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Lepidoptera) De Guatemala POLILLAS Y TALADRADORES GIGANTES DE LA FAMILIA CASTNIIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA JORGE M. GONZÁLEZ1 Y FERNANDO HERNÁNDEZ-BAZ2 1Texas A & M University, Department of Entomology, College Station, Texas 77843-2475, USA (Research Associate, McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Bio- diversity). Ccorreo electrónico: [email protected] 2Facultad de Biología, Universidad Veracruzana, Zona Universitaria, Circuito Gon- zalo Aguirre Beltrán S/N. C.P. 91000 Xalapa, Veracruz, México. Correo electrónico: [email protected] RESUMEN sence of all the species mentioned herein, except for 2 of them: Castnia invaria volitans (=Castnia icarus) and Gazera heliconioides Con el propósito de presentar una lista actualizada de los obidona (=Castnia linus). Details and collecting data on each of Castniidae conocidos de Guatemala, se realizó un revisión bi- the mentioned species are discussed herein. Also included are bliográfica y de colecciones entomológicas institucionales y general comments on the Castniidae of Guatemala and how personales en las Américas y Europa. Solo se mencionan en they relate to the Castniidae fauna from neighboring countries el trabajo las colecciones donde efectivamente se encontra- and from other regions of the Americas. There is the possibility ron ejemplares guatemaltecos. La escasez de Castniidae en las that the number of Guatemalan species of Castniidae might in- múltiples colecciones revisadas es notable. De igual manera, los crease by 25 to 40%, provided that there is interest in collecting ejemplares encontrados provienen de varias regiones del país; and studying the group. sin embargo, un mayor porcentaje de territorio permanece aún inexplorado, en lo que a esta familia concierne. Pareciera esto indicarnos la posible falta de interés en el grupo, su rareza en el INTRODUCCIÓN país o una combinación de ambas. Se obtuvo un inventario de 6 géneros conteniendo 9 especies. Uno de los géneros (Athis) Castniidae es una familia Pantropical de Lepidoptera, distri- contiene 4 especies, mientras que los otros 5 (Amauta, Castnia, buida geográficamente en tres grupos: uno en la Península Telchin, Divana y Gazera) sólo presentan una especie cada uno. de Malasia (Tascininae), otro en Australia (Castniinae: Castniini: Todas las especies han sido citadas de Guatemala; sin embargo, Synemonina) y el tercero en las Américas (Castniinae: Castniini: dudamos de la presencia de las suramericanas Castnia invaria Castniina). La mayoría de las especies de la familia son Neo- volitans (=Castnia icarus) y Gazera heliconioides obidona (=Cast- tropicales y podemos encontrarlos desde México, a través de nia linus). Se discuten detalles para cada una de las especies, asi toda Centroamérica, en algunas islas del Caribe y en toda Sur como los datos de los ejemplares encontrados. Igualmente se América incluyendo Chile y Argentina (González 2008, Gonzá- incluyen comentarios generales sobre los Castniidae de Guate- lez & Cock 2004, González et al. 2006, Miller 1986, 2000). mala y como se relacionan con la fauna de otros paises vecinos Castniinae es la subfamilia más numerosa y de ella se conocen y en las Américas. Con la estimulación de colectas y estudio del actualmente 87 especies de la región neotropical, las cuales grupo, se estima que el número de especies conocidas podría están incluidas en unos 31 géneros (Moraes et al. 2010). Estos aumentar en un porcentaje cercano al 25 a 40%. son normalmente diurnos, aunque algunas especies son cre- pusculares. Muchos de ellos poseen una coloración brillante y aposemática lo cual les ha ganado uno de los nombres con el ABSTRACT cual son conocidas en inglés: “Butterfly Moths”. Ciertamente, el The purpose of this work was to write a list of the known Cast- grupo comparte características morfológicas y de comporta- niidae from Guatemala. The methodology used included the miento típicamente asociadas a los Rhopaloceros, tales como revision of pertinent bibliography as well as several personal los colores brillantes, volar de día y la presencia de una antena and institutional insect collections from the Americas and Euro- capitada; pero también tienen características que se encuen- pe. Only collections where Guatemalan Castniidae were found tran en polillas, como la presencia de un sistema de unión de are mentioned herein. Castniidae were scarce in the collections las alas mediante la presencia de freno y retináculo. Algunos examined. Most specimens studied come from several regions miembros de la subfamilia parecieran ser miembros de com- in the country. However, a larger percentage of the territory is plejos miméticos junto a especies de diversas superfamilias y still unknown in relation to this moth family. This might mean a familias de lepidópteros, tales como Hesperioidea, Arctiidae, lack of interest in the group by collectors and