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CEN,SUS OF INDIA 1961

VOLUME XIII-PART VI-No. 36

VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS OF PUNJAB

MONOGRAPH No. 36

KUNRAN A VILLAGE IN SANGRUR DISTRICT

Field Investigation and Firat Draft JANAK RAJ VASHISTHA, M.A.

S'upervision. Guidance and Final Draft B. S. OJHA, I.A.S.

Deputy Superintendent of Census Ope.cations. Punjab

Bditine R. L. ANAND

Superintendent of Census Operations, Punjab

Price : Ks. 4.55 nP.; $ 1~ 64 cen is; ~p-r PRG.132.36.(N) 00

CE us F- I A 1961

VO UME Xill- ART VI- o. 36

..

KU RAN

THE CENSUS PUBLICATIONS

The,1961 Census Repol'lt on Punjab will bear Vot-u.mel No. XIII, and will be prini1:ed in the following parts:-

Part I-A 'G~neral Report, including Subsidiary Tables.

Part I-B Reporl"pn Vital Statistics' of the Decade (including Reprint:? from previous Census Reports)

Part II-A .;. General Population' Tables.

Part II-B .. Economic Tables.

Part II-C Cultural and Migration Tables.

Part III Household Economic Tables.

Part IV Report on Housing and Establlshrnents.

Part V RepoDts and Tables on SchedUled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

Part VI Village Survey Monographs: 44 in number, each relat­ ing to an individual village, and printed separately.

Part VII Report on Handicrafts.

Part VIII IAdministration Report in two parts (Not for sale).

Part IX Socia-Economic Atlas.

Part X Report and Tables on Fairs and Festivals.

Besides, there: will be 19 District Census Hand-Books, one for each District.

PUNJAB LOCATION OF VILLAGES SELECTED 3.3 _f' .... , -- ' " FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY f .... , .... ., ,,...-.- ., . "" !, ..... , .,. J 2 --·1 .'. • ,". ._- 32 ... ~.

32•

LA>iAUll SPITI O IS TRIC ' -_, ..... , } . JANO) ".J 2 • LARA .' KANGFlA OIST"-lcr '---" 3 _ OALASH 4 . KARNATHU 5 _ CHAOHIAR 0 6 _ CHETRU .31 7_ SAGLI GUROASPUR OISTRIC T 8_ OOASA 9. OHARAM KOT AMRIT5AR DISTRICT 10_ SHINOI SAIOAN 11- GAGGAR BHANA KAPURTHALA DISTRICT LAOWAL TALWARA HOSHIARPUR DISTRICT 14 _ TANULI 15 . BABE HAR )ULLUNDUR DISTRIC.' 16 _ LAM BRA 30 17 _ · .- TEHANG , LUDHIANA 01 STRICT ( , 18 . SHAINI GUJJARAN "_._t_._._._. -'-r.. .. 19 _ SHAINI ALA \-- FEROZEPUR OISTRIC T 2.0_ MAHALA'" I :,', -- t" 21 . JOGEWALA 22_ HALIMWALA f eHAT ""OA OISTRICT 2.3_ SARA BHAIKA 24 qAMAN NANOI HISS AR OISTRICT \-, ...... '"".,..._, n ODHAN 26. KHAIRPUR 29 I · .. ~n . MIRAN ;. 28 .. HAJ.AMPUR LOC .. TION OF VILLAGE < GJ M"HENORAC;ARH OISTRIC 29 129 KARIA ~ DISTRICT HEADQUARTEfI 30 ANTRI-BEHARIPUR C.URGADN OlSTRICT STATE CAPITAL 31 MANETHI ~ 32 BHAOAS RDHTAK DISTRCT L:=l ROAD 33_ ASAUDA 34_ MUNDLANA [ - ] RAILWAY SANGRuR OlSTRICT SAINTHLI RIVE R KUNRAN ~ PA 1 J.,A LA DISTRICT 26 OHING I CANAl. ~ ARNE TOO t(/a.A: I'tIAL O,5TI> C1 26 I-o ( INTERNATIONAL BOUNDAR' '._.- 39 SO NKHRA KHALSA -, 40. BAKANA SHARtFGARH STATE BOUNDARY AM8AL.A DISTRICT c=J 41 JATWAR 20 o 20 40 sO BO MILES 42. MAHSA TlSBA DISTR ICT BOUNDARY t --- - : I J I I I I I SIMLA DISTRIC T 43 KAlATH TAI-ISIL 80UNDARY I I ( I I ( ... KAI-\LA jEJ 30 o 30 60 90 120 KILOMETRES L ___-'---::-- ___--'---;;-_~_~---__"___;;_-- EAST 74° 75° 76° 71 FOREWORD

Apart from laying the' foundations accordingly decided to select a few vil­ of demography in this subcontinent, lages in every State for special study, a hundred years of the Indian Census where personal observation would be h.as also produced 'elaborate and scholar­ brought to bear on the interpretation of ly accounts of the variegated phenomena statictics to find out how much of a vil.. 'of Indian life-sometimes with no statis­ lage was static and yet changing and how tics attached, but usually with just enough fast the winds of change were blowing statistics to give empirical underpinning and from where. to their conclusions'. In a country, Randomness of selection was, there­ largely illiterate, where statistical or fore, eschewed. There was no intention numerical comprehension of even such, to build up a .picture for the whole State a simple thing as age was liable to be is quantitative terms on the basis of inaccurate an understanding of the social villages selected statistically at random'. structure was essential. It was more The selection was avowedly purposive, : necessary to attain a broad understand­ the object being as much to find out:what ing of what was happening around one­ was happening and how fast to those self than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical . villages which had fewer reasons to ingenuity' or 'mathematical manipula­ choose change and more to remain lodg­ tion'. This explains why the Indian Cen­ ed in the past as to discover how the sus came to be interested in 'many by­ more 'normal' types of villages were paths' and 'nearly every' branch of scholar. ch~ging. They were to be primarily ship, "from anthropology and sociology to type I studies which, by virtue of their geography and religion'. number and distribution would also give the reader a 'feel' of what was' going In the last few decades the Census on and some kind of a map of ,the has increasingly' turiIed its 'efforts to the country. presentatipn oP. village statistics. This suits to the' temper of the times as well A brief account of the tests of selec~ as our political and economiC structure. tion will help to explain. A minimum For even as we have a great deal of cen­ of thirty-five villages was to be chosen tralization on the one, hand and decentra.. · with great care to represent adequately lisation on the other, my colleagues geographical, occupational and even thought it would be a welcome continua.. ethnic diversity. Of this minimum of tion of the Census tradition to try to in... thirty-five, the distribution was to be as vest the dry bones of village statistics follows: with flesh-and-blood accounts of social (a) At least eight villages were structure and social change. It was to be so selected that each of 11

them would contain one do­ major rivers. Thus there minant community with one was to be a regional distribu­ predominating occupation, tion throughout the State of e.g., fishermen, forest work~ this category of villages. If, ers, jhum cultivators, pot­ howev~r, a particular dis~ ters weavers, salt-malrers, trict contained 'significant quarry workers, etc. A '~il­ ecological variations with.. lage should have a minimuin in its area,,' more than one population of 400, the opti... ·' village in the district might mum tieing between 500 and be selected to study the spe­ 700. cial adjustments to them.

(b) At least seven villages were to be of I?-umerically pro­ . It is a unique· feature of these minent IScheduled Tribes village surveys that they rapidly out­ of the State. Each village grew their original terms of reference, could represent a particular as my c~lleagues warmed up to their tribe. The mInimum po­ work. This proved for them an ab.. pulation should be 400, the sorbing voyage of discovery and their optimum being between infectious enthusiasm compelled me 500 and 700. to enlarge the inquiry's scope again and again. It was just as well cautious­ ly to feel one's way about at first and (c) The third group of villages then venture further afield, and although should each be of fair size, it accounts to some extent for a certain -of an old and selected unevenness in the quality and coverage character and contain va­ of the' monographs, it served to compen­ riegated occupations and sate the purely honorary and! extra be, if possible, multiethnic mural rigours of the task. For, the in composition. By fair size Survey, along with its many ancillari'es was meant a population of like the survey of fairs and festivals, of 500--700 persons or more. small and rural industry and others, was The village should mainly an extra, over and above the crushing depend on agriculture and . load of the 1961-census. 'be sufficiently away from the major sources of mo~ dern communication such as It might be of interest to recount the district administrative briefly the stages by which the Survey headquarters and business enlarged its scope. At the first Census centres. It should be Conference in September, 1959, the roughly a day's journey Survey set itself the task of what from the above places. The might be called a record in si1m of villages were to be selectea material traits, like settlement patterns with an eye to variation in of the village; house types; diet; dress; terms of size, proximity to ornaments and footwear; furniture and city ahd other means of mo­ storing vessels; common means of trans­ dern Communication, near­ port of goods and passengers; domesU­ ness to hills, jungles and cation of animals and birds; markets iii attended' worship of deities, festivals hand with too many general state­ and fairs: There were to be recordings, ments and a growing desire on the of course, of cultural and social traits and other to draw 'conclusions from statis­ occupational mobility. This was foll<:>wed tics, to regard social and economic data up in March, 1960, by two specunen as interrelated processes, and finally to schedules, one for each household, the examine the soc~al and economic pr0.­ other for the village as a, whole, which, cesses set in motion through land re­ apart from spelling out the mode of forms and other laws, legislative and inquiry suggested in the September, administrative measures, technological 1959 Conference, introduced groups of and cultural change. In the later half questions aimed at sensing chang-es in o~ 1961 again was org~ized within the attitude and behaviour in such fields Census Commission a section on Social as marriage, inheritance, movable and Studies which assumed the task of giv­ immovable property, industry, • in­ ing shape to the general fram'e of study debtedness, education, community life and providing technical help to super­ and collective activity, social disabili­ intendents of Census OperatJ_ons in the ties forums 'of appeal over disput~, matter of conducting surveys, their village ieadership and organisation of analysis and presentation. This section cultural life. It was now plainly the headed by Dr. B. K. Roy Burman, has intention to provide adequate statis­ been responsible for going through ea-ch tical support to empirical 'feel'; to monograph and offering useful sugges.. approa.;h qualitative change through tions which were much welcomed by statistlcal quantities. It had been my colleagues. Finally, a study camp difficu't to give thought to the import­ was organised in the last week of Decem.. ance ,.)f 'just enough statistics to give her, 1961, when the whole field was empirical underpinning to conclu­ carefully gone through over again ana sions', at a time when my colleagues a programme worked out closely knit­ were straining themselves to the ut­ ting the various aims of the Survey most for the success of the main together. Census operations, but once the Census count itself was left behind in M,arch, 1961. a series of three regional seminars This gradual unfolding of the aims in Trivandrum (May, 1961). Darjeeling of the Survey prevented by colleagues 'md Srinagar (June, 1961), restored their from adopting as many villages as they attention to this field and the importance had originally intended to. But I be­ of tracing social change through a lieve that what may have been lost in number of well-devised statistical tables quantity has been more than made up was once again recognised. This itself for in quality. This is, perhaps, for the pI esupposed a fresh survey of villages first time that such a Survey has been already done; but it was worth the trou­ conducted in any country and that pure­ ble in view of the possibilities that a ly as a labour of love. It has succ-eeded close analysis of statistics offered, and in ?t~¢ning what it set out. to achieve: also because the 'consanguinity' sch~ to construct a map of village, India's dule remained to be canvassed. By social structure. One hopes .that the November, 1961, however, more was ex­ v

24th May, 1962. I A. MITRA ~ New Delh,i J Registrar-General, India. INTRODUCTION

Census is essentially a statistical gamation of the areas belonging to the survey, and as such it partakes of the native States of Jind and Patiala, forms limitations of these surveys because of a part of the erstwhile Patiala and East its dealing with such aspects of human Punjab States Union. The socio-economic life as are capable of being expressed conditions in general and the socio­ numerically or quantitatively. A Cen­ agrarian . legislation in the erstwhile sus report deals with the total popula­ PEPSU were somewhat different from tion, rate of its growth, its distribution those obtaining in the erstwhile Punjab. over land and according to age, sex, mari­ However, after the passing of the States tal status, "literacy, language, religion, Reorganisation Act, 1956, and the integ­ occupation and other allied subjects. But ration of the erstwhile PEPSU with erst­ the Census report does not satisfy com­ while Punjab homogeneous sodal and pletely the reader desirous of knowing legal legislation has been applied to the the people as they live: it furnishes little entire State. Now, therefore, the forces information on social structure and of change and processes of development n1aterial culture of the population-the affecting different regions of the State type of houses they live in, the clothes are uniform. But t~is is not to say that they wear, the food they eat, their house­ the past traditions which conditioned the hold equipment, their livestock, their life of the people livrng in different areas hours of work and recreation, their and somewhat different systems do not beliefs and custOlns, and their traditions find reflection in their present living. and aspirations. 4. Kunran is a multi-caste agricul­ 2. With a view to presenting a tural village. It is fairly backward and more complete picture of the people than the population is illiterate. A socio­ was done at the previous censuses it has economic study of this village was taken been decided to prepare along with the up with a view to portraying the struc­ main 1961 Census Report complementary ture and: functioning of the community n1onographs on socio-economic study of life supported by multiple social institu­ some selected villages. These studies tions and the economy of a medium­ have been limited to rural areas. The sized primarily agrarian, backward and mode of selection of villages for socio­ multi-caste village. economic survey has been explained in the Foreword. The list of 44 villages 5. The survey of this village was selected for survey is given in the loca­ completed in about five weeks during tion map which appears as frdntispiece March-April, 1962. Shri Janak Raj to this report. Vashistha, M.A., Economic Investigator, is primarily responsible for conducting 3. The Kunran Village lies in the this inquiry.. He was assisted by Shri Sangrur District "of the Punjab. The P. L. Sharma, M.A., Econorn.ic Investi" Sangrur District, formed after the ~al- gator and Shri Suraj Parkash Verma, v vi

Compiler Checker at different stages of for offering valuable suggestions to im­ the inquiry for canvassing the Household prove the draft, to Shri Virender Tara Schedules. 'The inquiry was all along for contributing photographs, to Shri supervised and guided by Shri B. S. O. P. Sarna, Cartographer and Shri Ojha, LA.S., Deputy Superintendent of Baldev Singh, Draftsman, for preparing Census Operations, -Punjab, who visited the sketches, to Miss Swaranjit Chopra, the village and wrote the fin_al draft. Ex..Economic Investigator, for preparing During the 1961 Census Operations, I the location map, to Miss Satwinder H. have had to undertake extensive to~ing Singh, 'Economic Investigator for devis­ of the Sangrur DistriCt. In directing the ing the title, to Miss Ranbir Sokhey, inquiry and editing the report I have" Economic Investigator, for drawing naturally drawn upon my knowledge of ,house sketches. I would also acknow­ the District gathered during my touring. ledge the work of Shri Satya Dev Sharma; Stenographer in typing the 6. I am grateful to Dr; B. K. Roy report over again and Shri R. L. Khosla, Burma'n , Officer oli Special Duty (Social Assistant Section Officer, for seeing the Studies) of the Registrar General's office report through the press.

CHANDIGARH : R. L. ANAND,

October 15, 1963. Superintendent of Census Operations, Punjab. CONTENTS PAGE

FOREWARD. 1

INTRODUCTION. v

CHAPTER I-THE VliLLAGE. Introduction; Ground for selection ; Location ; Physical aspects ; Flora and fauna; Size; Residential pattern; Communications; Important public places; Welfare and administrative institutions; Market; History of settlement. 1

CHAPTER II-THE PEOPLE AND 'I'HEI.R MATERIAL EQUIPMENT Ethnic composition; Brief notes on each caste; Housetype (Building customs, Building costs); Dress; Ornaments; Household goods; Food and drinks; Beliefs and practices connected with birth, marriage and death. 5

CHAPI'ER m_.ECONOKY Economic resources-Land and Livestock; Factors inflUencing economic life and Improvement of communications; Expansion of market facilities; Economic activities and Nature of changes-causes ; Description of different occupations-Agriculture, Animal Husbandry~ Village Industries" Commerce ; Indebtedness. 27

CHAPTER IV-SOCIAL AND CuLTURAL LIFE Age and sex distribution; Size of family; Birth and death statistics; Migration ; Marital status; Statistics of diseases; Literacy; Family structure; Inheritance of property ; Leisure and recreation; Religious insti tutions ; Beliefs and practices ; Village organization ; Inter­ caste relationship; Democratic institutions; Statutory Panchayats ; Reform meaSUreS; Dowry; Untouchability. 53

CHAPTER V -CONCLUSION 6$

TABLES. 69

ApPENDlCES. 129

GLOSSARY: 137 TABLES 1. Settlement historY. 69 2· Settlement history (in-migration). 70

3. Population (Gutewise). 71 4. House Type-Material of roof. 73 5. House Type-Material of walls. 74 x

PAGB G Nature and frequency of crimes. 134 H Sketches drawn on the outer walls of the Dharamsala building constructed in Bikrmi Sambat, 1989. 135 I A note on practices connected with animal diseases. 136 MAPS Pacing page

I Map of Punjab showing location of village Kunran. 1 II The village map showing the settlement 'p~ttern. '. x III The village map showing residential pattern. 1 PLATES Fadng page L1. View of a part of the viJIage abadi. I I 2. Entrance to the lIarijan colony. } 4 3. Village lane with a gutter in the middle. J 4. A newly constructed house with a typical entrance gate. 1 I S. An old man noted for his long beard. 5 6. The facade of a sandook. }f 7. Women and girls of the vilJage. 1 8. Hair style. f 26 9. A village womap wearing saggi,phul/, ear-rings and necklace. J 10. FodderMcutting. 1 11. Threshing and winnowing of grain•• }, 27 12. A woman and her daughter carrying breakfast to the fields. J 13. A J,ilQha at work. 14. A Chamar at work. 1} 52 I 15. Some specim¢ns of earthenware. J 16. Shrines of goddess Seetla. 1 17. A stone idol of Hanuman, the monkey-god. }- 53 I 18. Samadh of Chuhar Singh, the village martyr. J Between pages 19. Sketches showing House type. 8-9 20. Sketches of ornaments. 12M13

21. Sketches of tools and implements. 42-43 I, SKETe-H OF VILLAGE N ,:;, N f4 I B H ~ ,~ KUNRAN~ ..y -9 1 ~ .;

ABADI

CREMATION GROUND ~

GRAVEYARD

IRRIGATION WEI.L.

CANAL. MINOR kACHA ROAD

SARHADA KUNRAN SKETCH SHOW'lN~ ABA.Df AND LOCATION"OF HOUSES N 1

A+ A +

A

SIKHJAT • TARKHAN A BANIA' :,e TELl A MIRASI 0- ARORA A BRAHMAN HOUSE a NAI 0:( ~DERA LiVED IN BY JHIWAR .. 81 SCHOOL- WEAVER ~ (i) WELL MAZHB!SIKH A BAZIGAij ~PONO .... CHHIMBA iii PIPAl. TREE £ RAMDASIA SHRINE OF SEETLA bI KHATRI 'XI a IDOL OF HANUMAN " SUNAR ~ run DHARAMSALA CHAPTER I THE VILLAGE

INTRODUCTION , LOCATION

The Kunran village of the Sangrur A two-mile long unmetalled canal District is inhabited by as many as road connects Kunran with Bahadurpur, eighteen heterogeneous castes with an lying at a distance of six and a half miles absolute majority of Sikh Jats of Kunar from Sangrur on the Sangrur-Barnala gatra. The economy of the village is metalled road. The village can be ap­ primarily agrarian, characterised by old proached also from the ninth mile-stone practices of farming. Artisans and other on the Sangrur-Barnala road by a bul­ menials provide casual services to the lock cart or on foot through a sandy agricultural section of the village com­ track. Kunran is bounded by villages munity in return for bi-annual customary Bhaini Mehraj, Duggan, Longowal and payments in kind. But this custom is on Badwar in the u'Jrth, east, south and the wane. Members of the Scheduled west, respectively. It is nine miles from Castes prov~de both attached and casual Sangrur, the Tahsil and District head­ agricultural labour. Four small shops quarters, in the jurisdiction of the Sang­ dealing in grocery and general merchan­ rur Police Station. dise cater to the general requirements of the village. The village population is Sangrur caters to the commercial, overwhelmingly illiterate and not so industrial, educational and cultural progressive in outlook. The fact that the needs of the region in which Kunran farm produce is usually more than suffi­ lies. There is a Ranbir Degree Col­ cient to meet the local requirements has lege, each for boys and girls, besides induced in the villa~ers a feeling of self­ a Higher Secondary School at Sangrur. complacency, and the adherence to the Barnala, the headquarters of another established and outmoded techniques of Tahsil of the same name, some fifteen farming has greatly told upon the ini­ miles to the east of the village, also pro­ tiative and enterprising spirit of the vides commercial and educational faci­ otherwise sturdy farmers. lities for the area.

PHYSICAL ASPECTS GROUND FOR SELECTION The terrain of the village is undulat· In this report, it is intended to por­ ing alluvial plain interspersed with shift­ tray the structure and functioning of ing sand dunes. The region has a severe the community life supported by multi· climate and is subiect to strong dust pIe social institutions and the economy stot'ms in summer. Durinl£ the period of a medium-sized primarily agrarian 1957-61, an avera!1e annual rainfall of backward and multi-caste village such as 610.81 mm .. Dourine: in thirtv-eil:1ht days, Kunran is. was recorded at the nearest rain-gauge 2 station at Sangrur (Appendix A). rhe common. Previously, black-bucks were village lies close to the Sangrur-Barnala found in plenty but none is to be seen road to its south-east. The Badwar and now .. Longowal canal minor~ flow through tLe village lands from the north-east. The, . -The common birds include the pea­ Longowal canal minor .flows to the south cock, parrot, multi-coloured sparrow, of the village all through, whereas the pigeon, crow, dove, green pigeon, lap­ Badwar canal minor flowing close to the wing, gatar, mirasin, oati, sandgrouse, Longowal canal minor for some distance garur, weaver bird, nightingale, wood­ changes its course to the west near 'thE pecker and different kinds of hawk, village habitation. There is a big po:r{(i· owl, vulture and kite. Cuckoo arrives in to the south of the abadi) as also a cattle­ Baisakh and departs in Asu;. It is fol­ ground (See Settlement Map). lowed by koonj which stays for the win­ ter. Quails and partridges are numerous during the rabi season. Both black and . FLORA AND FAUNA brown partridges are seen, the latter in larger numbers. Villagers catch them by Generally, the viilage lands have means of rope-nets. Water-crows, jat­ a bare look as the zamindars felled most pari, water-sparrows, bagula and other of the trees on their holdings before the water fowls are seen in the village ponds land consolidation operations, which but they are not snared due to lack of were completed in 1958-59. equipment. Sugarcane is damaged by jackals, wild-cats and rats; maize by Of late shisham trees have been crows, parrots, jackals, wild-cats and­ planted along the banks of canal minors rats; millets by doves, sparrows, pigeons by the Forest Department following the and parrots, but. oali and mirasin are Governmel!t decision to charge this De­ friendly because they eat insects which partment with the work of maintaining damage cotton-cobs. trees along the roads and canals. Pipal, b~rota, :neem and sarinh are grown prin­ Snakes of different colours and varie­ clpally for shade. Fra'sh is common near ties appear mostly in the rainy season but the village site a~d provides timber for no case of snake-bite durin~ the last ten roofs. Lasura, kikkar, beri, jand and ban years was recalled by the villagers. grow sporadically in the fields and along SIZE ~~ads .. While the first three trees pro­ VIde timber, the wood of others is used Kunran has an area of 1576 acres of for burni~g and making charcoal. Mango, which 92 per cent is under cultivation. orange, CItron and guava are the fruit According to the 1951 census the village trees planted in some orchards. Jhar­ comprised 151 households. The number beri and wild aak are used for fencing fields. Dhatoora plants are also noticed of houses was also the same. The total along the village paths. population of the village was 786 souls: 421 males and 365 females. According to the 1961 census there are 166 house­ The blue-bull, jackal, hare and fox holds and 164 houses in the village. How­ wander in this area though in small ever, according to the Investigator at the ~umbers. Wild cats, snipes, guanas, time of the survey, there were only 150 Jhand, mongooses and rats are fairly households and 1,027 persons including 3

533 males and 494 females. Its popula­ available at Sangrur though a Post Office tion has recorded an increase of 30.66 per at Duggan, a mile from Kuru:an, cent since 1951. . ;'as been functioning since 1951. Mail is delivered daily. The village owns thr~e RESIDENTIAL PATTERN radio-sets including one acquired by the village Panchayat. The programme The village abadi lies on a plain specially broadcast ,for the benefit of the ground. Its north-eastern part is the rural people is quite popular. most densely populated; the southern part is largely uninhabit'ed and contains a big IMPORTANT PUBLIC PLACES pond and an irregular flat ground where cattle are collected in the morning . .R.am­ As has already been mentioned the dasias, a scheduled caste,. live in a close Badwar canal minor flows close to the group of dwellings in the eastern part of village. There are four wells of drinking the habitation. Mazhbi Sikhs, another water in the village. The dera containing scheduled caste, live on the out-skirts of the gaddi of Guru Granth Sahib is located the village habitation. Groups of houses near the entrance gate of the village. The belonging to the peasantry are scattered shrines of Seetla, the goddess of small­ all over the main inhabit'ed area. pox, lie beside the pond to the south of Tarkhans reside in the west, Jhiwars the habitation. A stone idol of .Hanuman, in the north-east and Banias in the north­ the monkey-god, who is worshipped as west and centre of the habitation. ~he the saviour and benefactor of livestock, residential pattern suggests inter-caste stands under a pipal tree in front of the aloofness and intra-caste cohesion. (See village gate. The samadh of Chuhar map showing residential pattern). The Singh, believed to be a village martyr houses in the main habitation are built lies in the fields close to the western end contiguous to one another and open on )f the abadi. The Primary School is hous­ narrow crooked lanes having irregular ed in an old dharamsala. Another pucca shallow gutters. The village has an building, also known as dharamsala, has entrance gate facing the south. been recently erected in the heart of the village habitation. The cremation grounds COMMUNICATIONS lie in the north and south of the abadi, and the graveyard to its south. The vil­ The nearest bus stop is at Bahadur­ lage has no .Panchayat Ghar. pur, two miles away on the Sangrur­ Barnala road. Sangrur is further con­ WELFARE AND ADMINISTRATIVE nected by a net-work of roads with the INSTITUTIONS State Capital and other District head­ quarters. Sangrur railway station on the Kunran has a statutory Panchayat LUdhiana-Dhuri-jakhal section is nine which was constituted in February, 1953. miles from Kunran. Bullock-carts are The present Panchayat assumed office in used for carrying agricultural produce to November, 1960, after fresh elections. the market and manure to the fields. There is a Co-operative Agricultural Ser­ Flour and fodder are carried on .camel vice Society in the village having one back. Light goods are carried on hundred and eight members. and a maxi­ bicycles for long distances and on head mum credit limit of Rs. 15,770, function­ for short ones. Telegraph facilities are ing since April, 1956. 4

MARKET the description of the original distribu­ tion of land" contained in the Settlement record of the village:- The nearest important market is at Sangrur, the District headquarters, where "The year or the sam bat in various commodities are marketed, chief which this village was for among them being wheat, cotton, gram, the first time inhabited is paddy and gUT. The annual arrivals in not known. However, accor­ this mandi in 1961-62 were 1,29,818 ding to the genealogical chart quintals of wheat, 9,607 of paddy, 7,035 about five or six centur­ of millets, 7,876 of maize, 9,487 of gur, ies ago, in the reign of the 30,705 of cotton, 4,405 of sarson, 3,376 of Mughals, J alaI, our progeni­ groundnut and 28,753 of gram (Appen­ tor emigrated from Mokharoo dix B). At Sangrur there are a num­ lying in the jurisdiction of ber of cotton ginning and pressing mills. the Patiala State and settled Iron metal industry also functions on a minor scale. at this place which was lying uninhabited till then .... The four Pattis (estates) namely, HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT Patti Nigahia, Patti Singha, Patti Sukhu and Patti Mahi, have been in existence Of the 150 households 117 have been . since earlier times. But the residing in this village continuously for exhaustive history of the time more than five generations. Five house­ when they came into being holds settled in the village two to four is shrouded in mystery. Since generations ago; seven households settl­ this village was founded by ed only one generation ago and twenty­ our ancestor, Jalal, belonging one households settled here only in to the Kunar potra of the present generation. Of the last Jat caste he named it as mentioned group one family each Kunran after the name of his of a Sadhu and Arora have come gotra. This name came to be from Uttar Pradesh and West Pakistan, widely known. This name respectively. Ten households have settled occurs in Government records. here from the neighbouring District of This village has remained in­ Bhatinda, three from Ludhiana and one habited all along and has been from Ferozepur District. Twelve house­ never depopulated. There is holds have come from within the no ancient theh within the Sangrur District itself (TABLES 1 & 2). area of this village." The foll()\ving account of the history of the village is available in the note on Thus, Kunran is about six hundred "Origin of the Acquisition of Rights and years old. . View of a part of the village abadi.

Entrance to the Harijan colony.

Villagc lane with a guttCl' in the middle. The facade of a S(l11dook.

An old man ntJted lor his long beard.

A newly constructed house with a typical entrance gate. CHAPTER II THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENT

ETHNIC COMPOSITION BRIEF NOTES ON EACH CASTE The yillage community-in Kunran Sikh J at.-Sikh J ats numbering 560 is heterogeneous, consisting of eighteen persons including 282 males and 278 fe­ different castes with a majority of Sikh males and constituting 54.53 per cent of Jats and minority of six households of the total population of the village are by Muslims of the Sunni sect. The follow­ far the most important caste and form ing table shows tlie number of house­ the backbone of the agricultural econo­ holds and persons belonging to each my. Sikh Jats are further divided caste :- into gotras. In this caste persons be­ longing to Kunar gotra hailing from village Mokharbo which was in the juris­ -~.. diction of the erstwhile Patiala State, :n" j - __ ...... ---_._ ---1------constitute a majority. 450 out of 560 Jat Sikh 76 2R2 278 560 Sikh Jats belon~ to the Kunar gotra. 2 Mazhbi Sikh 12 38 35 73 Persons belonging to the Mann, Dhali­ Tarkhall 7 26 23 49 wal,' Gill, Behniwal, Jawandey, Sandhu / and Sekhon gotras number 29, 23, 23, 9, 4 Jhiwar 4- 24 29 53 12, 7 and 7, respectively. 5 Cllhimba 4 9 "The Sikhs whl) are mostly found in 5 Nai 7 Tahsil Sangrur, stand first in physique. 7 Brahman 13 30 They are muscular, stout, tall often 8 Khatri attaining six feet, handsome with reddish 4 brown complexion and generally long­ 9 Bania 19 20 39 lived .... "* This observation is as true 10 Arora 257 todav as it was 56 years ago. Sikh Jats II Sunar 5 I 2 7 sneak the Puniabi language and write in the Gurmukhi script. 12 Ramdasiu 82 63 145 All the 76 households of Sikh Jats 13 Bazigdl- 6 7 13 are land-0wners. Seventy households 14 Sadh~1 are engaged in cultivation as pea­ I 15 Muslim Julaha I I I 7 5 12 sant proprietorS, and t~e remaining six are non-cultivating owners who live on. Muslim Teli I I 2 16 I I income from land. 17 Muslim Kumhar I J -I 6 3 9 . I: The J ats in this village are Sikhs ~y 18 Muslim Mirasi !_ _:__I_-=-__4_' _.2_ religion. They enioy high social status in

Total 1150 I 533 494 I 1,027 *G3~etteer of Phulkian States 1904, page 222.

5 6

the village community, but due to illite­ . cattle-grazing. One person is employed ~acy and conservative outlook they hay,e as a Chowkidar. developed some resistance towards the These Mazhbi Sikhs are Chuhra con­ adoption of modern equipment, techni­ verts to Sikhism. They worship Balmik ques and methods of farming. on the one hand and all the Sikh Gurus Ramdasia:-Ramda~ias own 27 on the other. They do not touch night-' households with a population of 145 per­ soil. Being a scheduled caste and a sons: 82 males and 63 females. They landless class, they are accorded the constitute 14.12 per cent of the village lowest position in the caste structure of population. Ramdasias are a schedul~~ the village. caste. They are divided into gotras' the more important of which are Nagah, ... Tarkhan.-Tarkhans or carpenters Sapra, J assal, Kaler and Kaiyath. Fifteen own seven households with a population households out of twenty-seven own land of 49 persons including 26 males and 23 bu t only seven live as peasant proprietors. females constituting 4.77 per cent of the Ninet'een households derive their liveU­ to~al population of the village. Tarkhans hood from casual labour and the remain­ in this village belong to the SohaL, Gin ing one household follows shoe-making as and Aotl.i gotras. In physical ap­ . its primary occupation. Four house­ pearance, they resemble the Sikh Jats holds have adopted tenancy-farming and but are not as sturdy. Six carpenter three shoe-making as a subsidiary occu­ households own land but only one is pation. engaged in cultivation. Six of them render menial services to the agri­ Ramdasias have the same language cultural secti0n of the villa~€i popu­ and the script as the Sikh Jats. They lation and are paid periodically accord­ follow both the Hindu and the Sikh reli­ ing to customs and traditions obtaining gions though they have greater leanings in the villa,ge. Masonary and carpentry towards the former than the latter. They are their subsidiary occupations. specially worship the goddess Durga and They are Sikhs by belief and also Sain t Ravidas besides making offerings to other Hindu deities and Sikh Gurus. worshio Vishwa Karma. In 'the caste They enjoy low social status in the vil­ hierarchy thev OCCUDV a status which is lage community. higher than that of the' scheduled castes but lower than that of the Brahmans, Mazhbi Sikh.-Of Mazhbi Sikhs, Sikh Jats and Banias. another scheduled caste, there are twelve househl)lds: 73 persons including 38 Bania.-There are 39 Banias in the males and 35 females. They account village distributed in six hiouseholds. for 7.11 per cent of the village commu­ Thev belong to the Singal, Bansal. and nity. Their gotras resemble those of Jindal .qatras. Their traditional pro~ the Sikh Jats. Mazhbi Sikhs in this vil­ fession is shop-keepin~ and trade but two lage belong to the Sahota, Kharo,.Sandhu, households are peasant proorietors. All Gill and Lohat gotras. In their out­ households exceot one, which has recent­ ward appearance they resemble the Ram­ Iv embr8.ced J~inism, are Hindus by reli­ dasias. ~ion. Being in pos!qession hf commer­ Nine h0useholds subsist on casual or cial acumen and endowed with inherent attached agriculturaJ labour, one on ~hrewdness, thoue-h in minority, they sheep.rearing and dairying and one on have managed to get a respectable status 7

ior themselves in the village commu­ household belonging to the Karbe gotra; nity. consists of nine members. It has im­ Jhiwar.-There are four households migrated into the village from District of Mehras or Jhi'ipars with a strength of Bhatinda. The household owns and 53 persons belonging to 'the Toor gotTa. cultivates land and supplements its Two of the households own but only one income from tailoring. The household cultivates land,_ two depend on agricul­ professes Sikhism and enjoys a fairly tural labour ~nd one is engaged in bas­ high social status. ket-making. All households but ,one N ai, Sunar, Bazigar and Sctdhu.­ which cultivates land, act as menials at There is one N ai household of the Panju various social ceremonies. gotra following the traditional occu­ They are Sikhs by religion but spe­ pation of a barber. In addition, the cially worship Kha,waja, the water god. barber is an important functionary on They also worship other Hindu gods and the occasion of birth, wedding and death goddesses. The' household engaging in and is rewarded as other menials. There­ cultivation gets the same treatment as is one household of a goldsmith belong­ other Sikh Jat cultivators but the remain­ ing to the Mitu gotra of the Sunar ing households are treated as menials Caste. The household possesses no land though all castes accept eatables from and is entirely dependent on goldsmithy. them, There are two households of Bazigars Brahman.-There are four Brah­ belonging to the Bachane and the Sidhu man households with a totaf of thirty gotras. Neither of the households owns' persons. All of thell11) belong to the land. One is living on agricultural labour Ranchan sub-gotra of the Vashistha gotra. and the other on manual labour and ex­ Three out of four households owning land hibition of acrobatic feats. Bazigars are are engaged in cultivation. The fourth Hindus by religion but in the caste heirw household depends upon priesthood. They archy thei~ position lies just above those are Hindus having a devout faith in the of the scheduled castes. There is one gods of the Hindu pantheon. They are Sadhu, a Sikh priest of the Udasi se~t. regarded as the highest caste in the He cla.ims respect but is not an integral village. part of the village community. MusHm.-There are six Muslim Khatri and Arora.-There is one households, three of which belong to household of Khatris of the Sachdeva Mirasis, one to a Kumhar, one to a gotra and one of Aroras of the Bajaj Julaha and one to a TeU. In all there gotra in the village and their total are thirty Muslims including seventeen number is eleven. The Arora household males and thirteen females constituting has immigrated from West Pakistan and about three per cent of the total popula­ the Khatri household from Ferozepur. tion. \ They -are sub-divided into gotras. Both these households deal in grocery Mirasis belong to the Posla; Julaha and general merchandise. The Arora to the Man; Kumhm' to the Bagre; and household speaks Punjabi as spoken in Teli to the , Mangcwal gotra. West Pakistan and uses Urdu script for These Muslim households did not writing. They are Hindus and com· emigrate from the village in the wake mand good respect in the village com­ of the partition. N one of them possesses munity. 1and. One Mirasi is engaged in agricul­ Chhimba.-The solitary Chhimba tural labour, one acts as a barber and 8 others follow the traditional occupation eight persons. It emerges that on the ,of M irasis (Muslim menials). The K um­ average at least three persons share one har household is epgaged in pottery, the ,room not only among themselves but JuLaha in weaving. The Teli, the tradi­ also with livestock, if any, and the pic­ tional oil-crusher, engages in unskilled tUre becomes all the more depressing labour' and supplements_ his income as a when it is realised that besides inmates milkman. household goods, grains and fodder are They belong to the Sunni sect. They also to be stored in the same space. are treated on the same social plane a~ All the houses have been built close the scheduled castes (TABLE 3). to one another and are lined on either HOUSETYPE "side of the narrow crooked and dirty In Kunran there are in all 164 resi;;. larH~s with shallow gutters in the centre dential occupied houses of which only six~ or al'opg one side. There is no set pattern teen are double-storeyed. About fourteen or destgn of houses which are construct­ per cent of the households own houses ed with the two-fold purpose of provid­ having pucca walls built of burnt bricks, ing shelter to men and animals and safe forty-three per cent own houses having storing space for agricultur~l produce kachcha-pu~ca walls, the houses of forty,; and household goods. In fact" the design one per cent have walls of clods or sun­ and structure of a house can vary accord­ dried bricks and the remaining tWlO per ing to the land area available for putting cent households own houses having reed up a dwelling. But still there are some walls, Houses of eleven per cent of the common features in houses of different popUlation have pucca roofs, of twenty­ types and sizes found in the village. -The eight per cent have partly pucca roofs, cross sections of a house belonging each of fifty-nine per cent have kachcha to a Mazhbi Sikh and a Bania and of two roofs and of the remaining two per houses owned by Sikh J ats have been cent have thatched roofs. (TABLES given separately. The first house is 4 and 5). The accommodation owned by Mal· Singh, a Mazhbi Sikh. available for at least seventy-five Its plinth is H' high and the height to the per cent of the households can by roof is 10'. The floorings are kachcha. no means be regarded as adequate. At The walls are made of kachcha bricks least forty-two per cent of the households except those of the bed.,room which are live in houses having only one room each of burnt bricks laid in mud.- The roof which is shared on an average by five is flat supported on wooden beams ·on males and females, young and old. One­ which are arranged rafters, sarkanda­ third of the households live in houses sheet and earth, respectively. The having two rooms each which are occu­ second house belongs to Raja Ram, a pied on an average by six inmates. Bania. The plinth is only i' high but the Eighteen per cent of the households live height to the roof is 12'. The fioor1ings are in houses consisting of three rooms each ka;chcha. The walls are made of kachcha occupied on an average by seven persons. bricks except those of the room used as Five per cent of the households reside in a shop which are of burnt bricks laid in houses comprising four rooms each shar­ mud but plaster:ed with cement from ed on an average by seven family mem­ outside. The roofs are flat. The roof bers. Only two per cent households live of the shop is made of wooden beams, in houses having' five or more rooms each rafters, sarkanda-sheet and earth while which are inhabited on an average by the roof of the other rooms consists' of I. HOUSE' OF A MAZHABI SIKH

I II 12 1, r 6, 7 ,1 1 l

FRONT ELEVATION ~ k-- e:---:. ,I tHO ROOM OPEN , I 12)(9

..--1 _...-- _J::::;:::::::t

STORE, , I KIiCHEN OPEN , 4X4 I . 6X6 \(11 CH'E. N 1=:1 U 31..5 I ~ ~ - t .x,\ -_.- ')_ S I i 1 - I, 1 cOUR.T YA RD c; r= i CATTLE SHE{i) ... , MANGE~ , , I 3X6 . ".,-...... _.... . 6.X £ , - . - .. -_ ~ , . - ' &~ • - +6-X-4-~' - PLAN 2 . HOUSE OF A BANIA

" '" "

l , , t I 2·6 6' 1 1. I...!. 2 ·FRONT ELEVATION

STORE COURT YARD 8 xa'

---.. ,..- ..----r ",-;--;

"&E D ROOM a'X 8' ." ROOM .____, _r-- ._ • I r---I 17 X 12

SHOP ~- a x a' K ITCHE N . I t u

f"'LAN 3. HOUSE .O·F A' SIKH JAT

I .., II 2-6 I~ §3' O . §3 r " EEl

I ...... --r--,: t 18 8' j, SJ.. 2 FRONT ELEVATION

STO RE 3ixs' ~'X5-L , ~WJ OPEN SPACE 8' \W IDE OPEN KITCHEN U ~ - ,...... ~4'X7'" BED ROOM ROOM Is'xa' 16'X8' , , 7X4

IH.ITHAK OVER CHABARA 32' X S'

, ~ 'I ... 8 X S-6-t

PLAN 4 . H 0 USE 0 F A 'S I K H J A T

STO~E. 2 S'X 0'

STORE 25XS'

BED ROOM 2S'X 8' r--___,I.: =- ----_ -:. I~ __.....

