Troy, Baden Culture and Corded Ware 261
Raiko Krauß1
The 4th millennium BC in many ways is a time of change in southeastern Europe. After the discontinuation of tell-settlements in the Carpathian Basin and the eastern Balkan area one can see the formation of archaeologically <; < $ _ < ; \ Z economy. Simultaneously, burial rites show a tradition whose roots lie as far back as the 5th millennium BC. Against the background of the changing settlement pattern, the transfer of technical innovations over wide areas of Europe is also noticeable – such as the use of the wheel and wagon, as well as a generally increased use of animal labour. Compared to the 5th !9 @ [ [ ; ; < ; @ Z } ; Z [ $ _ } ; ¢ 6 monopoly leadership in the production and use of metals. At the end of the 4th millennium, interrelated cultural groups @ 9 ; * } ; [ } < ! & Age culture. On the basis of new radiocarbon dates from a late Baden settlement in the west of present-day Romania, @ 9 ;; 9 ; ! ;; Z } < ! & Aegean and the Final Neolithic in central Europe will be discussed. ! 69 ; } < ! & ! 9 9
_ ; _ 1 Institute of Pre- and Protohistory and Mediaeval Archaeology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany; email: [email protected]. 2 Korfmann – Kromer 1993; Furholt 2003; Kromer et al. 2003. 3 Stadler et al. 2001. 4 & /87$ 5 ; " /07 D # 6 /07 D # 6 /0 //5 * 7$ 6 & /87 5 M50$ 262 Raiko Krauß $ ! > [ Z Z 7M 6 & ^ ! $ 3rd !9$ " @ Z Z @ on the cultural relationships between northwestern Anatolia and the Carpathian Basin.7 7 Krauß – Ciobotaru 2014. Troy, Baden Culture and Corded Ware 263 $ ! > [ Z Z 7M 6 & ^ ! $ @ ^ @ _ 2 @ ! ^ ;; - < @ Z _ 2 $ ' / < Z _ ; - @ Z ! _ 2 < # - @ Z < # ; ~ &$ ' ; [ 6 $ Z @ Z ! 9 in its later variant, Kostolac, is of particular relevance to the topic of this volume. The feature ZZ < < 6 ; @ Z } < ! & 264 Raiko Krauß Age level.5 _ @ @ < [ @ Z } < ! & of the Nagyrév Culture.9 [ ; < Z Z ! > 6 Z 7M ~ $ M @ @ \ $ Z @ indentation- and scratch-ornamentation. Additionally, there are two conical spindle whorls, which [ ; Z ! 9 $ Z indentation- and scratch-ornamentation is also seen on a fully-reconstructed large vessel, which ; @ Z Z ! 9 ~ $ 7$ ' Z clear typological parallels, 1496 @ ¢ ; $ The series consists of four AMS-dates from three cattle bones and one sheep bone, dating to the 5th to 26th centuries BC. ' Z Z ! 9 Z 6 & < $ _ Z ! 69 [ Z 6 ! 7 [ Z Z 7 th century10 ; < ! & & Z begin- ning of the Baden development. The length of the ‘Baden’ phenomenon, particularly its end, has < $ Z 6 & ; @ ¢ < 6; ; [ Z ! 