Fixed/Carrier Oils

22 Oil Proﬁles w/ Fatty Acid Charts

Visual fatty acid proﬁle 1. Almond oil 12.Jojoba oil

Fatty acid proﬁle list 2. Apricot kernel oil 13.Kukui nut oil Carrier oil uses 3. Argan oil 14.Macadamia nut oil Skin care uses 4. Avocado oil 15.Meadowfoam oil Substitutions 5. Baobab oil 16.Passion fruit oil Glossary of terms 6. Camellia seed oil 17.Plum seed oil

7. Chia seed oil 18.Pomegranate oil

8. Cranberry seed oil 19.Raspberry seed oil

9. Grape seed oil 20.Rose hip seed oil

10. Hazelnut oil 21.Sesame oil

11. Hempseed oil 22.Tamanu oil Fixed/Carrier Oils

22 Oil Proﬁles w/ Fatty Acid Charts

A tip when purchasing fixed oils is to sample a 22 fixed carrier oils small amount before stocking up. Sometimes A quick guide to 22 fixed/carrier oils for essential scent or color or texture may not work for you. oils, making salves and balms and use in skincare. Oils vary by source, supplier and level of This e-book gives you the properties, fatty acid refinement. Some fixed oil scents can be over profiles, use and substitutions for 22 carrier oils. come by creative blending with the essential oils Each oil has its own pie chart of the fatty acid while others pose more of a challenge. make up in pictorial form and a traditional chart These are just a few of the many fixed oils used by percentages plus a photograph of the oil. Oils as carriers and base oils. This is a reference, and perform on the skin differently depending on their an introduction to an amazing adventure into fatty acid make up whether it be a highly saturated the other oils. butter, monounsaturated almond oil or highly unsaturated chia seed oil. Having a glancing Each listing includes: familiarity with these properties will help you Pie chart and fatty acid profile choose the best fixed carrier for your blended ‣ Photo of the oil and seed source if available. products. ‣ ‣ Benefits of the oil All fixed oils have color, aroma and nourishing ‣ Notes on scent, suitability, and other useful properties that can improve your blend. material. Almond Oil

Amygdalus communis

blends, aromatherapy essential oil blends, Almond oil balms, facial serums and skin conditioning. Almond oil’s stability, mild odor and light Substitutions: apricot kernel oil, plum kernel color make it an excellent general purpose oil, peach kernel oil carrier oil. It is high in monounsaturated oleic acid and rich in vitamin E and minerals. The High in vitamin E ‣ high vitamin E content keeps almond oil from Contains squalene, an important skin lipid ‣ oxidizing rapidly, extending the shelf life. Contains anti inflammatory plant sterols ‣ Naturally occurring plant sterols help calm glycosides ‣ redness and support collagen production Very emollient and sustaining ‣ and skin tissues The relatively generous Member of the rose Rosaceae family ‣ linoleic acid percentage allows it to absorbs into the skin fairly rapidly. Oleic acid 70% Linoleic acid Almond oil is commonly used in baby 25% Palmitic acid 6% products because it is mild and nourishing. Stearic acid 2% An excellent all round oil good for massage Alpha-linolenic 0.4% Unsaponiﬁables 1%.

Apricot kernel oil Apricot kernel oil is a mild oil especially good Substitutions: almond oil, peach kernel oil, for sensitive skin. It is even typically well plum kernel oil tolerated by people with nut allergies. It helps ‣ High in vitamin E maintain moisture in the skin keeping it soft ‣ Possessing nitrillosides, another name for B17 and healthy. Apricot oil is very similar to ‣ Anti inflammatory beta-sitosterol almond oil. Apricot kernel oil is excellent for ‣ Mild almond/marzipan scent mature skin due to its small percentage of ‣ Emollient, helps preserve moisture Rosaceae omega 7 palmitoleic acid, a fatty acid. ‣ Member of botanical family

The oil has the mild bitter almond scent of Oleic acid 65% marzipan. The pleasant, but strong scent isn't Linoleic acid 26% always desirable when creating essential oil Palmitic acid 5% blends. Stearic acid 2% Palmitoleic acid 2% Apricot kernel oil is excellent for massage, Alpha-linolenic 1% skin serums, infusing herbs and ﬂowers, and for sensitive skin conditions. Unsaponifiables 0.6%