BED ROOM 25XB _6'_

----"-, -=- :. -=-:. : [~--.... BED ROOM , 25 X8

.....-___,1_:- _-_-_-_ -: I.__ __-,

BED ROOM 2~ X S' FRONT ELEVATION

____&...1-:. -:.. ~ =::. :1--f __....

.dAIT HA K OV ERe HA BARA , 25 X 8

COUAT YARD

PLAN 9

unhewn logs of wood, fat branches sar­ goods. A kitchen is provided in one -cor­ kanda-reeds and earth laid one upo~ the ner of the courtyard in front of the other. The third house1belongs to Such a' kothri. In case the daZan of the house Singh, a Sikh J at. It is a double-storey­ ~s utilised so~ely for sitting and sleeping, ed house and is stated to be forty years It has a set lmmediately attached to it old. Its pLinth is H' high and the height of two or ~'three rooms, promiscuously of .the ro~f is 12'. The floorings of the used as the store-room, sleeping-room or ba1.thak and the adjoining two rooms are even as a cattle-shed. In such houses. pucca and those of the store-room and' the courtyard is in the rear having a the chaubara are kachcha. The walls cattle-shed made of roachcha bricks. are made of old style small pucca There is a third category of houses which bricks laid in slacked lime. The roofs do not provide any hall in front but the rest on wooden beams over which raft­ entrance gate opens directly into the en­ ers, brick and earth have been arranged closure in front of a set of rooms. one above the other. The fourth house is owned by Bir Singh, a Sikh Jat far­ The artisans! craftsmen and shop­ mer. It is a double-storeyed structure. keepers utilise the front rooms of their The plinth is 3!' high and the height houses as workshop or shop. to the roof is 12'. Its fiooliings are'kachcha. Houses owned by Muslims and the All the walls are made of pucca bricks scheduled castes are two or three-room­ laid in mud but its facade has been plas­ ed kachcha structures, with a small tered from outside with cement. The courtyard in front, used indiscriminately roofs consist of rafters, wooden beams, for all purposes. Three of them live in sarkanda-sheets and earth, respectively. reed-huts. About forty per cent of the houses The residents have no preference of farmers provide an arched door in for any direction which their main liv­ the facade of the building through which ing-rooms or the front of their houses access is gained by family members and must face. The plinth is raised two feet camels laden with fodder to a hall local­ above the ground level. Floors are ly known as the dalan or the darwaza generally kachcha and are periodi­ which is mostly used as a cattle-shed cally given a coat of a mixture of but is also used by some households as a cow-dung and mud. Men's sit~ing apart­ sitting and sleeping place. It is common ments have pucca floors in eight houses to see cattle feeding at mangers provid­ only. In old constructions height to the ed on one side and inmates sleeping in roof used to be twelve feet but now it has the other corner. Where the dalan is been reduced to ten. Generally, the used mainly as a cattle-shed, and the roofs are made of beams and Tafters of space adjoining it is used as a courtyard beri or kikar or shisham or farash with which is enclosed by the dalan in front an over-all covering of sarkanda-reeds and two or three living rooms locally .and earth. Ip_ new constructions, how­ known as subaat and kothris at the back. ever, sarkanda-rreeds are substituted Subaat is really the dwelling place. The either by sirki, a sheet knitted with the courtyard is used as a sitting place or tops of the sarkanda sticks, or burnt for tetherling cattle and kothris are the bricks. The beams and rafters in about godowns for storing foodgrains and twenty houses have also been other agricultural produce, implements, cOVrered with thin fiat pieces of vessels, fodder, fuel and other household wood known as phattis, sarkanda-reeds 10 and earth. Only in one house the' roof be ,found tn some houses. Bharolis or rests on a lintel and in another wood pipas, . small rectangular receptacles, batons are covered with bricks and earth. having one or two openings on the top, In old construction~ unhewn logs of tim­ made of mud mixed with wheat-straw ber and branches of trees have been used (toori) and plastered with a liquid of instead of beams and- rafters in construc­ cow-dung and grey-earth (pandu) are ing roofs. These are mostly found in important silo-structures used for stor- cattle-sheds. Windows and ventilators ing flour. . baving iron bars are a feature of the new In winter, cattle are tethered inside houses only. In old. houses a big hole in the dalan or the specially built cattle- the roof known as the ,mogha serves as a , shed at night and in the courtyard during sky-light. These improvised venijlators Cth~ day. D~ing summer they occupy are covered with earthen pitchers turned the 'courtyard' at night and spend the day upside down to keep off rain and dust under the cool shade of tl'lees. storms. In some houses square holes Usually the services of one mason prov:ided in-the .front walls above the en­ and four labourers are eng9.ged for con­ trance gate ,serve as ventilators. structing' a house. The masons and car­ There are no regular bath-rooms or penters are locally available and they lavatories provided in the houses. Men charge four rupees in addition to meals bathe ,either at the village well or at the as their daily wages. Villagers and rela­ hand-pumps installed lin the courtyards. tives from outside the village offer free, Women bathe either under the cover of mutual help and unskilled labour for a cot or behind closed doors when the two or three days by turn. Good meals men are out., All persons, young and afle served to the persons rendering such old, go out into the fields to answer the assistance. call of nature, generally, near -the canal Walls of kachcha hOU$es are plaster­ ~tinor behind sandy hillocks where they ed once a year in the month of June or get both privacy and water. July' when days are longer and Rabi har­ Burnt bricks are available at the vesting is over. The walls of the houses brick-kilns in villages Badwar and Baha­ ar:e given a coat of a mixture of mud durpur each two miles away. Mud clods and dung from. outside and of dilute used to erect enclosures are obtained mixture of dung and grey-earth from !in~ from the village pond when it is dry, side. Floors are given a thin plastering Kachcha bricks are moulded by paid of dung and mud usually once a fort­ labourers and dried in the sun. Kachcha night. In most of the pucca houses the , bricks ar:e prepared in the month of Phal­ walls are not white-washed, in others the gun when the ponds are half-dried ex.. walls 'are washed only after an interval posing the silt and the season is slack of three or four years. before the harvesting of Rabi crop. Four Hurricane lanterns and kerosene old buildings are built of small bricks lamps provide light. In summer lights ( chhoti it) and lime. The local Kumhars are on from 7.30 p.m. to 9 p.m. and in used to mould these bricks and bake winter these can be seen between 6 pm. them itt fir'e by burning rub bish and and 10 p.m. and between 5 a.m. and dung-cakes. 6 a.m. Though grains are now stored in Building Customs.-Gur, grain and sacks yet bukharis, small compartments some coins are plaoed under the founda­ partitioned' with thin mud walls, can still tion-stone and sarson oil is poured on the 11

bricks. Some hymns are recited and in the western style. Hindu males. substi- blessings of the Gurus and the gods are . tute dhoti, a 2! or five yards'long and H­ invoked for successful completion of the . to H yards wide piece of coarse cloth, or house on the one hand and for its proving pyjama for the Chadra' and usually wear durable and auspicious for the' family a white turban. The Muslim males make members on the other. Gur is distribut­ do with pyjama or underwears or white ed among the. persons pI'1esent at the cotton waistcloth of coarse material and foundation-stone laying ceremony. white turban. The rest of their dress is Building Costs:-A Sikh J at recent­ similar to that of the persons of other ly spent Rs. 1~750 on constructing a castes. During winter all castes wrap double-storeyed pucca house on an area themselves in khes, a cotton plaid, of 50'><15'. He spent three hundred bhoora, an inferior blanket or chadar, a rupees on timber, one thousand rupees sheet 6f thick cotton cloth stitched dou­ on forty thousand bricks, three hundred ble or single. Woollen jackets are put rupees for defraying construction charges on to ward off the cold.~ and one hundred and fifty rupees on Women-folk wear chuni, a scraf tOf cement and iron. He got unskilled la­ muslin, kurti, a shirt and garara, trousers. bour free. A kachcha house with the Hardly half of them wear bodices. Wo­ same dimensions costs about Rs. 650: men of all castes wear similar dress. besides unskilled labour which is free Women of comparatively well-tn-clo an expenditure of three hundred rupees families have their dresses tailored of fine on timber, two hundred rupees on kach­ stuff while other:s use coarse material. cha bricks and one hundred and fifty Their preference appears to be' for dark rupees for paying the masons' and arti­ shades. Women do not use underwears. sans' bills is incurrpn. In winter they wrap their bodies with a DRESS sheet of thick cotton cloth or Phulkari, The dress of a Sikh male consists a coloured cotton sheet embroidered with of a long shirt with or without collars silken threads, or inferior blankets or with half or full sleeves,· a saafa ( tur­ shawls. Married women of all castes ban), which is often coloured and Chadra, wear qhagra) a loose flowing skirt, when a 2! yards long and about Ii yards wide they have to go out of the village gate. coloured waistcloth. Almost every male But this practice is being slowly given wears a· vest and an underwear. Gene­ up. Generally newly married women rally half of the cloth required for mak­ wear silken dress while the clothes of all ing dress is factory-made and is purchas­ others are made of cotton cloth. ed from cloth merchants of Sangrur and Women-folk. generally spare two Barnala and the rema,ining half is got pairs of dress for use at weddings and woven by the village weaver from home­ other festive occasions or while visiting spun cotton yarn. The weaver charge~ the market or relatives. They are of. two or three rupees for weaving a piece better stuff though not better ta.ilored length of ten yards. About one-fourth than the ordinary wear. The trend of the agricultural population wears towards mill-made cloth in preference to pyjama in winter and while harvesting indigenous home-spun material is fa.irly the Rabi crops. One Sikh J at male adult marked. being an AkaH always wears'a blue shirt, a blue turban and white drawers and an- Both males and females put on coun­ other male Sikh J at who is a retired try-shoes and pump-shoes made by the Deputy Collector (Irrigation) dresses up local shoe-maker. Factory-made shoes 12

are used rarely and sparingly. Generally, buttons) on the shirt. Kantha, tavit and villagers do not like to move about with­ Zanjiri are all made of gold and used on out shoes. Only ten per cent of adults social and festive occasions. Hindu males and twenty per cent of children walk do not use any ornaments, except finger- about bare-footed. . rings. They have stopped wear~ng nat­ ORNAMENTS tian (ear-rings). Both males _and females adorn their persons with different k,inds of Women,of all castes wear gold saggi jewellery usually made of gold. Out and a pair of phulls and silver' clips of" 150 households in the village, 96 (suian) on the head, and silver patrian ( 64 per cent) have been reported to wear and GuLshan patti an round their ankles, o:r:naments. 91 per cent of Sikh Jat and' Females of all castes except Banias, wear _100 per cent o:f Bania households possess Sing taviti, tavit and guLuband, neck- . and wear ornaments, whereas only 57 'lace round th~ir necks, pipaL pattian and per cent of Tarkhan, 22 per cent of Ram­ kokaroo in the ears, and zanjiri (chain­ dasia, and 17 per cent of Mazhbi Sikh ed buttons) on the shirt. The Bania households wear ornaments. The Khatri, women use ,kanthi, a necklace, in the the Sadhu, the Julaha, the Sunar, the neck, and kantg or baLian in the ears. Kumhar, and· the Miras.i households They also wear gold wangan (bangles) don't wear ornaments. Ornaments are on their wrists. Women of all castes ex­ wo"rn by both the sexes in 45 households, cept Muslims wear- no~e-pin (teeli of , by males only in 6 households and by fe­ koka) in the nose, and finger·r,ings on males only in 45 households (TA~LE 6). the fingers. SagQi and phuLL are worn Some males of all castes except only by married girls. Sketches of these Banias and Muslims always wear golden ornaments have been given separately. mundran or nattian in the ears. They A list of ornaments, the part of the also wear Kantha and tavit, necklaces body adorned, metal used and approxi­ round the neck and use Zanjiri (chained mate weight is given below :- I Part of the I Approximate Ornament body I Metal used weight adorried I r Saggi Head Gold and · 9 Mashas gold and 1 silver 4 Tolas silver r Fhull (2) Head Gold and 6 M ash as gold and ;:: silver :3 TO/as silver (1) I I s 1 SUian (2) Clips Head Silver I 11 Tolas °1 Kanthi Neck Gold 2 Tolas ~ I >. , Sing-taviti Neck Gold' 9 Mashas, ..01 Guluband Neck Gold 1 Tolas s:: ' Tavit Neck Gold 8 Rattis .... --{ 0, Teeli or Koka Nose Gold 6 Rattis ~ , I Pjpal Pattian (2) Ears Gold Ii Tolas .... Kokaroo (2). Ears Gold 3 Maslzas d'" <1J Balian (2) Ears Gold 9 Mashas S I Ears Tolas cd I Kante (2) Gold g ;::.... Wangan (2) Wrists Gold 2 Tolas 0 I Chhap Finger I Gold or silver 3 Mashas PatriG1z An'les 1 Silver 30 Tolas L GuTshan Pattian Ankles j . Silver 30 Tolas ORNAMENTS

2

1. KANTHI 2. SING TAVJTJ ORNAMENTS

1

I

3

t ~ 5 6

1. GULUBAND 4.' TAVITI (USED BY MALES ONLY) 2. KANTHA (USED BY MALES ONLY) 5. TEELI 3. ZANJIRI( USED BY MALES AS 6. KOKA WELL AS FEMALES) ORNAMENTS

1

1. GULSHAN PATTI 2. PATRIAN 3. SURMEDANI ORNAMENTS

2

5 4

6

1. PIPAL PATTIAN 4. KANTE 2. BALIAN 5. KOKAROO 3. MUNDRAN (USED BY MALES ONLY) 6. FINGER RI NG 13

Part of the, Ornaments body Metal used Approximate adorned weight ------~------I------I------I-~------

.DrH Mundrall (2) Ears Gold 3 Mashas ::: I ~ I Nattiall (2) , Ears Gold 2 Maslzas . o~ $ I en \ I Kalltha Gold It To/as

Tariti Ge-ld 6 Rattis oIl ------~~------Both men and. womell wear golden kerosene stove, 54 maintain bicycles, 10 Zanjiri weighing about 'U tolas in the possess radio-sets or gramophones, 20 shirt. have watches or ~ime-pieces, 16 have sewing machines and 9 use indpendent HOUSEHOLD GOODS pens (TABLE 7). Of these, 2 households Except for a wall-calendar or acquired hurricane lanterns, one pur­ photographs of some sa.ints here and chased a petromax, 10 have bought tor­ there or some items of 'embroidery ches, 38 have purchased bicycles, 11 have hung on the walls, the interiors of gone in for watches, 15· have acquired houses contain mostly utilitarian goods. sewing machines, one has purchased a Sometimes the native creative urge radio-set and 6 have acquired indepen­ among women expresses itself through dent pens during the last five years different shapes and designs that they (Table 8). The kerosene stove which engrave or impose on different earthen is considered to be quite economical and structures ]ike storage bowls or utensil­ is very popular in the towns and even stands that they erect. Clothes are kept among the lower strata of urban society, in tall wooden boxes locally known as has not found its way into the village. sandook. Grains are stocked in sacks Only one household has acquired a kero­ but flour is kept in bowls and bharolas sene stove during the last five years. which are large receptacles often rectan­ gular in shape, made of mud and coated As for articles of furniture, villagers with a thick solution of grey earth. Water are g~ided by their utilitarian needs is stored mostly in earthen pitchers and rather than by any social prestige that in some cases in pitcher-shaped metallic may attach to possession of any decora­ pots. Hand-mill for grindin~ flour, tive furniture. They prefer cheap and jharna, the sieve, belna the cotton roller: durable furniture to that which is showy ukhU, the stone mortar, ukhal, the and expensive. Every household posses­ wooden pestle, a reel, an iron-pan, an ses khatias, cots, which are rectangular axe for splitting wood and a lamp are wooden frames woven across with munj, found in every house. An iron-pan, fire­ strings of finer reed-fibre, 85 households tongs, bll)w-oioe and other accessories own bed-steads, but the bed-stead in a lie jin every kitchen. As for other con­ village is generally not the same article sumer goods., out of 150 households: as is owned by sections of the urban 87 possess hurricane lanterns, 3 own population. Only one household has a patromaxes, 18 use torches, one has a sofa. Twenty-four households own 14 chairs, one household has a' reed­ During wtinter, green leaves of mustard chair. Generally men and women sit on, mixed with those pf gram are cooked four legged, one~square·foot wooden frequently to make a vegetable prepara­ structures known as pihris woven across tion known as saag; Khichri, a hotch­ with cotton strings. Ten households potch af millets, moth and moong is also possess tables, and 54 have looking glas­ cooked for a change. Curds, butter-milk ses. Three households own stools and and pickles are taken at breakfast. But­ four households use jal-chowkis (TABLE ter is added to saag to make it deliCious. 9). 'None af these articles of furniture The clean-castes owning milch cattle has been acquired by any household dur".·, mostly use g hee extracted out of cottage ing the last five years. This shows that cheese or butter. Vegetable o~ls are villagers do not easily adopt new patterns 'u~ed by Harijans and others who cannot and designs of furniture, and also that afford pure ghee. Eighty-seven per cent they do not have extra money to spend of the families eat non-vegetarian food on items of furniture which do not strict. and usually take meat once a month or Iy sub-serve their utilitarian, profes­ once in two months. The following table sional and social needs. ' shows the 'number of households, caste­ FOOD AND DRINKS wise which take vegetarian and non­ vegetarian food :- Wheat is the .staple food of the residents which they consume for I • NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS TAKING eight' months in the year from Chet Caste I Vegetarian Non.vegetarian to Kartik; during the f remaining four food food months maize and millets, especial­ Jot Sikh 4 72 ly the former, are commonly taken. Ninety-one per cent of the households Mazhbi Sikh 2 10 have stated that wheat is their staple Tarkhan 2 5 food. The remaining nine per cent con­ Jlzjwar 4 sume wheat and maize in equal quantity Chhimba throughout the year (TABLE 10). Chavatis made of gram-flour mjxed Nal 1 with wheat~flour constitute the breakfast Brahman 3 of those who have to work hard on land. Kliatri Rice is not consumed except on fest.ive occasions.. Villagers consume alike Bania 3 3 vegetables and .pulses. Pulses of Arora moonai, moth, mash. masar and Q'ram Sunar are Q'rown in the villae:e itself and con· Ramdasia ,5 22 sumed in large quantities. Non-agricul· turists purchase these from the market Bazigar 2 at Sangrur. Vegetables grown in the Sadhll village include carrots, turnips. raddish, Muslim Ill/aha potatoes, brinials, pumpkins., ahia, karela Muslim Teli 1 tinda, lady-finger and kali-tori. Gar:­ lie, onion, ,coriander. cabbae:e, cauli­ Muslim Kumhar flowers. tomatoes. and peas are bouP'ht Muslim Mirasi 3 from the Q'reen-Q'rocer~ who freauently Total 19 131 visit the village on bicycles from Sangrur. 15

Only 4 households of Sikh J ats out let~flour, curds, butter-milk and butter of 76, 2 of Mazbhi Sikhs out of 12, 2 of and some saag or pulse.' The left-over Tarkhans out of 7, 3 of Brahmans out of . food is taken with tea)n the afternoon 4, 3 of Banias out of 6 and 5 of Ramdasias between 2 and 3, p.m. Dinner consisting out of 27 consume vegetarian diet. Thus of chapatis and a pulse or vegetable is there is no caste in the village which does taken at about 7-30 p.m. Milk is the last not practise non~vegetarianism. item consumed before retiring in sum­ mer as well as in winter by those who Meat is generally purchased from can afford it. Karah, a preparation of the Qutcher's shop at Sangrur. Villagers flour fried in g hee and treated with a prefer goat and pig meat and chicken to thick syrup of sugar or brown-sugar, other types of meat. Quails and partrid~ kheer, rice cooked ~n milk with sugar ges are bagged locally and cooked to added, sweet rice and vermicelli are prepare a meat dish. Eighteen house-' the favourite sweet I dishes prepared on holds rear fowls. Eggs are consumed festive occasions. It has been noted that at home and the surplus quantity is sold households owning milch cattle prepare to vendors. Jaggery produced at the kh'eer thrice or four times a month and household farms .is largely used in sweet~ more frequently lin the month of Shra­ ening milk, tea and dishes. Sugar and wan. Khandsari are purchased for use in meals prepared to entertain guests and rela­ tives. Pickles of mango, lemon, galgal, Utensils used in the kitchen for chillies, ginger' and aanrwLa are also pre­ . cooking and other purposes include patila, pared. They are mostly consumed in patili, and degchi, brass kettles used for summer. Tea ~s taken at least twice a cooking; praat, a, brass basin for kneading day. Milk is taken at night. Male adults flour; karchhi, a brass ladle for stirring engaged in hard labour take four meals and serving vegetables; ,gUas, a brass in summer and three in winter. Others tumbler for drinking water, tea, milk; take three meals in summer and two in gadwi, a brass pot for serving tea or wa­ winter. In summer tea is taken at 6 a.m. ter; thaaLi, a brass or bell-metal plate for Breakfast, consis~ing of chapatis· of eating food; thaal, a brass platter for wheat-flour or wheat-flour mixed with eating food; kaulian, small deep plates gram-flour, sauce or pickles or onion, of brass for eat,ing vegetables or salt, chillies, curds and butter-milk is pulses; jug, a brass pot with spout taken at about 8 a.m. Lunch taken at for serving tea, water, etc., dolu, noon consists of chapatis of wheat-flour a brass container for carrying tea or besmeared with butter and taken wjth butter-milk; toomba, a brass pot for serv­ a pulse ·or vegetable and butter-milk. ing tea or milk or butter-milk; dabba, a Agricultural sections of the population brass container for taking food to the take their lunch and breakfast mostly fields; valtohi or gagctr, a brass pitcher in the fields. At about 3 p.m., the re­ for storing water; baZti, a brass or iron maining portion of the lunch is' munched bucket for carrying wate'r; katora, a with tea; d1inner is at 7 p.m., with the large mouthed bell-metal cup for eating same menu as for lunch. In winter, vegetables; chhanna, a bell-metal con­ morning t~a is taken at about 7 a.m., tainer -for taking milk or butter-milk; and followed at 10 a.m., by a major meal karah1., a large cup-shaped frying pan of consisting of chapatis of maize or mil~ brass or iron. 16

BELIEFS AND PRACTICES CONNECTED WITH BIRTH, MARRIAGE AND DEATH witJ:1out touching grains or ~ smo,ulder­ ing cow'-dung cake. An iron chain is tied Birth ceremonies among Hindus and SikhS' round the mother's cot and at its head A woman is believed to have be­ water, fire and grains are placed as these come pregnant when the menstrual dis­ are believed to counteract the influence charge from her womb stops. In case of the evil eye and malignant spirits. A pr;egnancy occurs in the bright half of smouldering cow-dung cake or fire in the month the birth of a son is predict­ some other form is placed near the en­ ed whereas a female birth is associated trance door also to provide what-is known with conception taking place in the d~rk as agni-kaa-pehra. An amulet (taviz) is half of the month. For a month or two ~ied round the infant's neck after 40'days prececUng confinement the expectant' to keep off the evil spirits and eyes and mother is put on a nutritive diet includ­ ~ taragi, a belt of grains or small shells ing an increased quantity of milk and 3tringed in the thread, is tied round its ghee. She attends ohly to light work and vVaist. , avoids taking cl\illies, gur, condiments, The period of pollu~ion lasts 13 food fried in sarson oil etc. to prevent days. On the thirteenth day the chaunke­ pre-mature delivery. For the first deli­ charhna ceremony, that is the purifica­ very the woman usually goes to her pa­ tion ritual, is performed after which the rents. An untrained dai, a Muslim mother can enter the kitchen without widow, attends at the delivery. She cuts defiling it. The place ~s sprinkled with the umb/ilical cord with a pair of scissors mixture of gangajal, the water of the and buries it along with the placenta. Ganges, cow-dung, cow-urine and milk. Then she washes the infant and The floor of the house is plastered with bathes the mother. If it is a male chiW dung' and mud. Utensils are washed and the dai is given five rupees, clothes, sprinkled with gangajal. The mother grains and a pair of balls of jaggery. At and the new soul are attired in new dress. the ~irth of a girl she gets only grains D~scarded dress is made over to the mid­ and a few rupees. Two closest female wife. Karah is distributed among friends. relations of the woman attend on her When a son is born panjiri made of at the time of accouchement. They give wheat-flour, sugar, desi ghee and dry her a bath, boiling water to drink, change fruits is given to the mother and is also her clothes and fetch things needed by distributed among the brotherhood. her. Honey diluted with water or goat's Among Hindus tonsure ceremony ,is per­ milk is applied to the infant's tongue formed in the third or the fifth year immediately after it has been bathed. It either at home or in the temple. is believed that the infant ,acquires the For two days following delivery the habits of person 'applying the gurti of mother is fed on ~ thick syrup of sugar, honey. The entrance door ?f t~e ho~se ghee and ajwain taken with milk. For is decorated by the Chuhra s wIfe WIth the next 20 days she takes hotch-potch twigs and leaves of the neem tree and of r~ce and pulse of maang richly treated she is given one rupee and some gur. with ghee and a dish of halva, for the Women coming to greet the new soul are succeeding ten days she takes a light regaled with gur. diet of wheat chapatis and some vegeta­ The mother and the infant are guar­ ble or pulse, thereafter for a month she ded against ev)l influences. No outsider takes panj.iri, a mixture of flour roasted can enter the room where they are lying in ghee and sugar and various dry fruits 17 in order to recoup her health: The infant She is made to wear new clothes, and the is fed on goat's milk for . the first two utensils are washed and scoured. Sweet days and on the third 'day it is made t<;> vermicelli, sweet boiled rice and sweet suck its mother's milk. A child continues chapatis are distributed among the bro­ sucking milk from his mother's breast therhood. The baby is kept, indoors for for about a year and a half. Milk of buf­ forty days. The women who come to see falo or c,ow is given to the infant only the baby give him a rupee and get jag­ after it is at least six months old. A diet gery in return. After forty days the of chapa tis and, pulses in small quantities' mother's parents and other relatives call is given to the child after he has become on the child and present him money~ one year old and regular diet begins after clothes and toys. The first confinement he has attained the age of two years. usually takes place at the mother's paternal house. The father of the baby The methods of manipulating deli­ sends panjiri made of wheat-flour, ghee, very and system of diet given to the in­ gum, dry fruits and sugar to the mother fant and its mother are not at all scienti­ of the baby. The Muslim priest prepares fic. There is very limited awareness of a silver amulet for the child which is measures of maternity and child welfare. worn round his neck. The glass-beads During the last about five years only threaded in taragi, a black lace, are tied four Sikh Jats, one Tarkhan and one round hiSi waist. Within forty days the Bania have availed of maternity service infant's head is shaved at home by the in the hospital at Sangrur. Nai who is paid one rupee and four Birth customs ·among Muslims annas. As among Hindus, leaves and Circumcision is performed by the branches of neem tree are hUng on Nai from Malerkotla when the boy is ten the entrance door of the house imme­ to twelve years old. The Nai gets :five diately after the delivery has taken rupees as his fee. At least one maund of place. The dai severs the naval string j aggery is ilistributed among the brother­ with a pair of scissors and. buries it hood. Except for circumcision which is in the ground. She gives bath to the essen tially a Muslim ceremony other cere­ baby and to the mother, and gets a monies observed by the Muslims more fee of five rupees, a suit of clothes or less correspond with those observed and jaggery in case of male birth and by the Hindus. only some grains if a female issue is born. Marriage Customs Janam-ghutti, an indtg.enous herbal pre­ Among Hindus, especially Banias, paration is given to the infant. An iron boys are married at the age of 20 article, usually an iron chain, is tied to and girls at the age of 17 years, among the mother's bed and at its head are kept Sikhs and Muslims the age of mar­ a smouldering dung-cake, a pot full of riage for boys and girls varies from water and some grains to ward off the 16 to 18 and 14 to 16 years, respec­ evil influence. For seven days, the tively. Marriage in the (lotra of the, mother is fed on karah and milk, after­ father or the mother is prohibited. The wards she resumes her' usual diet. The villages adjoining Kunran are treated as mother remains impure for seven days exogamous units for marriage, the en­ after delivery. On the ,seventh day, the dogamous area is mostlv restricted to the mother is given a bath with whey and District~ of Sangrur. Bhatinda. PAHala she is allowed to walk outside the house. and Ludhiana. It has been observed that 18 a boy can carry the daughter of the After the betrothal, an auspicious brother of the husband of his father's date for the wedding is fixed by the Brah­ sister and a grandmother can arrange man priest of the bride's family. marriage between her grandson and the" cousin of her brother's ,grandson. Mar­ Marriage Ceremonies.-7, 13, 21 or riage with brother's wife's sister is quite 40 days be~ore the day fixed for solemniz­ common. The practice of marriage by ing marriage, a formal marriage invita~ payment is prevalent among all castes. tion card sprinkled with saffron water Monogamy is the general rule. Polygamy and tied with khamini (multicoloured exists at present only in'two households, thread) is written at the bride's house one of a Brahman and the other of a Sikh. and sent to the parents of the bridegroom J at. In either case the second wife . was through the N ai. The father of th~ , bridegroom ,presents a rupee and a cloth taken because t~e first proved barren. Levirate and sororate marriages are al­ 'as fee to the N ai. lowed among all castes except 'Bania, Batna Ceremony.-For seven days Brahman and Khatri. At such a marri­ preceding the day of marriage, the body age the widow's father ties a turban on of the bridegroom is rubbed over and the head of her deceased husband's bro­ washed off by the Nai, the' sisters and ther in the presence of the community, s,ister-in-Iaw with a paste (batna) of and the wife of the barber dresses the ,flour, turmeric, scented powder and oil. hair of the widow. Adultery and other. Similarly, the bride receives five batnas types of extra marital relations are con­ at her parents' house. During this cere­ demned by the community but these are money the women sing songs. Soaked not entirely absent in this village. grains of wheat and bajra mixed with ra w sugar are offered to everybody pre­ Marriage Customs among Hindus sent on the ceremony. Kangna Ceremony.-On the day of Betrotha~ Ceremony.-Betrothal cere­ mony generally takes place on Wed­ first batna, a kangna or cotton thread nesday. The boy is seated on a low­ with seven knots is tied round the right stool, covered with a cushion and he faces wris t and a ponchi (a woollen thread tied the Pole Star. In the p-resence of the on a betel nut) and an iron-ring are plac-' brotherhood and other elderly persons ed round the left ankles of the bridegroom of the village, the father of the girl deli­ and the bride by the Brahman priests in vers to the boy a rupee, places a mark on their respective houses. his forehead with turmeric liquid mixed Shant' Ceremony.-One day before with rice grains and'puts a piece of sweet­ the marriage, the Shant Ceremony is meat in his mouth. He puts eight pieces performed, the nine grahas are worship­ of laddoos and a sum of Rs. 21 or a gold, ped by the bridegroom's maternal uncle coin in the scarf of the boy. He offers to avert' any inauspicious occurrence dur­ about one maund of fruit and 21 seers ing the marriage. of laddoo sweetmeats to the father of the boy. Friends and relatives offer two Chak Puja.-After this ceremony Rupees each fo the boy. The father of ,the women assemble at bridegroom's the boy distributes shakkar (raw-sugar), house and go to the house of the potter among> the persons attending the betro­ where they worship the potter's wheel thal ceremony. (chak) and offer 'grains and a suit of 19 clothes for the potter's wife. The pot­ and dinner at 9 p.m., with a light refresh­ ter's wheel is worshipped in token of the ment in the afternoon at 4 p.m. Sudarshan Chakkra of Lord Krishna The pheras (actual marriage) cere­ which was a great defence against evils. mony takes place at the time of lagan The potter delivers ~hem' some .earthen- determined with the help of the horo­ ware. , scope. In the courtyard a canopy is At about 8 o'clock in the evening, erected under which the family priests' the bridegroom wears the clothes sent by of both the parties, the bride and th~ the maternal relations and presents his bridegroom assemble with their rela­ old clothes to the N ai. The Brahman tives. The priest lights the sacred ties sehra (marriage crown) on the head fh'e and the worship of the nine grahas of the bridegroom and gets two rupees is first performed. The father of as fee. ' the bride places the right hand of Ghori-charhna Ceremony.-A she· the bride in the right hand of the donkey is brought and touched by the groom. The bride's pro hit ties the end bridegoom with feet. Then he mounts on of the bride's scarf to the bridegroom's a mare and goes fu procession to the vil­ dopatta. After this, the pheras ceremony lage pipaL (Ficus religiosa) tree. He takes place and they both make seven offers water at the foot of the tree and rounds of the sacred fire. In the first pays, obeisance to it. The ceremony is four rounds the bridegroom leads the also performed at the bride's house. The bride but in the remaining three rounds bridegroom then does not go to his house (pheras) the bride walks before the and spends time in some other house or bridegroom. The father of the shop. The" girls offer him sweetmeats bridegroom offers laag, customary there. payments, to the menials. The Brah­ . Before the departure of the marriage man makes the groom and the party, the members of the community, bride drink a small quantity of curds friends and relations offer a rupee each sweetened with sugar. For the benefit to the bridegroom. The father of the and guidance of the newly weds the bridegroom offers a rupee each to the priest delivers a short lecture t)n the girls. _ co:nduct expected of a wife. The bride The marriage party proceeds to is 'then conducted to the inner apart­ bride's v.illage at night and reaches there ments. before the break of the day. Bride's On the next day, the bridegroom's relations welcome the marriage party father receives a certain number of pat­ and make suitable arrangements for tals containing- sweets from the bride's lodging. The party is served with father and besides sweets he gives some tea and sweets. At bride's house, the money to be distributed amon;q the mar­ Shant ceremony is performed, the ried women of their villag-e. Seven per­ nine grahas are worshipped by the sons from the bridegroom's party each brirle's maternal uncle. The Nai of the holdi.ng a basket in the hand. cont'aining brirl~'s family visits the father nf the a silken cloth goo to the bride's father and bridegroom and gets henna. bang-les and deliver him these clothes and some dry yellow-cum-red coloured thread (mauli) fruits. for the bride. The bride apulies henna fo The wirla or ~he send-off ceremony her h:mds and wears the banqles and red is the last fundion to be perfnrmed at thE' thread round her wrists. The marria~e house of brine's parents. The brother­ party is served lunch at about 12 noon hood assembles at the bride's house where 20