9 ;- ; < 7 !911 can no longer be upheld.12 In fact, it becomes apparent that the classical ! & ~ /th century. Accordingly, the late phase of Baden Cul- ture in its southern variant Kostolac, and in its northern counterpart, the Bošáca variant, must date relatively later.13 Thus, in the northern Carpathian Basin region, a temporal parallelism between ! 9 Z 9 $ There are now multiple data series from the northern region of the Carpathian Basin which, Z 6 & < Z Z ! 9 into the 26th < ~_ $ $ The settlement of Bronocice, at the northern edge of the Beskids,14 is considered the north- [ @ ! Z $ _ ! - < Z ! 9 ;; < 7 !9 ~ < ' $ Z ! ! ~ < closed series of seven 1496 < @ ¢ Z 0 < $ ; Z @ @ @ @ @ 5 M !9$15 This late onset of the end of Baden [ < @ Z ! P &6_ P ^ P$16 Accordingly the early classical Baden begins around 3200 calBC and ends around 2900 calBC, roughly corresponding to the range proposed by Stadler et al.17 of 3360–2930 calBC for the entire classical Baden. The new Hungar- @ ;; $ / !9 Z later development Z ! @ Z # 6 8/ !9$ 5 _ 6 ; Z 8 !9 Z Z ! $ _ Z ! ; < < [ < Z Z ! &$19 Con- 5 % M 9 [ $ 5M/$ 9 Krauß – Ciobotaru 2014, pls. 5–26. 10 De Capitani et al. 2002, 209–216. 11 9Z$ //5 * 77$ 12 < < //7 8 0 * @ & 50 55$ 13 Cf. Siklósi 2009, 462–465. 14 Kruk – Milisauskas 1990. 15 Kruk – Milisauskas 1990, 223–227. 16 " $ 5$ 17 Stadler et al. 2001. 5 " $ 5 [ $ $ 19 ! M ^ &< /$ Troy, Baden Culture and Corded Ware 265 ¢ < @ ; 6! &6 ! &6 @ 6 within the 3640–3370 calBC time span. Graves with grave goods from classical Baden Culture < Z @ Z 77 M 55 !9$20 * [ < ! M M [ ;; ! &$ 9 ; Z ! P &6_ P ^ P Z 6 & ; ;; /th century and ends by the 27th or perhaps the 26th < !9$ Q! ; R ; @ " 9 ! @ @ ; 9 [ ;; Z 9 $ ' Z ! 9 Z Z @ < *@ & $21 This may, however, be related to the fact that the later groups from the Baden Culture were not more widespread in the west.222324 $ 7 ! > ; Z 6 & ^ ! 5$5 $ 20 Siklósi 2009, 462–465. 21 //5 $ 22 % 9 $ 23 // $ 24 " $ 5$ 266 Raiko Krauß Material J13C Site/Reference Lab-Code Context 14C-Age [BP] Phase (species) [‰PDB] Foeni-Gaz22 1 Hd-29516 Feature 5 ~ 0 5 –21,2 Bad./Kostolac 2 *6 5/7 Feature 3 ~ 8 8 –27,2 Bad./Kostolac 3 *6 5/7 Feature 3 ~ 77 –20.2 Bad./Kostolac 4 MAMS-11203 Feature 3 ~ 0 –17.3 Bad./Kostolac Bronocice23 1 DIC-1792 3-B4 charcoal 5 n.d. ~! 2 DIC-1740 10-B5 charcoal 5 8 n.d. ~! 3 DIC-1795 4-B3 charcoal / n.d. ~! 4 DIC-979 56!0 charcoal 8 n.d. ~! 5 %'96/05 1-A5 charcoal n.d. ~! 6 DIC-1794 86!5 charcoal 8 0 n.d. ~! 7 DIC-543 2-B2 charcoal 7 7 n.d. ~! 5 DIC-361 39-B1 charcoal n.d. ' > ~! 9 DIC-977 6!5 charcoal 7 n.d. ' ~! 10 DIC-1736 56-A1 charcoal 77 8 n.d. ' ~! 11 DIC-1797 6-B2 charcoal 7 0 n.d. ' ~! 12 DIC-1739 95-B1 charcoal 7 0 n.d. ' ~! 13 DIC-541 54-B1 charcoal 5 n.d. ' ~! 14 DIC-717 29-A3 charcoal 5 n.d. ' ~! 