explorations in renaissance culture 43 (2017) 202-231 brill.com/erc Ars simia naturae: The Animal as Mediator and Alter Ego of the Artist in the Renaissance Simona Cohen Tel-Aviv University
[email protected] Abstract Past research on animals in Renaissance art has indicated their functions as signifiers of human characteristics. This study demonstrates stages in developments of Renais- sance art that illustrate transitions from anthropocentric to theriocentric approaches in animal symbolism, where animals are perceived and valued in their own right. Tra- ditional negative animal symbolism was not relinquished, but new types of animal depictions have testified to new attitudes. Iconography of the dog and the ape, for example, represents two issues relating to human-animal relationships in the Renais- sance. Changing conceptions of the dog, its function in artistic narrative, as related to the artist, his self-image and awareness of the spectator, are examined. The ape became a metaphor of the universal artist and clever imitator of nature. While late- sixteenth- and seventeenth-century illustrations referring to artistic imitatio were harshly judi- cial, the idea of animals as mediators is demonstrated by the artist who tends not only to empathize with animals but also to identify with them. Keywords animal symbolism – iconography of dogs – iconography of monkeys – human-animal relations – self-portraits The early Christian and medieval bestiary tradition promoted the use of ani- mal imagery as metaphors and similes, based primarily