DOCSLIB.ORG

Étude Des Facteurs Environnementaux Associés À Son Établissement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Étude Des Facteurs Environnementaux Associés À Son Établissement Université de Montréal Éco-épidémiologie de la maladie de Lyme dans le Sud-Ouest du Québec: étude des facteurs environnementaux associés à son établissement par Catherine Bouchard Département de pathologie et microbiologie Faculté de médecine vétérinaire Thèse présentée à la Faculté de médecine vétérinaire en vue de l’obtention du grade de doctorat de philosophiae doctor (Ph.D.) en sciences vétérinaires option épidémiologie Septembre, 2013 © Catherine Bouchard, 2013 Résumé Depuis les années 90, les études réalisées au Canada ont permis d’identifier de nouvelles zones endémiques de l’agent de la maladie de Lyme, Borrelia burgdorferi, ou de sa tique vectrice, Ixodes scapularis. Ces régions représentent des zones privilégiées pour étudier le cycle de transmission dans son contexte environnemental. L’objectif principal de ce projet est d’étudier les relations spirochètes – tiques - hôtes et les facteurs environnementaux impliqués dans le cycle de transmission à partir des données du vecteur et de l’agent pathogène recueilli dans le Sud-Ouest du Québec de 2007 à 2008. Tout d’abord sera décrite la saisonnalité des tiques et des associations entre le vecteur et les hôtes rongeurs capturés. En effet, l’identification de la saisonnalité spécifique à chaque stade de la tique I. scapularis permet d’établir quels seront les mois propices pour effectuer les futures collectes de tiques. La saisonnalité synchrone des tiques immatures en quête peut également être un indicateur de la nature ou des souches de B. burgdorferi retrouvées. L’association des tiques immatures à différentes espèces ou à différentes classes d’hôtes (c.-à-d. âge, sexe, statut reproductif) a également été explorée. Nos résultats montrent que les souris du genre Peromyscus, principalement les mâles adultes, contribuent significativement à la survie et au développement du complexe I. scapularis - B. burgdorferi. Les tamias et les écureuils contribuent aussi à la survie et au développement des populations de la tique I. scapularis. Ensuite les associations entre le vecteur et les hôtes cervidés ont été examinées en tenant compte des facteurs environnementaux associés à leur niveau d’infestation. Ceci a permis d’évaluer i l’utilisation des cerfs à titre de sentinelles pour le vecteur et les agents pathogènes. D’après nos résultats, bien qu’ils soient des sentinelles efficaces pour détecter Anaplasma phagocytophilum, les cerfs semblent des sentinelles inefficaces pour détecter les zones d’établissement du complexe I. scapularis-B. burgdorferi. Enfin, une analyse de l’impact de la diversité des hôtes et de l’habitat sur l’abondance de la tique I. scapularis et la prévalence de B. burgdorferi a été effectuée et ce, en tenant compte d’autres facteurs environnementaux. Ces analyses ont permis de déterminer les facteurs critiques pour l’établissement du complexe I. scapularis – B. burgdorferi et d’explorer la contribution relative de diverses espèces d’hôtes. D’après nos études, la diversité de la communauté d’hôte et la diversité de l’habitat influencent le complexe I. scapularis - B. burgdorferi. De plus, le climat (la température et les précipitations) joue un rôle significatif dans l’établissement, la survie et le développement des populations d’I. scapularis. Ce projet de recherche a permis d’explorer et d’identifier divers facteurs environnementaux biotiques et abiotiques influençant l’établissement du complexe I. scapularis - B. burgdorferi dans le Sud-Ouest du Québec. Ceux-ci pourraient être utilisés à titre d’indicateurs environnementaux du risque de la maladie de Lyme au Québec et possiblement ailleurs au Canada. Mots-clés : Maladie de Lyme, éco-épidémiologie, facteurs environnementaux, Ixodes scapularis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, micromammifères, cerfs, Québec ii Abstract Since the 90s in Canada, studies have identified new endemic areas for the agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi and the tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. These newly endemic areas for complex I. scapularis - B. burgdorferi are prime areas to study the transmission cycle in its environmental context. The main objective of this project is to study the spirochete-tick-host