Argania spinosa

Argan oil climb an argan tree to eat the nutritious nuts. Argan oil has a beautiful balance of Argan oil has a strong odor unless deodorized. monounsaturated oleic acid and Substitutions: baobab oil, kukui oil, sesame oil polyunsaturated linoleic acid that gives it protective qualities with fast absorption that ‣ High in vitamin E doesn't leave the skin feeling oily. Argan trees ‣ Generous antioxidants, carotenes Contains nourishing polyphenols are adapted to harsh dry conditions and the oil ‣ ‣ Squalene content produced from argan nuts brings these ‣ Can have a strong odor if not deodorized adaptive qualities to skin care , making it a good ‣ Referred to as Liquid Gold by Moroccan’s oil for very dry skin conditions. It is a nutritious oil with generous antioxidant compounds Oleic acid 46% Linoleic acid 36 including vitamin E and the provitamin A Palmitic acid 12% carotenes. Naturally occurring polyphenols Stearic acid 5% calm inflammation and redness. Argan oil is Alpha-linolenic 0.5 % from Morocco. In the picture above, goats Eicosenoic acid 0.5% Unsaponifiables 1%

Persea gratissima

Illustration above shows two levels of reﬁned oil, Avocado oil the darker one retaining more of the natural plant Pressed from the fruit of the avocado, the oil is compounds of the oil. rich in vitamins, minerals, amino acids as well Substitutions: macadamia nut oil, gevuina or as cell strengthening phospholipids. This rich Chilean hazelnut oil. oil is perfect for mature skin. It is high in omega 7, palmitoleic acid. Our skin produces High in vitamins B and E ‣ this natural fatty acid when young but as we Contains cell supporting phospholipids ‣ age, oils like avocado help replenish this Pro vitamin A carotenoids ‣ important skin lipid. High in omega 7 Palmitoleic acid ‣ Phyto sterols support collagen health Pro vitamin A carotenoids are powerful ‣ antioxidants that help to protect the skin from Oleic acid 70% environmental damage, while plant sterols Palmitic acid 16% support the structure of the skin and collagen Linoleic acid 12% to maintain skin tone. Excellent for mature Palmitoleic acid 10% skin, exceptionally dry or depleted skin, and Alpha-linolenic 4% for massage. Stearic acid 2%

Adansonia digitata

Baobab oil and neutral, ideal as a carrier oil, or as the base and foundation in a formula. Baobab, called the upside down tree, can live for thousands of years, a quality that brings a Substitutions: argan oil, brazil nut oil similar vitality to the oil produced from the nuts. Provitamin A, carotenes It is a beautifully balanced oil dominated by ‣ ‣ Vitamin E, tocopherol oleic and linoleic acids which nourishes skin ‣ Oxidative stability tissues while the saturated palmitic acid protects ‣ Reparative skin damage and UV exposure Bombacaceae against weather and environmental damage. ‣ Has its own botanical family ‣ Called the upside down tree Vitamins, minerals and other botanical ‣ Absorbs quickly and deeply compounds found in the oil make baobab particularly good for cellular regeneration and Oleic acid 35% Linoleic acid 28% repair. Plant compounds help support the Palmitic acid 24% collagen and skin tissue elasticity, crucial for Stearic acid 6% maintaining a vibrant skin tone. The scent is mild Alpha-linolenic 3%

Camellia seninsis

Camellia seed oil Substitutions: hazel nut oil, almond oil

Camellia seed oil, pressed from the seeds of the ‣ Astringent, tannins tea plant is high in tannins, similar to the tannins ‣ Antioxidants protect against damage Oxidative stability found in a cup of tea. The naturally present ‣ ‣ Vitamins A, B, E & squalene tannins in camellia seed oil tame the over Theaceae, ‣ Tea, botanical family productive sebaceous glands that cause oily ‣ Absorbs with a dry feel skin. The astringent properties of camellia seed ‣ A popular in its native Japan tsubaki oil oil helps rebalance, protect and tone oily skin. ‣ Known as in Japan