1 % 6 775 ; 85/ animal bone –19.3 EC-Baden 24 2 % 6 775/ 70 ; 5/ human bone 7 –19.2 EC-Baden 3 Deb-13245 grave 50, pit 2019 human bone –19.7 EC-Baden 4 % 6 7750 pit 426 charcoal 7 –24.5 EC-Baden 5 % 6 7758 pit 2596 animal bone 77 7 –19.4 EC-Baden 6 % 6 775 pits 1072-1096 animal bone 78 –20.2 EC-Baden 7 Deb-13292 grave 67, pit 426 human bone 75 –19.7 EC-Baden 5 Deb-13374 pit 1036 animal bone 7/ 8 –19.9 EC-Baden 9 Deb-13244 pit 203 ~ 8 –20.3 ! & 10 Deb-13412 pit 1612 ~ 0 –19.9 ! & 11 % 6 7 58 grave 79, pit 2635 human bone –19.4 ! & 12 Deb-13411 pit 2060 animal bone –19.5 ! & 13 Deb-13395 grave 74, pit 2614 animal bone 8 –20.3 ! & 14 Deb-13379 well 1, pit 1099 human bone 5 0 –20.6 ! & 15 Deb-13277 grave 23, pit 426 n.d. 8 –19.9 ! & 16 Deb-13291 pits 2327-2346 animal bone 5 –20.4 ! & 17 % 6 77/5 ; 5 animal bone 85 –20.9 ! & Budakalász4 1 }^ 67 5 human bone 0 –22.6 ! &>! 2 }^ 67 grave 174 human bone –21.7 ! &>! 3 }^ 67 7 grave 75 human bone / M /$5 ! &>! 4 }^ 67 / 705 human bone 7 7 –19.6 ! &>! 5 }^ 6 708 grave 19 human bone 70 7 –20.1 ! &>! 6 }^ 67 0 5 human bone 70 7 M 5$0 ! &>! 7 }^ 6 75 757 human bone –20.5 ! &>! 5 }^ 6 70 grave 13a human bone 7 –21.6 ! &>! 9 }^ 6 70/ grave 252 human bone –23.1 ! &>! 10 }^ 67 5 5 human bone 7 –21.5 ! &>! 11 }^ 67 8 5 human bone 7 M $5 ! &>! 12 }^ 6 700 grave 142b human bone 8 –22.3 ! &>! 13 }^ 6 705 grave 230 human bone 8 –22.9 ! &>! 14 }^ 6 75 grave 403 human bone 7 –21.0 ! &>! _ $ @ ~ Z ! Z ! 69 9 ; ~}9 } < 9 $ Troy, Baden Culture and Corded Ware 267 In the northwestern Carpathian Basin region, in particular, signs pointing to a symbiotic rela- ; @ ! 9 Z $ [ & of the Moravian Bošáca group is still clearly in the Baden tradition.25 Typological correlations are Z \ ; Z < ; 6; vessels in the Baden tradition.26 A boundary line, between the late Baden groups of the Carpathian ! < Z 9 < Z[ $ Z ; < Z & - 6 ' & Z _ < Z @ impresso motif in the Baden tradition rather than the later, customary cording.27 In the northern Carpathian region, it is 9 ; 6 ; @ Z @ ! [ @ 9 $ 5 ; Z 9 ; 6 ; } 6 Slovakian region to the Danube,29 9 6 ; ; within the Carpathian Basin after 2600 calBC.30 Only after the encroachment of the Bell-Beaker phenomenon in the Carpathian Basin, in the 26th/25th century, do Baden pottery elements become @ Q Z R$ ' ; @ ;; @ 9 ; 6 ; <$ _ @ > "65 31 * < 6 $32 Z @ Z Z ! 9 ; ^ 0th, or even the 26th < [ < ; < 6 ; Z Baden Culture’s relationship to the south is also of great interest.33 In retrospect, a clear paral- @ < < Z _ < ; [- < @ ; _ < ' 'Z ~ $ $ _ ; Z ! 