relationships and environmental factors involved in the transmission cycle from the data of the vector and the pathogen collected in southwestern Quebec, 2007 to 2008. First, a description of the seasonality of ticks and associations between the vector and captured rodent hosts was performed. The identification of specific seasonality at each stage of the tick I. scapularis establishes months conducive to make the future collections of ticks. Synchronous seasonality of questing immature ticks may also be an indicator of the nature or strain of B. burgdorferi found. In addition, the association of immature ticks in different species or different classes of hosts (i.e. age, sex, reproductive status) was explored. The Peromyscus mice and adult males in particular contributed significantly to the survival and development of complex I. scapularis- B. burgdorferi. Chipmunks and squirrels also contributed to the survival and development of I. scapularis populations. Second, the associations between vector and examined deer was described taking into account the environmental factors associated with the level of infestation and the use of deer as sentinels for the vector and the pathogen was evaluated. According to our results, the deer are effective sentinels to iii detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum, but seem ineffective or imprecise to detect endemic areas for complex I. scapularis-B. burgdorferi. Finally, an analysis of the impact of the host diversity and habitat on the abundance of I. scapularis and prevalence of B. burgdorferi considering other environmental factors was performed. These analyzes were used to determine the critical factors in the establishment of complex I. scapularis- B. burgorferi and explore the relative contribution of various host species. According to our studies, the diversity of the host community and habitat influences the complex I. scapularis-B. burgdorferi. On the other hand, the climate (temperature and precipitation) plays a significant role in the establishment, survival and development of the I. scapularis populations. This study allowed us to explore and identify various biotic and abiotic environmental factors influencing the establishment of complex I. scapularis-B. burgdorferi in southwestern Quebec. These environmental factors could be used as environmental indicators of the risk of Lyme disease in Quebec and possibly elsewhere in Canada. Keywords : Lyme disease, eco-epidemiology, environmental factors, Ixodes scapularis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, rodents, deer, Quebec iv Table des matières RÉSUMÉ I ABSTRACT III TABLE DES MATIÈRES V LISTE DES TABLEAUX X LISTE DES FIGURES XII LISTE DES SIGLES ET DES ABRÉVIATIONS XIV REMERCIEMENTS XVII INTRODUCTION 1 L’émergence des maladies vectorielles 1 L’émergence de la maladie de Lyme 3 L’éco-épidémiologie de la maladie de Lyme 4 OBJECTIFS 7 RECENSION DES ÉCRITS 10 La maladie de Lyme chez l’Homme 11 Symptomatologie 11 Diagnostic, traitement et prévention 12 L’épidémiologie de la maladie de Lyme 14 v Incidence aux États-Unis 15 Incidence au Canada 15 Le spirochète 17 B. burgdorferi sensu lato 18 Génome de B. burgdorferi 19 Interactions spirochètes-tiques-hôtes 19 La tique vectrice 21 Famille Ixodidae 22 Interactions de la tique I. scapularis avec son environnement 22 I. scapularis comme vecteur de B. burgdorferi 26 Les hôtes 27 Les mammifères sauvages 28 Les oiseaux migrateurs 31 Les facteurs environnementaux 33 Facteurs biotiques et impact de la biodiversité 33 Facteurs abiotiques 36 Tableaux 38 EXPOSÉ ET ANALYSE DES RÉSULTATS 47 Article 1: Associations between Ixodes scapularis ticks and small mammal hosts in a newly-endemic zone in southeastern Canada: implications for Borrelia burgdorferi transmission 48 Abstract 49 Introduction 50 Materials and methods 51 Study areas 51 Wild small mammal trapping 52 Blood and tick collection and detection of B. burgdorferi infection. 