It is a clear oil without odor and a dry feel on the Oleic acid 80% skin. These combined properties make it ideal Linoleic acid 9% as a carrier oil for essential oil blends. It is rich in Palmitic acid 9% Stearic acid 1% polyphenols, vitamins and minerals and Alpha-linolenic 1% squalene, all good skin nourishing properties. Arachidic acid 1%

Salvia hispanica

Chia seed oil Chia seed oil is one of the few oils very high in Substitutions: kiwi seed oil, rose hip seed oil, the omega 3, alpha-linolenic acid which is one Extremely high omega 3 alpha-linolenic acid of the an essential fatty acids. It is a drying oil ‣ Generous antioxidants, carotenes that is moderately stable against oxidation. Its ‣ ‣ Relative oxidative stability for its omega 3 content high polyunsaturated fatty acid content is ‣ Reparative of skin damage, UV exposure nourishing to dry, depleted skin. ‣ Lamiaceae, mint, botanical family ‣ Absorbs quickly and deeply The amounts of antioxidant compounds in chia ‣ High in zinc and other minerals seed oil helps protect this highly unsaturated oil from oxidation. Anti-inflammatory compounds Alpha-linolenic acid LNA 60% in chia seed oil contribute healing actions. It is Linoleic acid 21% Oleic acid 9% perfect for therapeutic massage oil formula Palmitic acid 7% when mixed with less saturated oils. Poly- Stearic acid 2% phenols and carotenoids support skin health and help repair damage from all sources.

Vaccinium macrocarpon

Cranberry seed oil Substitutions: blueberry seed oil, rose hip seed oil Cranberry seed oil has a beautiful complement of fatty acids and is one of the most balanced ‣ Phospholipid content oils. The oil has generous amounts of the ‣ Generous antioxidants, carotenes, the cyanadins Oxidative stability essential fatty acids, linoleic and alpha-linolenic ‣ Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure acids that are deeply moisturizing to the skin. ‣ ‣ Balanced fatty acid structure The oleic acid helps stabilize the oil and slows ‣ Absorbs quickly and deeply oxidation. The oil is also packed with ‣ Same botanical family Vacciinium as blueberry antioxidants and other plant compounds. Linoleic acid 40% Provitamin A, carotenes, polyphenols, antho- Alpha-linolenic 28% cyanidins and a host of other antioxidants Oleic acid 24% Palmitic acid 5% protect against free radical damage. Cranberry Stearic acid 1% is considered one of the dry oils whose tannins Palmitoleic acid 0.5% help tone the skin and prevent over production of natural oils, important for those with oily skin.

Grape seed oil against damage and helps repair and nourish the tissues. Grapeseed oil is a light, fast absorbing oil high in linoleic acid. It is rich in vitamins and Substitutions: safflower oil, passion fruit seed oil, minerals that protect and nourish the skin. cucumber seed oil. Grapeseed oil contains the flavonol pro- Tannins make it an astringent dry oil anthocyanidin which acts to helps strengthen ‣ Vitamin and minerals ‣ and support collagen and elastin in the Proanthocyanidin are anti inflammatory ‣ underlying skin tissues. Grape seed oil is mild High in vitamin E ‣ Absorbs quickly and deeply with little to no scent however it comes in a ‣ Mild for sensitive skin wide range of color from almost clear to deep ‣ green depending on the source of the grape Linoleic acid 75% seeds used and the level of refinement. Oleic acid 20% Astringent properties make this a dry oil, Palmitic acid 8% protective and penetrating without leaving an Stearic acid 5% oily or greasy feel. It contains naturally Alpha-linolenic 2% occurring vitamin E which protects Palmitoleic acid 0.6%

