swept about by the currents of the Mfecane. In time a more settled administration emerged, as the aristocracy spread out from the royal centres at Ezulwini, and this process accelerated under Mswati as he subdued recalcitrant chiefdoms, and restructured the regiments. -
The Debate on the Mfecane That Erupted Following the Publication In
A TEMPEST IN A TEAPOT? NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONTESTS FOR LAND IN SOUTH AFRICA‘S CALEDON VALLEY AND THE INVENTION OF THE MFECANE ABSTRACT: The unresolved debate on the mfecane in Southern African history has been marked by general acceptance of the proposition that large scale loss of life and disruption of settled society was experienced across the whole region. Attempts to quantify either the violence or mortality have been stymied by a lack of evidence. What apparently reliable evidence does exist describes small districts, most notably the Caledon Valley. In contrast to Julian Cobbing, who called the mfecane an alibi for colonial-sponsored violence, this article argues that much documentation of conflict in the Caledon region consisted of various ‗alibis‘ for African land seizures and claims in the 1840s and ‗50s. KEY WORDS: pre-colonial, mfecane, Lesotho, South Africa, nineteenth- century, warfare, land A hotly contested issue in the debate on South Africa‘s mfecane which enlivened the pages of this journal a decade ago was the charge that colonial historians invented the concept as part of a continuing campaign to absolve settler capitalism from responsibility for violent convulsions in South- 1 Eastern Africa in the first half of the nineteenth century.i This article takes a different tack by arguing that African struggles for land and power in the period 1833-54 played a decisive role in developing the mfecane concept. The self-serving narratives devised by African rivals and their missionary clients in and around the emerging kingdom of Lesotho set the pattern for future accounts and were responsible for introducing the word lifaqane into historical discourse long before the word mfecane first appeared in print. -
Early History of South Africa
THE EARLY HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES . .3 SOUTH AFRICA: THE EARLY INHABITANTS . .5 THE KHOISAN . .6 The San (Bushmen) . .6 The Khoikhoi (Hottentots) . .8 BLACK SETTLEMENT . .9 THE NGUNI . .9 The Xhosa . .10 The Zulu . .11 The Ndebele . .12 The Swazi . .13 THE SOTHO . .13 The Western Sotho . .14 The Southern Sotho . .14 The Northern Sotho (Bapedi) . .14 THE VENDA . .15 THE MASHANGANA-TSONGA . .15 THE MFECANE/DIFAQANE (Total war) Dingiswayo . .16 Shaka . .16 Dingane . .18 Mzilikazi . .19 Soshangane . .20 Mmantatise . .21 Sikonyela . .21 Moshweshwe . .22 Consequences of the Mfecane/Difaqane . .23 Page 1 EUROPEAN INTERESTS The Portuguese . .24 The British . .24 The Dutch . .25 The French . .25 THE SLAVES . .22 THE TREKBOERS (MIGRATING FARMERS) . .27 EUROPEAN OCCUPATIONS OF THE CAPE British Occupation (1795 - 1803) . .29 Batavian rule 1803 - 1806 . .29 Second British Occupation: 1806 . .31 British Governors . .32 Slagtersnek Rebellion . .32 The British Settlers 1820 . .32 THE GREAT TREK Causes of the Great Trek . .34 Different Trek groups . .35 Trichardt and Van Rensburg . .35 Andries Hendrik Potgieter . .35 Gerrit Maritz . .36 Piet Retief . .36 Piet Uys . .36 Voortrekkers in Zululand and Natal . .37 Voortrekker settlement in the Transvaal . .38 Voortrekker settlement in the Orange Free State . .39 THE DISCOVERY OF DIAMONDS AND GOLD . .41 Page 2 EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES Humankind had its earliest origins in Africa The introduction of iron changed the African and the story of life in South Africa has continent irrevocably and was a large step proven to be a micro-study of life on the forwards in the development of the people. -
Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift Revisited
We, ‘The children of Isandlwana’: Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift revisited Themba Mthethwa B.PROC, LLB (NATAL) __________________________________________________________________________________________ One hundred years ago, King Cetshwayo’s people’s army spoke to the invading enemy with their spears at the battle of Isandlwana. It engaged and defeated the pride of the British colonial army – a feat which has gone down in history as one of the most glorious and spectacular achievements in world struggles to resist foreign domination. Faced with the might of the superior army, our heroic warriors knew no fear. They shed rivers of blood to remain free in the land that was undoubtedly theirs. In a war which was deliberately provoked by the enemy, the people’s army gave a clear motive that a time comes in the life of people when there is only one way out – the way of challenging oppression by force and violence In doing so, they added a glorious page to a long history of our people’s heroic resistance to the invasion of the land of their forefathers. Isandlwana has left us with a heritage, whose spirit of no surrender, whose spirit of sacrifice and discipline, inspires and guides our whole nation in the battles to come, a heritage which is a challenge to all of us – the children of Isandlwana. (1) In the heart of Mitchell Street, Darwin, in Australia’s Northern Territory, I came across a British Redcoat, similar to those who fought at Isandlwana. On a closer look, it was a café, called Rorke’s Drift bar/café. He called the patrons to come and enjoy “the best of British hospitality in the heart of Mitchell Street.” Darwin is not only well known for its tropical climate and as a major tourist destination, but is also known for being the only major target of Japanese bombings during World War II. -