the bridegroom's father exhibits the vari the girl (the father, the maternal .or i.e., presents of suits of clothes and orna­ . paternal uncle and the go-between) visit ments, etc., for the bride. the boy's house on the day of betrothal. The marriage party then returns to The boy's father invites his relatives, the bridegroom's ·village. When the friends, selected persons of the village barat reaches- the bridegroom's village, community and members .of the pancha­ the mother of the bridegroom pours yat. The boy is seated on a low-stool, some oil on the threshold and drinks ,covered with a soft cushion. The N ai sweet water of raw sugar after touching brings raw sugar (shakkar) from the it seven times on the head of the bride. boy's house. The father .of the girl ap­ plies a bit of i~ to the boy's mouth and The next day, the bridegroom Ie.ads touching his head affectionately delivers the bride to worship the village martYI:,' him a rupee. The Nai puts some raw Chuhar Singh. Two balls of jaggery are sugar in a cloth held by the boy and dis­ carried with them. The women sing tributes the rest of it among the persons joyous songs in chorus. All pay obei­ assembled there. sance at the samadh and light an earthen lamp there. Gur is distributed among Marriage.-Date for the marriage is themselves. fixed according to the convenience of Chhati-pZaying ceremony is per­ both the parties. About 25 days before formed on the return journey near the the date of marriage, the father of the village habitation when the couple strikes girl sends to the boy's father, a formal each other seven times with a stick. marriage invitation (saha chithi) through . The last but one ceremony is locally the Nai. This letter is sprinkled with known as Kangna-khelna. The bride turmeric liquid and is. tied with a red and the groom attempt to untie the seven thread, known as khamini. The boy's father gives to the Nai a cotton plaid knots of each other's ka~gna. The bride­ groom's sister-in-law puts in a cauldron ( khes) and five rupees. Seven days be': full of milky water, a ring, kangnas, a fore the marriage the go-between brings rupee, a red-coloured thread, and some from the girl's house clothes, generally coins. Seven times the bride competes a turban, a shirt and a chadra for . the with her husband to pick out the rupee boy and a head ornament (saggi) and a first: either of them succeeqing in the pair of shoes_for the boy's mother. .A last attempt is held victorious. cotton plaid (khes) and a sum of Rs. 21 is delivered to him by the boy's father. The last ceremony consists of the Sadharan paath of Granth Sahib is ar­ couple exhibiting' their might by un­ ranged from this day which complet'es on . clasping each other's fist containing a the occasion of departure of the mat­ rupee coin. And with this the marriage riage party to the girl's village. For three ceremonies among Hindus conclude. days preceding. the marriage, the family Marriage Customs among Sikhs Nai anoints batna on the boy's body and gives him a bath. The women of the house Betrothal.-Matrimonial negotiations and of the village sinq marriage songs. are generally made through a go­ On the last dilY a cloth is spread over the between (bachola) who may be a friend boy during the batna ceremony. Pop or a relative or both. Marital alliance cnrns are distributed amon~ pPfsons agreed upon, a date is fixed for betrothal present there. After bath, the Brahman ceremony. Generally three relations of places sehra (marriage crown) on the 21 boy'S head and gets a rupee on this block his way and allow him to enter account. The relatives and other friends after getting five rupees from. him. The deliver a rupee each to the boy as bridegroom pays obeisance at the seat of sa~aami. They also put some cash called the Guru. Granth Sahib and offers Rs. 11. neondah in a platter. placed there, w.ith a The N ai brings clothes for the bride from few rupees in excess of what they had the bridegroom's father which she is received on the occasion of some mar­ made to wear before the marriage cere­ riages in their households. After this mony. Anand Karaj ceremony (mar­ the boy is taken to a jand tree., The riage according to Sikh rites) is then per­ boy is asked to go seven times round formed at about 6 a.m. The bride is~; the tree and give a cut to it after every seated to the left of the bridegroom. round. After every round the mother The ,Sikh priest reads out four lawaan puts jaggery in the boys' mouth (verses from Granth Sahib meant and rape oil at the root of the tree. While for the marriage occasion). After this returning, the boy pays obeisance to the the couple is made to stand. The bride gaddi of Granth Sahib enshrined inside holds the cloth of the bridegroom and the village dera and offers a rupee to the then they are allowed to sit. The bride saint. is then taken inside the house and the Before: the departure of the marriage girls fetch the bridegroom inside. party, the bridegroom offers a rupee to A brother or friend of the bride­ each of his sisters. On the other hand, groom called Sarbala attends upon him. the elder female relatives offer a rupee The mother-in-law of the bridegroom each to the bridegroom. Bridegroom's offers him sweets in a platter and delivers sister-in-law puts antimony in his eyes him a rupee, after hearing chhand and gets a rupee from him. One of the ( couplet) from him. The bridegroom and the Sarbala then join their party. sister~ ties a red thread round his arm called ponchi as protection against any At about 10 a.m., liquor is freely misfortune and is paid a rupee by the served to the guests. At about 4 p.m., bridegroom. the father of the bridegroom takes to the . The marriage party then proceeds bride's house seven silken suits called to the bride's village. The Panchayat vari and four or five ornaments general­ and other receptionists of the bride)s v.u· ly saggi phul, pipal pattian, pazeb and guluband. This is called khatt. The lage receive the marr~age party and lodge father of the bridegroom offers wag (cus­ them comfortably. They are served with tomary payments) to the menials and tea and some eatables. The maternal Rs. 25_for the gurudwara. The father of uncles of the bride and the bridegroom the bride, in return, delivers a gold perform milni ceremony. The maternal kantha (necklace) for the bridegroom uncle of the bride delivers Rs. 25 and a and cash amounting to Rs. 100 to the cotton plaid to the maternal uncle of the bridegroom's father. The girls hide the bridegroom and .embraces him. At night shoes of the bridegroom which are return­ the marriage party is served with a good ed after getting five rupees from, him. The dinner. maternal uncle and the father of the Next day at about 5 a.m., the bhog bridegroom throw coin-pieces of small ceremony of sadharan paath is perform­ denomination over the h~ads of the as­ ed in the bride's house. The bridegroom sembly which are collected by persons comes to attend the ceremony, the girls of low castes. Af about 7 p.m., dinner is 22

served to the marriage party. On the coin in the seventh cast is declared vic- morning of the third day the marriage ~orious.' . party sets out on its return journey after In the evening a ceremony called taking tea and some savoury sweets. The lot kanaala is performed according to dowry and the khatt are delivered to the ~hich the bride adopts the same got bridegroom's father. lS that of the bridegroom. About thirty On reaching ~he bridegroom's . vil­ :eers of rice mixed with five seers of lage, the bride holds one end of the scarf lesi ghee and ten seers of raw sugar are of the bridegroom who leads the bride. ~ooked and distributed. \\The girls of the family block their entry" The next day the brother of the at the threshold and allow them to enter ~ride takes her back to their paternal the hUllse after getting five rupees from lb4.~e. There she stays for some days or the bridegroom. The next entrance of nonths and then she is brought back to the house is impeded by the Brahman,'s her husband's house where she stays wife 'Yho pours rape oil on the threshold finally as housewife. - . and after getting a rupee makes way for the couple. The bridegroom pays salu­ Among the SHms on a,n average tation to his mother and the bride touches bridegroom's and bride's parents spend her feet affectionately. She~ in return, Rs. 3,000 and Rs. 1,500, respectively. blesses them for a lon!5 and happy mar­ ried life. The mother makes the bride­ Marriage Customs among MusUms groom drink a potful of sweet water. BetrothaL-On both parties agree­ The following morning, th~ couple in~ to establish marital ties a day is fixed, is taken to the samadh of Chuhar Singh for be~rothal ceremony when four of the Shahid, the village martyr. They are girl's relations, generally her father and folJowed by about 50 women and 10 men. paternal and maternal uncles or father The Nai carries two jaggery balls. The and a closely associated villap'er visit couple pays obeisance at the samadh and the boy's house in the eveninlt. The next offers iaggery to if. Rest of the jaggery morning the father of the boy invites is distributed amongst themselves. On, mpm bers of the Village Panchayat and the· way near the nond. chhatis are play­ the male members of the Muslim house­ ed by the couple. The bridegroom strikes holds. The father of the girl delivers a the bride with a stick seven times and runee to the boy and puts some raw then the bride similarly strikes the bride­ sugar in his mouth. The father of the groom .. Other males also play chhatis boy distributes raw sUi!8r (shakkar). with their sisters-in-law and wives. amon!! the persons assembled on the After reat!hing the house kangna oC(,Asion. On the third dRY, the father ceremony is observed. Milky water is of the boy offers four yards of cloth to poured in a big platter. Green grass, each of the four relations of the bride­ sacred thread (khamini ), a rupee coin, to-be. This completes the betrothal a ring, coins and kangna (ring tied tc\ ceremony. the wrists of the bridegroom and bride) Marr?aae.-F,ia'ht O::lVS bptnre +h~ d~y ·are thrown in the platter by the bride- of marriage the Mir:asi of the girl's viI­ groom's sister-in~law. Seven times the Ja~e t::1kes khami-n:i (a re(l ('oloured bride and bridegroom simultaneously threan) t,1") the b(')v'~ house ann da1ivp.rs try to take out the rupee.from the pJat­ sorn e clnthp.c:: ('nnsh;:tin C1 of a knrti (shirt), ter. The person who picks up first the a ghag1'a (skirt) and a dopattu (seraf) for 23 the boy~s mother. He informs them about bridegroom, then to the maternal rela­ the date and programme of the marriage tions of the bridegroom and lastly to ceremonies. The father of the boy the Lambardar who _is already selected offers him some money. by them. At night a member of the For three days preceding the mar­ Community Panchayat and the Mirasi riage the Mirasi anoints batna on the come to the bridegroom's father with body of the bridegroom and gets Rs., an empty basket. The father of the 1.25 nP., in return. During these days bridegroom puts a shirt (kurti), a trouser, soaked wheat grains mixed with raw (garara ») a scarf (dopatta) and a pair sugar are distributed in Muslim house!" of shoes for the bride. Some ornaments holds. One day before the marriage he consisting of pipal pattian ( ear-rings ) ~ ties sehra on the bridegroom's head and ,phul (head ornament), putrian (ank­ w again gets Rs. 1.25 nP. The relatives and lets), zanj'iri7 (chained buttons) J gulu friends offer a rupee each to the brid~­ band ( necklace) and_ nine bangles of groom which is called salaami and put silver are also delivered along with the some cash in a platter placed there which clothes. The girl takes bath and wears is more than the amount they had receiv­ these clothes and ornaments. The ed in some previous marriage in their Mirasi calls the marriage party for the households from the bridegroom's father. nikah (marriage) ceremony of the This is known as neondah. The bride~ couple. The Muslim priest accompanying groom accompanied by some women goes the bridegroom reads out nikah (mar­ to a jand tree. He makes seven riage) for about twenty minutes under a rounds of the tree and every time makes canopy. He is paid Rs. 1.25 nP. The a cut on it. After every round thE; priest reads out three karmas for the mother or sister of the bridegroom puts bridegroom there and two kalmas for the sqme jaggery in his mouth. bride at her house. The priest enquires The bridegroom then goes to the of the bridegroom thric-e whether he would accept the bride even if she be villa~e dera and offers a rupee at the seat one~eyed or totally blind. The bride­ of Granth Sahib. groom accepts her ~n every situa· After these ceremonies the marriage tion. Similar ques~ion is posec party proceeds to the bride's village. thrice to the' bride which she ans· When the marriage party reaches the wers in the affirmative. Then thE sath (the common sitting place) of the bridegroom is made to sip twiCt bride's village it is received by the statu..: the curd put in a shallow bronze plate tory and Community Panc}).ayats of ( chhanna) and after that three sips are that viilage. The marriage party is given to the bride. Dry fruits consisting comfortably accommodated at some of almonds, dry dates and ilaichi dana suitabJe place, and is served tea. Five are distributed to the people on behaI! persons of the Community Panchayat of the bridegroom. In the evenin~ the come there with a new earthen yot full marriage party is served a hearty dinner. of water sweetened with raw sugar. The The next morning khatt is arranged at paternal uncle of the bride performs the bride's house. The bridegroom's mirni ceremony with the paternal uncle father offers four silken garments of the bridegroom by ~mbracing and generally a trouser (aarara). a shirt offering four yards of cloth. A small ( kurti ). a scarf (dopatta) and a bunavan. pot is filled with sweet water from the to the bride's father for the bride. Th~ earthen pot which is first served to the father of the bride ties a turban round 24 the head of the bridegroom and adorns tied on the wrist) from each other's him with an ornament generally a wrist. Then the kangnas, a rupee and kantha or tavit and gives to the daughter coin pieces of small denomination are (bride) at least two ornaments· general~ thrown in a platter filled with milky ly tavit and buttons. The dowry ( daat) water. The bride and bridegroom try consisting of rupees 101 or rupees 29 is seven times to take out the rupee simul­ presented to the bridegroom's father. taneously. The person succeeding in the The bridegroom's father accepts only last attempt is applauded. one rupee. The father of t~e bride then After the kangna ceremony the requests him to accept all the money as bride., and bridegroom besmear thei~ he cannot hike back the amount once hands w~th a diluted paste of rice powder offered. The father of the bridegroom and impre~s their hand-prints on a wall then accepts the entire amount. Som~ of their house. people also give some cattle in dowry. The Muslim Kumhars offer two or three Four relatives of the bride visit the donkeys in the dowry. bridegroom's house on this day. Each is offered four yards of cloth by the'fathep On the third day when the marriage of the bridegroom. The Nai's wife party leaves, the father of the bride of­ receives a ghagra (skirt), a kurti (shirt), fers a dowry of clothes consisting of 21 a. dopatta (scarf) and a sum of twenty­ shirts, 21 trousers and 21 scarfs for the one rupees. On the- third .day the bride bride. Before departure of the marriage goes back with her relatives to her party, the bridegroom is invited to paternal house. The bride comes back to bride's house. Sarbala (brother of the her in-law's house at the time of muklawa bridegroom) and a friend accompany· which may be held either immediately him there. They are served mathis in after marriage or as lat'e as a year. a brass platter. The sisters-in-law of the On an average, Muslims spend one bridegroom hide his shoes and return thousand rupees on the marriage o_f a son them after getting rupees 1.25 nP. A bronze dish (kaansi kaa chhanna) is and rupees one thousand and five hund­ dipped In rape oil and placed in a platter red on the marriage of El. daughter. with the bottom up. The bridegroom is Death Customs among Hindus and Sikhs asked to pick up the dish out of the plat­ Death customs among Hindus and ter, failing which he is required to pay Sikhs are quite similar. The dying man Rs. 1.25 nP., to them. is placed on the ground and is made to ~ give grains and jaggery in charity. As The marriage party then proceeds death approaches, holly water of the to bridegroom's village. ~he brother Ganges is put in his mouth. The corpse and a relative of the brid~ and the Nai's. is washed with curd and water and is or Mirasi's wife accompany her to her then clothed in new unwashed clothes. husband's house. Ghee, tiL and barley are placed on it. Kangna consists of an iron ring, a The son pays homage to the corpse with piece of turmeric, a kaani-cowr1ie shell a rupee. The women-folk offer grains and a betel nut tied in a red thread which are taken by the Chuhra. The (khamini). Kanqna ceremony is observ­ corpse is placed on the bier which is Car­ ed on the second day of arrival in bride­ ried by four persons, one of the bearers groom's house. The bride and bride­ being a son of the deceased. As the funeral groom untile. ka'!1gnas (marriage rings procession leaves the house, .a pind or 2S

ball of barJey~ft.our is placed oIJ. th~ house the eleventh day after death. The daor by the Brahman, aner reciting in­ prohit chants incantations in case of cantations. Another pind is deposited Hindus in the house for peace of the soul where the "bearers of the bier change of the deceased. The chief m-ourner of place halfway between the house of the the deceased's household is made to give deceased and the .cremation ground. An a bedding, a cot, a pair of shoes, utensils earthen pitcher fuJI of water is thro~ and some money to the pro hit in charity. on the ground. It is believed that if the mouth of the vessel gets broken then the On the twelfth day baarah ceremony calamity is averted and' in case it does takes place when the members of the not break, it Js regarded as a sign' of an~ community and relatives are feasted with other death in the household. At the laddoos, sweet rice and pooms (sweet burning place the pyre is prepared and pan-cakes). Twelve bowls of water fi],.. the dead body is _placed on it. A third led in the morning are offered to the pind. is placed on the body of the deceas­ Brahman. The chief mourner also ed. The son or the chief mourner who offers water to the sun early in the morn­ performs the ceremonies sets fire to the ing. In case of SHms the bhog ceremony pyre anti-clockwise. He sprinkles water of saadharn paath takes place at 4 p.m. out of an earthen vessel round the pyre The members of the community offer a ahd then places the empty vessel turned rupee each at the seat of the Granth upside down 1tt the 'head of the 'pyre:. Sahib, The relatives deliver a rupee and When the flesh of the feet is fully burnt a turban each to the son of the deceased. the chief mourner strikes seven times Ceremonial impurity ends on the twelfth with a long stick the skull of the deceas .. day. The Hindus cremate their dead ed and shouts at him. This is known as except children under five years of age Kapal-Kriya ceremony. Every man who are buried. There are many super­ present there puts some fuel on the burn­ stitions regarding death. A person dy­ ing pyre. Except two persons who stay ing of smallpox 'is beUeved to be the there, the mourners return and take bath victim of Mata goddess. A child having at the village well. For a while they sit a thin back and dying of soka is supposed on the village gate and then after about to lose his life as a result of pret-ki­ ten minutes' condolence all of them dis­ jhapat, Le., the attack of a person who perse. died issueless and whose cremation cere­ monies were not properly performed. On the third day after the funeral Different kinds of taonas are performed the phun or remains consisting of nail~ to escape the evil infl.uence of the pret. and bones are collected, ana taken to Death by accident or long illness is attri­ the Ganges at 'Haridw.ar for -immersion buted to evil deeds done in the previous by some male member of the household. life. The Sikhs arrange sa'dharn path of Death Customs among Muslims Granth Sahib in the house which cf)n­ On the expiry of a person the Kaazi' tinues upto the tenth day when the Sadhu (a Muslim divine) is called from village of the dera performs the bhog ceremony Dhanaula three. miles away through the and prays for the benefit of the soul of Mirasi. He washes' the dead body with the deceased.' The day is called dusehra. soap and water. In case the deceased is The Brahmans and Banias perform the a female, bath' is given . by the Kaazi's K.irya~Karam ceremony which falls on wife. _Antimony is put in the eyes of the . ~ "~,'" ... ~ i- ~ . .... - II 26 deceased person. The dead body is then . 'fhen they return to the house of the dressed in a cloth thirty yards long with deceased. The Kaazi asks for a quarter another chadar (five yards) to cover it. seer of shakkar and repeats karma over The body is then laid on the cot which it. This shakkar is distributed to every serves as bier. After death the body. '.is person attending the mourning cere­ placed with its face towards Mecca. The mony. On the third day after death: bier is then taken to the burial ground. the Kaazi again recites kalma over raw At a distance of twenty Karams from the sugar which is distributed among the

grave, the Kaazi repeats 0 kalma. He people present there. On the fourth day makes every participant in the funeral the Kaazi starts the recitation of Kuran prQcession recite Nimaz (Muslim reli­ which continues for U months after gious prayer). The corpse is then taken death. On the completion of ceremony of to the grave and placed in a recess at the Kuran recitation whole of the Muslim bottom of the excavation with the face community and relatives are invited. towards the Mecca. Nimaz is again re­ They offer a rupee each and pay obei­ cited. The body of the deceased is buri­ sance to the scripture. If the in-laws of ed and earthen pitchers are placed on it. the deceased are alive, they deliver a o The face of the deceased is shown to turban to the nearest male relation of everyone and the chadar is removed and the deceased. The friends and relatives taken by the Kaazi. It is. then plastered are fed on sweet rice on that day, on and filled with earth. The prQcession meat the next day and on karah dish the then returns and at sixty paces from the , third day. The chief mourner of the grave it stops and prayers are again said deceased offers Rs. 6.25 nP., to the Kaazi -for the benefit of the departed soul. Out in addition to the money contributed in of one seer of parched grams which are offerings by the friends and relatives. brought from the deceased's house every­ it is said that ceremonies connected with one is given some grains to eat and the the death of a person cost upto .five hun­ rest of them are delivered to the Mirasi. red rupees. Women and girls of the village.

A village woman wearing saggi, Hair style. phull, ear-rings, and necklace. Fodder cuWng.

Threshing and winnowing of grains. A woman and her daughter carrying breakfast to the fields. CHAPTER III ECONOMY

The table given below shows the utilisation of land In the village of Kunran since 1941, as recorded in the viI lage Lal-Kitab.- I _____AREA UN~~~~~ACRES) ____ Total Unculti- Culti- l Irriga- I Irriga- Iniga- Unirriga- Year area ~ ~ ThW ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ (acres:) waste waste wells wells and canals ---_._------(acres) (acres) ------. canals -_- 1941 .. 4·2 1,570 76·7 86·2 1,407'1 14'2 200·2 743 .} 449·6 1942.43 1,570 76·7 72 ·1 1,421 '2 14'2 200·2 743·1 463·7 1943-44 1,570 76·7 72 '1 1,421'2 14'2 200·2 743'1 463·7 1944-45 1,570 76',7 71 ·0 1,422'3 14'2 200·2 743'1 464·8 1945-46 1,570 76·5 71 '7 1,422'0 12'5 200'S 776·5 432·5 1946-47 1,570 76'S 7t'7 .1,422'0 12·5 200'S 776'5 432·5 1947-48 1,.5'10 76·5 70·4 1,423'1 12'5 200'5 776·5 433·6 1948-49 ],570 76'5 70·4 1,423'1 12'5 200'5 776'5 433·6 1949-50 1,570 76.0 71.0 1,423.0 13.0 200.0 776.0 434·0 1950·51 01,510 76.0 71.0 1,423·0· 13.0 200.0 776.0 434·0 1951-52 1,570 76.0 71.0 1,423.0 213.0 776.0 434.0 1952-53 1,570 76.0 71.0 1,423.0 213.0 776.0 434.0 1953·54 1,570 73.0 42·0 1,455.0 209.0 777.0 469.0 1954-55 1,570 73.0 42.0 1,455.0 209.0 777.0 469.0 1955-56 1,570 73.0 42.0 1455.0 209.0 777.0 469.0 1956-57 1,570 73.0 42.0 1,455.0 209.0 777.0 469'0 1 1957-58 1,575 101 -0 13.0 1,461.0 .144.0 844.0 473.0 1958-59 1,575 101.0 13.0 1,461'0 144.0 844.0 473·0 1959·60 1,576 113.0 13.0 1,450 '0 9.0 129.0 831.0 481.0 1990-61 1,576 113.0 13 '0 1,450.0 9 0 129.0 831.0 481.0 1961·62 1,576 113.0 13.0 1,450.0 9.0 129:0 831.0 481.0

~ The total area of the village measures cultivable waste and the remaining 1,450 1,576 acres of land of which 113 acres acres (92 per cent) are under cultivation. (7.2 per cen.t) are uncultivable waste 66.8 per cent of the total cultivated area under the village habitation, ponds, roads, is irrigated of which 0.6 per cent is well­ canal minors, cremation ground, grave­ irrigated, 8.9 per cent gets water both yard, etc., 13 acres (0.8 per cent) are from wells and canals and 57.3 per cent 27 28 is entirely canal-irrigated. Thus two­ acres of land were upgraded as cultivat­ thirds of the agriculturallCl:ud is irrigated ed area. The area of cultivable waste-land and one-third unirrigated; ~ has remained stationary since 1957-58. The total area of the village has in­ creased by five acres in 1957-58 as record­ As for agricultural land, a signifi.. ed during the process of consolidation, of cant change is noticeable only in 1953-54 holdings and by orie acre in 1959-60 due ' when 32 acres of land were added to the to the shifting of s9-nd-hillocks during total cultivated area, 29 acres from the summer. cultivable waste land ,and three acres from the uncultivable waste land. A The area under uncultivable waste further increase of six acres of land is remained more or less unchanged from .. ~ ~ ~, -~ ... notIceable during 1951-58 which was rea 1941-42 to 1952-53. 1953-54~hre¢ During claimed from, the cultivable waste land. acres of such land were reclaimed. In During 1959-60 the area of agricultural 1957-58 area treated as uncultivabie, land decreased by 11 acres which 'have' waste registered an increase of 28 acres been classified,' as uncultivable waste over such area in the immediately pre­ land. ceding years. Increase of five acres in the total area of the village and conver­ Agricuitural land is classified into Chahi, Le., irrigated by wells, Chahi. sion of 23 acres of cultivable waste into Nehri, Le., irrigat.ed both by wells uncultivable waste account for thIS totat and canals Nehri, i.e., irrigated by canals increase in uncultivable waste land. Area and Barani, i.e., dependent on rainfall. It classified as un cultivable waste recorded, emerges from the land utilization state­ a further increase of 12 acres during ment that additional land brought under 1959-60. cultivation is unirrigated and that well­ There was no variation in the area. irrigation is increasingly being substitut­ described as cultivable waste land in the ed by canal-irrigcttion. Irrigation require­ decade 1942-43 to 1952-53. In 1953-54 ments of agricultural fields are met by the area of. this type of land decreased 16 irrigation wells and the Badwar because 29 'acres of cultivable waste lana Canal Minor. ' were brought under the plough. This Details of Irrigation and Betterment area decreased further· by 29 acres in charges and area assessed during the 1957-58 as 23 acres of land were down­ period 1957-1962 for village Kunran are graded as uncultivahle waste and six given -be10w. Area Area subject to a~'iessd betterment Irrigation Betterment Year Crop (Kachcha levy charges charges 'Bighas) (Kachcha (RupeeS) (Rupees) Bighas) ~'---- ~ -[Kft-;;;;-----~----.: -2~09:t~ --~~- 3,0357sI-~-- 1957·58 RaM 2,981-11 3,336 '58 "- [ Khar(f 2,781-10 3,542 '03 1958-59 RaM 3,102·14 3,412'17 [ Kharlf 2,282-13 2,098·9 '1959.60 3,064 '64 1,091 '9'4 Rabi 3,179-16 2,900· 4 3,538.27 1,510 '71

[ Khllrif 2,748-6 2,S39~11 3,837 '90 659 -06 1960·61 Rabi 2,945·10 2,691'!12 3,387·70 1,398. !56 [ Kltarif 2,916·8 2.680.7 4,050 '15 1,382.48 1961.62 Rabi N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 29

Land resources of the village are a the following Revenue from the Vi1~ source of income to the Government also. lage : During 1961 the Government collecte.td (~upees)

Land Local Lambar- Sur- Special J MaFia Water Better­ Name of harvest Revenue ·Rate dari charge Charge Tax Charges ment 'Potal charges

------:------~------_--

Rabi, 1961 849·00 425·00 42·00 258'00 15'057 16'50 3,387'70 1,398'56 6,392'33 Kharij, 1961 850·00 425'00 42'00 258'00 15'56 16·50 4,050'15 1,382'48 7,039'69

Total for tbe year -1.699-00 8SOitO -84-(iol 516-:00 -31'13 -;;-:00 -7,437~5 -2,781-:04 -13:432.02-

Thus in a normal year like 1961, the The· agricultural land of the village is Government gets a total income of :as. 92 per cent of the total area, as agaiq.st 13,432.02 nP., from this village. the figure of about 87 per cent for the Sangrur Tahsil as a whole and this 5 per The classification of the area of the cent chalnge is almost wholly made up by Sangrur Tahsil as a whole is available i1) the acreage classed as cultivable waste Appendix C. land. The area under land put to non-agri­ cultural uses is almost' the same except It is to be noted from the table that for a minor difference of 0.21 per cent. in 1960-61 as compared to 1950-51, -the Forest lands constitute 0.19 per cent.of the total remaining constant, land put to non­ total area of the Sangrur Tahsil but the agricultural uses has increased by 40 per village has no forest land. cent, net area sown by 22 per cent, area The statement given below indicates sown more than once by 46.8 per cent and irrigated area (in thousand acres) bene­ total cropped area by 28.7 'per cent, fited by different means of irrigation in whereas the area of cultivable waste land the Sangrur -Tahsil during the period °has decreased by 57 per cent and current 1950-60. fallows by 74 per cent. The area under ______<,.__T_h_ou_sand Acres) forests has remained unchanged. Year \ Canals I Wells 1 Total The corresponding percentages of ----oj----.j-~-----____,,- ---~ ----_---- classification of land of the Sangrur 1950-51 180.1 81.9 262.0 'Tahsil and the Kunran Village are as 1951-52 148.5 62.9 211.4 'follows:- - 19.52-53 162.6 69.5 232.1 1953-54 164.6 74.5 239.1 I Tahsil Village I Sangrur Kunran 1954-55 166.1 76.7 242.8 jO Per -;-;-Per--;nt 1955-56 163.3 74.5 237.8 1. Land put to non-agricultural uses 7.38 7.17 1956-57 163.0 69.6 232.6 2. Cultivable waste 5.44 0.83 . 1957-58 162.0 74.3 236.3 3. Agricultural land .. 87.00 92.00 I 1958-59 162.0 74.5 236.5 4. Land under forests 0.18 .' 1959-60 124.5 76.3 200.8 Total -100.00l100.00- 1960·61 163.5 74.5 . 238.0 30

Out of 495,000 acres of agricultural tenure did not obtain here. Tenant­ land in the Tahsil, irrigation facilities farming is a common feature of its were available to 238,000 acres (48 per, agricultural econOmy. Landlords con­ cent) of land in 1960-61. 69 per cent tinue to charge batai at the rate of one­ irrigation was provided through Govern~ half of the total produce in utter disregard ment canals and 31 per cent through of the law fixing the rate of batai at one­ wells. The corresponding figures for the third of the output. However, the land",: same year for Kunran are: 85.76 per cent lord shares with his tenant part of the by canals, 13.31 per cent by both can8.ls . cost of cultivation. He contributes and wells and only 0.93 per cent by wells half of the cost of seeds and pays alone. fifty per cent of the levy assessed LIVESTOCK as water charges. Besides provid­ Ing farmyard manure free of cost TABLE 14 gives the livestock cen­ the landlord may, at his discretion, suses of the Kunran Village for the subsidize the cost of chemical fertilizers. years 1945, 1955 and 1961. The tenant does not get any amount as From a scrutiny of these statistics, it part of the depreciation allowance on his is to be noted that successive livestock bullocks, buIIock....cart and agricultural censuses reveal an increase in the num­ implements. He pays up half the amount ber of bullocks, cows, buffaloes, camels of land revenue assessed on the holding and donkeys. On the contrary, the num­ under his cultivation. At the time of ber of sheep and goats has decreased con­ harvesting payments in kind-wheat­ siderably. 'There are very few horses, sheaves, jaggery-balls, etc.,- are made mules, ponies and pigs and their numbers to daily labourers from the undivided have not shown any significant variations common pool of the produce. But the at successive cattle censuses. The total payments made in cash are borne by the numb~r of animals in 1945 was 820. It tenant alone. The tenant is bound to increased by 340 in 1955 to 1,160. In transport in his bullock-cart the land­ 1961. the total number of cattle has f~llpn lord's share of the produce to the latter's by 83 as compared to the figures for 1955. house. As the landlord does not share the cost of chemical fertilizers the ten­ The total number of animals in the ants do riot feel inclined to add these to Sangrur Tahsil in 1951, 1956 and 1961 the soil. Moreover, the provisions of the was 66,134; 154,464; and 159,060, respec­ Tenancy Legislation have made the posi~ tively, showing an increase of 140.5 per tioO' of tenants-at-will very precarious. cent during the decade and only 2.8 per Landlords change tenants every year or cent during the last quinquennium. As after two years. ' Out of 18 share-crop­ against this the increase in the number pers in the" village only 8 could get them­ of livestock in the village during the last selves recorded in the revisionary settle­ 15 years is 31.34 per cent and during the ment (TABLE 15). On account of this last five years there is an actual decrease constantly lurking fear of eiectment ten­ of 7.16 per cent. ants-at-will do not generally bother to in­ FACTORS INFLUENCING ECONOMIC LIFE vest in any land improvement measures. Agrarian measures.-The abolition The legislation Imposing a ceiling of 30 of zamindari and intermediary rights standard acres on an individual holding have not affected the farmers of has affected only one Sikh Jat household Kunran as zamindari sys:em of land possessing 46.2 acres of land. His case 31 for assessment of surplus area is pend­ for the Mazhbi Sikhs, who are land­ ing with the Government. Up to the 30th less agricultural labourers. By the March, 1962, a total area of 3,152 30th of March, 1962, in the Sang­ acres has been declared surplus in whole rur Tahsil, proprietary rights were of the Sangrur Tah$il, the number of conferred on tenants in respect of owners affected thus being 337. Of this, an area of 3,580 acres. The tenant& only 345 acres have been utilised acquIrmg proprietary rights paid a for resettling 168 tenants and workers. compensation of Rs. 1,54,903.39 to A sum' of Rs. 1,697.59 has so far been paid the owners. The Government have also to six land-owners as compensation for resettled two refugee and four village their land declared as surplus area. No Sikh J at households who owned land in loan or subsidy has been given to the West Pakistan on 268 big has and 4 bis­ resettled tenants. The process of utili­ was of Muslim evacuee land. The sation of the surplus area in the Tahsil refugee households have sold the land is very slow. According to the villagers to the villagers and migrated elsewhere. the law is defective inasmuch as .only It has been reported that in view of the tenants have been considered for allot­ legal protection granted against aliena­ ting land. Landless agricultural wor­ tion of land there is an increasing ten­ kers have not been given a chance. A dency among needy land-owners to recent decision of the Punjab High mortgage their land against loans. How­ Court, authorizing the assessment of the ever, no statistics. are available definite­ surplus area according to the Hindu ly to link the phenomenon of land-mort­ joint family system which ensures that gage with the operation of legal pro­ every son 'is a co-partner in his ancestral vision guaranteeing protection against property from the date of his birth, fur­ land alienation. ther complicates the execution of this scheme. The village economy has been affected by the operation of the Hindu The legislative measure designed to Succession Act, 1956. There have been transfer ownership rights to the. actual 15 cases of transfer of land during 1957·-- tillers of the soil has greatly benefited 59 in accordance with the amended pro­ Ramdasias who have acquIred proprie­ visions of this Act. The details of ten tary rights in the holdings they tilled cases involving division of property as tenants before independence. This among sons, daughters and widows as has resul ted in better social and collected from the revenue record are economic status for the Ramdasias than giyen below. TOTAL LAND-- Date' Muta- CASTE Sharers of the property tion ' Bighas Biswas No. -~ ------__.------30-4-57 1426 72 13 Jat Sikh Widow and one daught'!r_ .. ! each 30-4-57 1417 16 6 Bania One son and one daughter .. ! each 28-1-59 1468 97 1 Jat Sikh One daughter II!I full 29-1-59 1469 6 16 Ramdasia One daughter and One son ~. i each 29-1-59 1470 2 13 Ramdasia Two sons and one daughter .. t each 29-1-59 1473 158 .. Jat Sikh Two daughters and one son •• 1- each 29-1-59 1474 124 Jat Sikh Two sons and one daughter .. i each 29-1-59 1478 38 15 Jat Sikh Two daughters .. t each 18-3-59 1490 06 13 J.at Sikh Two sons and one daughter .. l- each -5-6-59 1501 10 10 JatSikh I Two nephews and one niece .. t each 32 It is eVIdent that fiot only the Sikh complain to have been harmed while Jats, the main land-owning community~ the' remainIng 18 have been neither in the village, Qut also Banias alld benefited nor harmed. Ramdasias have felt the impact of this measure. N. E. S. Block Activities.-The vil­ It is a. measure or the effectiveness lage has been included in the N.E.S. o~ the sanct'ion aga~:hst keeping the land Block, Sangrur, since October 2, 1953. fallow that in this village the area classi­ Only 28 households out of 150 house­ fied as cultiv\3.ble 'waste land measured holds claim to 'have been benefited by 86.2 acres in the year 1941-42 but got r~­ the activities "of the block-agency ( TABLE d~ced to 4:2 acres in the year 19Q3..;5.;l 16) . Tl!e beneficiaries are ,and to 13 acres in the year 1957'"158. Lasi' all Sikh J ats and the benefits! deriv­ but not thle, least the consolidation of ed are mostly 'in the form of 'loans for village holdings was completed in 1958- ,'purchasi.ng see9s, chemi,cal fertilizers, 59. The number of plots which was insecticides and improved agricultural, .1,806 before the operation shrank to implements. The comparatively p~or 1,530 after: the consolidC1,tion operations farmers alone obtain loans. Most of the were complete. Thus, 276 big and smail land-owne:r;-s pr~fer buying chemical plots, were merged with other plots fertilizers from the cO-Qperative soc~ety at Duggan, _a mile a~ay, to transporting: resulting in economy of farmin~. The Assistant Consolidation Officer, Sangrur; them from Sangrur, the headquarters of executed the consolidation' scheme in the block;agency. _ The farmers also consultation with the Advisory Com­ complain that the quality of seeds sup­ mittee sele:cted from the village. The plied by the block-agency, is in no yray entire land in the village was classified better and is, in, fact, somewhat costlier, under 9 categories ranging between than that of seeds available in the mar­ one anna and 16 annas. The total value ket. of land and other permanent invest­ Cooperative, Society.-The Kunran ments made by the owner were estimat­ Co-operative Agricultural Service ed. He could claim land contiguous to Society has been functioning in the his main holding .and, in proportion to village since the 2nd of April, 1956. 'his orig-inal holding in various cate­ ,It caters to the needs hf the Kunran gories. The demands and preferences V,illage only. It had a total mem­ of the land-owner were duly considered bership of 108 o:n the 10th of, April, 196-3. _while consolidating his scattered plots. The details of liabilities and assets 0'£ ,Out of 150 nouesholds 79 claim to have the so~i~ty 'as on '25th 'Oct~ber" 19-62, are been berrefit~d by this operation. 5'3 g,iven below.