Corylus aveliana

Hazelnut oil content protects against oxidative damage and helps repair and nourish the tissues. Oleic acid makes up 75% of hazel nut oil, that, combined with tannins naturally present in he Substitutions: camellia oil, almond oil, marula oil make it slightly astringent. Hazel nut oil is oil. mild with minimal odor, ideal as a neutral base Tannins make it an astringent dry oil for essential oils. You can also use hazelnut oil in ‣ Vitamin and minerals ‣ cooking. The tannins benefit the the skin Beta sitosterol calms inflammation ‣ promoting circulation while the generous High in vitamin E ‣ Absorbs quickly and deeply squalene content nourishes skin lipids. ‣ Mild for sensitive skin ‣ Hazelnut oil is especially good for oily skin with Contains squalene ‣ over active sebaceous glands. It helps to calm oil production and tighten the pores. It is Oleic acid 75% considered a dry oil, penetrating without Linoleic acid 10% Palmitic acid 5% leaving an oily or greasy feel. High vitamin E Stearic acid 3% Unsaponifiables 1.5%

Hemp seed oil Substitutions: blackberry seed oil, rose hip seed oil Hemp seed oil has an unusual range of fatty acids that make it highly nourishing and healing, ‣ Absorbs well including beneficial GLA and SDA. ‣ GLA fatty acid for inflammation ‣ Stearidonic acid anti inflammatory and bridge FA GLA is anti-inflammatory helping to reduce ‣ Reparative of skin damage redness and support the skin’s innate immune ‣ Protective of skin Called “nature’s perfectly balanced oil” system. While SDA’s highly unsaturated ‣ structure aids in treating skin blemishes and Linoleic acid 55% other inflammatory skin conditions. Stearidonic Alpha-linolenic 20% fatty acid has a highly unsaturated structure, that Oleic acid 14% Palmitic acid 7% combined with linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids Stearic acid 3% creates an oil with powerful skin healing Gamma linoleic acid C18:3 4% properties. Arachidic acid C20:0 2% Stearidonic acid C18:4 2%

Jojoba oil environment and weather. It is a light colored oil with no aroma. An all purpose oil for skin care Yes, it’s a wax and technically not an oil, but it is and a carrier oil for essential oil blends. liquid at room temperatures and we use it in the same manner as true oils. Jojoba’s very long Substitutions: Meadowfoam seed oil chains of fatty acids are linked by ester bonds 82% very-long chain fatty acids and not triglycerides. It has a similar fatty acid ‣ Generous antioxidants composition to meadowfoam seed oil (which is ‣ ‣ Extreme oxidative stability a true oil) making these two interchangeable in ‣ Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure formulas. ‣ High in vitamin E ‣ Absorbs and protects Jojoba oil has a similar structure to the skin's Eicosenoic acid C20:1 65% natural sebum. This makes it highly compatible Erucic acid C22:1 16% with most skin types. Jojoba’s ability to absorb Oleic acid C18:1 13% into the top layers of skin is an added, if Palmitic acid C16:0 3% unexpected bonus for this oil. High in vitamin E, Palmitoleic acid 1% jojoba supplies antioxidant protection against

Kukui nut oil conditions like eczema, psoriasis and dermatitis. The oil is light in color with little Harvested from the state tree of Hawaii, kukui odor. is also called candle nut because of its oil rich Substitutions: blackberry seed oil, raspberry kernels that the ancient Hawaiians burned for seed oil, rose hip seed oil light. Kukui nut oil is high in linoleic and alpha-linolenic essential fatty acids. The high ‣ Generous antioxidants, carotenes percentages of these two essential fatty acids ‣ Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure gives kukui nut oil the ability to balance ‣ Pale color with little to no scent deﬁciencies in the skin. The oil has a favored ‣ Absorbs quickly and deeply place in Hawaii where it is used for massage, ‣ Moisturizes and protects skin conditioning, sunning and on babies and new borns for protection from the elements. Linoleic acid 45% Alpha-linolenic 32% Kukui nut oil is rich in vitamins, minerals and Oleic acid 20% antioxidant compounds that protect the skin Palmitic acid 8% from sun, salt and weather. Oils like kukui, Stearic acid 5% high in the essential fatty acids help treat skin Arachidonic acid 20:4 1.5%