9 ¢ < ; < Z } < ! & Z }& _ ; $34 This phenomenon was determined 30 years < D # 6 Z <; ; 14C-data available at the time.35 }& ¢ /th 5th ; 6 phase.36 In the lower reaches of the Danube, the last offshoots of the Copper-Age tell-cultures ! @ 9 '''$ 6 Z th [ ^ Z % ~ $ $ 9 Z @ " 2 Z ! < 6; ~ $ $ " 6 ; < [ $ ! 9 % 9 ; 9 Z 9 - ; Z $ _ < Z 9 Z ! 6 Kostolac-pottery are, indeed, blurred here as well.37 Moreover, with regards to burial customs 9 Z ;; ! ; $ _ - [ @ ; @ ! * @ % 25 6 /5 $ 26 6 /5 ; $ ' ''$ 27 M // [ $ $7 8$/$ 5 /5 /5 $ 29 /5 [ $ $ 30 Furholt 2003, 136. 31 Bertemes – Heyd 2002. 32 &6* M & //5$ 33 9Z$ & /87 ; " /07 D # 6 /07 D # 6 /0 //5 Sherratt 2003. 34 Georgiev et al. 1979. 35 D # 6 /5 85M 5 [ $ 8M 0$ 36 ! # //5 7 0 7 5$ 37 ^ M /05 /M $ 85 Raiko Krauß $ 9 Z Z 6 & ' 9 /$ _ }& _ < ¢ ; ~ ; + ! 9 % M 9 $ ; _ & @ 9 @ \ @ @ Z ;; & $75 In the second half of the 4th ! 6 \ @- < ; ; & @ Aegean and the Carpathian Basin. The spread of Bratislava-type dishes were evaluated as evi- @ < D # 6 39 and later by Maran.40 Likewise, Maran has also suggests a general relationship between the north Aegean and the Carpathian \ ; <$41 Fluted pottery appears along the lower Danube with the Scheibenhenkel6 & th millennium42 – during the so-called transition period, accord- ! 6^ <$ @ @ & Z th @ & <6\ - cidents of graphite ornamentation, and sites that were chronologically, but also typologically related to the Baden Culture of the second half of the 4th $ _ [ @ < ' # Q 6} R Q 6! & R ~ $ $43 _ [ 75 & /5/ 8M 7 $ 39 D # 6 /5 [ $ $ 40 //5 [ $ M8$ 41 //5 7M 5$ 42 Cf. Georgieva 1993. 43 # $ Troy, Baden Culture and Corded Ware 269 $ 9 Z ; Z } } < ! & ! ~ # $ Z " 6 ; 44 _ ' 45 and Koprivec,46 @ 9 ' ''' 47 belong to [ $ _ [ Z % 6 # _ @ @ 9 '''$ 5 _ [ ; < ; < 49 from the 6 % ; ~Q 6! & R # @ ! 9 $ _ Z '' 50 65 51 * ' @ Z Z 9 2 " ! " 52 can be added to this group. The geographic distribution of the sites suggests @ Z @ ! \ ; < Z 9 ; ! @ ; < < $ _ \ Z Z 6 & ~ $ $ @ [ @$ Regarding the chronological relationships across the Balkans as far as Sitagroi, and thereby Z @ Z< @ } < ! & Z ~}! ''' Z @ ! < ; '' Z _ 69 in Muntenia,53 * $ _ Z ; @ ; Kan- tharoi, and conical cups.54 The links between Muntenia and Thrace via the northern Bulgarian Danube lowlands have already been discussed elsewhere.55 ; Z * @ 6 9 < ; < Z @ @ decoration around the rim,56 thus providing evidence for relations between the Slavonic-Syrmian region and Greek Macedonia. In light of the persistence and longer duration of Baden pottery traditions in the Carpathian Basin, and in line with earlier conclusions by Fohrenbacher57 and * @ & 5 @ @ ; @ * ' Late – though not already 44 ' 6 / ; $ 7M $ 45 // [ $ 8M0 * Z $ 46 [ $ $ 47 Roman 1977. 5 Lichardus – Iliev 2001, pls. 12–13. 