ASSETS Amount r------~~~------~---.-A·m~o~u-n~t Item (Rupees) Item (Rupees) , Shares :lf~;rrili;-s---- 2,96().00 -~s giv~~-;;;:;t,-;;- 10,4<;0;45 Deposits of members 255 -67 Shares of the Central B'lnk 1,000'0:) Loan of the Central Bank 9,000 :00 Shares of the Marketinlt Society, 'Sangrur 500-0'> Profit 549 '97 Deposits in the Central Dank 200.00 Share of D. W.S. 50·00 Stock dungrol 28·50 Cash in hand 526·69 Tot~l Tot!lI 12.765-64 Improvement of Communications.­ terms of quintals, kilograms and other The Sangrur-Barnala metalled road units. Lack of ware-housing facilities in was constructed dur;ing the last decade. the market compels the farmer either to It has greatly facilitated the transport sell his produce the same day, which of agricultural produce to the neighbour­ generally means lower returns, or to ing markets of .Sangrur and Barnala by store it in the shop of the commission trucks and bullock-carts. There are agent which ensures neither safety nor three radio-sets in the village including preservation of quality. one owned by the village statutory pan­ chayat. The panchayat radio-set has Sources of Finance.-Villagers been placed in the dera and a loud have to incur debts both for productive speaker attached to it is placed on its and unproductive purposes. The, state­ roof. Some people hear with great ment given below shows the total debt interest the news, the programme for which the villagers owe and the sources rural listeners and the rates of various from which it is obtained. agricultural commodities in different markets and they further disseminate the information thus gathered among other Total loans village-folk. Source taken I Percentage of (Rupees) total debt

Due to the availability of cheap bus­ ------_------~----___.----I ... ~~- transport, the contact of the villagers with the city life of Sangrur and Barnala Zamindars 103,9g6 64.5 is increasing. Almost every person visits Money-lenders 35,387 22.0 Sangrur at least twice a month. Govt. Agencies 13,491. 8.4 Relatives and Expansion of marketing faciLities.­ friends 4,390 2·7 There are regular organised markets Co-operative at Sangrur and Barnala. The villagers, Society 3,846 2.4 however, prefer to sell their surplus agri-: -1------cultural produce at Sangrur which is nearer to the village than Barnala. The Total 1,61,100 I 100.0 Market'ing Committee regulates the deal­ ings of the sellers and the buyers. There is an open auction of the produce and the It is obvious that zamindars and business houses are regulated. The money-lenders are the chief sources for fixed rate of commission charged by obtaining loans, Government agencies, arhtis-t'welve annas for every one hun­ relatives and friends, and the co-opera­ dred rupees worth of produce sold-and tive society being the other sources, sealed weights and measures ensure a though of less importance. These two fair deal for the farmers. Market rates main agencies q_dvance loans mostly of various agricultural products are daily against mortgage of land. This is posing written on a black-board lyin~ in the a new problem in villages: whereas the office of the Marketing Committee for the money-lender has no direct interest in bE'nefit, of sellers. Rut sjn(,0 the introduc­ lands. the big owners are gradually ex­ tion of metric weights and measures the propriating such small owners as do not simple village-folk feel puzzled to reckon have a supplementary Sl)urce of income. the weight of their saleable produce in The prevalent rate of interest charged 34 by zamindars and money-lenders is ,18i two women worked as cultivators, 4 en­ per cent; the co-operative society and gaged in household industry, 1 in manu­ other Government agencies charge 7 ~ facturing other than household industry per cent and 61 _per' cent, respectively. and 2 followed other services. Friends and relatives either do not charge However, investigation on this topic anything or charge interest at the rate of has yielded further details. If we take 18i per cent. Institutional advantage of the individual as the unit of enumeration, loans has not made much headway. des­ we find that out of a popUlation of 1,027 pite Government efforts. ' And well.. ~to­ persons (533 males and 494 females) in do zamindars are ousting the money~ +,he village, 294 persons (293 males and 1 lenders from the profession of money­ :emale) are workers and 733 persons lending. : 240 males and 493 females) are non­ Norkers (TABLE 17). The classification of ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES AND NATURE vVorkers according to their source of OF CHANGES ivelihood is as under:-,

Livelihood Classes.-According to NUMBER OF PERSONS Source of livelihood the 1951 census, out of the- total popu­ M--;les-I Females- "T:;ial lation of 786 persons including 421 Asri~~re--_------2031--.-. --103 males and 365 females, 642 persons including 338 males and 304 females Attached agricultural labour 36 I 36 were directly or indirectly engaged Casual labour 13 14 in or dependent on agriculture. 89 per­ Shop-keeping 6 6 sons including 53 males and 36 females derived their livelihood from production Artisanship 9 9 other than cultivation. 26 persons in­ Shoe-making 2 2 cluding 16 males and 10 females were Goldsmithy engaged in commerce. Three males and Weaving 3 females eked out their living from other services and miscellaneous sources. The Tailoring ,1 total village population, according to the Pot-making 2 2 1961 census, of 1,003 comprised 342 Trade workers and 661 non-workers. Among Service 4 4 the workers, 212 males have been classi­ fied as cultivators and 49 males returned Cattle-grazing 6 6 as agricultural labourers. 24 males earned Menial services 4 4 their living through mining, quarrying, Sheep-breeding 1 etc., household industry employed 29 rpen, 4 men were earning their income Chowkidari through manufacturing other than house­ Milk-selling hold industry, a solitary man worked in Bazigari construction, 8 men carried on trade and Total 1--2-9-:-I~-1--i-29: commerce, and lastly, 6 men were shown as being dependent on other services for Note 1 .-Twq Naisand two Mirafis render menial services. their livelihood. The number of female Note 2 .-Forclas~ification of workers by ~ex, age­ workers is almost insignificant. Only groups an" occupation see TABL;E 18. 35 Again, taking a household as the It is interesting to study the occu­ unit of enumeration it emerges that, 89 pational mobility with reference to households are engaged in agricultureJ nature of aspiration. In all, 150 persons 40 in casual labour, 1 in trade, 4 in shop­ were interviewed of whom only 46 keeping, 6 .in carpentary, 1 each in pot­ wanted their sons to continue' in their making, weaving, goldsmithy and shoe­ own occupation. The remaining 104 per­ making. The heads of two households sons wanted their sons to adopt occu­ are priests. The head of one household pations different from their own. 98 works as an, attached agricultural of them wanted their sons to take up labourer, another !s in service and two Government service and 6 Ramdasias are graziers. Out of 150 households, desired their sons to adopt shoe-making 131 households pursue the same occu­ as their main occupation. Most of them, pations, as were followed by their fathers. however, wished that the traditional The remaining 19 households have occupations may also be carried on either either totally given up their father's oc­ by one of the sons or as a subsidiary oc­ cupation or pursue it only as a subsidiary cupation by the households (TABLE 22). occupation. Nature of occupational mobility becomes evident from TABLE 19. 122 households follow the tradi­ Ownership of Land and trend 'of tional occupations of the family, 12 of change.-108 out of 150 households own them--having relegated it to the subsi· land. Owned holdings are supplemented diary position. Details of households by land held on lease from other land­ following traditional occupations have owners. Some land.-owners do not been shown in TABLE 20. actually till land either because they Out of 19 households, which chang­ do not possess enough resources or be­ ed their ancestral occupation, 10 have cause they find other avocations com­ changed voluntarily, 6 forced by circum­ paratively profitable and they lease out stances and the remaining 3 due to other their land taking care to ensure that the reasons. Again, out of 28 households, tenants are changed frequently so that which have changed their own earlier the latter may not legally acquire any occupation, 14 have done so voluntarily, interest in the land they actually till. 13 forced by circumstances and 1 due to The following statement shows the num­ other reasons. 24 per cent of the house­ ber, of cultivator-households and the holds feel contented with their present nature and extent of their land hold­ occupation (TABLE 21 ). ings:- NUM611R OF HOUSEHOLDS WHOSE HOLDING IS Caste Nature of holding ------Less between between Ibetween !between between between Above than 1-5 6·10 11-15 16·20 21·25 26·30 30 on'e acres acres acres acre s acres acres acres acre

(Owned lan;--.-, -.~\-~~- -~;- -~o- -~~- -~- ~-I!~ Sikh Jots Leased in land ,. . . 27 7 2 1 2 . _ .. i_ Leased out land .. 9 3 2 3 , , . . 2 {OWned land . , 11 4 Rarnd;lsias Leased in land , Leased out land ., {OWned land .. 1 1 Brahman Leased in land " 2 , , Leased out land .. 1 36

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS WEaSE HOLJniNG Is

.1 LesS I f Caste Nature of holding than between between between between between between Above lone 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 2125 26-30 30 I acre acres aCreS acres acres aCres acres acres . I ------ro~~ land-~--.-. :-~~ ~-~- ~~--I-~-- ~l-'---~ -----~ Jhiwar i. t:!~~~ ~~~l~~d :: \ 1 . i (Owned land · . Nai ~ Leased in land 1 LLeased out land : :.1 ~. (Owned land ., I l' 2 Bania i Leased in land .. I '" 2 LLeased out land ., I (Owned land Chhimba I« Leased in land :'·1 IL Leased out land " I ; (Owned land 4 i " ! .. Tarkhall i Leased in land " I · . I LLeased out land 2 1 i ( Owned land- 00'i · 1. . Sadhlt -( Leased in land :: I ) L Leased out land .. I 1

The owner-households include 76 household owns more than 30 acres of households of Sikh Jats, 15 of Ram­ land while the holding of another falls dasias, 4 of Brahmans, 2 of Jhiwars, 1 of in the category 16-20 acres. The hold­ a Nai, 3 of Banias'J 1 of a Chhimba and 6 ing of the solitary Nai household mea­ of Tarkhans. Among Sikh Jat owner­ sures less than an acre. Among Banias households the holdings of 11 vary bet~ the holding of one household is smaller ween one and five acres, of 21 between than one acre and of two are more. than six and ten acres, of 10 between eleven one but less than five acres each. The and fifteen acres, of 17 between sixteen holding of the Chhimba household falls and twenty acres, of 5 between twenty­ in the grQUp 11-15 acres. Among Tar­ one and twenty-five acres and one house­ khans one household owns less than one hold owns more than twenty-five but acre of land, the holding of another falls less than thirty acres while the holdings in the group 21-25 acres and the hold­ of 11 households measure more than ings of four households vary between one and five acres. thirty acre~ each. 11 Ramdasia house­ holds own less than one acre of land each and the holdings of 4 vary bet­ ween one and five acres. Of the four 39 households of Sikh J atsJ 2 of Brahman land-owning households the. Bra~mansJ 1 of a Jhiwar, 1 of a Nai 2 of holding of one is more than on~ but less! Banws, 1 of a Chhirnba and 1 of a Sadh;: than five acres, of the second more than cultivate land taken on batai, 25 house­ five but less than ten acres, of the third holds including 19 of Sikh Jats, 1 of a more than ten but less than fifteen acres Brahman, 1 of a Jhiwar, 3 of Tarkhans and of the fourth more than fifteen but and 1 of. a Sadhu have leased out either less than twenty acres. One Jhiwar the whole or portions of their holdings. 37

In this villa,ge the holdings of about have been granted ownership rights two ... thirds of the land"'owning house­ over the land -they tilled after payment holds have been affected after the death of prescribed compensation to the owners of the head of the household-57 house­ of such land. holds lost land, 19 gained and 32 remain­ r But it will be seen that no major ed unaffected. The Sikh J at households change is perceptible in the agrarian were affected the most: 39 suffeted a set~up of the village. There is in-born loss and 14 gained land. The holdings love for the traditional occupation and of 10 RamdasiClr) 3 Tarkhan, 2 each' of lack of enterprise for either adopting Jhiwar and Brahman and one of a Bania other main or subsidiary occupations or households also got dwindled. Two Ram­ modernising the farming techniques. dasia and one N ai, Brahman and Bania Illiteracy coupled with meagre capital households each, were beneficiaries resources undermines every effort at (TABLE 23}. It may be noted that the changing the existing pattern. Vigorous number of households which have suffer­ and enthusiastic popUlarisation of ed loss of land during one generation is modern techniques and practices of considerably more than that of agriculture could break this inertia but those which have gained land dur­ so far only the .. fringe of the problem ing the same period, showing that the seems to have been scratched. big land owners are becoming bigger arid the small smaller. DESCRIPTION OF DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS Causes of change.-A number of AGRICULTURE factors inter-act to account for the Agriculture is the main economic loss of land to some households in activity of the village community. The successive generations and gain of total cultivated area in Kunran, as al­ land by others. The joint family\ ready mentioned, is 1,450 acres out of system is on the decline. Soon after which 969 acres are irrigated by wells the death of the father his sons and canals and 481 acres are unirrigated. divide the land among themselves so In 1960~61, kharif crops were sown on an that each may be able to eke out his area of 945 acres (65.17 per cent of the existence, individually. This pheno­ total), out of which only 114 acres (12.06 menon is almost universal although it is per cent) matured while the remaining realised that the division of ancestral 831 acres (87.94 per cent) did not mature land is in the interest neither of family due to heavy rainfall. Of the kharif resources nor of efficient farming. The crops, the more important are: cotton, uncurbed tendency to spend on non­ charaJ maize, bajra, groundnut, chari, productive projects and functions leads sugarcane and fruit covering to loss of land through its mortgage in 34.29, 26.35, 16.51, 7.30, 5.18, 5.08, 2.43 the first instance and its sale as a last and 1.38 per cent, respectively, of the resort. total sown area. Pulses like mash, mungi, Acquisition of additional land is the moth a:nd til, chillies and flax together result of purchase of land, as possession cover 'Only 1.48 per cent of the total of land is believed to raise one's social sown area. Again, during the same year ~tatus, land held against loans, and land but of the total area of 1.450 acres under mherited on the death of relations, im- cultivation 1.284 acres (88.55 per ceIit) mediate or distant.. In this village Ram­ were devoted to rabi crops, out of which clasias} the erstwhile landle$$ tillers, 1151 acres (89.64 per cent) matured and 38

133 acres (10.36' per cent) .failed to the 'plains after Baisakh. On an average mature. Among the rabi crops, gochani five seers of seed are sown per kachcha (wheat gr~) accounting for 53.89 per bigha. Good and average harvests give cent of the area, is the most important an output of 5 and 2 maunds of wheat and wh?at ::md gram st'wn separately ac­ per kachcha bigha, respectively. count for 21.81 per cent and 10.12 per cent, respectively, of the cultivated area.. Gram.-Gram is sown mostly on un­ Fodders cover 1'0.98 per cent of the sown irrigated light sandy soils. Three area. Other minor ram cr~ps are: barley ploughings are given to the soil bet­ sarson, potato, masri, onion and carrot. ween mid-June and mid-October. Two facts at once become obvious: '(d) The land is watered only once before more land is put under rabi crops thart. sowing. ~he gram crop is entirely under kharif crops and (ii) food crops dependent on the rains in July and claim a, major portion of the cultivated August. The sowing of gram con­ aCl·eage. Farming pr~ctices connected tinues from the beginning of October to with different rabi and kharif crops are mid-November.. Gram-fields are not described in the succeeding paragraphs. manured. Sprouts appear eight days after-s,owing. Weeding' is done once in Wheat.-Wheat is sown both on irri­ early December. The gram crop is in­ gated and unirrigated plots which most­ fested by the same weeds as the wheat ly remain fallow during the kharif har­ crop. It matur~s 'after six months and vest. The fields are ploughed 5 to '10 times its harvestfng begins i:p. early April. The between Phalgun-Chet (March) and the amount of se-ed required per kachcha end of Kartik (mid-November) when bigha; is 5 seers. The average and good pro­ the seeds are sown. Farmyard manure duce per kachcha bioha are 2 and 4 at the rate of 2 cart-loads per kachcha maunds of gram, respectively. bigha, one cartful of manure weighing 15 to 20 maunds, is added to the plots Mustard.-The field In which before sowing the seed. The field is mustard is to be sown is given 5 or watered and sown after two ploughings; 6 plou~hings between July, and the later it is levelled and subdivided into beginning. of September. It is not small portions having distinct boun­ manured. The sowing of mustard daries 6 to 9 inches high. The seeds seed lasts from early October to early sprout five days after the sowing. Wheat November. Seeds sprout four days after fields are watered at leCl.st thrice-'in the sowing. The field is watered once be- middle of Maghar, end of Pas and mid­ _. fore sowing and no waterings are given dle of Phargun-and upto six times if ,to the crop. Like gram, mustard is also there is no rainfall. Weeding is done sown in bm'ani lands. Unwanted only once in the beginning of December. growths sapping the nourishment Qf the The important weeds infesting the crop crop are weeded out in early December. are bitathu, poH, piaaji, matra, and The crop matures in 5 months and is khandci. The crop takes six months' to harvested from mid-March tl) early mature. It is reaped in the beginning of April. One quarter of a seer of mus­ Baisakh (mid-April). There is a proverb tard seed is ,enough to g-rl)w the crop kanakin koonjin mehna ie rehen over an area of one kachcha bigha. The Baisakh-it is a great stigma if wheat re­ output per kachcha bigha varies betweer. 'mains unreaped and the cranes remain i~ on.e and two lTIcrunds. Bajra.-!t is sown mostly in barani ed per kachcha bigha weigh about Ave lands. The plots are ploughed twice in maunds. The produce of gur varies bet.. early July. The bajra crop is not manur­ ween six and ten maunds per kachcha ed. Sowing takes place in the first-half of bigha. July and sprouts appear four days later. It is given one- weeding in early August. Paddy.----,Saplings are purchased The important weeds include khabbal, from Sangrur or neighbouring villages. motha, taandala,,_ salaara, makra and Four to eigh t annaS are paid for hilra. The crop matures in about three buying saplings grown over an area months and i~ reaped without stalk in of Ii feet square. The soil is plough­ the first half of Novemher. Seed requir­ ed twice or thrice. Transplanting ed per kachcha bigha is half a seer. The of sprouts is done between the 20th pro-duce varies between 2 and 2i maunds. Asadh and 10th Shrawan (July) pe_r kachchct bigha. after rainfall. It is hoed once by hand, a month after the transplanting J owar and Chari.-·The chari crop operation. The weeds are saunf and is sown both in irrigated and un­ ghaas. The crop is watered after every irrigated lands. After one water­ ten or fifteen days, atleast ten times. ing the land is ploughed twice In . The crop takes 21 months to mature. It the middle of June. The crop is sown in is reaped in the middle of Maghar (early June/July. The crop is not weeded. It December) and yields from four to five is reaped from mid-October to mid-Nov­ maunds of paddy per kachcha bigha. ember. The crop takes four months to mature. The seed required is five seers Groundnut.-It is groW'll on un­ per kachcha bigha and the produce is two irrigated lands which are neither maunds. The yield of green chari fod­ manured nor watered before sowing. der is about 30 maunds per kachcha bigha. The soil is ploughed four or five times from the beginning of Asadh, (mid-June) to the middle of Shrawan Sugarcane.-It IS grown in irrigat­ ( early August). Groundnut is sown ed lands. Five to ten ploughings are frrm the beginning of Shrawan (mid­ given from mid-N ovember to mid­ July) to the middle of Shrawan (early March. The plots are manured at August) . Seed-grains sprout eight days' the rate of four cart-loads of indi­ after sowing. It is hoed once in the genous manure per kachcha bigha. The be~inning of Bhadon (mid-August). land is watered and ploughed. Seed­ The weeds are khabbaL, motha and lings are plan ted six to seven inches taandala. The crop takes five months to apart and the operation lasts from mid­ mature. The seed required is six seers March to early May. Between May and and the yield varies fflom three to five July the crop is given four fortnightly maunds per kachcha bigha. weedings. The important weeds aY-e khabbal, motha and salaara. The crop Pu'tses and Gawara.-They are is watered after every twenty days at sown in unirrigated lands. The soil least ten times. The crop takes ten is not manured. Fields are shwn in months to mature. Harvestin~ and the beainning of Shrawan (mir1-Julv) juice-extraction continues from Decem­ generally after one nloughing. Snrouts ber to February. The juice is boiled appear four days after sowing. Weed­ and turned into jaggery. Seeds requir- ing is done by hand after one month. 40 Bartey.-The technique 'of barley­ in the month of July because the culti. cultivation is analogous to that of wheat­ vators wait for the rains to avoid labQur growing except that barley is sown later and cost involved in watering. The sown and ripens ~arlier than wheat. The land plots are then levelled and partitioned is ploughed thrice prior to sowing. It is into sub-plots. The sprouts appear after not manured. The seeds are sown . in five days. The maize crop is weeded the month of Bhadon (August-Septem­ twice: once, 15 days after sowing and ber). The crop is given one watering again after a further lapse of 10 days. in the month of Asuj (September­ Important weeds infesting this crop are October) and one weeding in Maghar locally known as khiLbbal, motha, hUra (November-December). It is reaped 5n ~alaara and taandala. Maize fields are early April. Seed required weighs '5,. watered thrice after every twenty days s'eers per kachcha bigha and the produce or a month. Maize crop takes 90 days to varies between I! and 2 maunds per mature. Every stalk bears two to t:p.ree . kachcha bigha. cobs. The harvesting starts in mid­ October and is over by mid-Novembel'. Onion.-The area in which onions Seed required per kachcha bigha weighs are to be grown is subjected to three or two seers, and the output varies bet­ four ploughings. A dose of framyard man­ ween four and six maunds. ure is given at the rate of 60 to 80 maunds Cotton.-It is generally sown on irri­ per kachcha bigha:. The saplings are pur~ gated lands. The soil is not ploughed. The chased either from the nursery at Sang;. land from which wheat crop has been. rur or from neighbo~ring villages. harvested is manured at the rate of two Transplanting is done between mid­ to three cartfuls, Le., 30 to 40 maunds of November and early December. The farmyard manure per kachcha bigha and crop is watered after every ten days and is watered if it does not rain. Seeds are requires at least ten to twelve waterings. sown broad-cast from the beginning of Weeding is done only once in February­ Baisakh (mid-April) to the middle of March. The crop is ready in four J eth (early June). The land is then months. Onions are dug out and crop ploughed, levelled and sub-divided into collected from the end of J eth (mid­ small plots. Sprouts appear six days June) to the middle of Asadh ( early after sowing.. Weeding is done two to July). The produce per kachcha Mgha five times, usually after every ten to varies between 15 and 25 maunds. fifteen days commencing in the middle of Asadh (early July). The important

Maize.-Maize is the main kharif weeds are khabbal, motha, salaara j hUra, crop. It is sown in irrigated lands. The taandala and makra. Picking of cotton land is given five to six ploughings com­ commences in the middle of Asuj (early mencing from the middle of J eth (early October) and ends by the end of Kartik June) and continuing upto the 20th (mid-November). The work of picking is Asadh (second week of July). The land generally done by women. Some seeds is manured at the rate of four c,art-loads are kept for sowing and the remainder, weighing sixty to eighty maunds of in­ fed to the mild.h cattle in winter. The digenous manure per kachcha b?nha. The cotton crop takes seven months to field is watered before sowing if there is mature. Seed required is 11 seers per' no rainfall. Maize is sown between the kachcha bigha and the pronuce vades bet­ 20th Asadh and the 15th Shrawan, Le., ween two and four maunds. 41 -Pulses and Gawara.-These crops broadcast in the manured lands vacat­ depend entirely on rainfall, take five ed 'by maize and cotton between months to mature. and are reaped . in the middle of Amj ( early October) the begin~ing of Maghar (mid Novem~ and the middle of Kartik (early Novem. ber). Seed required is one seer per ber ). The crop is ready afte! four kachcha bigha. The yield per kachcha months but lasts six months. It IS reap~ ;igha varies between one and one and ed between early February and early a half maunds. April. It is neither hoed nor manured .. San.-The field is ploughed only It is watered about ten times after inter­ once before/sowing. San is sown broadcast vals of 15 to 20 days each. Seed requir-: in the middle of- Asadh (early July). ed per kachcha bigha is five seers .. The Later, it is ploughed -and levelled but ~s yield is two maunds of metha grams or neither lloed nor manured. The crop IS 40 maunds of green fodder per kachcha ready after four months and is,reaped in bigha. - the beginning of Kattik (mid-October)., The stalks are immersed in pond water Trends of change and allowed to ret for five days and later Certai1}. changes in patterns of crop,,:, on the san fibre is pealed off the stalks. ping and farming are distinctly visible. The sticks are used as fuel and the fibre Groundnut and paddy cultivation was is used for making ropes and strings. introduced in the village only four years Seed required is 20 seers and the yield ago. Chillies were first grown ten years amounts to one maund each of san fibre ago. The area put under jawar, a millet and grains per kachcha bigha. and halion, a fodder crop, is on the decline. Generally speaking, the acre­ ChiUies.-The plots in, which chillies age under food crops greatly decr~ased are 00 be growtn are ploughed 8 t'o 10 during the dec_ade 1941-42 to 1952-53 times from the beginning of Baisakh but a study of the pattern of jinswar (mid-April) to the beginning of Asadh up to 1961-62 reveals a reversal of (mid-June). Seeds are sown in the this trend. (T,ABLEs 24 and 25). The beginning of Baisakh (mid-April). depth of water below the surface has The soil is then manured at the decreased from 12 feet to about eight rate of 3 cartfuls of farm-yard man­ feet. The climate has become slightly ure per kachcha bigha. Sprouts are colder than what it was a decade earlier, ready for transplanting in Baisakh and the soil is not scorched by the heat and 'Jeth (mid-May t9 mid-June). The to the same extent as used to happen crop is hoed three or four times at inter­ earlier. And on account of heavy rain­ vals of fift'een to twenty days. The im­ fall, the villagers state, the dates for portant weeds include khabbat jhiZra, sowing and harvesting crops have been motha and makra. About ten wat'erings advanced by 15 days over the last eight are given after intervals of"15 to 20 days years. The dates of agricultural opera­ each. The crop stays on land for about tions for the cultivation of cotton have seven months. Picking of chillies com­ been advanced by one month. men<~es in' the beginning of Kartik (mid­ October) and continues to the end of Nature of produce Pos (mid-January). According to the Jinswar state­ Chara ( M etha) ,-Land nut under ment the Kunran village produces Wheat, chara is not ploughed. Seeds are maize, bajra, sugarcane, cotton, oilseeds, 42

gram, pulses, barley, paddy, chillies, acres both in 1952-53 and 1953-54 but it jowar, haLion) gawara, til,' flax, fodder, declined to 29 acres in 1961-62. carrots, melon, potatoes and onions. An idea ot the nature and .quantity of agri­ Both 1952-53 and 1961-62 have been cultural produce can be gained by cor­ normal years. A comparative study of relating the following statistics for figures of production of these two years 1952-53 and 1953 .. 54 as copied from the reveals that the total production of Jinswar statement and figures of pro­ wheat, maize, oilseeds, onions and paddy duction of ten commodities in 1961- has gone up, but the production of bajra, 62 as compiled by the Investigator sugarcane, gram, pulses, barley, and from the household schedules canvassed chillies has declined. Moreover, the in the village:- ". area put under fodder crops was more at the end of the last decade tha.n at its beginning. QUANTITY PRODUCED IN Commodity MAUNDS Tools and equipment -~------I~-­ \ . 1952-53 1953-54 1961·62 ~------~I~------:1---- Farmers use various tools and equip­ Wheat "" \ 2,522 4,756 9,266 ments almost all of which are antiquat­ Maize " , 1,595 1,803 2.576 Bajra. .' I 890 1,172 573 ed. Sketches of important agricultural Cotton (LInt) .' I' 2,840 2,730 2,652 Oilseeds . . 91 153 214 implements and. tools have been given Gram I 3,474 4,238 1,318 separately. The following statement Pulses 892 1,090 . 21 Barley 1.017 258 40 gives the names of different tools and Paddy .. I 12 equipments in use along with details. Chillies 24 87 ' 7 of use, approximate cost, useful life and Area put under sugarcane was 32 place from where they are available:-

Tool/equipment Use Approx. Useful Place from where cost life obtained (Rupees) (Years)

.. __:__ ------~- __..-----.------~- - __ Des; plough (hal) · . Ploughing fields 20 Locally available Maston plough (hal) -d()- 25 5 Sangrur

~ullock-cart · . Transporting agricultural produce 500 20 ! Dhanaula village and manure to 1,000 Suhaga Levelling and clod-crushing 40 5 Locally available Silhagi -do- 20 5 -<10- Jindra , . Embanking fields 5 15 -do- Kassi (mattock) · . Embanking and watering fields and 7 5 Sangrur making irrigational Channels

Khurpa .' Hoeing and weeding 2 Sangrur Sabarkata · . Collecting grains at the time of 1. 50 5 Locally available winnowing

Sickle (daati) Reaping crops 2.50 5 Sal'lgrur

Dosanga of wood " . Separating grains from chaff '. i 3 3 to 4 ' Locally available AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS I . .

xi . - ,::... ---- _...... -~ ... - }-= ~ E~ .._ 5

I. KASIA 5. GANDAALA 2. KASSI 6,'GANDASA 3. TRIPHAALI 7. TAKUA 4. JATT S.TOKA EARTHEN ' RECEPTACLES' FOR FOOD - GRAINS

_1. PI RHA 3.PIPA 2. BHAROLI AGRICULTURAL IMPLEME.NTS

2-

1. GADDA 4.oAATt' 2.SALANG ' !j. I

2

4, 3

1. CHAK 3. KANERA 2. SOTI 4. KUCH 43

Approx. I Useful Place from Tool(equipment Use cost life where obtained I (Rupees) (Years)

Tangli . . Spreading and threshing harvest .. 5 Sa lang Carrying thorny bushes for fencing -do- Jatt Spreading wheat-sheaves 4 -do- Phalla .. ' Threshing wheat 4 -do- Chhaja/i Winnowing 5 Chaff-cutting machine Chaff-cutting/fodder-cuttiog 70 Chaff-cutter -do- 2 5 -do- Takua Lopping thorny branches and fence- 2 5 -do- making

Gandaala Fence-making lO Locally available Khapra Cutting sugarcane 2 Sangrur Triphaali Weeding 25 10 -do- Kant/ha Collecting khabba/ from fields 10 5 -do- Pair of Lassan (ropes) Securing load on bullock-cart 10 5 Locally available Sadwai Lifting a cart for wheel-lubrication 2 20 -do- , I . d h . Kasia I Weedmg an oemg 5 4 Sangrur

Of the agricultural implements listed alisation in their production in small above the desi and Maston ploughs, bul-' towns resulting in reduction of cost there lock-cart, suhaga and suhagi only are is a trend towards their adoption. And to driven by bullocks. All the rest are that extent the traditional bond between manipulated exclusively by human~ the agriculturists and the artisans is beings. undergoing a change. Mechanical appli­ ances have not so far found favour with T,:end of change in Tools, Equipment farmers in this village. and Techniques

Method of farming is generally Organisation of man-power speaking, primitive. Except Maston ploughs and triphaaLi which are being Generally, all male members of the gradually adopted by some peasants, the household actively engage themselves in old and antiquated tools and equipments fields at the time or various agricultural are largely owned and used. They are operations. The women-folk, besides car­ either purchased ready-made from Sang­ rying meals and refreshments to fields, rur or got made at home by the village assist in light agricultural operations such artisan by supplying him the materials. as picking cotton, separating bajra-cobs With increased demand for these tools from the stalks, removing grains from and equipments and as a result of speci- maize-cobs etc. 44

Out of 105, agriculturist households as land, livestock, machinery or construct­ (including those households which adopt ing wells, etc., requiring huge amounts, agriculture as subsidiary occup~tion) well-to-do zamindars and money-lenders . 36, engage attached labourers for the are approached though they ch,arge high year. The, attached agricultural, rate of interest viz., lSi per cent. TABLE labourer assists the peasant house­ 28(b) 'indebtedness by causes' reveals holds throughout the year in all that loans taken for improvement of land agricultural operations and in return get's ,and agriculture form an insignificant one-fifth of the agricultural produce per part-6.5 per cent-of the total debt. plough. During busy season, labourers are employed on daily wages. Sixteen Nature of expenditure in connection with househ1olds of the village (8 of Ram­ various operations dasias, 1 of a Brahman, 2 of Mazhbi Silms," 1 ·of a Mirasi, 2 of Bazigars and 2 of Jhiwars) provide labour-force against Amount spent in defraying water daily payment. Ten of them have adopt­ rates for canal irrigation, money spent ed agricultural labour as their main occu­ on purchasing tools, seeds, fertilizers, pation and the remaining six house­ etc., payments made to attached and holds follow it as a subsidiary occupa­ casual agricultural labour and expenses tion. The practice of mutual aid in agri­ incurred on transporting and marketing cultural operations prevails. Out of 105, agricultural produce are the main items households of agriculturists (including accounting for expenditure in connection those households which adopt agriculture with various operations. Out of these, the as subsidiary occupation only), 91 house· system of paying attached and casual holds take the help of neighbours at the labour may be discussed here. The daily time of sowing, harvesting, etc., and 89 wages for a labourer employed to harvest households assist neighbours and receive wheat crop are as heavy a sheaf of wheat help in cultivation in the shape of manual as he can carry ~n addition to a free meal labour (TABLE 27). The daily-labourers and tea. Hoeing charges. per day include, are mostly engaged, at the time of har­ besides cash payment of one or two vesting of the wheat crop and hoeing and rupees, meals and tea twice a day. A weeding operations. They are also em­ person employed to feed fuel to the fur­ ?loyed for converting surgarcane juice nace in the gur-making operation is given mto gur and shakkar and for firing the two meals, two teas and five seers of gur furnace on which juice is desiccated. The for every 24 hours of service. However, rates of wages have been discussed under labourers hailing from U.P., and engaged 'Nature of expenditure for different in the gur-making operation are paid at operations'. the rate of seven annas per maund of gur made arid eight annas per maund of shakkar. In addition, they are served Source of Finance free meals and tea and given tobacco al- ·lowance at the rate of two annas for every 24 hours of service. The agricul­ The chief sources of agricultural turallabourer who remains attached with fin~nce for- the peasant' are co-operative a peasant throughout the year is entitled SOCIety, arhtias and friends and relatives. ~o ?ne-fifth of the t'otal annual produce if .The Block agency also provides loans in It IS a one-plough cultivation and one­ kind. For acquiring capital assests such tenth if it is a two-plough cultivation. 45

Utilisation of produce 29.4 per cent, 25.7 per cent, 38 per cent, The table given below shows the 2.1 per cent, 91.4 per cent, 40.2 per cent, utilisation of produce in the village dur­ 22.5 per cent, 10 per cent and 50 per ing the year 1961-62. cent, respectively, of their gross produ~t. Commodities like gur, pulses and Chll­ lie~ are just enough to m~et domestic requirements. Tp.e quantity of surpl~s I Quantity' r barley is also insigriificant. C:otton. IS J Quantity consumed lll- _ Product produced annually Marketable the main cash crop of this vlllage, annually by the surplus deed of this area. Oilseeds and millets producing households also bring in good returns to the produc­ , ing households. Farmers do not prefer ------~__..O(- _ __1 -~-___.__I_..;1_.o1~-....oj___t__....!__. rice to wheat as evidenced by the fact (Maunds) (Maunds) (Maunds) that 50 per cent of the total produce of Wheat 9,266 6,545 2,721 paddy is put out on sale. Maize 2,576 1,915 661 Bajra 573 355 218 Marketing of produce Gllr ,469 459 ' 10 Cotton 2,652- 227 2,425 About 28 per cent of the yield of Oilseeds 214 128 86 food crops and about 88 per cent of the Gram 1,318 1,021 297 output of cash crops are available as Pulses 21 21 marketable surplus. A large portion of Barley surplus foodgrains, gur, and oilseeds a~e 40 36 4 marketed at Sangrur. But cotton IS Paddy 12 6 6 mostly purchased by Banias of Duggan, Chillies 7 7 Bahadarpur, Longowal and Sangrur -~---~ ~~------from the village itself. Some quantities of foodgrains are purchased by non­ Total 11,148 10,720 I 6,428 J I cultivating households of the village for domestic consumption. The farmers of Kunran patronise 5 arhtias of Sangrur From this table it is clear that 62.5 from whom they purchase oil-cakes, per cent of the total agricultural produce cotton-seeds, and other items for human is consumed by the producing households and animal consumption. Villagers also themselves and only 37.5 per cent of pro­ obtain credit from the arhtias and al­ duce is available for disposal within the ways call on them whenever they happen village to non-cultivating households or to visit the market. The commission­ in the markets at ·Sangrur and Barnala. agents arrange an open auction of the Internal consumption of food crops is as produce in the presence of a large num­ high as 72.5 per cent, but as low: as 12.4 ber of buyers in return for a commission per cent in the case of cash crops. A of 75 np. per 100 rupees of sale proceeds. scrutiny of cropwise consumption of agri­ The farmers have also to pay transport cultural produce in the village for the charges at the rate of six annas per year 1961-62 reveals that the marketable maund if the produce is taken to S'angrur surplus for wheat, maize, bajra, gur, cot­ and at the rate, of eight annas if it is sold ton, oilseeds, gram, barley and paddy is at Barnala. 46

Agricultural Calendar

The agricultural calendar of' the village IS given below.

Month Operations

Chet (March-April) .. Kizarif ploughing ; reaping and threshing of oils;eeds and barley- planting of sugarcane '

Baisakh (April-May) .. Harvesting and threshing of rabi crops; weeding and watering of sugarg1ne ; sowmg of cotton and chillies

Jeth (May-June) . . Threshing of'rabi crops completed, grains and fodder are stored . weeding and .watering of sugarcane continue cotton SOWing' transplanting of chillies ,.

Asadh (June-July) .. Sowing of maize, bajra. chari and san; transplanting of paddy; digging out. of onions; weeding of sugarcane, cotton and chillies; rabi ploughmg started _

Shrawan (July-August) .. Sowing of groundnut, pulses gawara, sowing of maize and trans­ planting of paddy completed; watering of maize and paddy' rabi ploughing continues '

Bhadon (August-September) Rob; ploughing continues; watering of maize and chillies hoeing of maize, chillies and groundnut '

ASlIj (September-October) .• Robi plouihing continues; sowing of sarson, gram and metha' picking of cotton commences ' Kartik (October-November) .. Rob; sowing completed ; harvesting of kharif crops, digging out of groundnut; picking of cotton continues. Maghar (November-December) . . Harvesting of khari! crops and digging out of groundnuts completed; cotton-picking continues; transplanting of onions; weeding of rabi crops Pas (December-January) .. Cotton-picking completed; watering of rahi crops Magh (January-February) .. Watering of rabi crops continues; reaping and crushing of sugar­ cane and ploughing for sugarcane

PhalgWl (February-March) .. Weeding of onion; watering of raM crops continues; reaping and pressi~g of sugarcane completed ; ploughing for sugarcane continues; fodder cutting

Pests C-273 and C-228 varieties of wheat seed Many agricultural pests infest dif­ though the former gives better yield ferent crops in this region. Top--borer than the latter. The 320F cotton is infests -sugarcane, maize and millet quite popular. White variety of sugar­ crops, te~ua and thuthi damage cotton cane seed bearing the number C 0453 crop, kungi and kaarangiari spoil the ~as been adopted by most of the culti­ wheat crop, kungi infests the gram crop vators in this village. Only about 20 and telua saps the vitality of the sarson households use chemical fertilizers be­ crop. sides farm manure. Improved seed and Fertilizers ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Use of improved varieties of seed No household in the village follows 1S on the increase. Farmers use both fishing or forestry as the main or 47

subsidiary occupation. One Sikh J at of trees in day-time. Except bullocks household following sheep-rearing as a and camels, all other livestock are graz­ secondary occupation owns forty shep.p. ed in the fields for the greater part of Other livestock required for cultivation, the day. The only free facility for transport and milk-p~oduction are own­ grazing is in the shamlat lands or on the ed and reared by a majority of house­ fields soon after a crop has been harvest­ holds, both for family use and sale. ed. The roadside pastures owned by the _ Details of livestock owned castewise are Government are purchased at the time given in TABLE 26. These livestock are of annual. auction by a number of house­ either home-bred or bought locally from holds jointly or severally. some neighbouring village or the cattle. The grazing of livestock is under­ fairs. The villagers mostly visit ten taken both by the households themselves cattle fairs held at different ,places in the and by the paid grazier of the village. Sangrur District and one held at Nabha. In the former case one of the young mem­ The names of places where these are bers of the household is exclusively held, their distances from Kunran and put on this job. He is not sent to school the frequency of fairs are .listed below. for studies. Sometimes old persons of the household unfit for hard operations Venue of the cattle Distance Frequency of agriculture take up this work. In the fair from of the Kunran cattle fair latter case a paid grazier is jointly em:­ (miles) per year ployed by a number of households who lack sufficient man-power for this type Duggan of work or have an inclination to send Sangrur 8 12 all of their children to school. The paid Sunam 9 3 grazier jointly employed by a number of 12 2 households charges two rupees per buf­ Lehragagga falo and one rupee per cow for render­ Dhanaula 9 4 ing service for a period of six months. 13arnala lS 2 In addition, he gets a handful of flour AlaI 8 daily from each household whose cattle 18 2 he takes for grazing. The sheep-breeder Dhuri has separately engaged a grazier for the Malerkotia 22 2 sheep owned by him. The grazier is paid Nabha 25 2 a fixed wage of Rs. 250 per year in addi­ Bara-Graon 7 2 tion to daily meals and tea. The only tools and equipment own­ ed by the people for animal husbandry Almost every household owning are: (i) a wooden spade (phawra) for livestock possesses a cattle-shed attached clearing off dung; (ii) a basket (tokra) to the residential building or close ~o it, made of twigs or bamboo sticks or an iron built separately. During winter they vessel (tasla) for carrying dung to the are kept inside at night and in the open pits; (iii) a tethering rod (kila); (iv) a during the day, if the weather is clear, wooden stall; (v) a tethering chain or so that they may remain warm in the rope (sangal or rassa); and (vi) a bilI­ sun-shine. During summer they are hook (takua) owned by the sheep-bree­ tethered in the open courtyard at night der for cutting off branches of trees for and in the cattle-shed or under the shade feeding sheep on their leaves. 48

The village owns a pedigree bull of of a buffalo varies between 200 and the Hissar-breed. There is no pedi­ 500 rupees, of a cow between' 80 and gree or desi buffalo-bull. Buffalo-bulls 200 rupees and of a bullock bet­ owned by the neighbouring villages serve ween 500 and 700 rupees. The local buffaloes of this village. The sheep are Bazigars purchase annually wool worth also of. local breed. Artificial insemina­ Rs. 24.0 and lambs worth Rs. 300 from tion is not practised. the sheep-breeder which they sell at a profit at Malerkotla and Amritsar. The total de,bt outstanding against the villagers for purchase of cattle is, No household of the village sells Rs. 7,943 and for fodder Rs. 1,280. These milk. Only ten households 'sell ghee in items constitute 4.9 per cent and 0.8 per 'small quantities left over after meeting cent, respectively, of the total indebted­ their domestic needs. Thus the entire ness of the village. The averages for quantity of milk and a large quantity of these two types of debts per indebted ghee .... are consumed by the producing family are Rs. 273.89 and Rs. 116.36, res­ households themselves. A buffalo yields pectively. Mostly, family resources are eight to twelve seers of milk per day sufficient to meet expenditure on these and a cow between two and five items but villagers do not hesitate to seers. Whole of the wool and obtain loans from other agencies also. half of the lambs obtained from the sheep stock are sold outside the vil­ There are no special patrons and lage. The surplus cattle when fit for clients. Milch cattle are purchased most­ work or yielding milk are sold and the ly by urban people when they are in lac­ rest of them are retained for domestic tation. The draught and transport animals use. are purchased by farmers of the neigh­ bouring areas when their" own draught The more common fodders fed to animals die or they wiant to in­ livestock in different months of the crease their existing stock. Price year are no ~edJ below .