Macadamia nut oil Macadamia nut oil is rich in oleic acid and is a Substitutions: avocado oil, apricot kernel oil good oil for skin protection. It is high in Omega 7, palmitoleic acid, 16 to 23% palmitoleic acid (20%) which is a building block ‣ Generous antioxidants fatty acid for the skin. It is also anti-microbial, ‣ ‣ Oxidative stability helping heal wounds and minimize cellular ‣ Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure breakdown. Antioxidants in the oil help protect ‣ Absorbs well into the skin against environmental damage including UV ‣ Good for massage and skin conditioning damage to the skin. Phytosterols protect, aiding ‣ Can have a nutty scent in skin recovery by helping reduce itchiness and Oleic acid 60% inflammation. Macadamia nut oil can have a Palmitoleic acid Palmitic 20% pronounced nutty scent that is hard to acid 8% overcome if used too high a percentage in a Stearic acid 4% Arachidic acid C20:0 formula. It its an excellent massage oil, great for 2% Linoleic acid mature skin and damaged skin. 2% Eicosenoic acid C20: 1 2%

Meadowfoam seed oil It is a light color oil with no aroma, perfect as a base or carrier oil for blending essential oils. Meadowfoam seed oil is made up of unusual Adding meadowfoam seed oil helps extend the very long chain fatty acids. It is similar to jojoba shelf life of other oils in a blend. ‘oil’ in structure and use. It is an unsaturated oil that has an exceptionally long shelf life because Substitutions: Jojoba oil the long fatty acid chains are resistant to 96% Very long chain fatty acids oxidation. This helps keep the oil fresh, and it ‣ ‣ Generous antioxidants even helps stabilize other more delicate oils in ‣ Extreme oxidative stability formulas. ‣ Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure ‣ High in vitamin E In skin care, the very long chains supply trace ‣ Absorbs and protects fatty acids that protect and nourish the skin. It is penetrating and fast absorbing. Meadowfoam Gadoleic acid C20:1 62% seed oil is high in vitamin E adding antioxidant Brassic acid C22:2 18% Erucic acid C22:1 13% protection to formulas. Oleic acid C18:1 3%

Passiflora incarnata

Passion fruit seed oil with a light fruity scent. In its native South America, you can find it under it’s common Passion fruit seed oil is high in polyunsaturated name Maracuja. linoleic acid. In herbal medicine, passion flower is sedative and a calming medicine and the oil Substitutions: safflower oil, grape seed oil, of passion fruit seeds act similarly, calming and cucumber seed oil. relaxing skin tissues. The oil is high in minerals Generous mineral content, calcium and that contribute to its calming properties. ‣ phosphorus Add passion fruit seed oil to massage oils to ‣ High vitamin C fruit Absorbs well into the skin help relax sore or stiff muscles. Passion fruit is ‣ Mild for sensitive skin high in vitamin C, and that may contribute ‣ ‣ Relaxing and calming to skin tissues vitamin like benefits to the skin. Passion fruit seed oil is wonderful in face and body oils, Linoleic acid 77% massage oils and calming essential oil blends. It Oleic acid 12% is native to the Amazon where it grows across Palmitic acid 8% Stearic acid 2% tropical and temperate regions. The oil is mild Alpha-linolenic 2%

Plum kernel oil blending. Substitutions: apricot kernel oil, almond oil, peach kernel oil Plum kernel oil is high in monounsaturated oleic acid. It is a, light, stable oil ideal as a ‣ High in vitamin E Good for massage base or carrier oil for skin care formulas and ‣ Rosaceae botanical family essential oil blends. It is mild and gentle, ‣ Mild and gentle oil for sensitive skin sometimes with a pronounced nutty marzipan ‣ Emollient and sustaining scent. Naturally occurring plant sterols calm ‣ redness and support collagen production in Oleic acid 70% the skin. Plum kernel oil has a twenty percent Linoleic acid 20% linoleic acid content that helps the the oil Palmitic acid 6% absorb into the skin fairly rapidly without Stearic acid 2% feeling oily. Plum kernel oil has a rich silky feel Alpha-linolenic 1% and it is high in vitamin E and minerals. Small Palmitoleic acid 0.5% amounts of very long chain fatty acids support Plus small amounts of Arachidic, Myristic, the skin. As a carrier it has a pronounced Eicosenoic, Behenic, Erucic, Lignoceric and scent so you may want to combine it with Margaric acids and unsaponiﬁables other carrier oils to create a neutral base for