researchers, the Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, Pieridae, y Sphingidae (Miller 1986, rarity of the family, or even a combination of both reasons. We 2000; Sandoval et al. 2008). found 6 genera with 9 species. One genus (Athis) contains 4 Sus larvas son taladradoras/barrenadoras de tallos, pseudo- species while the other 5 (Amauta, Castnia, Telchin, Divana and tallos, raíces, rizomas, bulbos y pseudobulbos de plantas en Gazera) contain one species each. We can corroborate the pre- las familias Apiaceae, Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Heliconiaceae, 144 BIODIVERSIDAD VOLUMEN 2 CASTNIIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CASTNIIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA BIODIVERSIDAD VOLUMEN 2 145 Maranthaceae, Musaceae, Orchidaceae y Poaceae (Biezanko & Cock 2004; González & Fernández Yépez 1993; González & 1961a, 1961b; Espinoza & González 2005; González & Cock Stünning 2004; Lamas 1993; Miller 1986, 1987, 2000; Sandoval 2004; González & Fernández Yépez 1993; González & Stünning et al. 2008; Sarto 2002). Los estados inmaduros de solo algu- 2004; Lamas 1993; Miller 1986, 1987; Sandoval et al. 2008). nas especies con importancia económica han sido estudiados Algunas de las especies se han convertido en plagas de re- en profundidad (Angulo 1998; Angulo & Olivares 1993, 2009; lativa relevancia en algunos cultivos y plantas ornamentales, Dyar 1905; Espinoza & González 2005; Lara 1964; Miller 1987; tales como Bananas y Platanos (Musa spp.: Musaceae), Caña Montagud 2004; Sarto & Aguilar 2005; Skinner 1930). Los hue- de Azucar (Saccharum officinarum L.: Poaceae), Coco, Palmas, vos de Castniidae neotropicales son comúnmente ahusados, Palma Aceitera (Cocos nucifera L., Brahea spp., Butia spp., Cha- muchos presentan 5 rebordes longitudinales y son pocos los maerops spp., Latania spp., Livistonia spp., Phoenix spp., Trachy- esféricos (Angulo 1998; Angulo & Olivares 1993, 2009; Gonzá- carpus spp., Trithrinax spp., Washingtonia spp. y Elaeis guineen- lez 1981; Lara 1964; Miller 2000). Las larvas de la mayoría de las sis Jacq.: Arecaceae), Heliconias o Platanillos (Heliconia spp.: especies son morfológicamente similares, pudiendo presentar Heliconiaceae), Piña (Ananas comosus (L.)Merr.: Bromeliaceae), o no, crochetes en las propatas abdominales (Lara 1964, Miller y hasta Orquídeas (Cattleya spp., Laelia spp.: Orchidaceae) 2000). Los crochetes, cuando están presentes, pueden estar (Biezanko 1961a, 1961b; Espinoza & González 2005; González interrumpidos por una hendidura carnosa (Miller 1987, 2000). Figura 1. Castniidae conocidos de Guatemala. No todos los ejemplares ilustrados provienen de Guatemala. Además del nombre, se indica la región/país de don- de provienen y la colección en la cual están depositados. a. Amauta cacica procera, Chiriquí, Panamá (FMNH); b. Athis inca inca, Izabal, Guatemala (UVGC); c. Athis clitarcha, Chiriquí, Panamá (FMNH); d. Athis delecta, Guerrero, México (MGCL); e. Athis flavimaculata, Fraijanes del Río, Guatemala (UVGC); f. Castnia invaria volitans, Surinam (FMNH); g. Telchin atymnius futilis, Suchitépequez, Guatemala (UVGC); h. Divana diva, Brazil (FMNH); i. Gazera heliconioides obidona, Obidos, Brazil (FMNH). 146 BIODIVERSIDAD VOLUMEN 2 CASTNIIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA CASTNIIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) DE GUATEMALA BIODIVERSIDAD VOLUMEN 2 147 Muchas de las especies suelen ser particularmente raras, al- González 2005; González 1992; González & Fernández Yépez gunas son endémicas y ciertas especies tienen un ámbito 1992; Miller 1972, 1976, 1980, 2007, 2008; Pierre & Pierre-Baltus geográfico bastante limitado, de manera que es posible asu- 2003; Porion 2004). mir que al menos algunas sub-poblaciones se han extingui- do en ciertas localidades debido a modificaciones drásticas o destrucción de su hábitat natural (Espinoza & González 2005; METODOLOGÍA González 1999, 2003, 2004; González & Stünning 2004; La- La mayoría de la información contenida en este trabajo pro- mas 1993; Miller 1976, 1986, 2000; Rodríguez & Rojas-Suárez viene de datos que hemos acumulado durante años de colec- 1995). Esta particularidad ha convertido a ciertos Castniidae tas de campo en diversos países, así como visitas a numerosas en “especies paraguas” con las cuales se han podido establecer colecciones nacionales e internacionales. Solo se mencionan planes para la conservación, establecimiento y ampliación de aquellas colecciones en las cuales hemos localizado y estudia- áreas protegidas (Douglas 2004, O’Dwyer & Attiwill 1999, Ed- do material proveniente de Guatemala: wards 1993, Edwards & Ferguson 2009). Las pupas o crisálidas están normalmente alojadas en un capullo de fibras “tejidas” American Museum of Natural History, Nueva York, por la larva con material proveniente de la planta hospede- AMNH Nueva York, Estados
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