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COMMUNICATIONS in CUMBRIA : an Overview
Cumbria County History Trust (Database component of the Victoria Country History Project) About the County COMMUNICATIONS IN CUMBRIA : An overview Eric Apperley October 2019 The theme of this article is to record the developing means by which the residents of Cumbria could make contact with others outside their immediate community with increasing facility, speed and comfort. PART 1: Up to the 20th century, with some overlap where inventions in the late 19thC did not really take off until the 20thC 1. ANCIENT TRACKWAYS It is quite possible that many of the roads or tracks of today had their origins many thousands of years ago, but the physical evidence to prove that is virtually non-existent. The term ‘trackway’ refers to a linear route which has been marked on the ground surface over time by the passage of traffic. A ‘road’, on the other hand, is a route which has been deliberately engineered. Only when routes were engineered – as was the norm in Roman times, but only when difficult terrain demanded it in other periods of history – is there evidence on the ground. It was only much later that routes were mapped and recorded in detail, for example as part of a submission to establish a Turnpike Trust.11, 12 From the earliest times when humans settled and became farmers, it is likely that there was contact between adjacent settlements, for trade or barter, finding spouses and for occasional ritual event (e.g stone axes - it seems likely that the axes made in Langdale would be transported along known ridge routes towards their destination, keeping to the high ground as much as possible [at that time (3000-1500BC) much of the land up to 2000ft was forested]. -
The Multiple Estate: a Framework for the Evolution of Settlement in Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian Cumbria
THE MULTIPLE ESTATE: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE EVOLUTION OF SETTLEMENT IN ANGLO-SAXON AND SCANDINAVIAN CUMBRIA Angus J. L. Winchester In general, it is not until the later thirteenth century that surv1vmg documents enable us to reconstruct in any detail the pattern of rural settlement in the valleys and plains of Cumbria. By that time we find a populous landscape, the valleys of the Lake District supporting communi ties similar in size to those which they contained in the sixteenth century, the countryside peppered with corn mills and fulling mills using the power of the fast-flowing becks to process the produce of field and fell. To gain any idea of settlement in the area at an earlier date from documentary sources, we are thrown back on the dry, bare bones of the structure of landholding provided by a scatter of contemporary documents, including for southern Cumbria a few bald lines in the Domesday survey. This paper aims to put some flesh on the evidence of these early sources by comparing the patterns of lordship which they reveal in different parts of Cumbria and by drawing parallels with other parts of the country .1 Central to the argument pursued below is the concept of the multiple estate, a compact grouping of townships which geographers, historians and archaeologists are coming to see as an ancient, relatively stable framework within which settlement in northern England evolved during the centuries before the Norman Conquest. The term 'multiple estate' has been coined by G. R. J. Jones to describe a grouping of settlements linked -
Low Sadgill, Longsleddale
Low Sadgill, Longsleddale www.hackney-leigh.co.uk Low Sadgill Longsleddale Kendal Cumbria LA8 9BE £600,000 Low Sadgill is a splendid example of a late 16th/early 17th century Westmorland farmhouse with stone and slated outbuildings surrounded by approximately 2.3 acres of gardens, orchard and paddocks. There are four bedrooms, two bathrooms, a farmhouse kitchen, living room, study and music room with scope for more living space, workshops, garage and loft and a detached two storey outbuilding. Grade II listed this welcoming home is situated in an idyllic location surrounded by fields and fells at the head of one of Lakeland’s most attractive and delightfully unspoilt