Punica granatum

Pomegranate seed oil The photo above shows two pomegranate seed oils; one very lightly processed and highly Pomegranate seed oil is highly unusual, scented the other refined for cosmetic use. primarily composed of punicic acid. Punicic acid is unique to pomegranate seed oil. It is a natural Substitutions: Sandalwood seed oil conjugated trans fatty acid that causes the oil to High in Punicic acid, thickens skin feel thick and viscous. Mix it with other, lighter ‣ Phyto, plant, hormones, and sterols ‣ oils to counteract the thick, viscous feel. Antioxidant rich ‣ Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure Punicic acid is anti inflammatory, anti microbial ‣ Provides collagen support and cell regenerating. Its ability to support ‣ Thick and viscous, better if diluted collagen health is an extra boon for mature skin ‣ and skin that has thinned prematurely. Plant Punicic acid 78% hormones found in the nutritional compounds Linoleic acid 7% of the fruit help to keep skin toned and Oleic acid 6% plumped. Palmitic acid 2% Stearic acid 1%

Rubus idaeus

Raspberry seed oil antioxidants nourish and protect the skin and help extend the oil’s shelf life. Raspberry seed oil contains high percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids that help this oil Substitutions: blackberry seed oil, rose hip seed penetrate the skin deeply, rapidly, and oil completely. The oleic acid balances these two Generous antioxidants, carotenes polyunsaturated fatty acids, adding to its ‣ Oxidative stability ‣ protective and reparative qualities. Unrefined Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure ‣ raspberry seed oil smells ever so slightly of the Rosaceae plant family ‣ fruit and has a pale amber color. Absorbs quickly and deeply ‣ Carotenes, pro-vitamin A botanical compounds Linoleic acid 52% help protect the skin from environmental Alpha-linolenic 22% exposure and sun damage. It is NOT a sun Oleic acid 11% Palmitic acid 2% screen because it doesn't shield the skin from Stearic acid 1% the sun but it helps protect the tissues from radiation damage. The high percentages of

Rosa rubiginosa

Rose hip seed oil Substitutions: blackberry seed oil, raspberry seed oil Rose hip seed oil has antioxidant and other Prevents scarring and repairs old damage plant compounds that repair and nourish the ‣ Generous antioxidants, carotenes skin. It is exceptionally good for minimizing and ‣ Balanced fatty acid profile preventing scarring and its reparative, cell ‣ Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure rejuvenating properties make it a popular ‣ Rosaceae plant family, also called Rosa ingredient in anti-aging serums and facial oils. ‣ Mosqueta and originally from Chile Rose hip seed oil varies in color as you can see Absorbs quickly and deeply in the photo top right. The less refined organic ‣ versions carry more of the nourishing and anti Linoleic acid 44% oxidant compounds than the paler, more highly Alpha-linolenic 33% refined versions. Unrefined rose hip seed oil Oleic acid 15% Palmitic acid 4% often has strong smell. Use small amounts to Stearic acid 2% your formula to add healing benefits without Arachidic acid 1% adding too much odor. Myristic acid 0.5%

Sesame seed oil serums and it is a staple in Ayurvedic health practices. Sesame seed oil has two unique antioxidant compounds, sesamin and sesamol. It is also Substitutions: argan oil, baobab oil, rice bran oil high high in linoleic acid, a fatty acid that Sesamin and sesamol antioxidants usually indicates a shorter shelf life, but these ‣ ‣ Generous linoleic acid two unique antioxidants help protect the oil ‣ Oxidative stability from rancidity. The dominant percentage of ‣ Reparative of skin damage and UV exposure linoleic acid in sesame oil helps it absorb well ‣ Moisturizing into the skin. Unrefined sesame oil has a mild ‣ Absorbs quickly and deeply Ayurvedic lifestyle practices nutty scent. Be careful not to confuse it with the ‣ toasted sesame oil used in Asian cooking or Linoleic acid 45% your formulas will end up smelling more edible Oleic acid 40% than you might want. Sesame oil is good for Palmitic acid 9% infusing herbs and flowers, as a base in Stearic acid 5% massage oil blends, skin conditioning, facial Alpha-linoleic 1% Palmitoleic acid 0.5%