49 //5 [ $ 7$ 50 5 [ $ 57M50$ 51 /50 [ $ $ 52 ^ /0 [ $ 7M 0M5 /M7 $ 53 9Z$ /88 [ $ / /// [ $ $ $ 54 * /58 [ $ 7$ 0$7$ 55 Krauß 2006. 56 //5 7 M7 7$ 57 Fohrenbacher 1993, 46. 5 * @ & 55$ 270 Raiko Krauß Fig. 6 SE-Europe at the turn from the 4th to the 3rd millenium BC. Sites of Late Baden and Kostolac cultures ~ Z _ 4 /0/ ; " $ 5 / 7 @ $ " ; - @ ~ Z & /5/ [ $ 7$ $ 6 & $ *& 7$ *& $ ! <- $ ! ; 6_ 8$ *& ;6_ & 0$ *& 5$ " & < /$ % & $ ! P & $ 6 $ ! # 7$ $ * $ 9 4 8$ 6 0$ 5$ 6 4 /$ ^ $ $ % $ 7$ ! 6 6 $ © $ ! - 6 8$ % 69 0$ ; # 6 5$ /$ 4 7 $ 6 7 $ ! # 7 $ " 6* ^ $ with Classical – Baden.59 Following the reevaluation of presently available 14C-ages, we know * ' @ @ @ 7 8 !960 or more precisely to 3110–2650 calBC.61 _ Z Z * ' < Z 6 &$ _ Z ! > Z @ 5 59 9Z$ & //7 80 //5 7 7 $ 60 * $ $ $ 61 * @ & 58$ Troy, Baden Culture and Corded Ware 271 8 !9 @ * $ 9 ¢ < Z ! ; * ' ; $ < Z ; # @ ! < @ 6 6 * _ < ' ~ $ 8$ < Z <; ¢ Z @ & @ due to methodological limitations. Nevertheless, large bulbous vessels with lateral, short strap ~Bandhenkel @ Z * 62 seem comparable to the large ; Z 6 & ~ $ 7$ ; Z Z Z Z }& ' ~ 6 ; $63 However, ; Z @ ! 9 ; ! < [ $ ' - cal material assemblages are more indicative of a pronounced regionalisation. This insight might ; @ < ; @ Z ; @ [ ; < Z $ In conclusion, I would like to emphasise that a direct typological comparison between the late Z ! 9 6_ } < ! & ; $ _ ; < & /8 @ < ! 9 Troy II and III by way of anthropomorphic vessels, cannot be established chronologically. This occurrence may be an incident of coincidental and converging appearances, because layers Troy '' ''' @ M 5 !9 64 ! Z [ years of the 4th millennium. Nevertheless, the 1496 }& 9 Thrace can be considered parallel to the Baden phenomenon. Furthermore, the beginning of the settlement of Troy I also overlaps with the end of Baden Culture – and does so over a period of 7 < ; [ < Z 7 th 0th !9$ _ [ &R ; @ } < ! & 9 ;; 9 ; ! $ _ @ Z } < } & % 9 $ ' @ < Z < <$ Bertemes – Heyd 2002 $ ! M $ " < % ;Z & > & & @ ; $ - ; ! + $ ! M }$ M ^$ ~ $ % Z - & @ Z ~^ 5 M 5$ ! # //5 $ ! # ^ Z } ; + $ * Z "$ _ "$ " ; ~ $ ' * ; Z "$ ~* [ //5 7 /M70 $ ! M ^ &< / $ ! M $ ^ &< ~ $ _ 9 ;; 9 < Z ! & ~! ; /$ 5 W$ ] H $ U ~ $ _ $ 62 * /58 [ $ 7$ 5$ /$ 63 $ /0/ [ $ 8$ 64 Korfmann – Kromer 1993; Kromer et al. 2003. 272 Raiko Krauß De Capitani et al. 2002 $ 9 ; M *$ % 6} M $ & M }$ 6 M $ * % # & * Z ! 7$ _ ~ Z $ Forenbaher 1993 *$ ^ < Z } ; } < ! & ¢ < 80 //7 5M $ Furholt 2003 $ % % * ; * ~! 7$ Furholt 2009 $ % ! ; *; ~78 M / $ 9 $ * & ; 7 ~! /$ Georgiev et al. 1979 I$ N$ I M I$ N M S$ R M V$ P M J$ J K $ V ~* [ /0/$ /50 U$ I R ! ! W G !$ F ! / /50 M $ Georgieva 1993 $ ~ $ _ !$9$ Z ' *< ; // ~* [ //7$ Gergov 1992 H$ I J X * M // 7 0M7 0$ " $ 5 _$ " M *$ }$ * M $ @ Z ! 