53 Statistical analyses 54 vi Results 57 Wild small mammal trapping and tick collection 57 B. burgdorferi infection in wild small mammals and their tick ectoparasites 57 Host associations of I. scapularis 58 Analysis of the intensity of infestation on I. scapularis-positive sites 59 Discussion 61 Acknowledgements 65 References 66 Figures 71 Tables 74 Article 2: Harvested white-tailed deer as sentinel hosts for early establishing Ixodes scapularis populations and risk from vector-borne zoonoses in southeastern Canada 78 Abstract 79 Introduction 80 Materials and Methods 82 Study site 82 Deer examination and tick collection 82 Diagnostic tests for tick-associated pathogens 83 Environmental determinants 84 Data on I. scapularis tick and tick population occurrence 85 Statistical analyses of tick infestation levels of deer 87 Spatial cluster analysis 89 Results 89 Statistical analyses: Models of tick infestation levels of deer 90 Spatial cluster analysis 91 Discussion 92 Conclusion 94 vii Acknowledgements 95 References 96 Figures 103 Tables 106 Article 3: Does high biodiversity reduce the risk of Lyme disease invasion? 111 Abstract 112 Introduction 114 Methods 116 Study sites 116 Collection and sampling of ticks and captured mammals 117 Testing of tick and rodent samples for B. burgdorferi infection 118 Collection and development of explanatory variables (see Table XIX) 118 Accounting for rates of I. scapularis and B. burgdorferi immigration 121 Statistical
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meeting the Challenge of Tick-Borne Disease Control a Proposal For
    Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 10 (2019) 213–218 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ttbdis Letters to the Editor Meeting the challenge of tick-borne disease control: A proposal for 1000 Ixodes genomes T 1. Introduction reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018) each year represent only about 10% of actual cases (CDC; Hinckley et al., At the ‘One Health’ 9th Tick and Tick-borne Pathogen Conference 2014; Nelson et al., 2015). In Europe, roughly 85,000 LD cases are and 1st Asia Pacific Rickettsia Conference (TTP9-APRC1; http://www. reported annually, although actual case numbers are unknown ttp9-aprc1.com), 27 August–1 September 2017 in Cairns, Australia, (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), 2012). members of the tick and tick-borne disease (TBD) research communities Recent studies are also shedding light on the transmission of human and assembled to discuss a high priority research agenda. Diseases trans- animal pathogens by Australian ticks and the role of Ixodes holocyclus, mitted by hard ticks (subphylum Chelicerata; subclass Acari; family as a vector (reviewed in Graves and Stenos, 2017; Greay et al., 2018). Ixodidae) have substantial impacts on public health and are on the rise Options to control hard ticks and the pathogens they transmit are globally due to human population growth and change in geographic limited. Human vaccines are not available, except against the tick- ranges of tick vectors (de la Fuente et al., 2016). The genus Ixodes is a borne encephalitis virus (Heinz and Stiasny, 2012).
    [Show full text]
  • Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in New York State
    Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases in New York State Town of Bethlehem Deer and Tick-borne Diseases Committee Meeting June 3rd 2014 Melissa Prusinski Research Scientist and Laboratory Supervisor New York State Department of Health Bureau of Communicable Disease Control Vector Ecology Laboratory Tick Bio 101: Hard-bodied ticks Taxonomic family: Ixodidae 4 life stages: Egg, Larva, Nymph, and Adult Each active life-stage must feed once on blood in order to develop into the next life-stage. Ticks in New York State: • 30 species of ticks • 10 species commonly bite humans • 4 species can transmit diseases Deer tick Lone Star tick American Dog tick Woodchuck tick Ixodes scapularis Amblyomma americanum Dermacentor variabilis Ixodes cookei Tick-borne Diseases in NY: Reported NY Cases Disease (causative agent) 2001-2013* Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi) 57,047 Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum) 2,784 Babesiosis (Babesia microti) 2,596 Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis) 693 Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii) 179 Powassan encephalitis (Powassan virus or Deer Tick virus) 18 Tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia miyamotoi) 5 ** Tularemia (Fransicella tularensis) 4 * Reported to the NYSDOH by medical providers and clinical laboratories ** Identified in a NYSDOH retrospective study of patients screening negative for anaplasmosis The Deer tick can potentially transmit 5 diseases: (in New York State) . Lyme disease Most common tick-borne disease in New York State (and the nation) . Babesiosis Expanding