Caulophyllum Inophyllum

Tamanu oil S rose hip seed for repair, black seed oil for inﬂammation. Tamanu oil has a distinctive herbal scent and

is typically thick and gloppy or brighter green ‣ High phospholipid content

$%! &

G ! "# epair and regenerate skin

¢a£¤¥ ¦ ¥£§ ¨£¡ ¡ © © ¡£ © ¨¤ © a ¡ ‣ Absorbs deeply into the body and ‣ how reﬁned it is. The glyco-lipids, Helps alleviate pain and muscle soreness bind to the oil give it a smooth ‣ starches that Helps prevent and repair scarring slippery pasty feel unlike any other oil I’ve ‣ ‣ N'(ty herbal scent come across. Tamanu oil has a well earned reputation for Oleic acid 49%

Linoleic acid 21%

© a¥£ a ¡ £ h a¥ ¨©¡ ¢ ¤ £ a£¥£ ¦ ¤© ¥h© Palmitic acid 15% topical skin conditions and as well as Stearic acid 12% underlying issues like sciatica and Myristic acid 3% inﬂammatory conditions. Even small amounts Alpha-linolenic 1% of this viscous green oil add healing repairing Eicosenoic acid 1% properties to formulas. Tamanu oil comes Caulophyllic acid unique to this oil, from the Paciﬁc basin region. % unknown Glossary & terms

Alpha-Linolenic Acid (LNA): one of two essential fatty acids that need to be consumed in the diet, an omega 3 fatty acid. Antioxidant: inhibits the oxidation process by reducing the number of free radical oxygen molecules that are released in biochemical reactions, which damage cell membranes. Examples include vitamins E, C, rosemary extract, and carotenoids. Beta-carotene: the precursor of vitamin A from plant sources and an antioxidant carotenoid. It can also be used as a natural colorant. Beta-Sitosterol: a phytosterol (plant sterol) that has been shown to lower serum cholesterol levels. It is found in the unsaponiﬁable portion of oils and fats.