valleys, that offers perhaps a tiny piece of paradise in this all too busy world yet is just under ten miles from the bustling Market Town of Kendal. Description: Low Sadgill, is a Grade II listed former Westmorland farmhouse that started life as a packhorse station dating from possibly the 16th/17th century and is now offered for sale for someone new to enjoy its very special character and location at the head of the delightful valley of Longsleddale. The current layout is generous and flexible offering plenty of space to live, work or play, yet with scope to create further living space if required. Attention to detail has linked old and new to provide 21st Century comforts including secondary glazing to windows and the installation of oil central heating, all without interfering with period character, and many original features have been retained with exposed timbers and 17th Century oak doors with latch handles. -
2003/04 Was a Frustrating Year for the Airedale NHS Trust
Airedale ‘QUALITY SHINING THROUGH’ Airedale NHS Trust Annual Report, 2003-2004 2 ‘QUALITY SHINING THROUGH’ Airedale NHS Trust Annual Report, 2003-2004 Airedale CONTENTS Chairman’s perspective page 4 Chief Executive’s overview page 6 Trust profile page 8 Service locations page 9 Service development and improvement page 11 Learning from patients page 16 Our staff page 18 Some events in the year page 20 Trust board page 24 Summary financial statements page 27 Statement of internal control page 34 3 CHAIRMAN’S PERSPECTIVE 2003/04 was a frustrating year for the Airedale NHS Trust. On the plus side, we continued to provide healthcare of the highest quality for our local population. This was recognised by the award of three stars - the highest available score - in the national NHS performance ratings in July 2003 (based upon 2002/03 performance) and by outstanding attainments in the latest survey of NHS Trusts carried out by ‘Dr Foster’, an independent health research organisation, which looks particularly at the quality of services provided. Airedale has retained its position as the best performing Trust in the Northern & Yorkshire region, it was again in the top ten nationally, and it was the best in the country in terms of patient satisfaction. And all this was achieved with clinical staffing levels (doctors and nurses) that are amongst the lowest in the country. On the minus side, the Trust failed to achieve financial balance in 2003/04. This came as no surprise to the Trust Board because we have had an underlying recurrent deficit for the last few years. -
Der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr
26 . 3 . 84 Amtsblatt der Europäischen Gemeinschaften Nr . L 82 / 67 RICHTLINIE DES RATES vom 28 . Februar 1984 betreffend das Gemeinschaftsverzeichnis der benachteiligten landwirtschaftlichen Gebiete im Sinne der Richtlinie 75 /268 / EWG ( Vereinigtes Königreich ) ( 84 / 169 / EWG ) DER RAT DER EUROPAISCHEN GEMEINSCHAFTEN — Folgende Indexzahlen über schwach ertragsfähige Böden gemäß Artikel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe a ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG wurden bei der Bestimmung gestützt auf den Vertrag zur Gründung der Euro jeder der betreffenden Zonen zugrunde gelegt : über päischen Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft , 70 % liegender Anteil des Grünlandes an der landwirt schaftlichen Nutzfläche , Besatzdichte unter 1 Groß vieheinheit ( GVE ) je Hektar Futterfläche und nicht über gestützt auf die Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG des Rates vom 65 % des nationalen Durchschnitts liegende Pachten . 