Months Fodders

Phalgun and' Chet .. Barseem, Senji, metha, chara, sarsOn Baisakh and Jeth .. Dry straw of wheat (toorl) Asadh to Maghar Green chari, gawara and maize

Pas and Magh .. Dry straw of wheat (toorl), dry stalks of maize, bajra and chari

Magh and P~algun ., Aag, i.e. green tops of sugarcane

Wheat, gram and gawara grains are VILL~GE INDUSTRIES fed to the livestock throughout the year either mixed with toori or separately. There is no regular organised indus­ Oil-cake, cotton~seed, gram-grains trial establishment in the village. Only are fed to buffaloes when in milk. one Muslim household makes earthern 49 pottery and another has adopted weav­ bution among villagers against custo­ ing as a profession. Thl;'ee households mary payments in· kind or instant pay­ of Ramdasias make shoes for sale. ments in cash. Details of the potter's Potters make clayware for distri- products are given below.

Article Use Number produced annually

Ghara .. Storing water 250 Tauri .. Simmering milk 150 Rirkalla or raula ..- Churning 50 Jhakkra .. Carrying butter-milk to fields 100

TapIa ., Cooking pulses and S(lag 150 BallUlI · . Soaking com for buffaloes' 25 Dogar(fll .. Worship at the Diwa/i festival 250 I Jhakkrian · . Worship at the Jhakkrian festival 300 KarwQ · . Worship at the Karwa-Challlh festival 1,500 Earthen Iwkka Smoking 15

The potter also makes thuthian and SHOE MAKING choongre·, earthen lamps of different shapes, used e~tensively on the occasion Three Ramdasia households engag­ of the Diwali f.estival. ed in shoe-making turn out annually about 800 pairs of country-shoes. Raw No change has taken place in the material and accessories required in art of pottery-making during the last' shoe-making . include leather, soot­ couple of decades. The raw material dhaga, pakki reel, dyes, sarson oil, oil­ required for making earthen vessels cakes, tartaric extract, silken logri, consists of black clay and sand for mould­ paatha and zari. Leather is mostly pur­ ing the ware and dung-cakes for charr­ chased from Jullundur and Malerkotla, ing it. The pots are coloured either with but other articles are bought from Sang­ different kinds of clay or painted with rur. A number of tools are required in chemical colours obtained from Sangrur. shoe-making. A flat stone serves as the The most important tools required in anvil. Bhali, a flat rectangular piece of pot-making are: soti or chalaakar.. chak, wood, is used for cutting leather. Skins wooden thaapa and kanera or kaneru. are beaten with a bottle-shaped wooden Soti is the potter's rod used for revolv­ mogra and smoothened with a wooden ing the potter's wheel while cook is the khab.iL Ramba and rambi are used for potter's wheel made of clay mixed with peeling and cleaning leather; aar is used flax on which vessels are shaped. The for making holes. and kandaari and sooi interior of the raw: pot is supported by for stitching, Kalboot, the shoe-mould, the kanera when its exterior is beaten is an indispensable accessory in this into shape with the wooden thaapa. operation. . sO The village weaver produces annual-, has incurred debt. The produce of these ly about 50 cotton plaids, each 7 yards crafts is sold locally to the villagers; and long and one yard wide and 720 yards of td' the residents of the surrounding vil­ khaddar having a width of 27 inches. lages. Sometimes, shop-keepers in Sang­ The raw material required is almost ex­ rur purchase -country-shoes from the elusively home-spun yarn supplied lo­ shoe-makers. cally or machine:-made yarn purchased from the market. The weaver's tools m..,. About 75 per cent of the earthen elude kuch, tur, gardaartak, panakh, hatha , ,pots are utilized within the village and kanghi, naal, rachh; kaani, bhoni, kaleh­ th~ re~aining 25 per cent are purchased ra, and pairai. by persons from neighbouring villages. It is es(imated that out of a total of 800 The potters, shoe-makers and the pairs of shoes produced annually, 300 are weavers adopt indigenous designs with­ purchased by the villagers themselves out seeming to realise th~t perpetual use and the remaining 500 are purchased of traditional designs would make them either by residents of surrounding vil­ monotonous. All the three occupations lages or, sometimes, by petty dealers are traditional. Young boys work as ap­ from Sangrur. The entire quantity of prentices with the elder members of the cloth produced annually is consumed household. Generally, a boy at the age within the village itself. of 15 years starts lending a helping hand. _ None of the craftsmen or apprentices has The rates at which various articles undergone training in any industrial cen­ of pottery are supplied against payments tre. Nobody in any of these professions in kind are given below:-

Article Rate of payment in kind

Ghara .. 2! seers of grains Jhakkra -do­ TapIa ., 1 seer of grams TauTa or rirkana . , 10 seers of grains Bathal .' 2! SOOrs of grains Dogaran .' ! seer of grains Jhakkriall and karwa .. 1- baat; of grains for a pair Hukka .. 2t seers of grains Choongre and thuthian ,. Small un-weighed quantity of grains

Besides, at weddings the potter supplies children for half that price. The W'eaver 11 pots in return for a sum of two rupees charges four rupees f6r weaving a cotton and free meals for three days during plaid' 6 yards long and about 1 yard wide' marriage ceIebrations. Adults are sold a and 8 rupees for weaving 30 yards of cloth pair of shoes for Rs. 4 and annas 6, and having a width of 27 inches. 51

The potter works only for two These commercial activities on a months during the year. He makes gha­ small scale continue throughout the year. raB, taurian, rirkani, jhakkras, taplas and The commodities dealt in by the shop­ bathals for two months during Phalgun keepers are of daily use and as the Sang­ and Chet, and dogaran, jhakkrian; "kar­ rur market lies at a distance of nine.miles was, choongre and thuthian during an­ only they are purchased in small quanti­ other two months of Asuj and Kanik. ties at a time. The sale proceeds of the One shoe-maker works throughout the goods sold are soon reinvested in fresh year while the remai~ing two households stock. This minimises the risk involved of shoe-makers work for only ~even in financial investment particularly as months from Pos to mid- Chet and Asadh the shop-keepers have small resources. to mid-Asuj. During the busy agricul­ INDEBTEDNESS AND TREND OF CHANGE tural season, two households engaged in 54.7 per cent of the households in the shoe-making work as casual agricultural village (82 out of 150) are under debt, labourers. W'eavfng continues through­ the total amount of outstanding debt out the year except for two months of being Rs. 1,61,100. The average amount Shrawan and Bhadon when due to hu­ of debt per indebted household works out midity it is not easy to work on coarse to Rs. 1,965. On an average the inci­ yarn .. dence of indebtedness is . the highest among Sikh Jats and Tarkhans. COMMERCE . 43,7 per cent of fresh loans have There are four shops in the village, been incurred to repay old debts. 24.2 two run by Banias and two by a Khatri per cent of the total indebtedness is ac­ and an Arora households. They deal in counted for by domestic needs, 15.4 per grocery and general merchandise. The cent by expenditure on marriage, 7.1 Arora and Khatri households have start­ percent by expenditure on construction ed these shops-during the last decade only. and about 5 per cent by investment in live-stock. Thus, it is clear that about 52 The village grocer deals in sugar, per cent of the total indebtedness is necessitated by expenditure on SOCIO­ kerosene, soap, condiments, match boxes, cigarettes, pulses, sarson oil, dyes, snuffs, religious activities land 'other unpro­ vegetable oils etc. The articles of general ductive ventures. (TABLE 28). merchandise available in the village are 64.5 per cent of the total loans were buttons, needles, combs, stationery, lamps advanced by well-to·do zamindars. lanterns, chimneys, articles of toilet, etc. Money lent by money-lenders amounts The list of articles sold in the village by to 22 per cent of the total loan. The share these shop-keepers has remained un­ of the Government agency, co-operatiye changed for the last few years. The com­ society, friends and relations in total in­ modities are purchased from Sangrur debtedness stands at 8.4 per cent, 2.4 market and are transported either on per cent and 2.7 per cent, respectively. bicycles or by bus. They are brought in (TABLE 29). small quantities but the stocks are re­ By and large the pattern of indebted­ plenished continually. They are stored ness in the village has remained un­ In the shop attached to the residential changed during the last two decades. The building. Articles are sold against both only change has been that Government payments in kind and cash. institutions have also started advancing 52

loans at reasonable rates of interest. At In q. rapid survey such as this, it is present, the ~~~Qp-erative society ad­ very difficult to prepare family budgets vances loans at the rate of 7i per cent, having any semblance of accuracy. But the Government agencies advance loans enquiries reveal that by and large deficits at the" rate of 6:1- per cent but the money­ are a regular feature of family budgets lenders and well-to-do zamindars conti.., due to a general rise in the prices! of in­ nue to extort a rate of interest vary­ dustrial products and changes in the con­ ing between l8i per cent and 25 per cent. sumpti~t:t-habits of the people. There is Obviously, the competition between -the no perceptible change, the villagers state, Government institutions and private in their income but due to changes in money-lenders is very meagre because consumption-habits they are spending the former cannot meet all the require­ increasingly large amounts on articles ments of the villagers which the latter at like tea,_ sugar, cigarettes, meat and present do. liquor. A Chamar a t work.

A Julaha at work.

Specimens of earthenware. Shrmes of goddess Seetla,

A stone idol of Hanul11an, the monkey-god.

Samadh (shrine) of Chuhar Singh, the village martyr. CHAPTER IV

SOCJAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

AGE AND SEX DISTRmUTION in the age~gr6up 5-9. In the former The statement given below shows group, females outnumber males by a the composition of the village population margin of 7 and i~ the latter group males according to age and sex . - outnumber females by 12. In the wider age~group of 0-9, the distribution of sex Population by Sex and age~groups is nearly even, i.e. 153 males and 148 fe~ males, with an increase of only 5 males. Age-groups Males Females Total The children below the age of 10 years (yeani) cOl)Stitute 29.3 per cent of the· total population. 0-4 77 84 161 There are 122 persons (56 males and 5-9 76 64 140 66 females) in the age~group 10-14 and 10-14 56 66 122 106 persons (54 males and 52 females) in the age~group 15-19. In the first 15-19 54 52 106 group females excel males by a majority 20-24 53 49 102 of 10, but in the second group they fall 25-29 41 40 81 short by 2. Persons in the age~group 10-19 numbering 228 constitute 22.2 per 30-34 36 29 65 cent of the total population. 35-44 41 35 76 The number of young adults aged 45-59 52 49 101 20-24 is 102 .( 53 males and 49 females), 60 and above 47 26 73 persons aged 25-29 years count 81 (41

~-p--_,_~_..,.__,. ~~_..,.-~ males and 40 females), and those aged Total . . 533 ! 494· I 1,027 30-·34 years number 65 (36 males and 29 females). In al1. these three age­ The village population according to groups males oufnumber females by the census of 1951 was 786 : 421 males margins of 4,1 and 7, respectively. Young and 365 females. According to the pre~ adults (20-34 years) form 24.15 per sent survey of the village in April, 1962, cent of the total popUlation, i.e., 248 per­ the population was 1,027: 533 males and sons, 130 males and 11~ females. 494 females. During the last 11 years, Middle~aged persons in the age­ the village populafion has increased by group 35-44 number 76 (41 males and 30.7 per cent at a rate higher than that 35 females), and in the age~group 45- for the St'ate as a whole. Further, the 59, their number is 101 (52 males and 49 males -have increased by 26.6 per cent females) . In the first group males out­ and the females by 35.3 per cent. number females by a margin of 6 and in There are 161 children (77 males the second group by a: margin of 3 only. and 84 females) in the age-group 0-4 and They constitute 17.23 per cent of the 140 children (76 males ~nd 64 females) total _popu1ation. .

53 54' The old persons in the age-group, member households,. 23 households have 60 and over, number 73, (47 males and 26 2 to 3 members, 49 have 4 to 6 members, females). In this age-group the males another 49 have 7 to 9 members and the out-number the females by a margin of remaining 22 have at least 10 members 21. They constitute 7.1 per cent of the· each. TABLE No. 30 gives the size of total population. ' households caste-wise.

SIZE OF FAMILY BIRTH AND DEATH STATISTICS The average size of a family in the The following * table gives the num­ village is 6.85 persons. Out of 150 hOlJ:se­ ber of births and deaths in the village holds in the village there are 7 single" during the last eleven years

I \ BIRTHS DEATHS Year --,...... ------Total Males Females Total Males Females ------1951 6 4 2 8 4 4 1952 31 12 19 6 4 2 1953 8 5 3 1954 24 13 11 8 7 J955 14 7 7 10 2 8 1956 4 3 14 11 3 1957 24 15 9 12 6 6 1958 ·20 15 5 10 6 4 1959 19 12 7 9 5 4 1960 23 17 6 13 2 11 1961 35 18 17 9 6 3

_____ --__"-I>--_l"-- .--..I--.f~!__"'_-_"'~ --"11--..'---_ -~ _ ___.,_..;:-

Total 208 / 121 87 100 48 52

*Source: District Medical Officer of Health, Sangrur.

According to the Birth-and-Death Re­ birth rate works out to be the double of gisters in the office of the District Medi­ death rate. Moreover, the majority of cal Officer of Health, Sangrur, the total 21 males in the age-group 60 and above number of births in this village during over females in the same age-group indi­ 11 years from 1951 to 1961 was 208, male cates that males enjoy a longer span of births being 121 and female births 87. life than females. Cases of mortality for the same period numbered 100, out of which 48 were MIGRATION males and 52 females. This gives a net During the last 11 years one house­ increase of 108 'persons in the population hold of Aroras from Dera Ghazikhan during the last 11 years. Calculated on District of West Pakistan, one of Khatris the basis of 1951 population figures the from District F,erozepur, one of a Sa:dhu, 55

from U.P., two of Mazhbi Sikhs from cent) are unmarried, 223 (45.14 pel;' Tahsil Barnala of Sangrur District, one cent) are married and 24 (4.86 per cent) of Tarkhans from Tahsil Bhawanigarh are widowed ( TABLE 31). No woman in of the same District and one of Sunars the village has been divorced. from within the Sangrur Tahsil have set­ tled in the village. These 6 households STATISTICS OF DISEASE consist of 29 persons. During the same. period, ,4 households have left the In the course of the survey 37 per­ village. ,One Bania household has sons including 18 male adults, 18 female shifted to Sangrur and another to Dhuri adults and 1 minor were found to be either of them 'having started a shop, a affected by various diseases. Out of these l'arkhan household has migrated to 37 persons, 31 suffered from chronic Hissar District and one Mazhbi Sikh diseases for more than a year. Five pa­ household has settled in Tahsil Barnala. tients suffered for more than one month Together, they constitute about 20 per­ but less than six months and only one sons. Besides, 4 members of a house­ person had been suffering for less than hold still residing ·in the village have one month. Three persons suffered from gone outside in pursuit of lucrative occu­ .rheumatic pains, 8 from pains in liver, pations. Two Banias have migra~ed to kidney, stomach, respiratory system and Dhuri where one has set· up a shop belly, 3 from swelling of the body, one and the other has become a milk-vendor. from leg paralysis, 10 from cough, bad A Sikh Jat has gone to Bardhwan (West cold and Asthma, 1 from chronic head-' Bengal) to work as a driver and a weaver ache, 7 from piles, 2 from gout, 1 from has taken up a job in Calcutta. They pneumonia and 1 from itching. (TABLE 32.) pay frequent visits to the village. Thus ~ in all about 24 persons have migrated from the village during the last 11 years. TABLE No. 33 on medical care shows The net result of in-migration and out­ that out of 150 households, 3 stated that migration is an addition of 5 persons . they did not use any medicine, 5 sought only to the village population during this cure from the faith-curer, 31 obtained period. Allopathic treatment, 71 adopted Ayur­ vedic treatment and the remaining 40 MARITAL STATUS followed different modes of treatment on differen t occasions. - Half the population in the village 52.39 per cent to be precise) consists The disease statistics of the nearest of unmarried persons, i.e., 538 persons Government Rural Allopathic Dispen­ out of 1,027 have not married, 444 per­ sary at Mastuana, 4 miles away from the sons accounting for 43.23 per cent of the village, for the year 1961-62 are given total population are married. 43 per~ons below. (4.19 per cent) are widowed. The inci­ Number of dence of divorce is negligible, there being Disease Or trouble patients only two cases in the village. Among males, 291 persons (54.6 per cent) are un­ T.B. 4 married, 221 (41.46 per cent) are mar­ ried, 19 (3.56 per cent) are widowed and Whooping Cough 8 2 persons have been divorced. Similarly, Ueasles ache - among females, 247 persons (50.0 per Infection Hepatits 2 56

Numher of ,educational standard, 16 persons (1.6 Disease or trouble patients per cent) have attained primary or , junior basic standard! of education, 3 Fever (PDO) 7 males (0.3 per cent) have studied upto Tumour the middle st;:mdard, one male is a mat­ riculate while 2 males have passed the Deficiency of vitamins .. 2 Intermediate examination. There is no Anemia 33 graduate in the village (TABLE 34), Asthma 1,9 Thus the percentage of literacy in the Allergic Disorder 22 village works out at 5.9. According to the 1.951 census 12.46 per cent of the village. EpilepsY pppulation was literate. There has thus' Trachoma 107 beeIJ, a decline of 7 per cent in literacy Congenctivits 158 over the. past 11 years. It may be noted that 69 per cent of the literates in the Otitis Media ;. 146 village fall in the age-group 5-19 which Other ear diseases 102 means that they are either students or Rheumatic fever persons who have just finished their last Other Respiratory diseases 286 course in schooling. The adult popula­ Acute Bronchitis 408 tion in the village is mo!?tly illiterate. A Primary School started functioning in Teeth and Gum 87 the village in 1954. The stat'ement below Other digestion disorder 594 shows the number of students on rolls Female Generative 11 during the period 1954-62. Delivery

Scabies 34 Infection of the skin 648 Number of Muscular Rheumatism 80 Year Total Males Females student!> . belonging Wounds 79 to . Scheduled Superficial injuries 5 Castes and backward classes From this statement, it will be seen that the most prominent and wide-spread __ ~-~ _ i --__ ,._~ \,~- __"'__r-- ,_~_~ __ I, ______diseases in this region include infections 1954 28 24 4 4 of the skin, digestive disorders, acute bronchitis, other respiratory diseases, 1955 36 30 6 5 congenctivits, otitis media and ear 1956 30 24 6 5 troubles. 1957 28 25 3 5 1958 27 25 2 4 LITERACY 1959 19 18 1 4 94.06 per cent of the village popula­ 1960 10 10 4 tion, i.e.) 966 persons including 481 males 1961 20 19 5 485 39 and females is illiterate. persons 1962 44 37 7 1:3 (3.8 per cent) are literate without any 57 Class-wise strength of students in the either though the number of such stu­ local Primary School in March, 1962 was dents \n 1962 was greater than that in as under:- the previous years.

FAMULY STRUCTURE No. of students Class Total Males Females belonging Only a third of t_h.e total ~a~ilies ~ No. to scheduled the village can be classlfi~d as Jomt !amI­ castes lies. There- are 26 familIes of the Inte~­ and backward ' mediary type and the remaining 66 .fann­ cla,ses lies can be described as simple. It IS ob­ vious that joint family system is on the ·decline. TABLE No. 35, shows the nature~ of families caste-wise. In simple and 5th 4 4 intermediary types of families intra­ 4th 3 3 2 family relationship is quite smooth ~s 3nl there is no internal friction among theIr members. However, in joint families, the 2nd intra-family ties and cohesion begin to 1st loosen as the head of the household ad­ vances in years and among agricultural families in particular, the family bond Total weakens after the death of the head of the household. The result is division of The statements given above reveal ancestral land and property and dis­ that during the first three years following integration of family into smaller and the commencement of primary level independent' units. classes in the village there was compara­ tively considerable enthusiasm among INHERITANCE OF PROPERTY the villagers for sending their children to school. But gradually, this interest start­ Out of 150 per~o_ns of different castes ed declining so that in 1960, the total interviewed 149 deposed that sons alone number of students in the school was could inherit ancestral property, 5 only 10. However, following the intro­ stated that daughters were also entitled duction of the scheme of Compulsory to a share in the ancestral property and Primary Education, the number of stu­ 56 recognised a wife's share in the pro­ dents in the village increased to 44 in perty of her deceased husband. Again, 1962. Very few children. move up to out of 149 persons recognising the claim the 4th or the 5th standard. The number of sons to their paternal property, 132 of girl students is very small and usually held that all sons were entitled to get an equal share while the remaining 17 were all of them stop attending the school after the first primary class. In 1962, of the view that unmarried sons would be allowed a larger share of cash and there were 7 girl students against 37 boy cattle than the married ones, but the rest students and the former were all study­ of the property would be divided equally, ing in the first primary class. The num­ among all of them. Five persons recog­ ber of students belonging to the scheduled nising a daughter's share in her father's castes and backward classes is not large property asserted that their share was 58

equal to that of their brothers. Out of the collect around him some' simple folk 56 persons ,who believed that a wife had whom he regales with stories, factual a share in her husband's property, 36, and imaginary, of his wanderings abroad. stated that she inherited equally with her He hears the daily news bulletin and sons, 11 thought _ that she got a share reads newspaper. He disseminates the smaller than that of her sons but the re­ information acquired by him during the maining 9 felt that she was entitled to day among his fellows in the evening. claim only maintenance (TABLE~ 36-- About 15 to 20 persons listen to the news 39). broad-cast daily in the evening from the panchayat radio-set lying in the dera. As stated above, out of 150 inter--' viewees only 4 SHill J ats and one Bania Villagers mostly combine mental agreed that a daughter should inherit the diversion with hard physical labour. property of her father equally with his Very often the sh-rill notes of folk songs sons. Two of these persons are aged sung by the village youth engaged in a more than 50 years, 2 belong to the age­ tiring agricultural operation mingle with group :iI-50 and the remaining one falls the chirping of the birds to break at in the age-group 21-30 (TABLE 40). In dawn, the silence engulfing the village Kunran, there have been only 10 cases habita;tion; and its surrounds. Most of so far when following his death a per­ these folk songs are obscene, but the son's property has been divided among direct expression, - the apt phraseology his wife, daughters and sons.in accord­ and the depth of feeling combine to pro­ ance with the provisions of the Hindu duce a fairy-land atmosphere which the Succession Act. hardy farmers like to breathe to refresh their fatigued limbs. During slack sea­ LEISURE AND RECREATION sons, male adults play cards and chess. The village Mirasis and sometimes Amusements and recreations among wandering acrobats provide good enter­ the villagers are too few to be distinctly tainment to the village folk. Wine and recognised as separate from their daily liquor are freely used on festive occa­ routine. The life of the people is one si ')ns and social gatherings as these are continuous round of work and sleep. The supposed to restore good cheer. non-working old folk generally gather either in the village dharamsala· or on Children amuse themselves with the platform under the shade of the pipal various games like Kabaddi, tip-cat, and tree in front of the village gate and gos-· hide-and-seek. In summer, they swim sip, sometimes the whole day long. In and play in the canal minors. IntrOdUC­ the evening, persons returning from the tion of radio broadcast and news bulle­ fields and other non-workers assenib1e tins in the community life marks the only at the village shops. The topics of con­ change in the pattern of social recreation versation range from exchange of infor­ in the village. mation on the weather, the prices of agrI­ cultural produce in the ·market, cattle Some villagers also visit a few small and day's work to idle gossip, loose tal~ fairs held mostly at Sangrur or in neigh­ and sometimes even scandals. There is bouring villages. Guqaa fair is held for one non-working Sikh Jat male adult two days on Bhadon Badi 9 and 10 at named Sucha -Singh, who has been to vi.llage Longowal. 5 miles from Kunran. some foreign countries. Hi=! manageB to This faIr is attended by about 5,000 men 59

and women from the surrounding areas. during festivals to enable the vill~gers On this occasion, Gugga, the snake god, to pay their homage. There IS an is worshipped. Eatables and toys are Udasi Sadhu living in this dera who available in plenty. Qawali, wrestling presides on such occasions. The birth­ and kabaddi tournaments are the chief days of Sikh Gurus are celebrated in the modes of entertainments. Some vill~gers village and the Sadhu subsists on offer­ also participate in the Dussehra' festival ings made by the villagers. held' at Sangrur on Asuj Sudi 10 for a day' only. Persons of all castes and sects BELIEFS AND PRACTICES numbering about 10,000 hailing from Sangrur and surrounding areas visit the The multi-caste village community is ridden with various beliefs and prac· fair, where sweets, cloth and agri~ultural implements are on sale. Wrestling tices. The households in the village do matches and folk dances provide a day's not churn milk on the first Tuesday and good diversion for the peasantry. Somel Thursday of every month as also on the Mazhbi Sikhs from Kunran join the pro­ fourteenth moonless night. On these cession taken out at Sangrur to celebrate days milk is consumed either in the form of kheer or as curds. the birthday of Rishi Balmiki in the month of October. Rural folk in small Khera, the shrine of the village numbers attend the Republic Day fair martyr, Chuhar Singh, has gradually h~ld at Sangrur on the 26th of January. developed into the seat of a The villagers participate with great en­ village deity devoutly worshipped by the thusiasm"in Basant Panchmi fair and villagers. Exact information about Baisakhi fair held at Sangrur on Magh Chuhar Singh is not forthcoming from Sudi Panchmi and first Baisakh. resp,2ct­ the villagers. It is believed that Chuhar­ tively. Another fair patronised by the Singh now known as Chuhar Pir, was a villagers is Mastuana-ka-Mela held for Sikh' Jat of Kunar gotra who laid three days from the 17th to the 19th down his life in a fight with Muslims in Magh at Mastuana, 3 miles away the cause of cow protection. The spot from Kunran, to commemorat~ death' where Chuhar Pir got beheaded is now anniversary of Sant Atar Singh. About called Charhani or Larai-ka-Banna, i.e., 8,000 persons attend this fair. Every the place of battle, lying about two fur­ visitor must take a bath in the sacred longs to the south of the Samadh. It is tank. Entertainments organised by the said that the decapitated body of Chuhar Gurdwara Committee include kabaddi Singh continued to fight the Muslim ty­ and wrestling tournaments. Twice a rants till it was pushed back two fur­ yea,r in the months of May and October, longs. The shrine is believed to have some villagers attend KaLi Devi-ka-Mela been erected on the spot where the body at Sangrur and pay obeisance to goddess fell finally. At the place known as Char­ Kali. hani Matail, an earthen platform has RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS b~en raised. On Diwali night, every per­ son belonging to Kunran digs out some There is no regular religious institu­ earth very near the Matail and deposits tion in' the village which may be the it there. On the first Sunday of every venue of daily religious offerings' and month according to the Hindu calendar prayers. However, in the dera the gaddi most of the households light earthen of Guru Granth Sahib is installed lamps at the niches at the Samadh. At 60 the parturition of a cow or a buffalo kheer graphs. Ramdasias of the village are de­ and pooras are offered at the Samcidh on voted to the goddess Latanwali stationed the following Sunday. In the absence o~ at Chintpurni and Saint Ravi Dass. Last this offering the cow or the . buffalo is but not the least the Mazhbi Sikhs pay feared to get dry. Distribution of two obeisance to saint Balmik and the Sikh balls of jaggery and paying of obeisance Gurus. at the altar by the newly wedded couple Almost all the castes of the village is an essential part of the marriage cere­ recognise the spritual power of the Pir mony. of Malerkotla. They take a pledge to offer to him a goat or sheep if the Pir SeetLa Mata~ the goddess of smali.: would avert a calamity visiting the house­ pox, is worshipped alike by all the castes. hold. A local Sikh Jat woman claims to Three shrines, dedicated to her, lie be­ be, the favourite of the Pir and makes side the village pond. They have been predictions when she is possessed by him. named as Chhoti Mata, Bari Matu and Basanti Mata, respectively. Offerings of ~ Villagers also ascribe the power to piece of red cloth, gur and gulglas made relieve -distress to the shrine of Lalan-, at the shririe of Seetla Mata are believed w-ala Pir at village Khurana, four miles to bring relief to the person afflicted away from Sangrur. They offer at the with small pox. BaBaria festival is cele­ shrine sweet chapatis on Nimani Ikadshi) brated to propitiate the Mata on the first fal~ing in the month of Asadh. Tuesday falling in the month of Chet. Gugga, the' snake-god, is also wor­ Women folk prepare sweet chapatis and shipped on the occasion of Gugga Naumi, gulg~as on Monday night. These are offer­ a festival held in the month of Bhadon. ed at the shrine early on Tuesday morn­ One Mirasi and two Mazhbi Sikhs burn ing amidst the singing of devotional songs cow-dung cakes in the open near the in praise of the goddess. The- offerings village cremation ground. Women folk are claimed by the village Jhiwar. Simi­ bow before the sacred fire and offer ver­ lar celebrations are repeated on the fol­ micelli which are taken by the Mirasi lowing Tuesday also. and the Mazhbi Sikhs. The worship is repeated 15 days after Gugga Naumi . .Harz,uman is looked upon as the Fast of Jhakkarian is observed by saviour of livestoc,k. An idol of Hanu­ women who beget a son. They offer man, the monkey-god, has been installed eleven earthen bowls filled with water under the pipa~ tree-in front of the vil­ to unmarried girls and serve them me:tls. lage gate. Some persons offer rof, a big Pieces of cloth are offered to Brahmans. sweet cake, at the idol on Tuesday once The fast of Karwa Chauth fs observed a month. Some pieces of the rot are by women as a prayer for prolonged life. served to the dogs and the rest of it is and prosperity of their husbands. The distributed among the people present festivals of Lohri, Nimani Ikadshi, there. Oil and turmeric are also poured Diwali and Dussehra are celebrated with on the idol. enthusiasm. In addition to celebrating important Some Banias propitiate god Brahma Muslim festivals like Shabrat., Bakraid, by watering the pipal tree early in the Rosey and Id, Muslim members of the morning. The Tarkhans bow to Vishwa community also celebrate Gugga Naumi, Karma and show reverence to his photo- mela of Ba.saria l\1ata and other festivals. 61

VILLAGE ORGANISATION previously. His activities are now con­ fined to mending shoes, lifting dead ani­ The village organisation subserves mals and clearing dung during weddings the ends of agricultural economy whicl). and mournings. The quantity of grains is the mainl3tay of the people. Mazhbi to be paid to him is not fixed. It depends Sikhs provide both attached and casual upon the discretion of the peasant and labour, to the peasants. Carpenters re­ the services rendered by the Chamar pair agricultural and other, implements during the year. However, he gets a of domestic use and get customary pay­ customary payment of two rupees and ments bi-annually. Other persons oc­ free meals during weddings and only cupying a lower position in the caste free meals during mournings. hierarchy provide menial services to the farmers. However, a loosening of differ­ Relations between the peasants and ent bonds sustaining the various organi­ Mazhbi Sikhs working as attached agri­ sations is evident. Both the agricultur­ cultural labourers, are generally cordial.' ists and the menials individually affirm The peasant assists the attached labourers that their mutual relationship is not as by supplying them interest-free loans binding, firm and unalterable as it used which sometimes amount to Rs. 500. to be in the past. For instance, the vil­ The amount of loan is adjusted against lage potter has ceased to be a menial in the share of the attached labourer in the the usual connotation of the term. Now sale proceeds of farm produce. he provides earthenwares against ready payment in cash or kind, though at wed­ The barber is perhaps the only func­ dings and mournings, he continues to tionary who still continues to be a menial render useful services against customary in the usual sense of the term. Not only payments. The village weaver does not does he cut hair and pare nails but he also render any customary service any longer. runs on· errands connected with social He weaves cloth and cotton plaids to ceremonies and cleanse utensils during order and sometimes he sells these to marriages. He is paid nine rupees at the outsiders and even in the market. The marriage' of a boy and eleven rupees at village carpenter has lost the traditional the wedding of a girl in addition to free importance as the farmers prefer to pur­ meals and other presents. He is pajid two chase ready-made implements from the rupees at the death of a person and one markets at Sangrur and Barnala rather rupee at the birth of a son in the house­ than adopt his imperfectly fashioned im­ hold he serves. The farmers give him, plements. Now the village carpenter five seers of grains each for rabi and kha­ merely repairs agricultural implements ri.f harvest. In addition, he gets two bun­ and gets two rupees and free meal~ per dles of dry fodder and one of green fod­ day for three day~ during a marriage for der during rabi harvest and one each of splitting wood to be used as fuel. Cus­ dry and green fodder during the kharif tomary payments to carpenters include harvest. The Mirasi also carries out one m~und of grains each at rabi and errands during mournings. Custom has kharif harvest, one bundle of dry straws fixed no payment for him except two and one bundle of green fodder at the rUDees !liven tt) him at the time of a wed­ rabi harvest and one bundle of green ding. Occasionally. farmers give him fodder at the kharif harvest. The Cha­ some grains and fodder. One Jhiwar has mar now does not assist the peasant in shifted to agriculture but the remaining agricultural operations as he used to do two households render menial services 62

to the villagers at the time of weddings. The village does not have ~ representa_ They store water. A Jhiwar is given tive either in the Block Samiti or in the two rupees jn addition to free meals for Zila Parishad. three days for rendering services at a wedding. Agriculturists also give him The- total income of the village pan­ grains and fodder though not in any fixed chayat during the year 1961-62 was quantity. Rs. 4,898, as against an expenditure of Rs. 1,266. The Government had advanc­ Relations between the shop-keepers ed Rs. 1,529 to the village panchayat for and other members gf the village cQm­ electing all its members unanimously, munity are generally cordial. They are... The sources of income and expendi.ture submissive, sociable and polite. In fact, of the village panchayat during 1961-62 villagers assemble at their shops to spend . ~nd 1962-63 have been given in Appen­ their leisure. dices D and E.