Chief Molema and the Foundations of Tshidi History”
CHAPTER ONE: “CHIEF MOLEMA AND THE FOUNDATIONS OF TSHIDI HISTORY” Relatively little information remains of the first Chief Molema’s life, yet the vital choices he made and the independent town he built made him vital to the history of the Molopo region. But for Chief Molema, this thesis argues, his grandson might not have interested himself in history at all. This chapter reconstructs aspects of his life that have been documented and to which Dr Molema would return, when attempting to re-create and explain his community’s history. This story begins some 83 years after the old Chief’s death. In 1964, near the end of Dr Seetsele Modiri Molema’s life, historian Dan Johns interviewed him in Mafikeng.1 Johns highlighted his recent political life in the African National Congress, skirting the doctor’s youth and his family’s eminence in the (then) small British Bechuanaland town, Mafikeng. Likewise, he skimmed over Molema’s education in the Eastern Cape, Scotland and Ireland. Dan Johns [DJ]: What was your early education? Dr Seetsele Modiri Molema [SMM]: I was born here in Mafeking and went to school here at the Mission School until Standard 4, then to the Mission School in Hazeltown (?) [Johns seems not to have known about Healdtown].2 Went to Lovedale for Matric, and then went overseas. My father was keen on education, he was the first teacher of the people here. We were the leaders in education, this was our family tradition. DJ: Did the family hold any particular position? SMM: Yes, my grandfather was the brother of a chief. -
The Ethnography of On-Site Interpretation and Commemoration
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2013 The Ethnography of On-Site Interpretation and Commemoration Practices: Place-Based Cultural Heritages at the Bear Paw, Big Hole, Little Bighorn, and Rosebud Battlefields Helen Alexandra Keremedjiev The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Keremedjiev, Helen Alexandra, "The Ethnography of On-Site Interpretation and Commemoration Practices: Place-Based Cultural Heritages at the Bear Paw, Big Hole, Little Bighorn, and Rosebud Battlefields" (2013). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1009. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/1009 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF ON-SITE INTERPRETATION AND COMMEMORATION PRACTICES: PLACE-BASED CULTURAL HERITAGES AT THE BEAR PAW, BIG HOLE, LITTLE BIGHORN, AND ROSEBUD BATTLEFIELDS By HELEN ALEXANDRA KEREMEDJIEV Master of Arts, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 2007 Bachelor of Arts, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 2004 Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment -
Flagship Tours to the Anglo-Zulu War Battlefields
FLAGSHIP TOURS TO THE ANGLO-ZULU WAR BATTLEFIELDS In 1879, the British invaded Zululand. The central of the three major invading columns forded the Buffalo River at Rorke’s Drift. Within days, Lord Chelmsford’s invasion was in jeopardy. Part of his central column had been almost annihilated at Isandlwana, in a battle rated as one of the greatest military disasters in British colonial history. A few survivors struggled back into Natal, crossing the mighty Buffalo River at the Fugitives’ Drift. Lieutenants Melvill and Coghill died in a gallant attempt to save the Queen’s colours of their regiment, earning the first posthumous Victoria Crosses in history. A great wing of the Zulu army went on to attack the British garrison at Rorke’s Drift, and these warriors were beaten off in a battle that lasted all night; an action that saw the awarding of 11 VCs and 5 DCMs. Fugitives’ Drift is renowned for its flagship battlefield tours to Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift, which are conducted daily. These thought-provoking and often emotionally charged tours leave our guests with a more profound appreciation of modern-day South Africa. Long family associations with the area and its people allow Fugitives’ Drift to offer unique Zulu perspectives on these remarkable battles. Led by Douglas Rattray and his fantastic team of guides, these tours are conducted daily to Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift. Please note that our flagship tours are not suitable for children under the age of 12 due to their length and content. Our battlefield kids tours is a good option for young historians. -
The Last Casualty of the Anglo Zulu War
THE LAST CASUALTY OF THE ANGLO ZULU WAR Damage to the Anglo Zulu War Memorial, Pietermaritzburg by M Coghlan KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Museum Service ___________________________________________________________________________________ On the morning of Thursday, 14 April 1994, observant citizens of Pietermaritzburg, passing the familiar Anglo Zulu War Memorial on the corner of Church Street and Commercial Road, noticed that one of its four lifesize statues was missing. On the previous evening, the statue had fallen victim to vandals in an act of unfortunate, though possibly unintentional, desecration.(1) Unbeknown to the unwitting vandals, the statues, of solid marble, stood unsecured on pedestals some three metres from the pavement. In a manner that remains a mystery, one of these statues was toppled. The impact of the fall from this height shattered the marble into several large chunks and countless smaller pieces and fragments. Early on the morning of 14 April, quick-thinking staff of the nearby Tatham Art Gallery diligently gathered every last piece of debris. At the time of writing, the culprits remain at large, and the statue its awaits restoration at a cost of R 11 400.(2) Smashed into the proverbial 'thousand pieces' Photo courtesy of The Natal Witness. For over a hundred years, the memorial stood as an apparently inviolable feature of the Victorian cityscape, so much so that it was not realised until 14 April 1994 that the statues were not secured to their bases.(a) The memorial’s origins lie in the immediate aftermath of the Anglo Zulu War of January to July 1879, a conflict of immediate interest to white Natal colonists. -