28 . April 1975 über die Landwirtschaft in Berggebieten und in bestimmten benachteiligten Gebieten ( J ), zuletzt geändert durch die Richtlinie 82 / 786 / EWG ( 2 ), insbe Die deutlich hinter dem Durchschnitt zurückbleibenden sondere auf Artikel 2 Absatz 2 , Wirtschaftsergebnisse der Betriebe im Sinne von Arti kel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe b ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG wurden durch die Tatsache belegt , daß das auf Vorschlag der Kommission , Arbeitseinkommen 80 % des nationalen Durchschnitts nicht übersteigt . nach Stellungnahme des Europäischen Parlaments ( 3 ), Zur Feststellung der in Artikel 3 Absatz 4 Buchstabe c ) der Richtlinie 75 / 268 / EWG genannten geringen Bevöl in Erwägung nachstehender Gründe : kerungsdichte wurde die Tatsache zugrunde gelegt, daß die Bevölkerungsdichte unter Ausschluß der Bevölke In der Richtlinie 75 / 276 / EWG ( 4 ) werden die Gebiete rung von Städten und Industriegebieten nicht über 55 Einwohner je qkm liegt ; die entsprechenden Durch des Vereinigten Königreichs bezeichnet , die in dem schnittszahlen für das Vereinigte Königreich und die Gemeinschaftsverzeichnis der benachteiligten Gebiete Gemeinschaft liegen bei 229 beziehungsweise 163 . -
Index to Gallery Geograph
INDEX TO GALLERY GEOGRAPH IMAGES These images are taken from the Geograph website under the Creative Commons Licence. They have all been incorporated into the appropriate township entry in the Images of (this township) entry on the Right-hand side. [1343 images as at 1st March 2019] IMAGES FROM HISTORIC PUBLICATIONS From W G Collingwood, The Lake Counties 1932; paintings by A Reginald Smith, Titles 01 Windermere above Skelwith 03 The Langdales from Loughrigg 02 Grasmere Church Bridge Tarn 04 Snow-capped Wetherlam 05 Winter, near Skelwith Bridge 06 Showery Weather, Coniston 07 In the Duddon Valley 08 The Honister Pass 09 Buttermere 10 Crummock-water 11 Derwentwater 12 Borrowdale 13 Old Cottage, Stonethwaite 14 Thirlmere, 15 Ullswater, 16 Mardale (Evening), Engravings Thomas Pennant Alston Moor 1801 Appleby Castle Naworth castle Pendragon castle Margaret Countess of Kirkby Lonsdale bridge Lanercost Priory Cumberland Anne Clifford's Column Images from Hutchinson's History of Cumberland 1794 Vol 1 Title page Lanercost Priory Lanercost Priory Bewcastle Cross Walton House, Walton Naworth Castle Warwick Hall Wetheral Cells Wetheral Priory Wetheral Church Giant's Cave Brougham Giant's Cave Interior Brougham Hall Penrith Castle Blencow Hall, Greystoke Dacre Castle Millom Castle Vol 2 Carlisle Castle Whitehaven Whitehaven St Nicholas Whitehaven St James Whitehaven Castle Cockermouth Bridge Keswick Pocklington's Island Castlerigg Stone Circle Grange in Borrowdale Bowder Stone Bassenthwaite lake Roman Altars, Maryport Aqua-tints and engravings from -
FSLT's Celebrates the Charms of Mature Women Calendar Girls
FORT SMITH LITTLE THEATRE Spotlight 401 North 6th Street March 24, 2018 www.fslt.org Dates: Opening Night Gala of FSLT’s production of Calendar FSLT’s Calendar Girls Celebrates Girls will be April 5. Regular evening performances will be April the Charms of Mature Women 6-7 and 11-14. A Sunday matinee will be offered on April 8. “The women of Yorkshire are like the flowers of Yorkshire. Every stage of their growth has its own beauty. But the last stage is always the most glorious.” Times: All evening performances — John Clarke, Calendar Girls begin at 7:30 p.m. Patrons may be The women of Knapley (England) Women’s Institute dare to reveal a little skin, and seated after 6:45 p.m.The matinee in the process learn to reveal their true selves, in playwright Tim Firth’s Calendar begins at 2:00 p.m. Patrons may be Girls, opening April 5 at the Fort Smith Little Theatre. Director Eric Wells helms seated after 1:15 p.m. the production, which is based on the popular 2003 movie Calendar Girls starring Helen Mirren and Julie Walters. NEW Box Office Hours: The box office will be staffed, and tickets Annie (Nikki McDaniel) and Chris (Susan Hickam) are best friends who delight in keeping their other friends at the Women’s Institute laughing. When Annie’s can be picked up, from 5:30 to husband John (Wayne Mathews), is diagnosed with leukemia, the ladies decide to 6:30 p.m. Monday-Friday and on use the proceeds from the group’s annual calendar to raise money for a settee in Saturdays, during the run of the the waiting room of the local cancer treatment center. -
RR 01 07 Lake District Report.Qxp