INTER-CASTE RELATIONSHIP The village panchayat has success­ fully undertaken a number of develop­ There is no social friction among mental activities. During 1960-61, the different dean-castes. The Banias as the panchayat got constructed five culverts money-lending class, the shop-keepers, at a cost of Rs. 2,036 including free labour. and the Brahmans (as the priestly caste) The Government contributed to the pro­ command good respect in the village com­ ject at the rate of Rs. 327 per culvert, munity: Members of clean-castes inter­ The villagers contributed manual labour. dine among themselves and resort fre­ During 1959-62, the panchayat got made quently to social inter-course. They do five miles of kacha approach roads. A' not accept eatables from Harijans and. community listening radio-set was acquir­ Muslims whom they regard as unholy. ed during 1958-59. The village panchayat There is no inter-dining between the has got repaired and cleaned the village Chamars and the Mazhbi Sikhs on the pond and the village well. A stud-bull one hand and the Muslims and the Hari-. of Hissar breed has been obtained through jans on the other. the Block agency. Moreover, the village panchayat also runs a sewing centre for DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS training young girls and women in th'e village. The statutory 'panchayat of the vil­ lage consists of six members, four of The present village panchayat has whom including one lady member, are never had to decide a criminal case ever­ Sikh Jats. There is one member each since its inception. CLyil and revenue belonging to the Bania and the Chamar cases instituted since November, 1960, caste. The first panchayat in the village total 17 of which 13 were co·mpromised. was established in February, 1953 and Only two persons _ had filed appeals the present panchayat. which is the against the d~cision of the panchayat in second in the serial order, assumed office the· court of Sub-Judge and Sessions in November, 1960. All the members of Judge, Sangrur, but both of these were the panchayat were unanimously nomi­ dismissed. <_ nated by the village community and this J denotes a high degree of social cohesion All persqns interviewed during the and co--operation among the villagers. survey knew that the dominating caste 63 in the village panch,ayat was Sikh Jats. Out of the 62 persons who wanted Out of 150 interviewees, 44 including 4' more children, 13 were aged above 50, Sikh Jats, 1 Bania, 12 Mazhbi Sikhs and 9 were. in the age-group 41-50, 19 were 27 Ramdasias stated that a community in the age-group 31--40, another 19 were panchayat existed in the village and they in the age-group 21-30 and only 2 were ~ettled their personal disputes mostly by aged below 20 years. Out of the 59 referring these to the elderly members persons who wanted no more children, of their caste. Forty persons affirmed 28 were above the age of 50, 16 were in that it was also the function of the caste the age-1group 41-50, 10 were in the age­ panchayat to help arrange marriages and group 31-40 and 5 were in the age­ other ceremonies. Only two persons group 21-30. (TABLE 45). stated that the caste panchayat was also' charged with the responsibilities of carry: Out of the persons wanting more ing out developmental work. (TABLES 41 children in 17 cases the age of the child­ and 42). The caste panchayat works bearing mother was above 40, in 4 cases effectively among the Harijans only. it was between 36 and 40 years, in ·11 FUNCTIONS OF THE STATUTORY cases it was between 31 and 35 years, in' PANCHAYAT 12 cases it was between 26 and 30 years, in another 11 cases it was between 21 Ou~ of 150 persons interviewed in the village, 129 stated that the function of the and 25 years and in 7 cases it was bet­ statutory panchayat was to effect deve-, ween 16 and 20 years. lopment, and according to 104, the func­ tions were judicial. According to 45 Again. out of the persons wanting no more children in 38 cases the age of the persons the chief function of the! pan­ child-bearing mother was above 40 years, chayat was to maintain sanitation in the in 7 cases between 36 and 40 years, in 5 village. Only 46 persons have some cases between 31 and 35 years, in 4 cases knowledge about the financial reso\lrces between 26 and years, in another 4 of the panchayat. 134 persons can tell 30 cases between 21 and 25 years and only the period of the existence of the pan­ chayat correctly. The villagers general­ in one case it was between 16 and 20 years. ~TABLE 46). ly approve of all the improvement measures initiated by. the village pan­ Out of the persons wanting more chayat. (TABLE 43). children in 23 cases, the duration of mar­ REFORM MEASURES rjage was over 20 years, in 7 cases bet­ FamUy PLanning.-Out of 150 per­ ween 16 and 20 years, in 14 cases between sons interviewed, 75 were aware of the 11 and 15 years, in 9 cases between 6 and existence of family planning centres. 62 10 years and in another 9 cases, it was wanted more children and 59 wanted no 5 years or less. mpre children. Out of the 62 persons wanting more children one had already Regarding persons wanting no more more than three sons, 41 had 1 to 3 sons, children in 44 cases, th~ duration of mar­ 10 had no son, 17 had no daughter and riage was over 20 years, in 8 cases bet­ 10 had no child. Out of the 59 persons ween 16 and 20 years, in 4 cases between wanting no more children, 8 had more 11 and 15 years and in 2 cases between than 3 sons, 45 had 1 to 3 sons, 3 had no 6 and 10 years. In only one case the son, 10 had no daughter and 3 had no duration of marriage was less than 5 child. ( TABLE 44). years. The actual impact' of the family 64 planning programme on the people is aware '01 the prohibition or untouch~ negligible. (T:\BLE 47). ability under law (TABLE 48). The sche­ duled castes, however, are still not al­ ReguLation of Dowry.-Villagers are lowed to draw water from the wells used aware of the new legislation passed to by the clean-castes' and to enter the dera regulate dowry and- all castes except building of the village where the gaddi Banias express satisfaction with these of Granth Sahib is enshrined. No eat­ measures. ables are accepted from them. However, Removal of UntouchabiUty.-Out of physical touch is not regarded as pollu­ 150 persons interviewed, 107 are tion now. ... CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

The residents of Kunran are gene­ i'liquor and opium, though large, is by ~o rally well-built and hardy. They are means alarming. Intra-household rela­ polite in talk and hospitable to outsiders tions are quite cordial, and there is a fair but they are largely illiterate and con­ degree of unanimity in their common ap­ servative. proach to village problems and welfare of the community. By electing all the The people of this region are. more members of the present village panch a­ peace-loving today than they were a de­ yat unanimously the villagers have earn­ cade ago, although offences under the ed a grant from the Government'. Excise and Opium laws have recently increased. The crime situation in the Kunran lies at a distance of only Sangrur District is depicted in a state­ nine miles from the District and Tahsil ment at Appendix F. The statistics of headquarters. Every adult villager has crime in the village are also given at knowledge of the statutory panchayat, Appendix G. headquarters of the police-station, the Tahsil and the District but only a third A gradual improvement in the crime of the interviewees broadly knew about situation in the District is apparent. the functions of the Gram Sewak and out There has been a general decrease in of them only 25 per cent could spell out heinous crime over the last decade though the functions correctly. (TABLES 49 & 50). number of offences under the Arms Act and the Excise Act after a decline during 53 persons out of 150 interviewed 1954-57. is on the increase. Rise in were aware of the changes in the Hindu Adoption Act. and 48 of them were able­ crime rel~ting to offences under the Ex­ cise Act has particularly upsettinQ' socio­ to describe these changes correc~ly. 80 economic implications. The contribution per cent of the heads of households knew of village Kunran to the crime statistics about the changes in the Hindu Succes­ of the District is very small. There, has sion Act and could describe them cor­ never been a murder in the village since rectly. (TABLE 51). 1950. The last dacoity took place in 1952. The villagers are quite well-inform­ The incidence of grievious hurt is very ed about the measures of land reform ins­ small and in fact there has been no case tituted by the Government in the post­ of grievious hurt in the village for the last independence era. About 62 per cent per­ three years. But' it appears that illicit sons are acquainted with legal provisions distillation of liquor is increasing. During relating to abolition of Zamindari and 1961 aJone five persons from the village Intermediary rights, 70 per cent house­ were convicted under the Excise Act. holds knew about the ceilings on posses­ However, the addiction of the people to sion of land. 115 households out of 150 65 66

interviewed knew that the ownership broad-cast method of sowing is, however rights had been vested in the tillers being discarded in favour of sowing With of the soil. About 50 per cent of the drills. Desi cotton has been completely households were aware that the Gov­ replaced by improved varieties. Ground­ ernment were competent to re-dis­ nut and paddy were introduced in the tribute surplus land. Almost the village four years ago. Onions and chil­ entire population knew that village hold­ lies, however, have been grown for the ings have recently been consolidated. Out last ten years. The farmers are general­ of 150 households, 62 were acquainted ly well-informed about the weather with the provisions rel~ting to resumption changes. They are so hardy that even of land by owners, 98 knew about with the existing farming practices they protection provided against alienation of are able to raise crops which are not only land, 97 were certain that the Scheduled sufficient for their consumption but are Castes had been granted special favours. also available as marketable surplus. 77 were acquainted with the rules relat­ ing to revision of rent, 96 realised that the Government could take action against The village has never faced a any household keeping the land fallow drought during the last 20 years. On the without any valid reasons, about 60 per other hand, crops sometimes failed due cent of the households knew that the to excessive rainfall. With the provision share-croppers had been granted protec­ of adequate drainage for the surplus rain tion under the law and an equal number water, agricultural output is bound to knew that the Government would protect increase. The peasantry appreciates the the interests of service tenants. While benefits accruing from improved means nearly all the households were acquainted of communications and regulated mar. with the incidence of and procedure for kets. the collection of lfmd revenue, 78 per . cent were aware of the provisions relat­ In the village, as indeed in this re. ing to management of waste lands. Thus gion, individualism as a feature of family the village population can be said to be organisation, is replacing the age-old joint fairly well-informed and wide awake in family system. About one third of the so far as legal measures affect their an­ households of the village are constituted cestral occupatSon, agriculture· ( TABLE as joint families. Inter-household help 52). in agricultural operations is decreasing. Ten households have been affected by the Agriculture provides the base for the village economy, but the tools and operation of the recently amended Hindu equipment and techniques of farming are Succes~ion Act and the villagers feel outmoded. At present only two house­ that the traditional relationship between brothers and sisters is in a flux. holds own ploughs having three blades but there are unmistakable signs of im­ provement in the method of farming. The traditional institution of organis­ The use of an improved type of plough is ed manual labour is withering away. On­ becoming popular. Twenty households the-spot payments in cash or kind in lieu have started using chemical fertilizers. of services rendered are being SUbstituted Flax, cotton; fodder, peas and carrots are for the hitherto el;itablished system of bi­ still sown by t?e broad-cast method. The annual payments in kind. 67

Inter-caste relationships within the of the clean-castes supported the candi­ village are generally cordial but the agri­ date sponsored by the Communist Party. culturists and members of the so-called The fact that the cultivating and non­ clean-castes have been forced to recognise cultivating members of the Scheduled the existence of the Scheduled Castes Castes could prop up a rival political particularly the RamcIasias due to the view-point against the wishes of the new situation evolved in the wake of members of land-owning classes and, social and agrarian legislation prohibit­ castes enjoying higher status in the social ing untouchability on the one hand and hierarchy is in itself very significant. allotting land to landless Ramdasias on Different sections of the village popula­ the other. In fact, the long depressed tion are progressing towards readjust­ members of the

69

TABLE 1

Settlement history

I No OF HOUSEHOLDs l)ETTLJlD IN THE VILLAGE Caste Total No. of I h ousehoJds I Before 5 Between 4-5 Between 2-4 One generation In the present generations generation!! generations ago generation ------i ------... I I '2 3 4 5 6 7 \ ...... _----.....-_-_. ------J at Sikh 76 67 · . 1 1 7 M azhbi Sikh 12 .. · . 3 3 6 Toark han 7 6 · . ·. .. 1 hiwar J 4 4 .. · . .. "

Chhimba 1 .. " .. 1 " N.oi 1 .. · . · . 1 .. - B rahman 4 4 · . .. " ..

K hatr; 1 . . " .. . . 1 B an;a 6 5 · . .. .. 1 A rora 1 .. ·. .. . . I

S unar 1 . . .. · . I " R amdasia 27 24 .. J .. 2 B azigar 2 1 · . .. . . 1 S adhu 1 .. · . · . .. 1 M uslim Iu/aha 1 1 · ...... I Muslim Tell 1 1 .. " .. .. Muslim Kumhar 1 1 .. I " .. .. Muslim Mirasi 3 3 ...... --- - Total 150 117 s 7 21 l · . I 70

TABLE 2

Settlement history (ill-n1!gration)

NUMBER OF FAMILIES THAT HAVE em-IE TO THE VILLAG1! FROM Caste -- Outside the State Outside the Outside the Tahsil District I ------/ -_ 2 3 4------, ------.. ---_ r 3'Olhatinda) r 2 (Malerkotla) lat Sikh ~ L 2 (Ludhiana) i_ 1 (Dhllri) [ 2 (Sunam) Mazhbi Sikh 4 (Bhatinda) I i_ 2 (Bamala) Tarlihan ! (B hawanigarh) lltiwar

Cltkimba 1 (Bhatinda) Nai (Barnala) 'Brahman

Khatri 1 (Ferozepur) Bania 1 (MalerkotJa)

Arora 1 (West Pakistan) SUllar

Ramdasia 2 (Bhatinda) 1 (MalerkotIa) Bazigar 1 (Sunam)

Sadhu 1 (U. P.) Muslim Ill/aha Muslim Teli Muslim Kumltar Muslim Miras; 1 (LUdhian~_) _____I ,------I Total 2 14 I 12 ------~------'_------71

TABLE 3

Population (Castewise)

Caste Sup-caste 1 Households Males -Females Total persons -:--1--1- J. Jat Sikh Dhaliwal 5 8 15 23 Kunar 57 229 221 450 Jawandey 2 6 6 12 Sandhu 5 2 7

I Gill •• 1 4 12 11 23 Mann .. j 5 13 16 29 Behniwal I 5 4 9 Sekholl I 1 4 3 7 1------1------_ To.taJ Jat Sikhs 76 282 278 560 1 2. Mazhbi Sikh Sandhu 3 9 4 13 I Sa/IOta 3 12 16 28 Kharo .. I J 10 9 19

Gill I 2 I 6 3 I 9

':::, Ma,hbi Sikh' .• 1---1'-2---·I---3-:--I---3'-5-f~4---­

3. Torklum Sohal (Dhaman) 4 10 4 I 14 Gill 2 14 13 I 27 Aotli (Khati) 1 2 6 8 1------1-----___ Total Tarkhans 7 26 23 49

4. ,Jhiwar Toor 4 24 29 53 S. Chhimba Karbe 1 5 4 9 6. No; Panju 1 6 1 7 7. Brahman Ranchan (Vashishtha) 4 17 13 30 8. Khatri Sachdeva 1 3 1 4 9. Bania lindal 1 2 1 3 Bansal 1 2 6 8 Singal 4 15 13 28

Total Bania! 6 19 20 39 72

TABLE 3- CONCLD_.

Population (eastewise)-concld.

Caste Sub-caste I Househclds Males Females I Total person" ------l------~------·I------I------I------_ 10. Arora Bajaj 2 5 7

11. SUnar •. I Mittu j 1 5 2 7 12. Ramda.lia 1 Nagah 23 66 48 114 Sapra :: I 8 1 15 Kaler " I 1 3 3 {; Kai'yath .. I I 1 1 2

J"'::m, Ramd"'.' •• r---2-~--ii-----'--8-:--1--6-:---1'----14-:---

13. Bazigar Ba.:hane .. \ 1 2 3 5 Sidhu 1 4 4 8

Total Ba;z;igars .. 2 6 7 13

14. Sadhu Udasi . .. 1 1 '1 15. Muslim lulaha Man 1 1 5 12 16. Muslim TeTi Mangewal 1 1 1 2 17. Muslim Kumhar Bagre 1 6 3 9 ]8. Muslim Mirasi Pasla 3 3 4 7

Grand Total 150 533 I 494 I 1,027 73

TABLE 4

House Type-Material of roof

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING HOUSES WITH

Total , Caste No. of I households Kachcha rocfs Pu('ca roo fs Mixed roofs \ Leaf rOOf~ , - I 2 3 4 5 I 6 ---'------~------1--- Jat Sikh 76 28 11 37 MazhbiSikh 12 9 · . 3 Tarkhan 7 5 · . 2 Jhlwar 4 3 1 Chhimba 1 1 .. Noi 1 I · . Brahman 4 2 1 Khatri 1 1 · . Bania 6 3 2 Arora 1 1 · . Sunar 1 1 · . Ramdasia 27 25 1 Bazigar 2 2 · . Sadhu 1 1 ., Muslim Juiaha 1 1 I · .

Muslim Teli 1 I · . Muslim Kumhar 1 I · . Muslim Mlrasi 3 3 ·.

Total 150 89 16 42 3 74

TABLE 5

House Type-Material of walls

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING HOUSES WITH ,------1------!---""-.-..._ '1]otal , I Caste No. or I house.bolds Kachcha Pueca Mixed walls Wooden mud-walls walls planks , ,------'---., 2 3 4 5 I 6 ______--~----_r----~~- I I----:------,j1-- \ ...... \ Jat Sikh ! 76 10 13 53 12 9 3 Mazhbl Sikh ." I /. Ii j Tarkhan 7 4 2 Jhiwar 4 2 j: Chit/mba ". I 1 Nai 1 Brahman 4 2 Khatri 1 Bania" 6 2 4 Arora 1

Sunar 1 1 27 18 1 8

Ba;igar 2 2 Sadhu 1 1 • Muslim Julaha 1 1 Muslim Teli "" I I Muslim Kumhar

Muslim Mlr(lsi 3 3 "" I ,1-----.-"i.--~----\-- ' ( j "" , 150 JI 61 21 65 3 Total , I ------~------75

TABLE 6 Ornaments

- --,~ -~- ----~.------

CASTE

1---1----\--1--,----1------:----'----:-

~ ~ 1 \ I I I r I I' ~ I ~~ 1'-~ o~1 I ~ • • ~ ~ ~ ~ § .. ;Z5, §._ E E z_::l "£-I.c ~ ~_ \ - <:l I ~ ,t:;: t::: t::: I·~..... {j l:". ::: ...... ~.s ~ ._ ._ 030 tn ... ~I;: ';::1 ~'I;;I''''''' c:s IS .;::>:§ C;; -;;:; ;;;] .~ .c: I ~ ~ I ~ ~ 6 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ 1 2 1 _1- \ 3\ {5!l-6\-':=', 9\~O\1I12 13 '4'516 7 "1'+ I I I I 1 I. Total number of houselt'olds I I in the COJ1llnunity 150 I 76 : 12 1 7 4 1 1 4 6 1 1 27 2 1 1 1 1 3 Total number of households wearing ornaments 96 169,2 4 2 2 6 1 6 I' . I Households in which males, ~ fcma!es and children are)

wcarmg ornaments .. •. I ~. t •• ) .. I· . Households in which males I I and females only are I wearing ornaments . . ) 45 I 36 I 2 2 1 2 I'· .. I •• Households in which males i I only are wearing orna­ t ments 6 4 j Households in which females, \ only are wearing om..a- I I ments 45 , 32 i 2 1 , 4·1 1 I 2 1 I Households in which chil­ ; I dren only are wearing ornaments .. , ..

Households in which females I and children are wearing ornaments

Households in which males I and children are wearing 1 i ornaments I I' . \ I HousehOlds using no or.n.a-I ments 54 I 7 I 10 3 2 2 21 3 76

TABLE 7

Material Culture - PosSession Qf Consumer Goods

NUMIIIlR OF HOUSEHOLDS POSSESSING

. .... 0 .. 0 •

Mazhbi Sikh · . 12 . . · , 2 4 2 Tarkhan , . 7 5 · . 5 Jhiwar · . 4 3 ,. 3

Chhimba , . 1 1 ..

Nal , . 1 1 · . Brahman · . 4 3 · . 2 3 2 Khatri · . 1 ., · .

Bania , , 6 5 ,. 2 3 Arora · . 1 1 ..

Sunar · . 1 .. ' . 2 Ramdasia · . 21 7 ' , 3 3 Bazigar · . 2 . . · . Sadhu , . 1 1 · .

Muslim Ju/aha .. 1 1 ' , 1 Muslim Teli . . 1 , 1 · . Muslim Kumhar 1 . , · . · , I Muslim Mirasi · . 3 I 1 · ,

! 16 9 Total · . 150 I 87 3 77

TABLE 8

Material Culture-Consumer Goods Acquired in the last Five Years

NUMBER OF HOU:3EHOLDS WHICH HAVE ACQUIRED IN TJIB LAST FIVE YEARS

.... 1---\ o Caste ."1:1'" ... 0-o Fodder­ Indepen­ Petro- Z Kerosene I 0 ~ 8 if cutters stoves ].2 dent ~:.a maXes -'"I:!S= pens ~Q Oc. .§; g ~.CI ~ t}lE ~ ---1------1---1-----1------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

---~--·------I·---i------1----·1---1-----1---1---- Jot Sikh "/6 8 23 4 2 9

MazhhlSikh 12 ! • ~ Tarkhan 7 2 4 Jhlwar 4 2 Chhimba 1 I Nat 1 I .. Brahman 4 2 ! Khatri 1 Bania (j I .. 2

Arora 1 .. i I 1 SUMr 1 i •• \, Ramdasia 21 1 •• 3 2 I .. I .. Bazigar '1. ., I

Sadhu 1 I ., I Muslim Ill/aha I 1 .. MuslimTeli : 1" I ., j Muslim Kumhar 1 i ,! I I Muslim Mirasi

Total 1-1-5:--2-1-:-\~1~--2---1--;-1--6-~--: 78

,.ABLE 9

Material Culture - Pos,session of Furniture

Caste

Jat Sikh 76 76 16 7 28 I .. 6 5 I Mazhbi Sikh 12 12 1 ! .. Tarkhan 7 7 4 Jhiwar 4 3 4 3 I .. I .. ! I I Chhimba I ., i 1 I •. I 1 1- •• ! , Noi ., , 1 , Brahman 4 ' 2 4 j 2 2 Khatri 1 Bania 6 3 6 Arora 1 .. I, .. I .. Sunar 1 1 ! Ramdasia 21 6 27 .. [ 2 5 I Bazigar 2 2 .. i I Sadhu 1 .. ! Muslim luloha 1 Muslim Teli 1 1 Muslim Kumhal' 1 Muslim Mirasi 3 3

Total 5 6 79

TABLE 10

Food habits

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS WHOSE STAPLE DIET IS WHO ARE Total No. - of I I caste households I - Wheat Wheat and Vegetarian Non- maize vegetarian

2 3 4 5 6 ,

I 76 I 64 12 4 72 Jat Sikh I I 12 MazhbiSikh 12 I · . 2 10 I Tarkhan 1 I 6 1 2 5 I Jhiwar 4 I 4 · . .. 4 I eM/mba 1 1 " .. 1 j Nai 1 1 · . .. 1 4 3 3 1 Brahman I Khatri .. I 1 1 Bania 6 6 3 3 Arora 1 1 Sunar 1 1 Ramdasia 21 27 5 22 Bazigar 2 2 2 Sadhu 1 .' Muslim Julaha 1 1 Muslim Tel; 1 1 Muslim Kumhar 1 1 Muslim Mirasi 3 3 3

Total .. f ISO 136 14 19 131 80

TABLE 11

Probibit~ Foods and Drinks

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING AS PROHIBITED No. that did I No. that did not report not report Total No. 1--·1 any food any drink Caste -I of to be to be bousehold~ MC:lt Tobacco Wine prohibited prohibited ! ------.~-- I I - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 .I " " - -, .Itat Sikh · . 16 4 42 2 72 74 M.azhbiSikh · . 12 2 3 1 10 11 11arkhan · . 7 1 2 · . 6 7 J.niwar · . 4 · . 1 · . 4 4 e'hhfmba · . 1 · . · . · . 1 1 Noai · . .I · . 1 · . 1 1 B rahman · . 4 3 · . l -· . 1 4 K.hatr; · . 1 1 · . · . . . 1 B onio · . 6 3 I · . 3 3 3 A rora ·. 1 .'. · . · . ] I 1 S unar · . 1 · . · . · . 1 1 R qmdasia · . 21 5 7 2 22 I 25 B azigar · . 2 · . · . · . 2 2 S adhu · . 1 · . I . 1 I . . , M usIim Julaha · . 1 · . · . · . 1 1 M uslim Teli · . 1 · . 1 · . 1 1 M usliJri Kumhar · . 1 · . .. · . 1 1 M uslim Mirasi · . 3 · . · . · . 3 3 - f. Total · . 150 19 .58 9 131 141 I . 81

TABLE 12

Material Culture - Use of Toilet etc.

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS THAT Total Caste No. of 1------O-o--n-ot------"------, Use bouse- Use use Use Use toilet and / Donot-- . holds' mosquito mosquito toilet soap washing washing use any curtains curtains soap soap both I soap ------~------1-----1------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ------Jat Sikh 76 2 35 19 20 Mazhbi Sikh 12 8 2 2 Tarkhan 7 3 3 Jhiwar 4 4 4 Chhimba 1

Nai 1 1 Brahman 4 4 3 1 Klwtr; 1 1 Bania 6 6 1 4 Arora 1 Slinar 1 i. Ramdasia 27 26 13 6 8 Bazigar 2 2 2 Sadhu 1

Muslim JlIlaha 1 Muslim Teli 1 Muslim Kumhar 1 Muslim Mirasi 3 3 2 i .. i--15~-~---;----1-4-9--I---~--I--7-4--I-~-2----3-1 -- Total 82

TABLE 13 (a)

-Dowry (Given)

------,~---L I } , I No. OF HOUSEHOLDS WHICH No, Of HOUSEHOLDS WHICH HA VE~ No. OF HOUSIlHOLDS WHICH HAVE I~ C HAVE GIVEN DOWRY IN CLOTHES GIVEN DOWRY AS ORNAMENTS, GIVEN DOWRY B'OTH IN CASH, ORNA- ...... N N ..., M = 0 > "1 :::3 '''l '" '" 0Il;'J '" "'" "l :!J Vl I:;:J ;:J <: ~,-5 1;:J ::> ::> [;:J ~

I 1-;-~1~,--5:-~'-7 -, ,-~ilOd~!~-;:--;-:,~:-i~-:-~-:I-:I~; ----_- --1-1__ 1_+_1 __ -- __1-- _i ___ ---_ - ---I-!-- Jat Sikh 16 27 ' 3 1 .. : "1 ...... " 31 31·· .·1·· .. 2 61 6 2 .. I .' I Mazhbi Sikh 12 21"" I .' " ;. ",' '\ " i , .. ill . I Tarkhan 'I' 'I .. ':,'. ' . . 1 I Ii" \ .. I .. I .. J!tiwar 4 3 "! \"" 'I i I! I I Chhimba I 1 .. ., ...... "\' "I . I· I . I . I ..

•• f ~. I I " 1'- ::,;" I; \.: ·1 . i :i" ,,1\:: :"'::"1: \1 J I . I . I !' I ~ .. ·1 .. . j I :::: t I :. I I '! I·' I r I::! T' I· .. I .' \ ., • • ~. I Sunar' 1 ,. I" ., \ r, • I' .. I"II,,! ,. 'J !. . .. i .. I I I" .' 1 Ramdasia 27 6 3 r' " I" \ I! 1 \ '. I .. \, I"'!I 1 Bazigar 2 " : .. i i. '! "'1 1 .. ! .. . .. r I , .. ~ .. Sadhu'I 1 I .. I .. \ .. 1 .. I.. i ,. f " 1 ., 1 r \ I 1 1 .. I .. Muslim Ju!alro 1 1 ] .. I •• I ., I , I 1" ,. I .. I . r 1 f"i" 1 1"1"1 ~ , " 1 MuslIm Teli ., I"j .. I ,. I" ": .. f •• 1 •• I ,.

Muslim Kumhar\ 1 I ., .. I " , • , • • • "I, , : ' " ,. .' I ., I . . . . ,. I" . . .' I" . 'I, I I I M I' ...... ,' 3 1 I ' ' ; l' I I " I us lQ1lYLlrOSI ,I ," II" '\' .. I " I " I .. ~ .. \"'''' '. I " I .. r " I ,. l" .. i •. .. .. \' .. :" . i---,-,-j-~)~:---I-j-I-I-l~'-i--~I-----\--- Total 1150 45)3j 3 I .. .,;,. I. ,. !"I 3] 6 I 4 I ,.' I" i '. I 5'1 9 6 zl 1 \ ., 83

TABLE 13 (b) Dowry (Received)

No. OF HOUSEHOLDS WHICH No. OF HOUSEHOLDS WHICH HAVE No.- 01' HQUSEHOLDS WHICH HAVE HAV"!! RECEIVED DOWRY IN RECEIVED DOWRY IN ORNAMENTS, RECEIVED DOWRY BOTH IN CASH, CLOTHLS AND UTENSILS CLOTHES AND UTENSILS ONLY ORNAMENTS, CLOTHES AND o > ONLY UTENSILS «l ..c: ~ 1'8 - ______, __ ,______

, ~ ~\~ I I' I I I: ,':" 1 I I ~ ell I I' Y i , ~ "0 Caste I i"O 0 g 10 I ~ t § I § 0' § I ~ 8 ~ 1 8 § 0 I 8. 8 § I ~ i § I § , '0 1'5 g ~ It") 8, N' ~ I ~ I ~ I ....; . -" i N ;:_r I ~ \ M' I ~ or:. (',f N''''; .; I ~ I] >,,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ~ I ~ r2 I ~ ! ~ ~ r2 ~ II ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~~~99999 91~ 9 1 .9.9.9 .9i9i~'.9 91.8.8.9 .81~ - 0"0 Q. Q. Q. Q. Q. Q. ,g ~ Q. Q. I Q. , 0.. '0.. $ I ~ Q. 0.. 0.. 0.. 0.. ~ ~ Z ::>::>::>;;J::> ::> I « -' ;:J ::> ::> i;:J ::> « -' ::> ,::> ::> ::> ::> I <:: I I I 1 -~-~-i-~1-3 !~:~ ~1~'-'-8 :-91-:-j~~ ~~ -:-~-:- i~~ ~~i~~,--:- -:- ~~ -:- ~~ ~~I~~ ---.--I--,---I-,;---I-:-;-I-I-i--~-'-j~I-,------1-- Jat SIkh 27 2 .. , ... , .. 2' 21 2 . , " . . ,,' 7 1 6 4 1 " I I .. 176 I .. , .. , 1 1 I Mazlrbi Sikh ,12 I 4 \ 1 .. "I 2 I I I Tarkhon 7 I' 1 ', ... ,. " .. I' .. ,. ! .. 1"1 .,

;::~~~ba :1 II I::: l I· . .. i I .. .. · Na; ··I··i "1" ,··r,·, I! Brahman 4 2, . 't·, .. I " " Klwtr; 1 I .' :,,, l' . ; '-I-' i 1 ., .. , .. , .. Ballia ~ 2: ... ' . , .. i . ·1 "I" I" , , I ' I I" Aroro 1 "I"," ,,'., I Sunar ,. , .. , 1 ' .. , , " 'l"(:·.j., , ( .. Ramdasia \ 27 I 5 3 .. ' .. t. ;2 I .. I I 1 Bazigar 2 " : I ! 1 I ,. 1 " I .. '. I ' .. ,"\ .. Sadhu '" I" 1 I .. "'T'I Muslim Jula/la I .. I 1 I 1 I.. :" " .. ' "I Muslim Teli I! ' .. :...... '" "I Muslim Kumhar 1. II' .j.. ,...1 :: " , " I, 'j : : .. , " ',l' I . \'

Mu";mMir.,1 ~1~~Li~TI-'-'I-'-' !~~,-'-' \~l-'-' :-'-' ,_.-. 1-'-' :_,,_. 1-'-':-'-,-'-' ;-'-' i-'-' '-'-'1'-'-' Total .150 )44171" .. I.. ~ " I" .. 5 2,' 5 I.. .. " .. 9, 8, 5 2 I'" 1 .. I " ,I I I 1 _'____ ..:..- ___--'- __ 84

TABLE

Statistics of livestock

ANIMALS ------1 CALVES CALVES I BUFFALO 1 BUFFALO LESS BETWEEN I CALVES CALVES Cows. MoaE THAN THA N 1 'TQ 3 BUFFALOES MORE THAN I LESS THAN BETWEEN 3 YEARS OLD 1 YEAR YEARS, 3 YEARS OLD ONE YEAR l to 3 Years _~I __I ___ OLD ___ ~I'l __ I~_I_I_! __i __ =S__

I =CO~ .. -"'I~~COII~ _ C ~ :g .= '0 :: '3 :a ,.c: '0 o~! .o.J:Jqj~ ~ I ~ "":0'" ';>_ ~ U_ '';;:; uot '" ~ ~ :a .c:";:; 8 "'Oi-"'-- ...... ,.c:.,;:; "'_ "'-;;:;'_ '" -;- ~ .9 u 6 .!:, u ";.2 8 !1.2 S co $!

-,-.-: I I : i : ------_-~ ~ ~ Z6 : ~: I; ~:; ::: ~______:: ~7:' :, !~oJ_- ~J2: ____: '~4 : .-- 1 1945 1 131 44 38 3 .. 85 311.4914947 96' 1 2 .0 26 I 6 .. 112 24 33 57 '148 56

------1--1-1------\-- 1 19" 1 154 72/4' 1 2 123 40 34 74(246 98 1 .. 93 38 .. 2 133 30 38 !68 7 i 76 " --1------,------1------1-1-1 ,I 1961 1 172 77 53 5 .' 1 72 61 160 35 42 77 9 96 105 .. )'35 1" 41 ''(" ('1"3 ! 2,/ I ,/ Source : Village Note Book of Kunran. 85 14

and Birds

I BIRDS I---:-EE~--j--~O~;:------!------~I------r------I~------'HORSES DONKEYS '\' POULTRY SWANS MORE THAN MORE THAN I YEAR OLD ONE YEAR OLD _;_------1-[-- ~ '~-r------1---1-1-'-1-- , I ~>. g '" I I: 1 0 ; ! rIl ~ '" VJ ",'53 ;:g '''' ] : '; ~_ -::;E~ III ~'S ~ ~n 1_ 30 .9co;t -a~ E'~0 0 1<.s ~ 1_ ';'S ,~"' 30 ~_ ~o ~..c 'S ~...,.. ~OJ ~- .-l Il< ~.-l ... Il. ~,:S 1l<~1:1.0 u::s Il< ~1:1.0 E-oi ::r: u u ~ ... Il< ~ , I I ' ------,------28 2c~ 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 'I 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 ------'------1----'-- 79 6 109 194 1 .. 1 13 2 14 16 .. 820 2 6 2 10 ------1----'------!-I--I---

48 1 172 221 68 2 ,. ,146 1 3 4 ,.' 30 , 11 18 .. 1,160 53 20 1124 i 97 .. ' l' 1 I I _'-----I--i----.:....--'---I--i-I-:--1----

36 '3 77 116 34' 1 '\ 27 \ 62 2 1 3 1 29 9 10 19 I 1 1,077[40 19 36 9S1 2 "I 2

J I I ' I 86

TABLE 15 Share-Croppers

, No. that could I No. that could not , No of Snare- get themselves get. themselves recor- Eviction in the wake of fan d Caste croppers recorded as share- ded as share-crop- legislation croppers during pers during settle- I settlement ment

1 .\ 2 3 4 I 5 . I Jat Sikh · . 6 4 '~ 2 Eviction every year or after two I ,'- years I I Brahman · . 1 I · . ! 1 Eviction every year Noi · . I · . I 1 , -do- Ihiwar · . 1 · . I ~do- 1 Bania · . I 1 1 .. I No eviction Chhimba I I 1 every year · . I Evictio!1 Bazlgar I I -do-

Ramda.~ia 5 3 I 2 -do- MazhbiSikh I I I .. I 1. ------~- ~---<-~--~-,------TotaJ 18 I 8 ) 10 J ! TABLE 16 Effect of N.E.S. Block activities and Consolidation of Hold'ngs Operations.

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ------1 Total I Neither' Caste number of Benefited Benefited Harmed by benefited househ01ds byN.ES. by Consolidation nor harmed Block Consolidation operations I by activities operations Consolidatio n Operations

1 2 3 4 5 6 Ja t Sikh · . 76 28 69 16 1 M azhbi Sikh · . 12 I . . , 1 , 6 I 5 Ta rkhan · . 1 .. : 5 I I I Jhiwar 4 2 I Chhimba 1 1 Nai 1 1 Brahman 4 3 1 Khatri 1 1 Bania 6 3 2 Arora 1 1 Sunl(lr 1 I Ramdasia 27 3 20 4 Bazigar 2 2 Sadhu 1 Muslim Julaha 1 Muslim Teli 1 MU51im Kumhar 1 Muslim Mirasi 3 2 Total 150 28 79 53 18 TABLE 17 Workers and Non·workers classified by broad age-groups

I TOTAL POPULATI,ON WOIUiERS NON-WORKERS Age-groups I , -p-e-rs-o-ns-I Males ______I __ P_cr_s_on_s_\ Males I Femal~s F~Ie;-, ,_p_er_so_n_S_t __M_a_Ie_s_'! Females I 5 6 7 2 I 3 I 4 i, 8 9 10 --4-2-3-[--20-9- 214 ----1-----'------',---- 0-14 8 8 415 201 214 1 I 15-34 35,4 I 184 i 170 163, I 163 191 21 170 35-59 177 84 91 I 90 I 86 3 83 60 ahd I I I above .. I _7_3_1 ___4_7_1_, _-=_6_ 32 I, 32' • 0 -'I . 41 15 26 '-29-4-12"9-3-1--}--I-1i3--u-o - Total I 1,027 53'3 I 494 493 ~------~--~~------TABLE 18 Workers classified! by sex l;>road age-groups and occupation

TOTAL WORKERS WORKERS IN THE AGE-GROUP

Occupation 15-34 r 35-59 60 and above Persons IMales\Females --0-14--) . Males Females M ales : Females Males Females '\ MaleSI!~~s 1 1 2 -3- 4 -5-1-6- 7 8 9- 10 11 12 I----i------I - Agriculture 203 117 60 25 203 It.- .. • 0 · . I ! Attached Agricul- I I 27 8 1 turallabour 36 ~6 I • 0 · . Casual Labour 14 :3 1- . ~ 4 5 4 5 Shop-keeping 6 6 I A. rtisanship 9 5 3 9 I .. I I Shoe-making 2 2 I .. I Goldsmithy 1 1 I I I Weaving 1 1 I .. I Tailoring 1 1 .. I .. 2 2 2 Pot-making I I I Trade 1 1 .. I .. i Service 4 4 1 , 2 .. i 1 Cattle grazing 6 6 5 .0 I Menial service 4 4 2 I 2 d' , 1 '0 • 0 .. Sheep- b ree lng · . 1 -. I . - · . . · . · . 1 I I , Chowkidari · . I I · . . . · . . . · . I 1 · . .. I · . 1 00 I 1 0, Milk selling 1 1 · . I .. I .. I .. " . . · . I I I, Bazigari · . I 1 · . . . . . · . 1 o. . . · . 294 293 1 8 163 90 1 32 Total · . -"I· . · . j I " 88

TABLE 19

Occupational Mobility - Nature of change from father's generation to present generation

\ I HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS WHOSE FATHER WAS \ \, Tootal Heads - --,~- l1-~I~i------NQ, of of House- house- Occupation holds 'holds . ;;. in the foUow~ ..\I) ing the.... I ..\I) Occu- '0 ...... '" II) I':: ... pation same .,'@ I c:: 0- \I) ... u co ;:I. II) oS ,occupa- .£ E ... ,).d ~'", ... 'Eo ...... C':t c:: II) '8 E 01) :::I ,2 tion as g ,:a ~ ~ ...4) 8 c:: 0- c. 0 .0 N that of 'Cco ._~ 0 0 .... .c ..c:: ~

re , 89 1 , ., Agriclutu · 86 86 " 1 1 . · . · , · . " · .