9 ^ 7 5 0M 5$ ' 6 / H$ N U ! 6 ~ $ _ /$ & /87 $ & % ~! * ~! ; /87$ & /5/ $ & % &@ ! + $ ! M }$ 6 ~ $ % Z ! & & ~914 7 M !$9$ ; $ ! & $ $ ' *< ; 6 $M $ $ /58 ~ /5/ M 7 $ &6* M & //5 ^$ &6* M $ & % * < 6 6 + !$ M $ M '$ M $ M 9$ Z ~ $ _ ' $ Z Z 9 * * " ~^ //5 7 M7 0$ Korfmann – Kromer 1993 $ Z M !$ % < ! 2 6_ ; _ $ } ©@ & & 9 * _ 7 //7 7M 0 $ Krauß 2006 ^$ % ' & Z & & ! 8 7M 8$ Krauß – Ciobotaru 2014 ^$ % M %$ 9 % & } ! ! & & - 6 & ! $ ! & % & & & _ !$ $ } * © Z 55 75M 7$ Troy, Baden Culture and Corded Ware 273 Kromer et al. 2003 !$ M $ Z M $ " Z _ ' ''' ; + $ $ - M }$ M "$6$ ; ~ $ _ _ $ * [ ;; * < ~! >" 7 7M $ Kruk – Milisauskas 1990 $ M *$ ^ Z Z ! & = & < 70 // / M 5$ Leachu 1966 $ 9 _ ~! /88$ Lichardus – Iliev 2001 $ M '$ $ ' # % 9 '''6* % 6 # * ! - Z * ; + ^ M% ~ 88M /5$ /5 $ % 9 9 ; 6 6 * / /5 /0M7 $ //5 $ @ Z < ; 7$ $ 9 $ * & * ; & @ ; ;- Z 6 Z ! & & Z & 7 ~! //5$ D # 6 /07 $ D # 6 © ; 9 ! &6 ;; + * @ - Z ' ~ $ *< ; } 9 ! ~! - /07 /0M7 8$ D # 6 /0 $ D # 6 ! & &6} @ ! * - gia 22, 1974, 237–360. D # 6 /5 $ D # 6 6 ; & ! # < # # " &Z # " # } - ; * / /5 8 M /8$ Neugebauer – Neugebauer 1992 9$ M $6 $ & 9 ; * _ - + $ ! M 9$ * ~ $ % ; ;; * - $ *< ; // / ~ // 7M $ Neustupný 1973 }$ ; " % ! + *< ; } 9 ! ~! - /07 7 0M7 $ Nikolova 1999 $ _ ¦ 9 + $ ~ $ ^ ; Z ^ # >7 ~* 9 < ///> 77M 7$ Nikolova 2001 $ ;; ; Z } < ! & @ % ! ! + ^ M% ~ 78M 8 $ & //7 "$ & * & 9 6 ;Z 6 & & &@ ; _ ^ 6 ~ & //7$ 6 /5 $ 6 ! 6 ;; * / /5 0M 8 $ /5 $ % * Z ;; 9 ; 6 * @ * / /5 163–176. 274 Raiko Krauß Roman 1971 P. Roman, Strukturänderungen des Endäneolithikums im Donau-Karpatenraum, Dacia N.S. 15, 1971, 31–169. Roman 1977 $ ^ _ 9 ;; 9 Z 9 Z * 6} } ; ! ^ ; 7 ~Z /00$ Roman – Diamandi 2001 $ ^ M *$ % ~ $ *< ; 9 ''' M ! &$ } &@ % $ *< ; > ; 5$M $ /// * % ~! - ^ M /05 $ ^ M '$ 9 ! ^ ~! /05$ Schier 2010 $ * ;Z & ; ~ M 5 $9 $ + "$ * ~ $ - & $ % Q R ; 8 ~ 8M78$ * @ & *$ * @ & © ! & & ! + !$ " # M ^$ M }$ M !$ _ ~ $ ' ; ! & & $ Z Z ! " ~! 5 M /5$ * /58 $ * _ ; < Z ; ' $ _ } < ! & + 9$ ^ Z @ M $ M }$ *$ } ~ $ * ~ /58 /M 08$ Sherratt 2003 $ * _ ! ~ 9 $ ; Z + }$ M $ ^ &< ~ $ $ } ;; 6 * ; $ Z Z $ & ~! ; 7 M /$ Siklósi 2009 ©$ * < Z 9 ;; < ! & + $ ! M $ ^ &< ~ $ _ 9 ;; 9 < Z ! & ~! ; / 0M 0 $ Stadler et al. 2001 $ * M *$ % M "$ M $ M $ M $ ^ M $ * M }$ $ - < Z < & } ; 14C Dating with accelerator mass spectrometry with ; Z < Z ! 9 + ^ M% ~ M 8 $ Stefanova 2002 $ W R! X 6V ' $ U ! K G ! ! ~ ; ! < Z $ _ $ _ 4 /0/ $ _ 4 6 + $ ! M $ _ 4 ~ $ # # & # '''$ } ~* # /0/ 7 M 88$ # '$ # % /5 & & ! + "$ _ ~ $ % ''$ % ; Z % ~* [ /M 08$ $ }$ $ M $ * M $ ! M *$ % M "$ M $ M $ M $ ^ M }$ ^ < M $ * @ Z Z < ! 9 } ; ~ th !9 Radiocarbon 43, 2B, 2001, 1057–1064.