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of Ixodes Ricinus Female Salivary Glands Factors Involved in Bartonella Henselae Transmission Xiangye Liu
    Identification of Ixodes ricinus female salivary glands factors involved in Bartonella henselae transmission Xiangye Liu To cite this version: Xiangye Liu. Identification of Ixodes ricinus female salivary glands factors involved in Bartonella henselae transmission. Human health and pathology. Université Paris-Est, 2013. English. NNT : 2013PEST1066. tel-01142179 HAL Id: tel-01142179 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01142179 Submitted on 14 Apr 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-EST École Doctorale Agriculture, Biologie, Environnement, Santé T H È S E Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-EST Spécialité : Sciences du vivant Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Xiangye LIU Le 15 Novembre 2013 Identification of Ixodes ricinus female salivary glands factors involved in Bartonella henselae transmission Directrice de thèse : Dr. Sarah I. Bonnet USC INRA Bartonella-Tiques, UMR 956 BIPAR, Maisons-Alfort, France Jury Dr. Catherine Bourgouin, Chef de laboratoire, Institut Pasteur Rapporteur Dr. Karen D. McCoy, Chargée de recherches, CNRS Rapporteur Dr. Patrick Mavingui, Directeur de recherches, CNRS Examinateur Dr. Karine Huber, Chargée de recherches, INRA Examinateur ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To everyone who helped me to complete my PhD studies, thank you.
    [Show full text]
  • Annotated List of the Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of New Jersey
    applyparastyle "fig//caption/p[1]" parastyle "FigCapt" applyparastyle "fig" parastyle "Figure" Journal of Medical Entomology, 2019, 1–10 doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz010 Review Review Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/jme/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jme/tjz010/5310395 by Rutgers University Libraries user on 09 February 2019 Annotated List of the Hard Ticks (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae) of New Jersey James L. Occi,1,4 Andrea M. Egizi,1,2 Richard G. Robbins,3 and Dina M. Fonseca1 1Center for Vector Biology, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Ave, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8536, 2Tick- borne Diseases Laboratory, Monmouth County Mosquito Control Division, 1901 Wayside Road, Tinton Falls, NJ 07724, 3 Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, MSC, MRC 534, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD 20746-2863 and 4Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: Rebecca Eisen Received 1 November 2018; Editorial decision 8 January 2019 Abstract Standardized tick surveillance requires an understanding of which species may be present. After a thorough review of the scientific literature, as well as government documents, and careful evaluation of existing accessioned tick collections (vouchers) in museums and other repositories, we have determined that the verifiable hard tick fauna of New Jersey (NJ) currently comprises 11 species. Nine are indigenous to North America and two are invasive, including the recently identified Asian longhorned tick,Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann, 1901). For each of the 11 species, we summarize NJ collection details and review their known public health and veterinary importance and available information on seasonality. Separately considered are seven additional species that may be present in the state or become established in the future but whose presence is not currently confirmed with NJ vouchers.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution Géographique Et Saisonnière Des Espèces De Tiques D’Importance Médicale Autres Qu’Ixodes Scapularis Au Québec