40 30 o. 3 Casual Labour · . · . " 1 " · . 30 1 · . " S

1 , 1 , Trade · . . " .. " . · . · . .. " .. .. · . Shopkeeping .. 4 3 1 3 , " .. .. · . ·. · . · . · . · . . Carpentry .. 6 6 ., 6 .. · . · . .. " .. " · , · . --

Earth pot-making 1 1 , , . , , · . . · . .. " '. 1 . · . .. · . ·

Weaving " 1 1 . . · , · . .. " ...... 1 · . , . · . Attached Agricultural labour 1 ...... · . .. · . . . 1 . . · . . · . · . i · Priesthood " 2 " 2 .. · . .. · . · . · . · . · . · . , . · . . Goldsmitby .. 1 1 .. · . .. . . · . .. · . .. · . 1 · . · . 2 1 1 1 cattle grazing ·. .. · . " .. " · . .. · . " ·. 1 Shoe-making .. 1 .. .. · . .. " .. ·. · . .. · . · . 1 Service · . 1 1 .. .. · . , . 1 , . · . · . · . .. · . , . ------~- - ~ ------Total 150 131 88 4 l 2:: 4 3 6 1 31 3 1 1 6 I I 89

TABLE 20

Traditional Occupation

No. "OF HOUSBHOLDS FOLLOWING Traditional Occupation TRADITIONAL OCCUPAnON AS ,------Main---, Subsidiary occul>ation ' occupation

2 3

Agriculture 86 6 Shop-keeping 3 Barber's work Tailoring Agricultural Labour 8 Goldsmithy

Money-lending 2 Weaving Pot!.making Mirasi's work 2 1 Carpentry 5 Bazigari 1 Shoe-making _-<_ 2 -~ Total I 110 12

Total number of households 150 Total number of households following traditional occupation 12.2 90

TABLE 21 , Occupational Mobility - cause of change

-~~-~~------~------~

I (NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO CHANGEDI '\ NUMBER OF PERSONS WHO HAVE \ - THEIRPATHER'S OCCUPATION - I CHANGED THEIR OWN OCCUPATION Number of .. [-----1 persons ----I who are Caste I Total Volun- Fe>rced Due to ': Total I Vol un- Forced Due to not tarily I. by other I 1 tarily I by other contented I clrcun:s- , reasons Circums- reasons with tances present , "n_'1: i OCCupa_ tion --1. _\.'a, --~-I i 1 1 2 3 1 4 . 5 I 6 7 I 8 ! 9 10 ------_-- --~--I---I--~--l~------1-----1------

Jat Sikh I 3 2 III 1 8 l 2 I 6' I 6 Mazhbi Sjkh 3 2 I :5

Tarkhan I I'. 3 Jhiwan 3 2 Chhlmba 1 i 4 r Na; I t Brahman Khatri

Bania 3 3 2 Arora ,I I Sunar I -Ramdasia 8 5 2 8 5 3 15 Bazlgar 2 -I Sadhu 1 Muslim Julaha Muslim Te'; Muslim Kumhar Muslim Mirasi 1 1 2. ---j--]O -:---1---;---:----:---1---,----- Total 19 I 6 : . 3 28 r 14 13 I '36 ------91

TABLE 22 Occupational Mobility -- Nature of aspiration

'I I HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS WHO WANT THEIR SONS IIO ADOPT nU~~~Of ------1----- __._---j-:------1----:- Occupation house- the same I holds in occupa- Service Sboe- Shop- iCarpen- Weav jng ! Gold-- I the occu-· tion as making keeping try smitl) patioD in col. 1 I (i.e. I , I their I ' I : . I ----"----]"-----:--2-- _~n)__ --4--'!--5--'-6--~-- --8--1--9- Agri~ltu~------..- --89--' --31---58"----.-.-- --~-- --~-- --~--I--:-:-- CHual and attached Agri- . I I 1 cultural labour I 41 4 31 I '6 . Trade (Arhat) I 1 1 Shop-keeping I 4 ] 1, . . I Carpentry I ' 6 4 2' . Pot-~aking 1 I I I j WeavIng It·! Priesthood 2 2 J Goldsmithy 1 1 I I ' I .. I . Cattle gra~ing ! 2 1 2' I' . I ' . c ' •• Sho~-makmg tit l . . . , , . I . , I . , , . 5",".:.,,, i'~-T+'-J-T.-I--T- ~-I-:':-+~- -~-

TABLE 23 Change in ownership of land during one generation '------~------~------NUMBER op HOUSEHOLDS THAT HAVE 'rotal NUmber of Number of Caste hOuseholds households in t.he owning Suffered loss Gained land Neither lost village land of land during one nor gained during .one I generation land during I generatIOn. . , on~ generatIOn ------1 ------1------2 [3 ------4 ------5 6 ------.....!.------! ~------Jat Sikh 16 , 76 39 14 23 Mazhbi Sikh 12 Tarkhan 7 6 3 3 Jhiwar 422 Chhimba 1 1 Nai 1 I Brahma1l 442 Khatri 1 Ba1liq 6 3 Arora 1 SUlIar 1 Ramdasia 27 15 10 2 3 Bazigar 2 Sadhu 1 Muslim Julaha 1 Muslim Te/i 1 Muslim Kumhar Muslim Mirasi ( ~ , .. ' 1 Total '-150----108--'1---57---1---19-----32--- 92

i'ABLE

Jinsvvar State~eht

CROPS "'J!1 Type of _Area. Matured and --'_- I I Year land Kharaba I I Bajra Moongi r Maize Jowar Moth I Mash

1 2 3 ,4 5 6 7 8 9 'c "- .. r Area Matured · . ., 40 · . · . · . .. r Chahi i_ Kharaba · . · . 4 · . · . · . · . r Area Matured · . 26 · . · . · . · . Chahi- · . Nehr; L Kharaba . , · . · . · . I · . · . · . 1941-42 { Area Matured · . · . 266 104 11 7 51 Nellr; { Kharaba · . · . 1 · . · . · . · . I Area Matrued · . · . · . 54 239 13 · . Barani { Kharaba 60 . 206 ·. '.' · . ·. · . Area Matured · . · . :332 158 250 20 51 !Total { Kbaraba · . .. S 60 206 ·. · . Area Matured · . 62 . · . . - · . · . .. r Chahi { Kharaba · . · . · . · . · . · , · . Area Matured · . 11 · . · . · . · . .. Cllahi . Nehr; { Kharaba · . · . · . · . · . · . · . Area Matured · 485 · . 258 13 6 47 1942-43 -{ . Nehri . { Kllaraba · . 15 I · . 19 8 · . · . Area Matured · . 46 89 263 475 106 49 Barani { Kharaba · . 9 15 24 25 · . · . Area Matured . 604 89 521 488 112 96 Total · L { Kharaita · . 24 15 43 33 · . ·. Area · . 64 , . 1 · . · . ., ChaM r { Produce · . 825 " . 10 · . · . · . Area .. 77 · . 43 2 4 16 I, Nehr; r I 1 Produce ,. 770 · . 430 20 . 40 192 1952-53 Area . · . · . 44 .60 5 4 Barani · { Produce · . ·. · . 450 560 40 40 1 Area .. 141 · . 88 62 9 20 I Total L { Produce . , 1595 · . 890 580 80 232 I I I 93

(Kharif) contd. (Kachcha Big/zas)

CROPS - --- I I Til Cotton Gawara Chillies San Chari Chara Sugar Fruit IGround-, Total I , I I cane nut I \ I 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 , 17 18 19 26

\ ' 1---61 18 1 · . 1 12 1 19 .. 2 ,I ' 6 · . · . · . · . I · . 22 1 · . · . 2 2 I 14 61 i .. .. ., . " . ·. I · . · . I 20 1,449 158 · . 10 238 236 15 1 · . i 2,566 I 11 15 · . · . 6 1 · . 34 15 65 · . · . 12 16 · . 414 7 108 .. .. 16 5 · . I 402 , 20 1,504 215 " 11 264 260 30 1 3,126 I I I .18 123 .. ., 24. 6 · . · . 442 I 3 2 1 1 I 1 . . I 70 · . · . , ! / · . .. · . · . · . · . · . , I I , . 11 · . · . · . " · . · . I

. · . · " · . · . · . · . I 813 98 I .. .. 123 262 26 i 2,131 43 11 · . .. · . 8 · . I 104 · . 571 · . 1 95 90 · . 1.785 · . 33 · . · . · . 29 · . 135 813 672 .2 1 219 353 I 21 3,997 43 44 · . · . · . I 37 · . 239 .34 15 1 · . 20 5 3 , 143

340 140 10 " 20 5 3 .. I 1,353 242 12 1 6 123 .. 29 555 2,500 135 14 6 123 .. 29 4,259 .. 37 .. ·. 5 5 .. . 155' · . 320 · . · . 5 5 . . 1,420 276 S9 1 6 148 10 32 853 , r 2,840 595 24 6 148 10 32 7,032 I I 94

TABLE Jinswar, Statement

! CROPS I -----_ Year Type of Area Matured and --- land Kharaba 1Maize Jowor I Bafra Moth Moongi Mash I j , ,I 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 '4{~ \ J --- 1- '---1----;----J r Area I 76 "4 14 f Chahi I l I " .0: . , Produce 1,003 25 I 92 I l, I '0 I I I I I I 87 · , I 53 3 5 20 I Nehri {I Ac.. ,I I 1953-54 Produce 800 530 30 50 240 i '0 I Area , , 5 51 70 10 8 I . Baroni J !I I l Produce . , 50 550 600 90 80 r Area 163 I 9 118 I 73 15 28 -{ Tot, I I l Produce 630 140 I l "I 1,803 75 1.172 320 1 r r Area Matured , ' 1 I ChaM 1 1 Kharaba 6 , 1 Area Matured , , 3 I ,I J I Nehri J , '0' I L Kharaba 149 ' , 17 2 1960-61 I r Area Matured 10 i, , Barani Kltaraba , , , 39 \ \ l I Area Matured ,. I 1 13 ! Total I { Kharaba 56 I 1 l 155 I 3 ( Area Matured 3 I ' , r ChaM I I Kllaraba " I ' , ' , II 1 · , I Area Matured 134 20 ! Nehri J i, I L Kftaraba '" · . 1961·62 ! I ! 2 {' Area Matured '. I 2 I 35 2 Barani I Klzaraha I ' , ) ' , \ 1I i { Area Matur'ed 139 55 2 2 I 1 I Total I L I Kbaraba . ' I \. ' .. 95

24-CON~LD. (l{;harif) coneld.

(Kachcha bighas)

CROPS

------\------~-~------r-----;---1 I 1 ; Til '\cotlon Gawara I Chillies Sail Chari, ~ha:_ _:ga=~ ~ruit __ LGr:ndn~ _Tot:_ I ------~ - I ' , , 12 13 14 15. I 16 17 18 19 20 1~~_;--11-- I__ I ____ J __ I ______, I 1 1 I . I 42 l-~-l 3 . . 27 i I i 23 ' . I 23 .. . ..: . . I' 213 , I 3 230 I 422 45 .. 25 29 1,874 ! , I ! 250 12 3 9 120 1 32 594 2,500 135 42 9 120 32 4,488 42 10 10 206 10 420 · . I 10 1,810 I 292 77 6 9 157 33 32 1,013

3 12,73 0 977 87 I 9 155 39 32 1 8,172

· . I I \ . \ .. 8 · l I 5 3 17 3 14 12 58 318 2 19 8 9 526 I 6 · . ! 29 11 56 2 · . ! · . I 6 209 38 297 I 5 · . I 3 I 23 32 14 12 I 11 114 3 319 3 25 217 9 1 I 38 I · . . 831 1 \ 1 , 4 · . I · . 1 . . , t ! I 306 4 2 42 61 29 2 ; 2 602 I r .. 1

5 32 112 286 8 484 I I I 3 I 5 311 5 1 154 347 I, 29 2 I 32 I ! 10 1,090 1 .. j · . I I 3 I •. I 5 96

TA~LE

J:nsvvar Statennent

I Year I Type orl Area Matured Wheat 1Barley Gram Barley- Wheat- Sarson Tara mira land and Kharaba gram gram ------1·------'"---1-----1--·------, 7 8 9 10 __~ ____2_. _____3 ___ 1--4-- 5 'I" 6 ------1------rChahi { Area M'tur'" .. 269 1-;--,9, ~.:." 20 Kharaba .. .. • P Area Matured .. 128 3 6 fr~h~j-I i. Kharaba r Area Matured "1 680 24 448 5 407 8 1941-42 i Nehri i. I Kharaba .. 8 23 r Area Matured .' 695 122 235 101 " Baralli -{ I L Kharaba ., 11 104 7 695 41 , ( Area Matured .. 1,077 106 1,149 127 428 244 101 Total -{ Il l Kharaba 19 104 30 695 41 r r Area Matured .. 113 46 1 ChaM -{ L Kharaba ., Area Matured .. 26 Chah!-[{. INehn Kharaba .. Area Matured " 954 70 528 2 455 7 4 1942-43 Nehri J { Kharaha 2 .{ Area Matu red .. 13 63 794 126 27 105 71 II, Baram i Kharaba 10 10 Area Matured .' 1.,106 179 1,322 128 482 113 75 Total IIL { Kharaba 10 12 J Area 34 20 45 r Chahi ") L Produce 429 201 506 [ Area 225 9 171 85 2 2 I Ii Nehri -{ I l Produce 2,015 91 1,550 815 10 7 1952-53 1 160 12 16 9 7 Barani f Area l Produce 1,137 57 137 41 33 29 331 142 16 11 9 I Total J Area • L Produce 298 2,687 1.438 137 51 40 97

( Rabi)-CONTD (Kachcha bighlls)

Halion Masri Garbi Potatoes Onion Melon Carrot Metha Fodder Miscella- Total - neous Fodder , --- 11 12 13 14 IS 16 ]7 18 19 20 21 -- - \ 2 · . · . · . · . · . 1 11 24 · . 407 .. · . · . · . · . · . · . ·. · . · . . . · . · . · . · . · . I · . 8 43 · . . 188 · . · . I · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . .. 2 · . · . · . · . 3 · . 50 245 · . 1,872 · . · . · . · . · . · . · . 6 · . · . 37 · . 1,154 · . " · . · . · . · . · . · . · . 871 13 · . · . · . " · . · . · . · . · . 4 · . .. · . · . 3 1 69 312 · . 3,621 6 .. 908 13 • · . · . .. · . " · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . 5 2 · . 161' · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . ..

· . · . · . · . · . · . .. · . 27 .0 53

o. · . · . o. o. 00 00 o. 00 - .0 ..

00 00 54 188 o. 2,264 2 · . '0 · .

'0 ., 2 .. 00 o. · . · . · . • 0 · .

o. 1,200 1 · . .. · . o. • 0 • 0 · . · .

00 o. 20 · . · . · . o. • 0 · . " · . 3 · . .. · . o. · . · . S9 217 .. 3,684

00 · . · . · . · . · . • 0 · . · . 22

o. 1 16 1 117 o. 00 · . · . · . • 0 1 • 0 1 .. 16 1,154 .. '0 · . · . · .

o. 56 14 565 1 · . I o. • 0 · . ·. ·. 4 .. · . · . · . .. · . · . 52 12 4,632

,. '0 o • . , .. ., .. '0 3 2 209

00 2 '0. 1 1,408 00 o. o. .. • 0 · . o. 1 o. 75 11 891 1 00 · . o. · .

00 1 .. 70 14 7,194 4 o. o. o. • 0 , 98

fABLE

Jinswar Statement

Year Type of Area Matured Wheat Barley Gram Barley- Wheat- Sarson Taramira land and kharaba. gram gram , ---- I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ______, ~ ---- { Area · . 48 8 , 44 · . 12 2 1 fChahi 1 L Produce · . 748 84 "4Q3 · . 143 11 3 { Area · . 232 11 167 5 85 6 5 - INehrl 1953-54 Produce .. 3,477 113 1,527 42 765 31 10 i - { Area · . · . 3 195 3 17 12 7 1&"" Produce · . · . 27 1,743 27 153 82 16 { Area · . 280 22 406 8 114 20 13 LTotal Produce · . 4,225 224 3,673 69 1,061 124 29 r { Area Matured · . .. · . . . · . . . · . .. , Chahi Kharaba · . · . · . .. · ...... ,

{ Area Matured · . 151 15 72 · . 373 3 0"' Nehri 1960-61 Kharaba · . 13 2 7 · . 35 1 ., { Area Matured · . 105 3 '43 · . 232 5 2 Ba,ani 1 Kharabo · . 11 1 8 · . 52 '1 .. { Area Mature d .. 256 18 115 · . 60S 8 2 Total t , Kharaba · . 24 3 15 · . 87 2 ., { Area Matured · . 2 · . 1 · . 4 · . · . rChah. Kharaba · . · . .. .. · . .. · . .. \ { Area Matured .. 173 13 92 · . 292 8 · . 1961-62 Kharaba · . 8 2 6 · . 33 .. .. ., C::n. J Area Matured .. 197 4 18 · . 311 12 l Kharaba · . 2 1 2 .. 13 .. · . { Area Matured .. 372 17 111 · . 607 20 · . To'a1 l Kharaba .. 10 3 8 46 .. .. l ·. 99

2S--<:ONCLD.

Rabi) (Produce in Maunds) (Area in acres) I , HaUon Masri Garbi Potatoes Onion Melon Carrot Metha Fodder MisceIla- Total -neous I -- Fodder 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 - 19 20 21 -- . · . · . -. 1 1 1 6 · . 23 · . 147 ,. 90 ISO 1 22 1,661 · . \ · . 6 · . · , I ., 1 . " · . · . .. 2 · . 65 519 · , 3 · . · . · . · . .. 2 · . 61 · . 6,031 ., · . , . · . · . · . , . · . · . · . 231 .. · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . 2,048 I · . / · . 1 1 1 8 · . 88 .. 963 3 · . · . 90 150 1 8 · . 83 · . 9,140 · . · . · . · . 1 · . · . .. .. · . 1 ·. ·. · . · . · . · . · . · . .. · . . . · . 1 · . 1 · . · . 5 .. 114 23 158 .. · . · . · . · . · . · . .. 2 · . 60 .. · . · . · . · . · . · . · . 2 · . 392 · . ·. · . · . · . · . · . · . . , · . 13 . · . 1 · . 1 1 · . 5 · . 116 23 1,1:51 .. · . · . · . .. .<. · . .. 2 · . 133 .. · . · . · . 1 .. · . · . · . · . 8 . ., .. " · . .. · . · . · . · . · . · . .. 2 , .. 1 ·. .. 1 · . 123 2 701 ., .. · . · . · . " · . .. 4 · . S3 .. .. · . · . · . · . .. . . 2 · . 544

· . " .. .. · . · . · . . . · . · . 18 .. 2 · . 1 1 · . 1 · . 115 2. 1.259 } ...... 4 71 · . I " " ·. · . 100 TABLE

Caste-wise ownership of

1 I Bullocks Cows He- She- Pigs Goats Caste Buffaloes Buffaloes ------"- HH. T. RH. T:-'" , liH. T. HR. T. HR. T. RH. T. ------.... ------, - I 2 3 4 5 6'" ~ 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------fa/Sikh .. 67 172 44 66 : 5 11 64 137 , . ·. 3 5 Mazhbi Sikh .. 1 1 8 17 · . · . 3 3 ·. .. 4 14 ., Tarkhan · . 1 1 2 2 · . " S 8 · . 1 1 Jhlwar · . 2 4 2 5 · . · . 2 10 ., · . 3 7 Chhimba .. 1 2 1 1 1 2 . , .. .. ·. · . - · . Nai · . 1 2 1 1 · . · . 1 1 · . · . · . · . Brahman .. 3 6 1 4 · . 1 3 ., .. · . · . Khatri .. · . · . 1 1 · . ·. ., ·. · . · . .. . . Bania · . 2 3 4 4 · . · . 2 2 · . · . · . · . Arora · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . · . ., · . ., · . Sunar · . · . · . · . . , ·. · . · . · . · . .. · . Ramdasia · . 3 4 17 20 · . · . 8 13 ., · . 6 9 B'azigar · . 1 1 1 1 · . · . · . · . ., · . 2 3 , Sadku · . · . .. .. · . " .. ·. .. .. · . . ·. Muslim Julaha · . .. · . ·. · . · . .. 1 2 · . ., ·. ., , , Muslim. Tell .'. · . .. .. " . · . ·. .. · . . · . , Muslim Kum/tar · . . , · . 1 2 " · . · . · . . .. 1 2 Muslim Mirasi ., .. ., 1 2, · . . , ...... 1 1 --- _------'_ ------Total .. 82 196 I 84 126 5 11 88 181 .. · . 21 42 Note.- H.H. = Households T.=Total1ivestock with the housebolds 101

26 animals and birds.

camels Dogs Hens and Sheep Birds Horses Donkeys Others Cocks --1---·---1----- HH. T. I HH. T. HH. T. HH. T. HH. T. HH. T. HH. T. HR. T. ------\ ------14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 ------._------

31 36 18 28 9 46 1 40 1 1 1 1 I " 30 90 \ 1 ,I 1 1 1 I 1 1 2 5 1 2 2 2 2 31 1 1

..

3 3 3 9 .. I ..

~.

1 B ------1---1---- 31 38 25 35 16 88 1 40 1 1 1 1 1 8 31 95 102

TABLE 27

Reciprocal Aid in A,gricultural Operations

Number of households Number. of household~ I Number of households Number of households practising agriculture borrowing agriCultural taking help from neigh- sharing manual labour Caste as their main as well as implements from others. bours at the time of in cultivation subsidiary occupation at the time of cultivation sowing or harvesting

1 2 3 4 5 , "-

63 Jat Sikh " 70 20 65

Mazhbi Sikh , ' 2 ., 2 2 Tarkhan · . 6 .. 2 2 Jhiwar · . 2 Z 2 2 Chhimba · . 1 1 1 1 Nai · . 1 1 1 1

Brahman o· 3 2 2 2 . Bania o' 3 1 2 2

Ramdasia o' 16 00 13 13

Bazigar 00 1 o' 1 1 .

Total .0 lOS 21 .91 89 103

TABLE 28 (a)

Incidence of indebtedness.

Total No. Average debt of bOaseholds No. of house.! Percentage of Amount of per indebted Caste in tbe village holds in debt column debt household (a) (b) (b) to (a) (Rupees) (Rupees)

,

\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 -- - ~~ ------Jat Sikh · . 76 30 39.5 1,12,313 3,744 MazhbiSikh .. 12 12 100.0 8,580 715 Tarkhan · . 7 2 28.6 6,330 3,165 Jhiwar .. 4 3 75.0 4,080 1,360 Chhimba · . 1 1 100.0 900 900 Na; · . 1 1 100.0 1,310 1,310 Brahman · . 4 2 50.0 3,750 1,875 Khatri · . 1 · . 0.0 .. · . Bania · . 6 2 33.3 1,210 605 Arora · . 1 .. 0.0 · . · . Sunar · . 1 · . 0.0 · . · . Ramdasia · . 27 24 88.9 19,097 796 ! Bazigar · . 2 2 100.0 1,120 560 Sadhu .. 1 ·. 0.0 · . · .

Muslim Julaha .. ' 1 . 1 100.0 1,810 1,810 Muslim Teli o. 1 · . 0.0 ·. · . Muslim Kumhar · . 1 1 100.0 100 100 Muslim Mirasi · . 3 I 1 33.3 500 500 I Total ·. 150 I 82 54.67 1,61,100 1,965 104

TABLE 28 (b)

Indebtedness by Causes

I 1 Average debt Percentage of Causes of Indebtedness Amount of per indebted debt due to debt household causes to the (Rupees) (Rupees) total debt

1 2 3 4 - "- 1. Marriage 24,873 857.69 15.4 2. Domestic needs · . 38,975 • 695.98 24.2 3. Livestock . .. 7,943 273.89 4.9 4. Construction · . 11.482 675.41 7.1 5. Payment of old debts · . 70,480 14,096.00 43.7 6. Litigation · . 1,367 341. 75 0.9 7. Payments to Agricultural Labour .. 900 450.00 0.6 . 8. Purchase of houses · . 350 350.00 0.2 9. Seeds and fodder · . 1,280 116.36 0.8 10. Medical treatment · . 890 148.33 0.6 11. Purchase of land · . 100 100.00 0.1 12. Re-payment of Taccavi loans · . 100 100.00 0.1 13. Expenditure on deaths · . 1.150 575.00 0.7 14. Expenditure on births · . 200 200.00 0.1 15. Business .. 71) 355.00 0.4 16. Cast Security .. 300 300.00 0.2 I ------1,61,100 Total · . J .. 100.0 105

TABLE 29

Indebtedness by Sources.

SOURCE OF LOAN AND AMOUNT Caste , Co-operative Government Money- Zamindars Relatives { Total Percentage Society Agencies lender \ and friends Amount for each , caste

\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -:r ------Ja t Sikh .. 2,406 10,821 23,070 74,976 1,040 1,12,313 69.7 azhbi Sikh · . 210 320 3,230 4,430 390 8,580 5.3 3.9 Ta rkhan .. · . .. 130 6,200 " 6,330 JhilVar · . 300 140 980 2,060 600 4,080 , 2.5

Ch himba " 50 100 100 350 300 900 0.6 N,ai · . . . ·. · . ·. ],310 1,310 0.8 Brohman .. .. 5S0 200 3,000 · . 3,750 2.3 [(,hatri · . ,. .. · . ·. . ·. .. · . B ania · . 210 .. 1,000 · . · . 1,210 0.8 Arora .. · . .. .. · . · . .. .. Su nar .. · . .. .. · . · . .. · . Ra mdasia .. 670 .1,240 5,567 10,870 750 19,097 11.9 Ba zigar · . .. 120 300 700 · . 1,120 0.7 Sa dhu · . .. ·. · . · . · . .. · . M uslim Juiaha .. .. 200 310 1,300 ., 1,810 1.1 M uslim Teli · . .. · . · . · . · . ., . . M uslim Kumhar ...... · . too · . 100 0.1 M uslim Miras; . , .. · . 500 · . · . SOO O.~ - Total .. 3,846 13,491 35,387 1,03,986 4,390 1,61,100 100 or or or or or per cent 2.4% 8.4% 22.0% 64.5% 2·7% -_. I 106

TABLE 30

Size of Households

TOTAL \ SlNOLB ! 2-3 - I 4-6 7--9 110 M~~; MEMBER MEMBERS 'I MEMBERS MEMBERS AND ABOVE Caste -:------[-\-i-!--I-!--j-----;------r--

... < \ '" \ I Vl ,I '" l '" "" 5 . 1r:5 I • I SI I $ I $ i ::c ,..... 1 t , ...... !2. '- ....0 Q.... C, I ....0 ....0 ....0 ------1---~j -----~ I ~ ~ i -I,___------~l Il< ~ ~ p. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I Z ~ P. 2 3 4 5 6 71' 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 15' 17 18 19 I 20

.fat Sikh .. - 76 .-::-.~ 27~-21-.-. \~_;:_~~_:_~_;_;~.:_:_~~_:_

MazhbiSikh 12 73 38 35 . I 2 3 3 7 22 15 1 4 3 2 9 14 I I Tarkhan 7 49 26 23 Iii ., 3 9 7 2 9 8 7 8 Jhiwar 4 53 24 19 1 2 3 2 21 25 Chhimba 1 9 5 4 5 4 Na; 1 7 6 1 1 6 Brahman 4 30 17 13 1 5 3 2 11 10 Khatri 1 4 3 1 1 3 1 Bania 6 39 19 20 2 3 2 2 7 5 1 2 6 'I 7 7 Arora 1 7 2 5 .. I .. 2 5 Sunor 1 7 5 2 .. •.. 1 5 2 ~ Ramdasia 27 145 82 63 . I 6 7 1 11 28 25 7 33 22 2 13 9 f Bazigar 2 13 6, 7 2 3 4 4

Sadhu 1 1 1 "I" Muslim Ju/ahQ 1 12 7 5 7 5 Muslim Teli 1 2 1 1 Muslim Kumh.r .. 1 9 6! 3' ..

Total

HHs = Households. 107

TABLE 31

Age and Marital Status

Total Population NEVER MARRIED MARRIED I WIDOWED DIVORCED -OR I SEPARATED Age-Group - I I 1, j Persons Ma)es Females Males Femilles Males Females Males Females Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 \

0-4 · . 161 77 84 77 84 ...... · . · . · . 9 140 76 64 76 64 . . . 5- ·. . . · . ·. · . , . 10-14 .. 122 56 66 55 64 1 2 · . ·. · . .. 15 -19 .. 106 54 52 36 23 18 29 .. · . , . · . 20-24 , . 102 53 49 16 6 37 43 · . · . · . · . 25 -29 81 41 40 7 1 33 39 I . , 1 .. · . I · .

20-34 · . 65 36 29 6 5 30 23 · . 1 · . · , 35 -39 · . 44 21 23 4. · . 17 22 .. J · . ·. 40-44 ·. 32 20 12 2 · . 17 11 .. 1 1 · . 52 49 7 , . 38 38 7 II 4S -59 .. 101 , · . " 60 and above 73 47 26 5 · , 30 16 12 10 · . .. Age not stated . . , . .. .. ·...... , . . · . . .

I ~-- .Total .. r 1,021 533 494 291 247 221 223 19 24 2 .. I 1 I 108

. TABLE 32 Disease Statistics

No. OF No. OF PERSONS No. OF PERSONS No. OF PERSONS No. OF PERSONS PERSONS SUFFERING FOR SUFFERING FOR SUFFERING FOR SUFFERING FOR SUFFERING MORE THAN ONE MORE THAN ONE MORE THAN 6 ONE OR MORE FOR LESS' WEEK BUT LESS MONTH BUT MONTHS BuT LESS THAN ONE YEAR Total Name of disease THAN ONE THAN ON E LESS THAN SIX THAN ONE YEAR or disorder wEEK MONTH , MON1;'HS -(-1------1-'------~ 5 ~ 5 , ~ E ~ is ~ 5 :55 rl Cd .a Males Cd .a Males' -; .t; Males -; .a Males -; .a ri (ij .;; ~ 5 :a 5:E ',g:a ~:a 5:2 ~ ~:a .c; ~ U lLc U 'Il:., U lLc U lLc U ~!l. U

------!--~------_-----_---- _- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 171819 ------'--1------Cough and Cold 3 6 3 7 .. Piles 3 4 2 1 Leg Paralysis 1 .... Headache .. 1 ..

Pnemonia 1 .... Ache in belly 1 1 .. Kidney and Liver trouble 1 1 .... Swelling in the Body 1 2 1 2 .. Bladder disease 1 1 1 1 .. Stomach pain , . 1 2 2 1., Vomitting and fits 1 .. Pain in knees and swelling 1 1 1 1 .. Rehumatic Pain 2 1 2 1 .. Eczema 1 1 ... , ------_-_ ----- ____._ _----~ ------Total "I 1 3 2 15 16 1818 1 TABLE 33 Medical care

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS FOLLOWING No. of ho~se­ T ota numb ero f h 0 Ids usmg. households J~;---I Allopathic Ayurv~l Homeopathic Combination- no medicine Man tar system,of system of system of different , treatment treatment - systems I ------1 -----2 3 4 5 6------7 ISO S 31 . 71 .. 40 3 109

6 I Sl)ltlWOd I ~ I· I S!.I!= ---+-- 7------·..;.---1 ~ < r- SOltlW I N -'I f

~ I SQltlW:ld 1 ~ '1'/ ~ ~ I Sl)ltlWI ~ I - t .. ~ I SI)ltlwQti I ~ I .. I

::E I SOlllW I ~ I <'> I to) ------~.----~-----~------~---- to: ~ ~ I S:lfl~tUod I ~ I - N I to) £0 ~ = 'I SOIUW I ~ It-."... I ~-

I S:ll11WOd I ~ I \0 N ..... I 0- - ---+------_ _!_-- , S:lItl.Y'lTU! ~ I ....._ ~ _ _N <'> ~ N N N ~ ~ I NI/)

I SUOSJOd I co I !:;::::::: M ..... N N <'> ~ ~. f -~

I Sa[lJlU3d I ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ , --:.I---7------"------.-,----~--- , - I I to... '0 'O''''t- t'f") ..... '0 ..... <::I r"l to... t I S3(1JW I M I to... 1'-.. Ir) Ir) II") ~ .,., r"l "l II") "'t- -

I ..... I SUDS.lail l'('f 1·...... IO~ Bl~-~ ..... ~..... ~::ci~~~~,'~ I I I - I : 110

TABLE 35

Family Type (Castewise)

TYPES OP PAMILIES COMPRISING THE HOUSEHOLDS 1 Caste Total nUmber of households Simple Intermediate Joint (Single member ------, 1-----....;·_------family) 2 4 5 6 ---"------~ lat Sikh 76 29 16 28 3 MazhhiSikh 12 5 3 4 Tarkhan 7 4 2 Jhiwar 4 2 2 ehhimha 1 Nai 1 Brahman 4 2 Khatri 1 Bania 6 3 2 Arora 1 Sunar 1 Ramdasia 27 18 3 5 Bazigar 2 2 Sadhu 1 Muslim lulaha 1 Muslim Teli 1

Muslim Kumilar 1

Muslim Mirasi 3 2 ------Total 150 66 51 7

Simple!am{fy.-Husband. wife and unmarried children. Intermediate.-Married couple and unmarried brothers, sisters and one of the parents. Joint.-Married couple with married sons/daughters or with married brothers/sisters. 111

'fABLE 36

System of Inheritance of Property

NUMBER INDICATING THAT RELATIONS OF THE FOLLOWINO CATEGORIES ARE ENTITLED TO INHERIT PROPERTY IN THEIR RESPECTIVE CASTE - Caste NUmber of persons ------inter- so-:--r~aughte~l-Wife-- Mother Brother Sister's Brother's Others viewed Son Son _--J ------\ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ---- Jat Sikh . . 76 76 4 40 · . · . · . · . · . Ma zhb; Sikh 12 12 · . · . · . · . · . · . · . To rkhan · . 7 7 · . 5 · . · . · . · . .. Jhl war · . 4 4 · . 2 · . · . · . · . · . Ch himba · . 1 1 · . · . · . · . · . .. · . Na ; · . 1 1 · . · . · . · . · . ... · . Drahmall · . 4 4 · . · . · . · . · . .. · .

Kh atr; · . 1 1 · . 1 · . ·. · . " · .

Da Ilia · . 6 6 1 5 .. · . · . " · . Arora · . 1 1 · . 1 · . · . . · . · . ..

Sunar · . 1 1 · . 1 · . · . .. " ..

Ramdasia · . 27 27 · . · . · . · . .. .. " Da zigar · . 2 2 · . · . · . · . · . · . · .

Sa dllu · . 1 . . · . · . · . · . · . .. " M uslim Julaha 1 1 · . · . · . · . · . .. .. M uslim Teli 1 1 · . 1 · . · . · . · . · . M uslim Kumhar 1 1 · . · . · . · . · . · . · . M usHm Mirasi 3 3 · . · . · . · . .. · . . . --.--- _-_ --- Total 150 149 5 56 · . · . · . · . .. I I I l 112

TABLE 37

Share of property for different categories of relatives-Sons

, NUMBER OF PERSONS INDICATING mAT SONS INHERIT PROPERTY IN THE FOLLOWING MANNER Caste Total Number of persons All sons Only eldest Only youngest Larger share interviewed I get equal son inherits son inherits is given to r share unmarried son , : while other I sons inherit equally

1 2 3 4 5 6

Jot Sikh · . 76 59 .. · . 17 ., MozhbiSikh · . 12 12 · . " Torkhon · . 7 7 .. .. · . Jhiwar · . 4 4 · . .. ..

Chhimha .. - 1 1 .. · . · . Noi .. 1 1 · . ·. .. Brahman .. .. 4 4 · . · . · . Khatri .. 1 1 ...... Bania .. 6 6 · . .. · .

Arora · . 1 1 .. " ·. 1 1 - Sunar ·. · . I .. .. Ramdasia · . 27 27 · ...... , Bazigar ·. 2 2 · . " Sadhu · . 1 .. · . .. .. Muslim Juloha .. 1 1 · . .. ., Muslim Tel; .. 1 1 I .. .. ., Muslim Kumhar · . 1 1 .. .. .-

Muslim Mlrasi .. 3 3 .. " ., - - Total .. 150 132 .. .. 17 113

TABLE 38

Share of prop~rty for diftel"ent categories of relatives-Daughters

NUMBER INDICATING THAT DAUGHTERS INHERIT PROPERT\' IN THII FOLLOWING Total MANNER Caste Number of persons I ,- interviewed " Daughters only Daughters inherit I inherit to the equally with son s 1 exclusion of sons

1 2 3 4

J at Sikh " · .. 76 · . 4 M azhbi Sikh , . 12 ., · . Iiarkhan , , 7 ., · .

I J Iliwar I 4 . , .. · . I I Chhfmba · . 1 , . · . N ai , . 1 , . .,

B rahman ' . 4 ,. · . K harr; , . I 1 ,. · , Bania ,. 6 ,. 1

A rora ' . 1 " ..

S unor ' . 1 ,. · . i R amdasia " 27 · . · , - B azilor · , 2 · . · .

S adhu ' . 1 ,. · . M uslim Julaha 1 , ,

M uslim Teli · , 1 · . ~· . M uslim Kumhar: · . 1 ,. .. M uslim Mtrasi .. 3 .. .,

- ~ ------' Total )50 5 114 TABLE 39

Share of property for different cate&'ori_ of relatives-Wife' I

No. INDJCA'fING THAT WlfIIINHBAJT8 TllIi tkOP~l\TY IN TilE fOLLOW1NO la:fANN £l\ Caste Total Number of ~------persons Wife inherits Wife lets a Wife lets main- I interviewed eq~Uywith smaller share tenance only I SODS (if she does not remarry) <, ------, "- 2 3 • 5 ------i Jat Sikh , . 16 Zl 8 I 9 MazhbiSikh · . 11 1 · . ·. I · . Tarkhan · . 7 3 2 · .

, , , Jhiwar · ' 4 2 .

Chhimba · . 1 · . ... · , No; · . 1 ,'. .. · . - Brahman .. 4 ' , · . · , .1 Khatri · . 1 1 .. " Bania , . 4) .( L · . Arora · . 1 1 ,. ,. I I J Sunar · . " " Ramdasia , . 27 , . · . · . Bazigar l · . • 0 .. o·

, . Sadhu2-: 1 .. · ' ',' l Muslim Ililaha o. J l · . , ' · .

) ' ~ Muslim Teli • 0 1 .. . • Muslim Kumhar · . J ·. " · . Muslim Mirasi · . 3 .. ·. -.

~.....,.._ r -I-~-_'_~ --~---

Total 00 159 3:6 U 9 115 TABLE 40

Attitude towarlds iDberitaDce of propetty by daughters equally with sons

NUMBIlJ\ OF PEItSONS WHO AGREE THAT DAUGHTERS SHOULD INHEIU1'EQUALLV wITH SONS I :aste Tota) ~t ----f Number of I persons Aged above Aged Aged Aged intervi¢wed 50 41-50 31-40 21-30 I I

1 2 3 4 5 6 I JatSikh .. 16 2 1 · . 1

MazhbiSif,

o. Chhimha · . 1 · . " .. I Nai o. 1 · . " · . · .

00 BrahmDl1 " 1 oJ • 0 " ·. t I Khatri .. 1 · . " · . · . 'Btm;o .. 6 .. P- .. o •

Arora " f .. " · . · . Sunar 1 .. .. · . " f ·.

Ramda5ia .. 11 .. · . • 0 · .

Bazigar .. 1 · . ·, . .. · . Sadhu .. 1 I · . . . .. · . Muslim Julaha · . 1 [ .. .. · . o. Muslim Toeli · . 1 .. !, · . · . · . Muslim Kumhor .. 1 o. · . · . '0'

Muslim Mirasi 3 .. · . " · . . I - 1 Tot&l " 158 2 , 2 · . 116

'rAB~E 41 . C'aste/Comn,tunity Panchayat-Existence and' attitude

I - ' - No. ACCORDING TO WHOM CASTE,'COMMUNl'fY I PANCHAYATS EXIST FOil Caste , Total No. accord- No. of ing to whom households Jal Sikh Bania Mazhbi Ramaasia Castel , Sikh Community Panchayats should exist " - .. , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

.- Jat Sikh · . 76 4 · . · . · . 4 MazhbiSikh .. 12 12 12, · . .. · . ~ • Tarkhan · . 7 ·. · . ·. · . · . Jhill/a,. · . 4 · . .' . · . · . Clthimba · . 1 · . · . · . · . .. Nai I · . · . " - " · . ·. Brahman .. 4 .. .. · . · . ., Khatri · . 1 · . .. · . · . BOllia 1 · . G 6 · . 1 · . · . Arora · . 1 · . · . · . · . .. Sunol' · . t · . · . · . · . · . Ramdasia 27 .. 27 · . " 27 Bazigal' · . 2 · . · . · . · . · . Sadllu · . 1 · . " · . · . · . Muslim Julaha · . t · . · . · . · . · , Muslim Tell . · . t " ·. ·. · . · Muslim KlI111ha/' I .. 1 " · . · . · . · . Muslim Mirasi · . 3 " · . " .. ----_ , ------AI Total ·. 150 4 1 12 27 44 I , 117

TABLE 42

Caste/Community Panchayat-Fundion

No. ACCORDJNG TO WHOM FUNCTIONS OF CASTE/COMMUNITY PANCHAYAT ARB - Caste Total - No. of - households Settlement of Help in marriage Developmental and other work , Baradar; --, disputes ceremonies

3 4 5 1 2 - 2 Jat Sikh . , 76 4 · . Ma zhbi Sikh 12 12 12 · . · . __ To rkhma . , 7 .. · . ·. I Jhl'war · . 4 .. · . .. eh himba ·. 1 · . · . ·. Na i .. 1 · . · . .. . Br ohman ·. 4 · . · . · . Kh atr; .. 1 _ . · . Bo nia ., 6 1 I · . Arora 1 .. · . I · . " I Sunar . ' 1 .. · . -· .

Ra mdasia . , 27 27 27 I · . .. Ba zigar · . 2 ' . · . . Sadlzu .. 1 .. · . · .

Muslim Julaha ., 1 " · . · . Muslim Teli .. 1 · . · . · .

Muslim Kumhar .. 1 .. " · . Muslim _Mirasi .. 3 · . ., .. "_------Total ., 150 44 40 Z 118 TABLE 43

Infonnation' about ,main fundions of Panchayats

, INO. ACCORDING TO WHOM MAIN FUNCTIO NS OF TiJE PA'NCHAYAT ARE Caste Total No. that No. who No. of i could teU have households the period knowledge Develop- IJUdicial Sanitation of existence of the menta! I - , of'an- financial I , '" chayat activities of I I correctly the f " Panchayat

2 3 5 6 7 ------1------\------1·------1------\------\------Jal Sikh 16 66 27 66 49 16 MazhbiSikh .. Jl 10 10 10 6 Tarkhan 7 7 3 7 5 ~ Jhiwar .. 4 I 1- 4 3 1 Chhimba t 1 1 1 Nai 1 1 J 1 1 Brahman 4 4 4 4 2 Kltatri 1 1 1 1 1 Bania 6 6 2 6 6 3 Arora t 1 1 1 1 Sunar I 1 1 1 1 Ramdasia 21 23- 9 20 17 10 Bazigar 1 2 2 2 Sadhu 1 1 1 1 Muslim lulaha - .. 1 1 Muslim Teli 1 1 I 1 1 Muslim Kumhar 1 1 1 1 I Muslim Mirasi J 3 2 I --13--4--1;-:;---~--l04 total 150 ---:-- 119

Information and attitude towards family planning with reference to number of sons and daughters in the household

NUMBW\ ~F HOlJSEJlOLDS WANTINo 1 NUMDEl\ OF HOlJSEHOLDS WANTINO - . MORE CHILDREN NO Mal\E CHlLDa~ i ':::-1-:---,- ---I§~ -=---~- ~~W~ Caste u.SOO I 1-3 ~ Have 1Iave Have ,..,,8 :;: Have Have un-' ~ '" '0 sons g no no more I ~ no no married e g1 in daugh- child- than 3 - g g daugh- child- and ~ "::I house- u tet drea sons in ~ .CI u tor ren separa- .:.I <"l,g hold ~ house- =1.S ~ ted --'------.-...... ----_,1---1-... --_ hold ___I___ ! __ Persons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ---_----I_l___ I______.___ ~_ Jat Sikh 16 51 28 6 11 1 4 1 15 MazhbiSikh 12 1 1 3 1 1 4 3 1 Tarkhan 6 1 1 ... : 1 2, .. 2 Jhiwar 1 1 1 2 ebb/mba 1

Nai 1 1 Brahman 4 2 1 1 2 1 Klwtrt 1 1 1 1 Bania .. ,I 6 4 2 2 1 2 Arora 1 I 1 1 SUllar 1 1 1 .. I Romdasla 27 6 2 2 1 .. 12 1 3 1 4 Btu/gar 1. 1 1 Sadhu 1

Muslim Julah4 1 " \ " Muslim Tell t 1 1 Muslim Kumhar 1 MUslim Mlra,J{ 3

Total 150 120·

TABLE 45 Attitude towards family planning with reference to age of the head of the' household.