The Zulu State & the Mfecane
University of Wisconsin Department of History Spring 1999-2000 History 861 Thomas Spear 3:30-5:30, Thursday 5118 Humanities 5245 Humanities 263-1784/233-6867 office hours: 3:30-4:30 MW or by apmt. tspear@facstaff. wisc.edu The Zulu State & the Mfecane An unusual wealth of information exists for studying processes of state formation in Southern Africa in the early 19th century, and a fierce debate rages over their interpretation. The seminar is an exercise in historical reconstruction of pre-colonial African history, drawing on contemporary accounts, oral traditions, and archaeological, linguistic, geographic, and anthropological studies to reconstruct the formation of the Zulu state. Requirements: Students will be expected to write two formal papers during the course of the seminar: the first an extensive critical review of the literature on one of the topics listed for weeks 4-8, and the second a major research paper on a related topic. In each case, students should distribute copies of their paper to the other seminar participants (with two copies to me) by Tuesday noon preceeding the relevant class. Research papers will first be presented in class, and then revised for final submission at the end of the seminar. Students will also be expected to write and present a critique of one of the research papers during weeks 10-14. The most important books are available on 3 day reserve at H. C. White; journal articles are in the Memorial Library stacks. The following are also available at the University Bookstore or, in the case of Westley, the African Studies Program: M. -
KINGS, COMMONERS and CONCESSIONAIRES the Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swazi State AFRICAN STUDIES SERIES
KINGS, COMMONERS AND CONCESSIONAIRES The evolution and dissolution of the nineteenth-century Swazi state AFRICAN STUDIES SERIES 31 Editorial Board John Dunn, Reader in Politics and Fellow of King's College, Cambridge J. M. Lonsdale, Lecturer in History and Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge D. M. G. Newbery, Lecturer in Economics and Fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge A. F. Robertson, Assistant Director of Development Studies and Fellow of Darwin College, Cambridge The African Studies Series is a collection of monographs and general studies that reflect the interdisciplinary interests of the African Studies Centre at Cambridge. Volumes to date have combined historical, anthropological, economic, political and other perspectives. Each contribution has assumed that such broad approaches can contribute much to our understanding of Africa, and that this may in turn be of advantage to specific disciplines. KINGS, COMMONERS AND CONCESSIONAIRES The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swazi State PHILIP BONNER Senior Lecturer, Department of History University of the Witwatersrand CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON NEW YORK NEW ROCHELLE MELBOURNE SYDNEY PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13,28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1982 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. -
Battlefield Tourism in South Africa with Special Reference to Isandlwana and Rorke’S Drift Kwazulu-Natal
University of Pretoria etd – Moeller M (2006) - Battlefield Tourism in South Africa with Special Reference to Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift KwaZulu-Natal - by Maricki Moeller 24326063 Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree M Phil Tourism Management in the FACULTY OF ECONOMIC AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES at the UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA Study leader: (Dr. F. A. Fairer - Wessels) Date of submission October 2005 University of Pretoria etd – Moeller M (2006) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Battlefield Tourism in South Africa is an increasingly important tourism product in northern KwaZulu-Natal. Rising visitor numbers to the famous Anglo-Zulu battlefields of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift over the past ten years have created certain challenges to the management of the area. Thanatourism is a form of Cultural Heritage Tourism that comprises visits to battlefields. Thanatourism sites often attempt to interpret sensitive events of the past. This requires management skills different to those needed by other heritage attractions. One of the issues faced by management is dissonance in heritage, which refers to dilemmas associated with reconciling the interests of rival groups with separate stakes in the development of controversial sites. This study attempts to investigate the level of dissonance present at the battlefields of Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift and to identify ways of reducing it. A qualitative approach was applied to capture the different opinions of four major stakeholder groups as present in Seaton’s Force Field Model (2001): the subject groups (Zulu and British), visitor groups, owners/controllers of heritage and the host community. An ethnographic investigation combined with an analysis of the tourism situation on the battlefields revealed that the levels of dissonance between the stakeholders are much lower than expected.