    Distribution géographique et saisonnière des espèces de tiques d’importance médicale autres qu’Ixodes scapularis au Québec RAPPORT DE SYNTHÈSE Distribution géographique et saisonnière des espèces de tiques d’importance médicale autres qu’Ixodes scapularis au Québec RAPPORT DE SYNTHÈSE Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec Mars 2017 AUTEURES Karine Thivierge, Ph. D., chercheur d’établissement Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec Institut national de santé publique du Québec Salima Gasmi, BVSc, M. Sc, M. VPH Centre des maladies infectieuses d'origine alimentaire, environnementale et zoonotique Agence de la santé publique du Canada Catherine Bouchard, D.M.V., Ph. D. Division science des risques pour la santé publique, Laboratoire national de microbiologie Agence de la santé publique du Canada DIRECTION SCIENTIFIQUE Jean Longtin, M.D., FRCPC Directeur médical, Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec Institut national de santé publique du Québec AVEC LA COLLABORATION DE Ariane Adam-Poupart, Ph. D. Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail Institut national de santé publique du Québec Patrick Leighton, Ph. D., professeur adjoint Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal François Milord, M.D., M. Sc., F.R.C.P.C. Direction des risques biologiques et de la santé au travail Institut national de santé publique du Québec Nicholas H. Ogden, BVSc, Ph. D., professeur associé Division science des risques pour la santé publique, Laboratoire national de microbiologie Agence de santé publique du Canada Yann Pelcat, M. Sc., géographe médical Division science des risques pour la santé publique, Laboratoire national de microbiologie Agence de santé publique du Canada MISE EN PAGE Kim Betournay, agente administrative Danka Kareen Shank, agente administrative Laboratoire de santé publique du Québec Ce document est disponible intégralement en format électronique (PDF) sur le site Web de l’Institut national de santé publique du Québec au : http://www.inspq.qc.ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Ticks and Tick-Borne Disease in New York State
    Ticks and Tick-borne Disease in New York State Jennifer L. White, MPH Deputy Director, Vector-borne DiseaseUnit New York State Department of Health 2 Arthropod-borne Diseases 3 Arthropod-borne Diseases • Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and other insects • Found worldwide • A total of 642,602 cases of arthropod-borne disease were reported in the U.S. and its territories from 2004 through 2016* *CDC Vital Signs: Trends in Reported Vectorborne Disease Cases — United States and Territories, 2004–2016 May 4, 2018 / 67(17);496–501 4 Tick-borne Diseases • Number of reported tickborne disease cases more than doubled from 2004-2016 • 7 new pathogens were discovered or recognized in the U.S. as being able to infect people *CDC Vital Signs: Trends in Reported Vectorborne Disease Cases — United States and Territories, 2004–2016 May 4, 2018 / 67(17);496–501 5 Tick-borne Diseases • Why are case numbers increasing? • Expansion of areas where ticks are found • More pathogens • More people at risk (i.e., travelers) • Weather, environment, and climate 6 Tick-borne Diseases in NYS 7 Tick Talk ~30 species of ticks are found in NYS 10 species commonly bite humans 4 species can potentially transmit diseases (in New York) Lone Star tick Deer tick American Dog tick Amblyomma Woodchuck tick Ixodes scapularis Dermacentor variabilis americanum Ixodes cookei 8 Tick-borne Disease Transmission American Dog tick: Rocky Mountain spotted fever Lone Star tick: Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME) Deer (black- Babesiosis, Human Granulocytic legged) tick:
    [Show full text]
  • Bul 935.Pdf (1.029 Mb )
    SEP 2 4 1985 University Hi-jsissippi state MISSISSIPPI AGRICULTURAL ac FORESTRY EXPERinenTSTATIOn R. RODNEY FOIL, DIRECTOR MISSISSIPPI STATE, MS 39762 James 0 McComas. President Mississippi State University Louis N Wise, Vice President Jerome Goddard and B. R. Norment, Entomology Department, Mississippi State University Content List of Tick Species Occurring or Having Occurred in Mississippi 5 Identification Guide to Ticks Affecting Man, By Season of the Year 5 Key to Families and Genera of Adult Ticks 6 Index to Species Annotations 8 Species Annotations 9 Glossary of Terms Used in the Key 13 Literature Cited 15 Members of the superfamily Ixodoidea, or ticks, are Handrick, 1981; Jacobson and Hurst, 1979; Prestwood, acarines that feed obligately on the blood of mammals, 1968 and Smith, 1977). Other medical or veterinary reptiles and birds. They have a leathery, undifferen- projects have reported tick records from the state tiated body with no distinct head, but the mouth parts (Archer, 1946; Carpenter et al., 1946; Nause and together with the basis capituli form a headlike struc- Norment, 1984; Norment et al., 1985; Philip and ture. Mature ticks and nymphs have four pair of legs, White, 