,No. OF HOUSEHOLDS WANTING MORE CHILD· No. OF, HOUsEHOLDS' WANTlNO NO llBN, THB AGE OF THE HEAD Of HOVSEHOlD MORE CHILDREN, THI! AGE OF THE , Total (MALE) BEING -. HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD (MALE) BlliNG caste . No. of \ ' I_ 0 house> ---0 - :E'C holds Above 31-40 21-30 200r', Above 41-50 31-40 21-30 lOOf ~a I:: .... 'C'" 50 less I .50 less 0.2 § Za8.db", , .... -, -, _--- I ------. l' 2 . 3" . 4 5 I> ~ '1 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------c - . "at Sikh' .. 76' 11 5 n 9 1 16 3 5 .. .. 15 At,QzhbiSikh .. 12 .. .. 2 4 .. 1 4 ...... 1

00 o. 1':arkhan 1 o. 1 1 00 2 1 ., 2 • 0 i o. f

o • J 'hiwor 00 4 00 .. 1 o. 1 1 .. 1 • 0 . . 1 .- ,. 1 ,0 C'hhimba .. .. " . .. " ...... ,.

N, • 0 a; .. 1 .. .. " ·...... 1

B rohman .. 4 o. 1 .. " .. 2 .. " o. o. 1

1 '0 • 0 Khatri . · . 1 o. .. . . · . .. o. " , 1 1 • 0 & nia o. 6 . .. .. 1 J ., " 2

1 o. h ora .. 1 " .. · ...... " ..

SiUtuJl' .. 1 .. .. 1 .. ,0 " .. .. • 0 .. . . 1 Ram dasia '0 27 .. .. 4 .. 6 5 4 3 '0 4 , .. 2. 1 ., ,. Ba.zilat' .. " .. .. " " 1 " " ; , , Sadhu .. 1 ...... " ...... '0 .. J

M uslim JUluha · . 1 J .. .. " · ...... , . .. ..

M uslim Tel; · . 1 ...... " ...... 1 1 ,. M usUm Kumhm .. 1 o. .. " · . .. .. " 0' ..

M uslim Mumi . , 3 " .. .. 1 .. 1 ...... 1 ~ - - --_.- 1-" -- , Total ., 150 13 9 19 19 .2 28 i1 16 10 5 .. .29 J 121

TABLE 46

Attitude towards family 'planning with reference to age of the child-bearing woman

! ' I ~ No. OF HOUSEHOLDS WANTING MORE CHILDREN. No. OF HOUSEHOLDS WANTING NO .!. C . ~~ THE AGE OF. THE CHILD-BEAJUNG WOMAN BEJNG MORE CHILDREN, THE AGE OF THE S 8. CHILD-BEARING WOMAN BEING § 't:,l Caste ------.--.--.------,------1-- 't:,l£ ~ I <> ~~I I iU ~ 0 ~' g ~', ~ .s ~ 0 ~ g :q ~ -E '0:; _g 1 I I I i I ~ _g . I I I ! ~ 01$ .( M.;::; ~ 1 N I ~ ...J

Naj 1 Brahman 4 1 2 1 Khatr; 1 Bania 6 1 1 2 Arora 1 Sunar 1 1 I Ramdasia 27 2 1 9 1 1 3 3 1 4 Bazigar 2 .. 1 Sodhu . 1 Muslim Ju/aha 1 1 Muslim TeN 1 1 Muslim Kumhar .. 1 M ustim Mira."; ., 3 1 --'--j- Total 1-:;-;--:---:-j-:----:;--; -::-, 38 )-: 54\4\1 .. 29 122

TABLE 47 Attitude towal"ds family planning with reference to duration of marriage

I I·No. OF HOUSBHOLDS WANTING MORE CH1LD- No. OF HOUSEHOLDS WANTING 'if-g ~ Total REN. DURATION OF MARRIAGE BEING No, MORI! CHILDREN, DURATION ~ = ~ Caste No. of 5 or '()vnr 16-°1'MjAjRIRIIA01~I:EINIOO S-or . ~.]': ~gfctSt '-o-ve-r-{l<::20lti=is,' 6-10 .. .J u- .:; ~ 20 I years ,yea~ years less 20 years years years less 0 Sf years ~ .' years years years • Q a I I I ' ~ =s ~ -'----1---,~ __ 2_:~1_4--1---5-,-._..;o~-,\-17i-; --;1-:--;--:- -~

Jat Sikh 1- :: ,~_1--~-1--:_1--2-5-':12:-:--: : --:- ': Mazhbi Sikb

Tarkhall 7 1 .. / .. / .. 1!2 •. 1 .... 2 Jhill'ar 4 1 2 1

Chhimba I .., 1

Nai I ' .. 1 Brahman 4 2 1

Khatri 1

Bania 6 1 2 2

Arora 1 1 Sunar 1 1 Ramdasia '27 1 1 1 1 10 3 3 2 4 Baz{gar 2 I 1 Sadltu 1

Muslim Julaha 1 Muslim Teli 1 MUslim Kumhar 1 1 Muslim Mlrasi 3

Total 14 9 --1------9 44 8 4 I 2 1 7 I I 123

TABLE 48 Awareness of untouchability offences Act

Total ~ Number of number of r persons aware persons f of prohibition Caste interviewed I of untouchability under law

2 3 \

Jot Sikb 76 63- MazhbiStkb 12 7 Ta"kltan 1 7 Jhiwar 4 Chhimba 1 Nai 1 Brahman 4 4 Khatri 1 Bania 6 Arora 1 Sunnr 1 1 Ramdasia 27 14 Bazip 2 Sadhu 1 Muslim Ju/aha 1 Muslim Te/i 1 Muslim Ewnhar 1 Muslim Miron 3 3

Total .. j ISO 107 124

TABLE 49

Range of Information

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS HEADS OF WHICH KNOW THE , NAME OF

Caste Total I Village Thana Tahsil District Name of principal riyers number of Pan- H.Q. H.Q. H.Q. of the district bouseholjls chavat R.Q. _--- I ,2 3 4 5 6 - 7 , " --- Jat Sikh .. 76 76 16 16 16 There is no river in the district Mazhbi Sikh · . 12 12 12 12 12 Tarkhan .. 7 1 1 1 7 Jhiwar · . 4 4 4 4 4 Chhimba · . 1 1 1 1 1 Na; · . 1 1 1 1 1 I Brahman .. 4 4 4 - 4 4 Khatri · . 1 1 1 1 1 Bania ·. 6 6 6 6 6 Arora P. 1 1 1 1 1 Sunar .. 1 1 1 1 1 Ramdasia .. 27 -21 27 27 27 Bazigar · . 2 2 2 2 2 Sadhu · . 1 1 1 1 1 Muslim'!'ulaha · . 1 1 1 1 1 Muslim 1"

TABLE SO

N. E. S. BLOCKS-Nature, of~:benefit

No. TJlAT COULD DESCRIBE THE FUNCTIONS OF OR.AM SEWAK Total No. aware Caste No. of of the Fullv Satisfacto- un~:-l Incorrectly house- functions ---ISatisfacto- rily torily holds of Gram rily I Sewak , 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

\ J at Sikh .. 76 31 · . 10 · . 21 MazhbiSikb ,. 12 '. · . .. · . · . Tarkhan ., , 4 · . 2 2 · . Jhiwar .. 4 . . .. ., .. · . Chhimha . . J .. · . · . ·. · . Nai .. J .. · . · . ., ·. Brahman .. 4 2 ·. · . 2 · . Khatri .. 1 1 .. · . 1 · . Bania .. 6 2 · . 1 · . 1 Arora .. 1 1 · . .. · . 1 Sunar .. 1 J .. .. J 1 · . R amdasia .. 27 3 .. 1 2 .. Bangor .. 2 ...... · . Sadhu .. 1 1 .. .. 1 l . . 1 Muslim Ju/aha .. 1 .. o' o· · . · . j MUslim Teli .. 1 1 .. ·. 1 ·. I . Muslim Kumhar .. 1 ...... · .

,.0 .. Muslim Mirasi .. 3 o' · . · . , . I 9 Total .. 150 I 47 I o. 14 I 24 126

TABLE 51

Awareness of changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption

Total Number aware Number that Number aware I number of that there could des- that there Number that persons have been cribe the have been ' could describe Caste int~rvie"ed changes in changes in changes in the changes in Hindu Adop- Hindu Hindu Hindu Succe- tion Act Adoption Act Succession ssion Act correctly Act correctly - - 1 2 3 4 5 6 !

Jat $ikh , . 76 36 32 71 68 " MazhbiSikh , , 12 , . " . 3 3

Tarkhall " . 7 4 4 5 5 Jhiwar , . .. 2 2 4 4 Chhimba 1 · . 1 · , · . 1 Na; " . 1 · , ." 1 1 Brahman · . .. 1 1 3 3 Khatri ·. 1 1 1 1 1 Bania ., 6 3 3 5 5 Arora · . t 1 1 1 1 , Sunar 1 1 1 · . 1 1 J I RamdQ$ia · . 27 1 1 18 18 Bangar ·. 2 · . ." 1 1 Sadhu · , I 1 1 1 1 Muslim Julaha · . 1 · . · . . . .. , Muslim Teli ·. 1 1 1 1 1 Muslim Kumhar · . 1 .. · . 1 1 Muslim Muas; · . 3 1 · . 2 2 1----· ------___._---_ Total · . 150 53 48 120 117 I I 127

TABLE 52

LAND REFORMS

Knowledge- of land reform measures

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ------_-----_._------Jal Sikh .. 76 63 72 70 58 75 45 46 61 57 I 61 58 57 73 74

M"zhbi Sikh 12 I 1 2 12 .. I 9 4: 1 2 2 5 11 TQrkhan 7 5 5 5 5 6 4 5 5 S 5 5 5 6 6 Jhiwar 4 1 2, 3 2 4: 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 4 ehhimba 1 1 1 1 1 Nai 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Br"hmafl 4 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 Khatr; 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Bania 6 5 5 6 4: 5 5 5 4 4: 6 5 -5 5 6 Arora 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SU11Qr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Ramdasla 27 8 10 19 2 23. 4 17 13 5, 12 13 13 14 26 Bazigar 1 1 2 2 2 2 Sadhu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Muslim lutah" 1 1 1 1 1 1 Muslim Teli 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 .1 Muslim Kumhar 1 1 1 Muslim Mirasi 3 3 2 1 2

Total

129

APPENDIX A

RAINFALL DATA

As recorded at Sangrur Rain-guage Station (Figures in Milimetres)

--~- 1957 ,1958'I' 1959 1960 1961 Month \ \~ain--t-;~o~~ ~ai=-l~o~~ '~ail1-- ~o~~ ~ai=- ~o~~I~:=-I~O. o~ f~ll rainy fall rainy fall rainy fall rainy fall rainy days days days days days

------_._---~------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ------,------January 99.06 4[ .50 4 12.50 2 10.30 2 February 0.30 5.60 36.20 2 March 2.54 3 I .60 3 g. 30 I 6 April 3:':: 3 I 20: 031 6.00 I 2 3. 80 1 2 May June 30:99 ~ 4~~90 2 19.00 I 3 86.10 3 47.50 3 July 177,04 9 151.20 I S 30.62 7 316.20 10 123.10 7 August 151.38 3 35.10 I 7 138.70 7 465.32 ·14 164.40 12 September 173.991 7 309.80' 12 61.00 6 36.70 4 October 15.24 2.50 5 I 17.60 3 0.05 13.70 3 Novemb.cr 7 . 62 I . . . . I 8 . 80 I 2 . . . . I .. .. December .. 38.10 1 33.10 3 I 3.20 I I [4.70 2 15.50 2 ______I, ______I 1--- - __ --__ --______

Total 139.14 37 578,50: 39 1346.05/ 35 939.17 40 451.20 31

Average annual rainfall during 1957-61 is 610.81 mms. 130

APPENDIX . Four-weekly Commodity Arrivals

QUANTITY ARRIVING I' _____ ! _____ Serial ----1..-_____'___ ] ______No. I Name ~f commodity 1st April, 29th April, 27th May, 24th June, 22nd July, 19th August, 1961 to 1 1961 to 1961 to 1961 to 1961 to 1961 to ! 28th April, I 26th May, 23rd June, ,21st July, 18th August, 115th Septem- , 1961 : 1961 1961 1961 1961 ber, 1961 I I ------i __I--~-..;_I---- 2 3 -_ ,.------I 1 27):: 41 5-3- --5-':-1-0-'7-8-'--2-2-':-50-' 1 Wheat ., I 3,684.00 I t~ 35.~6~1--l0-.:-04-. 6~ 2 Barley 122.88 373.35 164.07 75.94 42.26 23.85 i 3 Paddy 86 26.18 26.64 39.34 18.46 11.27 97. 1 4 Jowar (Millet) 240.68 23.17 120.71 136.09 5.00 i 5 Bajra (Millet) 11.42 ' 0.26 11.45 2.68 1.64

6 Maize .. j 15.34 1.73 74.69 22.52 34.58 3.42 7 Gur-Patha 238.18 301.09 163.11 264.27 416.11 445.50 8 Cotton Desi .. I, "I 45.47 9 Cotton American "I 10 Gawara 2.85 36.92 75,40 I 9.88 1.62

11 Sarson 2,651.66 703.35 300.61 124. 19 1 47.04 [ 31.18 12 Taramira 8.92 35.82 31.64 12.07 4.06 3.97 13 Toria 14 Til

15 Oroundnut 1.68 [ .. I 7.84 0.23 0.44 i ~ 6 Cotton-seed Desi 155.22 199.55 17 Gram 899.08! 10,674.21 7,846.01 2,002.24 ! ],472.09 1,184.19 18 Moong 38.37 0.65 5.90 2.80 19 Motb 2.73 20 Masb 1.43 , .. , 1.04 21 All type of pulses 4.15 38.26 [ . 24.76 ! 27,00 67.72 61. 87 22 Potatoes 96.95 5.02 7.46 ; 23 Chillies 2.80 0.31 0.64 I 6.60 ' 65.~~ [ 172.34 24 Onion 25.29 f 12.10 23.23 .. I 14.60 33·00 2S Metha 0.44 17.00 15.84 29.221 7.63 12.64 26 Miscellaneous 2.35 14.73 1.40 0.63 2.91 27 !Rice .. ) .. I 131

B in Sangrur Market

DURING THE PERIOD (FIGURES IN QUINTALS) ---r------I 16th Septem~ 14th Octo- lJ til Novem- 9th Decem- 7th January, 4th February, 3rd March, ber, 1961 ber, 1961 ber. 1961 ber, 1961 1962 to 1962 to 1962 to to 13th to 10th to 8th to 6th 3rd February, 2nd March, 30th March, Total October, I,November, December, January, 1962 1962 1962 1961 1961 1961 ]962 I 1--11-'----1----/------9 10 11 12 13 14 I 15 16 ------1-----1------5,500.23 4,116.25 4,019.13 3460.09 2,298.04 2,969.49 2,389.89 129,817.86 27.46 11.58 34.96 17.84 10.18 4.65 909.02

97.65 5,192.59 3,991.40 10.36 7.46) 33.881 54.24 9,607.33 0.S2 13.25 14.97 1.28 3.38 5.70 565.05 9.01 243.54 1,749.72 I 2,418.97 1,487.60 361.76 I 111.88 6,469.93 I 49.52 329.75 3,028.19 f 2,355.84 1,203.13 . 526.61 I 230.51 7,875.83 512.48 617.25 1,429.08 1,776.61 1,210.19 1,194.62/ 918.82 I 9,487.31 2,019.38 7,318.17 13,565.11 3,608.05 2,007.94 783.52 1,357.72 30,705.36 6.75 6.75 1.95 37.59 438.77 557.80 193.34 58.13 1,414.25 61.80 63.56 85.15 147.27 32.26 34.72 122.69 4,405.48 15.85 9.84 5.40 9.66 6.40 8.98 3.18 155.79 .. I 32.52 28. 57 1 1.98 63.07 1 I I 0.45 15.13 9.49 I 850.85 I 5.14 0.46 I 881.52 27.03 160.19 I 3,102.S61 "I 63.20 6.09 6.12 3,375.68 .. I 16.00 370.77 1,049.56 702.35 975.~~ I 419.21 I 479.64 654.58 393.70 28,752.71

I. 10 8.96 136.28 1 19.42 0.27 51.18 264.93 I 20 ..58 40.40 \ 21.061 65.02 6.71 156.50 24.23 12.94/ 5.18 I 9.54 0.25 54.61 lS.75 29.12 124.06 28.77 23.89 43.06 123.36 604.77 20.00 27.00 15.86 174.24 44.78 391.31 202.55 285.22 193.27 66.41 : 33.961 28.38 12.54 1,070.50 ~~ 1.. 2 .60 2.00 10.00 47.66 f 15.35 185.83 ,I .. I 21.03 56.15 35.44 19.09 . 1.52 1 l.86 217.86 0.32 0.23 0.48 I 0.70 23.75 .. I 35.60 I 691.97 242.~~ } 107.49 97.11 1,174.38 132

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APPENDIX 0 Income and Expenditure of the Village Panchayat, Kunran during 1962-63

Income Expenditure -'-_.....-_------_.....------... -__,.- ,------Rs nP. Rs nP. 1. One-tenth of the land revenue 254.85 1. Pay of teacher plus other expenditure regarding sewing school 399.77 2. Grants by Government­ (i) Primary ~chool building 1,500.00 1 12. Pay of Secretary 175.00 I (ii) Drainage 320.00 ). 2,038.50 3. Sports Fund 12.00 'I ' (iii) Culverts 218.50 J 4. Licence fee of radio and price of battery 68.00 3. Fees and Fines 30.00 5. Repair of well 567.63 4. Taxes from Hawkers 51.25 6. Stationery 43.80 5. Balance with the previous Panchayat 2,237.12 Total 1,266.20 6. Fees from sewing school 132.25 ----_ 7. Sale of sham/at trees 45.00 Balance left with the Panchayat 3,631.81 8. Interest 49.04 9. Miscellaneous 60.00 Total 4,898.01 Total 4,898.01

APPENDIX E Income and Expenditure of t:be Village Panchayat, Kunran during 1961-62

Income Expenditure RsnP. Rs nP 1. Income from Cycle Tax 79.75 1. Stationery 23.08 2. Prize from Government for unanimously 1,529. 10 2. Pay of teacher sewing centre 146.61 nominating the Panchayat 3. One-tenth of Land Revenue 169.90 3. Price of cycle tokens (100) 25.00. 4. Fee of students from sewing centre 65 ·00 4. Radio-battery 102.00 5. Interest from Sangrur Central Bank 132. 00 5. Radio-licence 10.00 6. Tax from Hawkers 153.75 6. Magazine (Panchayati Raj) 1.65 7. Suit-fee and Talbana 8.00 7. Pay of Panchayat Secretary 150.00 8. Copying fee 2. 00 8. Sports Fund 12.00 9. Balance on 1st April, 1962 3,546.81 9. Audit fee 15.00 10. Money Order Commission 0.30 11. Cost of colour, oil, etc., for mottos 0.62 - against Chinese aggression 12. Treatment of the bull 80.00 13. Construction of drains 12.00 Balance with the Panchayat 5,108.05 Total 5,686.31 Total 5,686.31 134

APPENDIX F Crime situation in Sangrur -District

, N UMBER OF CASES Nature of offence 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 ,- 1960

_ 3 4 7 II 8 1 2 I 5 6 9 I 10 11 I 12 M urder · . 96 127 127 66 62 49 43 - 63 59 50 49 D acoity · . 33 30 42 6 1 1 1 . . 3 .. .. B urg]ary .. 664 718 601 297 218 220 219 258 381 282 217 R obbery .. 174 107 104 28 "'17 11 11 8 21 15 11 "- T heft · . 571 526 434 315 246 254 274 318 417 I 277 215 R ioting · . 16 5 25 8 2 6 9 3 2 3 3 K idnapping .. 33 44 Z8 23 13 14 28 24 29 16 15 A rms Act · . 325 521 545 390 125 164 174 186 193 251 266 E xcise Act · . 273 205 375 183 177 153 173 284 426 570 755 I o thers · . 1,013 1,256 1,593 707 } 602 531 576 702 1,105 873 840 Total .. 3,198 I 3,539 3,8'14 2,023 1,463 1,403 1,508 I 1,846 2;636 2,337 -2,311 APPENDIX G Nature a~d Frequency of Crimes

1 N UMB~R OF CASES _N_a_tu_r_e_o_f _of_fe_n_ce____ · 1950 \ 1951 1952 \ 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 I 195811959 1960 1961 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------­, Murder, 302-IPC .. r .. Dacoity 395-IPC Robbery 392·IPC 1 Theft 37?80-IPC 1 Hurt 324-IPC 2 1 1 Excise Act 61-EA 2 1 5 Opium Act 9/1/78(J..A .. 3 r Arms Act 19/11/78-AA 1 . . .. I I 1 r 457-IPC . . J .. Burglary 1 376-IPC Dishonour of 353-IPC 1 Government Servant 460-IPC 429·IPC Rash Driving __- :: :: I :: :: :: .. :: \ .; .. :: .. II :: { 279 Total crimes in each year ------1----1---3 2 I 4 1 ' I 3 4 IIi 9 Source: Police Station Sangrur. 135

APPENDIX H Sketches drawn on the outer walls of the Dharamsala building const ructed in Bikrmi Sambat, 1989. 1. Havana. . 2. Ram Chandra and Lakshmana. 3. Guru Nanak Dev with Bala and Mardana. 4. A monkey on the tree nibbling the swing of a lady who is swinging. 5. Shiva-Parvati. 6. A flower. 7. Amrit-manthan by , Devtas and Raksh'ashas. 8. Raja Mordhawaj and his queen sawing the head of their son. 9. A female hermit counting rosary-beeds. 10. A lion. 11. One person drinking and the other catching his hand. 12'. Khansmir father of Sahiban. 13. Heer and Ranjha. 14. Sahiban and Mirza. 15. A bin player. 16. Ganesh. 17. A mango !tree. l8. Ghari ka Gharooka (Probably Ghatot Kach son of Bhim Sen and Hidimba). 19. Sohni and Mahiwal. 20. A wrestler. 21. Bhairon. 22. A party of acrobats. 23. Kumbh Karn and Megh Nath. 24. Gama wrestler. 25. Santri (a- watchman). 26. Bhim Sen and Bali. 27. Hanuman. 28. A drunkard. 29. Radha Krishan. 30. Rani Sundran and Puran Bhagat. 31. Sharwan as Chela of Guru Gorakh Nath. 3'2. Devi mounted on a lion. 33. Lord Krishna taming Sheshnaag. 136

APPENDIX I

A note on pradices connected with' animal diseases.

, In the beginni~g of March, 1963, the foot-and-mouth disease attacked the animals in Kunran. The villagers approached the Nawab of Malerkotla to seek his advice on how to control the disease. He gave them three jantras. On the 16th of March, 1963 one jantra was burnt alongwith incense, the smoke of which was made to touch the body of each animal. On the evening of the 17th March, the second jantra was washed in the water contained in a big, cauldron til~ the writing got dissolved. 'Dhe water taken from the cauldron was sprinkled over each anim~l. Simultaneously, the third jantra was plac­ ed in an earthen bowl which was hung with"rope from the middle of the ceiling of the entrance gate and the livestock was driven out through this gate. On that day nobody was permitted to cook any,thing in the house,nobody could! 'Scavenge the courtyard with a broom and everybody was forbidden to churn the milk. Neither could 3{ resident leave the village nor could an outsider enter it. The bullocks were not yoked and ploughing was suspended for the day. It has been reported that no Harijan was allowed to enter the village through the entrance gat~. The entire milk yield for the day was collected and carried out of the village through the enteranc:e gate and was taken. Moreover, every household was required to offer to HanumanJ a rot of wheat weighing about a seer cooked in the open compound outside the entrance gate. Mustard oil and vermiHon were also poured on the idol of Hanuman.

The villagers stated that as a result of these rituals the fury of the foot-and­ mout.h disease was averted. But ·it has been gathered that the same rituals following an , out-break of the same disease a month earlier were observed without completely immu:niz- ing the livestock to the disease. There were some cases of cattle mor.taUty which were. ascribed not to any inefficacy of the jantra but to lapse on the part of some individuals to observe the prescribed commands. GLOSSARY

Aag Green tops of sugarcane. Aak Calotropis gigantea. Aar. Shoe-maker's awl. Aanwala Eriblica officinalis. , I Ajwain Parsle; King's cumin. Amrit-manthan Churning of nectar from the legendary ocean of milk. Anand Karaj Marriage ceremony among SUms. Anna A coin equivalent of six Naye Paise. Aoli A bird. Arhti Commission-agent. Asadh June-July. Asuj September-October. Baati A wide mouthed deep plate of brass. Badi Dark half of a month in the Indian Calendar. Baathu A weed; Chenopodium album. Bachola A go-between. BCl!gula A specie of heron. Baisakh April-May. Baithak Drawing-room. Bajra Spiked millet; Pennisetum typhoideum. Balian Ear-rings worn by females. Babti A bucket. Ban or banna Vitex negundo. Banayan A vest. Barah Concluding death ceremony marking the end of ceremonial pollution. Barani Dependent on rainfall. Barat Marriage-party. Barota Ficus bengalensis. Barseem A green fodder crop. Ben Zizyphus jujuba. Bhadon August-September. Bharola An eaI1then receptacle used for holding grains or flour. Bhog Concluding item in a religious ceremony among Sikhs. Bhoora A woollen blanket. Bhoni A wheel in a loom. Bigha (Kachcha) 5/24 of an acre; 0.0843096 hectare. 137 138

Bin A wind instrument; An indigenous flute shaped out of a hallow gourd played fC?r charming snakes. Biswa (Kachcha) One-twentieth of a b1gha; 0042152 hectare. Batai System of farming based on payment of rent in kind. Batna Ceremonial rubbing' of the body with yellow paste. Bukhari A granary. Chadra A strip of cloth worn by Sikh males round the lower half of the body. Chahi Irrigated from wells. Chahi-nehri Irrigated partly from wells and partly from a canal. Chak Potter's wheel. ChaZaakar Potter's rod. Chapati An) Indian loaf. Chara Green fodder crop. Chari Great millet; Andropogon sorghum, grown for fodder.

Chaubara ~ . ~ A room on the first floor of the house. Chaunke charhna Purification ceremony to end pollution. Chela A disciple. Chet March-April. ChhajaH A winnowing basket. Chhand A rhyming couplet generally vulgar. Chhanna A drinking bowl of bell metal. Chhap A finger-ring. Chhatank One-sixteenth of a seer, 58. .319 grams. Chhoti it Fire-burnt small brick. Choongre Small earthen lamps used on Diwali festival. Chowkidar A village watchman. Chuni A scarf spread over the head and shoulders- by females. Daat Dowry. Daati A sickle. Dabba A tiffin-carrier. Dai Mid-wife. DaIan A room in the house. Da?"waza Front room of the house usually with a wide semi-circular gate. Degchi A cooking vessel of brass or copper. Desi Country-made. Devta A minor god. Dhatoora. Belladonna plant. Dhoti. A sheet of white cloth worn by Hindu males. DogaTan Earthen bowls used for worship at the Diwali festival. Dolu. A beverage container of some metal (usually brass). Dopatta. Scarf used by females. DosangCl A two-pronged implement used f.or separating grains from chaff. 139

Farash Tamarix orientalis. Foot 30.48 centimetres (exact). Gaddi Religious seat. Gadwi . " A sm all round vessel. Gagar A large brass or copper vessel for carrying and holding water. Gandala An iron blade fixed to a wooden rod. Gangajal Sacred water of the Ganges. Garara Trousers worn by females. Gardaanak An accessory in th~ loom; a handle. Ga1'Ur An eagle. Gcttar A bird. Gawara Field vetch, cyamopsis psoralioides. Ghara An earthen pitcher. Ghas Wild grass; a weed. Ghee Clarified butter. Ghia Vegetable marrow. GUas A tumbler. Gochani Mixture of wheat and gram. Gat Kanala Ceremonial dinner arranged to admit the bride into the got of her husband. Gugga The snake-god. Gulgula Sweet balls. Guls han~patti Silver anklets worn by females. Guluband A gold necklace worn by females. Gur Jaggery. Gnrudwara A Sikh shrine. Gurti An indigenous prescription given to infants. Hal Country plough. Halian A medicinal seed; the garden cresses. Halwa A sweet dish of wheat-flour, sugar and ghee. Hanuman Monkey-god, the benefactor of cattle. Hatha A weaver's lay. Henna Myrtle. Hilra A weed. Hukka Hubble-bubble, a smoking pipe. Id A Muslim festival. Ilaichidana Comfit. Inch One4welfth of a foot; 25.4 milimetres. Jag A drinking vessel with a spout. Jal~chowki A low wooden stand for pitchers and vessels. Jalpari ... A water-fowl, Teal. J anam-ghutti An indigenous herbal preparation given to infant. Jand Prosopis spicigeras. Jantra A charm or a magic formula. 140

Jatt An implement used for spreadingt_wheat-'Sheaves. Jeth May-June. Jhakkra An ea.rthen vessel for carrying butter-milk to fields. Jhakkarian Earthen bowls used for worship at a festivat o.f the same name, when the mothers keep fast for prosperity of their - sons. . Jhand N arne of a wild animal. Jhar~beri Zizyphus nummularia. Jhama A big sieve. Jindra. A rake without teeth. Jinswar Crop statement. Jowar Great millet; Andropogon"\~orghum. Kaani Pieces of reed used by the weaver. Kaani Cowrie A cowrie-shell with a squint. Kaansi ,Bell metal. Kaarangiari Black smut. Kaazi The Muslim divine. Kabaddi A popular Indian game. Kalma A holy verse from Muhammadan scriptures. Kalboot A shoe-mould or last. Kalhera Weaver:'s stick hung from the ceiling. Kali-tori Okra; a vegetable. Kapal-Kirya Breaking the skull, a death ceremony. Kandaari An awl used for stitching leather. Kanera. An accessory. in pot-making. Kangha An implement for collecting grass from fields. Kanghi A weaver's comb. Kangna A particoloured thread containing an iron-ring tied round the'right wrist of a bridegroom or bride. Kante ~ Ear-rings worn by females. Kantha A gold necklace used by males. Kanthi A gold necklace used by women. Karah Same as halwa .. Karahi A. cauldron used in cooking. Karchhi A laddIe. Karela Bitter-gourd. Kartik October-November. Kasia A small trowel. Karwa An eal'lthen bowl having a spout. Karwa-Chauth A Hindu festival when married females observe fast :for prosperity of their husbands. Kassi A mattock. Katora A drinking bowl of bell metal. Khabil Shoe-maker's tool used for smoothing and cleaning leather. Khamini A red-and-white thread used on ceremonial occasions. Khanda A weed; Cynodon dactylon. Kaulian Small deep dishes. Khabbal A weed; Cynodon. Kh!mdsari Indigenous sugar. Khapra A sharp blade with a handle used for cutting sugarcane crop. Khari! Autumn crop. Khcrtia A cot. Khawaja The water god. Kheer Rice boiled in milk and sweetened with sugar. Khera Shrine of Chuhar Singh, the village martyr. Khes A cotton plaid: Khichri Hotch-potch of rice and pulse. Khurpa A trowel with a crooked handle. Kikkar Acacia arabica. Kila A tethering rod. Koka A nose-pin. Kokaroo Kind of ear-rings worn by women. Koonj A crane. Kothri A living room in the house. Kuch A weaver's brush for dressing threads. Kuchi A potter's brush for painting earthenwares. Ku.ngi Loose smut of wheat. Kurti A female shirt. Laag Perquisites given to various functionaries on ceremonial occasions. Laddoo A sweetmeat. Lagan A present sent along with the wedding invitation by the bride's father to the groom's father. ' Lal-Kitab Village Note Book. Lambarciari Cess or fund for payment to villa,ge lambardar. , Lassan Ropes for securing load on bullock-carts. Lasura Cordia myxa. Lawaan Marriage incantations. Logri Coloured threads. Lohri A winter festival among Hindus. MGJgh January-February. Maghar November-December. Makra A weed. Mandi Market. Masar /Masri Lentils. Mash Black gram; Phaseolous radiatus. Masha One-twelfth of a tola; 0.97199 grams. Matra A weed; Cyperus rotundus. Mata The goddess of small-pox. Maund 0.373242 quintals. Methi A small plant, the leaves of which are consumed as vepetable. fenugreek. 142

Metha A fodder crop. ' Mile 1.609344 Kilometres. , Milni Formal introduction accompanied by exchange of gifts. Mirasin Name of a bird. Mogha A hole in the roof for light. Mogra. -A shoe-maker's mallet. Moongi Green gram; Phaseolous mungo. Moth Phaseolous aconttifolius. Motha A weed, Cyperus tlI~bilatus, or Cyperus rotundus. Muklawa The gauna ceremony:'~ Mundran Ear-rings worn by male'S: . Munj Saccharum moonja. Naal A weaver's shuttle. Nimani-Ikadashi A summer festival when cold drinks are served and melons are consumed in large quan~ iths. Nattain Tiny ear-rings worn by males. Naum~ Ninth day of a month according to Indian Calendar. Neem Melia indica. Nehri Irrigated from a canal. Neondah The custom in a kinship group of giving cash presents to bridegroom at his marriage. Nikah Marriage ceremony among Muslims. Nimaz Religious prayer among Muslims. Oali A bird. Pairai Foot-rest of the weaver for moving the 100m. Pandu White-clay used for coating walls of dwellings. Panakh A weaver's bow. Panjiri Parched wheat-flour treated in ghee ana mbcted with sugar and dry:"fruits. Paraat . . A kneading tray of brass or copper. Patila/Patili A pot or stewpan in which vegetables, etc., are boiled. Patra A low wooden stool. Patrian Silver anklets. Patti Sub-estate in a village. Pattal A leaf-plat~. Pazeb A tinkling silver ornament worn, by women rourid the anklets. Phali A shoe-maker's tool used for cutting leather. Phalla A square wooden frame slightly loaded and drawn by oxen for treading out grain. Phawra A wooden spade. Phalgun February-March. Phera Marriage ceremony among Hindus. Phul A pair of small gold or silver ornaments worn by women on the parietal bones. Phulkari A richly embroidered cotton shawl. 143

Piaji A wild leek; Asphodelus fistulolus. Pihri A four-legged low stool woven across with strings used for siWng. Pind Balls of barley flour, offered to the deceased. Pipa An earthen· bin for storing flour. Pipcil ~icus religiosa. Pipal pattian Gold ear-rings with hanging leaves, worn by females. Pir A Muslim ascetic. Poli A weed, Carthamus oxycanitha. Bonchi ~acred threa,ds tied round a brother's wrist by his sister. Poo'ra S"veet pancakes. Pos December-January. Pret~ki-Jhapat Malignant grip of :a. ghost. Pro hit A Hindu priest. Pyjama Trousers worn by males. Qawah A chorus. RaM Sprin g -crops. Rachh That part of a loom to which the web is attached and along which the shuttle plays. Rambi A shoe-maker's tool. Rassa A tethering rope. Ratti 0.1215 grams (approximate). Rattian Coral pieces. Rirkana A churning vessel. 1Rosey Month of fasts amopg Muslims. Rot A thick cake. Saata A turban. Saag Green leaves of sarson or gram cooked as vegetable. Sabarkata An equipment for collecting grains at, the time' of winnowing. Sadharan paath Periodical recitation of Granth Sahib. Sadhu Ascetic, Mendicant. Sadwai A stick put under the hinder end of a caI'lt as a support to pre­ vent it from tilting. Saggi A hollow semi-circular gold ornament worn by women on the skull. Saha chithi A marriage invitation, sent by bride's parents to bridegroom's father. Shabrat A fourteenth day of the month Shahan in which the Muslims commemorate the memory of their ancestors. SataaTa The name of a weed. Salang A wooden pitchfork. SamoJdh A shrine. Sambat Hindu era, started in 57 B.C. San! False hemp, flax, Crotalaria junecea. S'andpok A box. San gal A tethering iron chain. 144 Sant A saint, a sage. Santri Sentry. Sarbala A ruale relation or friend attending on or on behalf ot the' bridegroom. Sarinh Albizzia lebbek. Sarkanda A r~ed. Sarson -Indian colza, mustard; Brassica campestris. Saunf Ani-seed. Seer 0.93310 kilograms. Seetla The goddess of ,small-pox. Sehra The weddfng chapfet, ... on the bridegroomis forehead. Senji A green fodq.er crop. Shakkar Cane-sugar. Shamlat Common land of the village. Shant A marriage ceremony. Shisham Dalbergia Si8500. Shrawan July~August. Sing Taviti Necklace worn by women. Sokra/Soka Marasmus; cachexia infantile. Sooi Needle. Soot dhaaga Cotton-threads. ,so·~ Potter's' rod, same as chalaakar. Subat Back room of a house. Sudarshan chakkar .. Lord Krishna's disc. Suhaga A clod crusher.. Sudi Bright half of a month according to Indian Calendar. Suian A pair of clips.' Sunni A sect' ·among Muhammadans. Taandala A weed;' Digera arvensis. Takua A bill hook. Tang!i An eqUipment for spreading and. ~hreshing halVest. TapIa An earthen b.QWI: for' cooking pulses. Taragi A waist chain 'worr{, by children. Tasla A small tub or trough. Taula An earthen churning vessel. Tavit An amulet. Tauri An earthen vessel for simmering milk. Teeli A nose-pin. Telua Siphocoryne indoprassicae, a pest inlecting sarson crop. Thaal A platter. ThaaH A metal tray. ThaaiJCl A wooden piece used by a potter for finishing raw pots. Theh A mound containing ruins. Thuthi A pest infecting cotton-cobs. Thuthian Earthen lids. 145

Til An oil seed; Sesamum indicum. Tinda The name of a vegetable. Tola 11.6638 grams. Tokra A .basket. Toomba A drinking vessel. Toona Magic rites. Toori The chaff of wheat. Triphaali A hoe.

Tur The, beam of a I loom around which the cloth is wound. Udasi Ali order of jaqirs. Ukhal A pestle. Ukhali A mortar. Vari Presents of clothes aIld ornaments from bridegroolns' ;father for the bride. Wangan Bangles. Wida Farewell. Yard 0.9144 metre. Zaminda' Landlord. Zanjiri Chahled-buttons. Zari Gold or silver threads used in embroidery.

21737 SC-SOO-9-12-63-C., P. & S., Ph., Chandigarh.