Carotenoids: phyto elements that play a Conjugated fatty acids have both cis and major role in protecting cells and tissues from trans configuration naturally, causing oils to sunlight as well as playing a large role as be fuller feeling than the more normal cis antioxidants in food and in the body. configuration of fatty acids. Carotenoids include beta-carotene, lycopene, Dry oils: oils that contain tannins and have a alpha carotene, lutein, anthaxanthin, and dry feeling on the skin, not an oily feeling. zeaxanthin. Drying oils: oils containing a significant Carrier principle: refers to a substance that percentage of poly unsaturated fatty acids, carries another substance; as an example, a that oxidize and dry to the touch over time. vegetable oil acting as a carrier for an essential oil. Antonym: active principle. Emollience: describes substances that soften and soothe the skin. Collagen: One third of the body’s connective Essential Fatty Acids, EFAs: Fats that cannot tissue of the skin is made of collagen. The aging process takes place when the collagen be synthesized in the body but must be taken becomes insoluble and incapable of into the body in the form of food. There are absorbing moisture. two EFAs, linoleic and alpha-Linolenic acids Also named vitamin F, which is seldom used. Essential nutrients: are necessary nutrients, Oil: a term for lipids and non-lipid compounds catalysts, and cofactors that must be taken in produced by seeds and nuts of the plant by the body in foods. This includes the world, and which also includes animal and vitamins, minerals, eight amino acids, petrochemical oils. essential fatty acids, air, sunlight and water. Oxidation: a process similar to combustion Fatty acids (FAs): long chains of varying that happens in the presence of oxygen in numbers of carbon atoms with hydrogen biochemical reactions. In the body, free radical atoms connected to most or all of the carbon oxygen molecules cause damage at the atoms that make up 90% or more of oil. cellular level. GLA, gamma-Linolenic acid: made from the Oxidative stability: The ability of oil to remain essential fatty acid linoleic acid in the body. fresh for an extended period of time. Necessary for the production of prosta- Palmitoleic acid omega 7 monounsaturated glandins, a hormone-like substance required fatty acid is important for skin health and for healthy functioning of the body. GLA was balance. Made by the skin, its production originally discovered in evening primrose oil, diminishes with age so replenishing it but also found to be particularly high in externally is helpful. borage seed oil and black currant seed oils. Phenolic compounds: a class of chemical Linoleic Acid (LA): one of two essential fatty compounds produced by plants and acids that need to be consumed in the diet, microorganisms. that respond to an omega 6 fatty acid. environmental conditions, UV radiation, Lipids: the saponifiable portion of fats, oils, or insects, and damaged tissues. Polyphenols waxes, the fatty acids and triglycerides. They means multiple phenols. Phenolic compounds are primarily hydrocarbon-like and insoluble can also be industrially synthesized. in water. Phospholipids: lipid compounds found in Long-chained fatty acids: carbon chain living cells of animals and plants, which are lengths from fourteen to eighteen carbon important for healthy skin and body atoms. cells. Lecithin is a well-known phospholipid. Medium-chained fatty acids: fatty acid chains Phyto: the Latin word for plant. with carbon lengths from eight to twelve Phytosterols: the vegetable analogues of carbon atoms. cholesterol, phytosterols are essential cell Monounsaturated: oils that have only one membrane components and necessary for an carbon-to-carbon double bond in the fatty efficient immune system. Beta-Sitosterol, acid chain. MUFA: monounsaturated fatty Sitosterol, Campesterol, Stigmasterol, and acid. Sitostanol are examples of some found in oils. Nitrilosides: vitamin B-17, from apricot Polyunsaturated: oils that have at least two kernels and other plant seeds. They are a part carbon-to-carbon double bonds in their fatty of laetrile therapy. acid chain. This makes them prone to oxidation. Saturated fatty acid: refers to the fact that all Very-long-chained fatty acids: those with the carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain are carbon chain lengths of twenty carbon atoms saturated with hydrogen atoms. This includes and above. plant butters that are generally solid at room Vitamin A: a necessary vitamin that is initiated temperature, animal fats, lauric, palmitic, and by pro-vitamin A compounds in foods and stearic acids are saturated fatty acids. plants. Carotenoids act as pro-vitamin A Sebaceous glands: glands in the skin that compounds, transforming to vitamin A in the are attached to hair follicles and produce a body. Helpful for skin conditions such as acne. fine protective film of lipids to protect the Vitamin C: a necessary nutrient for the health skin. The “acid mantle” is another name for of the skin and body. One of the essential this film. Sebum: the fatty, or lipid, product nutrients, vitamin C protects cell walls, of the skin that is produced by the supports collagen health, and aids in skin sebaceous glands that serves to lubricate repair. May or may not be found in oils as it is and protect the skin from the environment water soluble. by holding moisture in the skin layer. Vitamin E: a family of related phenolic Squalene: a natural part of our skin sebum or compounds that act as antioxidants and serve lipids, produced by the sebaceous glands in to protect cells. Added to oils to prolong their the epidermis. Vegetable sources of squalene shelf life. Grouped in three branches, they are are found in olive oil, wheat germ oil, and rice tocopherols, tocotrienols, and bran oils. Animal sources include shark liver. tocomonoenols. Stearic acid: a saturated fatty acid occurring Wax: a class of lipids that is non-polar and naturally in tallow and other animal fats and does not contain a glycerol compound. Fatty vegetable oils. Hard and waxy it is often used acids are bound by ester bonds. Jojoba ‘oil’ is in soap and cosmetics for its hardness. considered a wax for this reason. Stigmasterol: known as the anti-stiffness factor, a phytosterol found in significant quantities in shea butter’s unsaponifiable portion. Triglycerides: three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule, the major component of oils and fats. Unsaturated fatty acids: those where carbon chains are missing hydrogen atoms in several places. These are oils that are liquid at room temperature and usually derived from vegetable sources. Oleic, linoleic, linolenic, palmitoleic, gamma-Linolenic acid are some of the unsaturated fatty acids.