1955; Rhodes and Norment, 1979). There is a and the larvae have three pair. paucity of information on the distributuion and The two major families of ticks recognized in North abundance of ticks in Mississippi. America -(Figure 1) are Ixodidae (hard ticks) and Hard ticks have a four-stage life history. Some ticks Argasidae (soft ticks). Hard ticks are scutate with ob- complete their development on only one or two hosts, vious sexual dimorphism and the blood-fed females are but most Mississippi ticks have a three-host life cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Ticks (Acari: Ixodida), Surveillance and Common Tick-Borne Diseases of South Dakota, Usa
    Proceedings of the South Dakota Academy of Science, Vol. 98 (2019) 119 A REVIEW OF TICKS (ACARI: IXODIDA), SURVEILLANCE AND COMMON TICK-BORNE DISEASES OF SOUTH DAKOTA, USA Lauren P. Maestas* University of South Dakota Department of Biology 414 E. Clark Street Vermillion, SD 57069 *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The scope of literature concerning tick-borne disease in South Dakota (SD) is limited primarily to case reports by public health officials. Published records of ticks occurring in the state are scarce and are mostly limited to reports of ticks opportunistically collected from wildlife, with little focus on surveillance for ticks themselves or potential pathogens. There exists only one published record with a compilation of the ticks of South Dakota (1983). Here, the current literature on the ticks of South Dakota, the pathogens they may carry, and their relevance and history in South Dakota are reviewed. Three new tick species documented in the state since the last publication are included herein, bringing the total number of tick species in the state to 21. I review and update past reports to in- clude new county records and identification of pathogens previously undetected in the state and include some information on ongoing research involving ticks and tick-borne disease in the state. This manuscript and the projects referenced within were conducted with the goal of drawing attention to the need for tick surveillance in South Dakota. Keywords South Dakota, ticks, tick-borne disease, Lyme disease INTRODUCTION South Dakota (SD) is a Midwestern state consisting primarily of prairie habi- tat, with less than 4% of its total land area made up of forested lands (Walters 2016).
    [Show full text]
  • A Two-Year Temporal and Spatial Investigation of Questing Ticks in Marquette County, Michigan" (2011)
    Northern Michigan University NMU Commons All NMU Master's Theses Student Works 2011 A TWO-YEAR TEMPORAL AND PS ATIAL INVESTIGATION OF QUESTING TICKS IN MARQUETTE OC UNTY, MICHIGAN Tiffany J. Opalka Northern Michigan University Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.nmu.edu/theses Recommended Citation Opalka, Tiffany J., "A TWO-YEAR TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL INVESTIGATION OF QUESTING TICKS IN MARQUETTE COUNTY, MICHIGAN" (2011). All NMU Master's Theses. 479. https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/479 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at NMU Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in All NMU Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of NMU Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected],[email protected]. A TWO-YEAR TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL INVESTIGATION OF QUESTING TICKS IN MARQUETTE COUNTY, MICHIGAN By Tiffany J. Opalka THESIS Submitted to Northern Michigan University In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Graduate Studies Office 2011 SIGNATURE APPROVAL FORM This thesis by Tiffany Opalka is recommended for approval by the student’s Thesis Committee and Department Head in the Department of Biology and by the Dean of Graduate Studies. Committee Chair: Dr. Jackie Bird Date First Reader: Dr. John Bruggink Date Second Reader: Dr. Alan Rebertus Date Department Head: Dr. Pat Brown Date Dean of Graduate Studies: Terry Seethof Date OLSON LIBRARY NORTHERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY THESIS DATA FORM In order to catalog your thesis properly and enter a record in the OCLC international bibliographic data base, Olson Library must have the following requested information to distinguish you from others with the same or similar names and to provide appropriate subject access for other researchers.
    [Show full text]
  • Tick Biology for the Homeowner
    Tick Biology for the Homeowner Roy Faiman, Renee R. Anderson and Laura C. Harrington Table of Contents: Introduction Taxonomy and Description Biology and Behavior Tick Species in New York State o American Dog Tick (Dermacentor variabilis) o Brown Dog Tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) o Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum) o Ground hog tick (Ixodes cookei) o Blacklegged Tick or Deer Tick (Ixodes scapularis) Guidelines on Safe Tick Removal Identification of Ticks Personal Protective Measures References Introduction Ticks are arthropods that are sometimes mistakenly called insects. Insects have three body regions, six legs, and typically possess wings. Ticks lack wings, have two body regions, and depending upon their developmental stage, may have either six or eight legs. Ticks possess tremendous potential for transmitting disease-causing organisms to humans and other animals. These organisms include protozoa, viruses, and bacteria. Bites from certain ticks can cause a rare limp paralysis starting in the lower limbs and moving upwards with death resulting if the tick is not promptly removed. Additionally, tick bites can cause skin irritations or even allergic reactions in sensitive people who are repeatedly bitten. Taxonomy and Description Animals in the phylum Arthropoda (known as arthropods) share several key characteristics including: a segmented body arranged in two or three groups; paired, segmented appendages; and an exoskeleton made of chitin. Examples of commonly encountered arthropods include crustaceans, spiders, insects, millipedes, and centipedes. The Arachnida is a class within the phylum Arthropoda. Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, pseudoscorpions, and opiliones or daddy-long legs. The class Arachnida is further divided into smaller groups called orders. The Acari is a name for one of these orders.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Longhorned Tick Haemaphysalis Longicornis Neumann (Arachnida: Acari: Ixodidae)1 Yuexun Tian and Phillip E
    EENY-739 Asian Longhorned Tick Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann (Arachnida: Acari: Ixodidae)1 Yuexun Tian and Phillip E. Kaufman2 Introduction The Asian longhorned tick (Figure 1), Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, also known as the longhorned tick, bush tick (Australia), and cattle tick (New Zealand), is a three-host tick native to East Asia (Rainey et al. 2018). This tick has been categorized as an invasive species in Australia, New Zealand, and several Pacific Islands (Sleeman 2018). In the US, an Asian longhorned tick infestation was recorded in New Jersey during the fall of 2017. This tick is somewhat unique in that females are capable of parthenogenesis, Figure 1. The female (left) and nymph (right) of the Asian longhorned meaning that females can produce offspring without having tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann. mated with males (Burtis 2018). The Asian longhorned tick Credits: Lyle Buss, UF/IFAS feeds on a wide range of hosts including birds and mam- In August 2017, a tick from an Icelandic sheep was brought mals, including humans (Rainey et al. 2018). This tick is to the Hunterdon County Health Department in New considered a medical and veterinary vector due to its ability Jersey. The tick was identified as an Asian longhorned to transmit pathogens that cause disease in humans and tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, in November 2017 by the other animals. National Veterinary Services Laboratory (Rainey et al. 2018). In early October, a large number of ticks were found Distribution both on sheep and in paddocks in Hunterdon County, The Asian longhorned tick is native to Southeast Asia, New Jersey (Rainey et al.
    [Show full text]
  • A 117-Year Retrospective Analysis of Pennsylvania Tick Community
    Pak et al. Parasites Vectors (2019) 12:189 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3451-6 Parasites & Vectors RESEARCH Open Access A 117-year retrospective analysis of Pennsylvania tick community dynamics Damie Pak1, Steven B. Jacobs2 and Joyce M. Sakamoto3* Abstract Background: Tick-borne diseases have been increasing at the local, national, and global levels. Researchers studying ticks and tick-borne diseases need a thorough knowledge of the pathogens, vectors, and epidemiology of disease spread. Both active and passive surveillance approaches are typically used to estimate tick population size and risk of tick encounter. Our data consists of a composite of active and long-term passive surveillance, which has provided insight into spatial variability and temporal dynamics of ectoparasite communities and identifed rarer tick species. We present a retrospective analysis on compiled data of ticks from Pennsylvania over the last 117 years. Methods: We compiled data from ticks collected during tick surveillance research, and from citizen-based submis- sions. The majority of the specimens were submitted by citizens. However, a subset of the data was collected through active methods (fagging or dragging, or removal of ticks from wildlife). We analyzed all data from 1900–2017 for tick community composition, host associations, and spatio-temporal dynamics. Results: In total there were 4491 submission lots consisting of 7132 tick specimens. Twenty-four diferent species were identifed, with the large proportion of submissions represented by fve tick species. We observed a shift in tick community composition in which the dominant species of tick (Ixodes cookei) was overtaken in abundance by Derma- centor variabilis in the early 1990s and then replaced in abundance by I.
    [Show full text]