A stratigraphical framework for the upper Ordovician and Lower Devonian volcanic and intrusive rocks in the English Lake District and adjacent areas Integrated Geoscience Surveys (North) Programme Research Report RR/01/07 NAVIGATION HOW TO NAVIGATE THIS DOCUMENT Bookmarks The main elements of the table of contents are bookmarked enabling direct links to be followed to the principal section headings and sub-headings, figures, plates and tables irrespective of which part of the document the user is viewing. In addition, the report contains links: from the principal section and subsection headings back to the contents page, from each reference to a figure, plate or table directly to the corresponding figure, plate or table, from each figure, plate or table caption to the first place that figure, plate or table is mentioned in the text and from each page number back to the contents page. RETURN TO CONTENTS PAGE BRITISH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESEARCH REPORT RR/01/07 A stratigraphical framework for the upper Ordovician and Lower Devonian volcanic and intrusive rocks in the English Lake The National Grid and other Ordnance Survey data are used with the permission of the District and adjacent areas Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Licence No: 100017897/2004. D Millward Keywords Lake District, Lower Palaeozoic, Ordovician, Devonian, volcanic geology, intrusive rocks Front cover View over the Scafell Caldera. BGS Photo D4011. Bibliographical reference MILLWARD, D. 2004. A stratigraphical framework for the upper Ordovician and Lower Devonian volcanic and intrusive rocks in the English Lake District and adjacent areas. British Geological Survey Research Report RR/01/07 54pp. -
Longsleddale WILD CAMPING Trip
Longsleddale WILD CAMPING trip Dates: 12th–14th Feb (end of 4th week). Depart: 2.00pm, Friday, from Trinity gates Broad Sreet. (subject to change) Return: late Sunday evening. Cost: £26 Contact: [email protected] [email protected] Equipment: You will need more equipment than you would require for a normal weekend trip. In addition to a pair of walking boots, you will need a rucksack large enough to carry all of your kit (including tent, sleeping bag etc.) In addition you will need a tent, sleeping bag, a camping stove and full waterproofs (these can be borrowed from the club on request) n.b. we DO NOT have any large rucksacks that you can borrow. Food: Unlike normal weekend trips, food IS NOT provided within the cost of the trip. You should bring money for two pub meals, as well as food for all of your meals (dinner would be cooked, and breakfast/lunch will likely be sandwiches etc. although you are welcome to cook yourself breakfast if you want). The trip: The exact route that we will take is yet to be confirmed, but the outline is driving up on Friday afternoon, before walking to our first camping spot near Skeggles water (see picture below). Staying high, Saturday will then take us along mountains such as Kentmere Pike and Harter Fell (an extension to High Street, a major Lake District peak, is possible), before camping near Small Water (see picture above). Sunday should involve looping back to the other side of the tranquil, less-visited Longsleddale, with splendid views (weather permitting) taking in Sleddale Fell and more, before return to Oxford. -
Full Proposal for Establishing a New Unitary Authority for Barrow, Lancaster and South Lakeland
Full proposal for establishing a new unitary authority for Barrow, Lancaster and South Lakeland December 2020 The Bay Council and North Cumbria Council Proposal by Barrow Borough Council, Lancaster City Council and South Lakeland District Council Foreword Dear Secretary of State, Our proposals for unitary local government in the Bay would build on existing momentum and the excellent working relationships already in place across the three district Councils in the Bay area. Together, we can help you deliver a sustainable and resilient local government solution in this area that delivers priority services and empowers communities. In line with your invitation, and statutory guidance, we are submitting a Type C proposal for the Bay area which comprises the geographies of Barrow, Lancaster Cllr Ann Thomson Sam Plum and South Lakeland councils and the respective areas of the county councils of Leader of the Council Chief Executive Cumbria and Lancashire. This is a credible geography, home to nearly 320,000 Barrow Borough Council Barrow Borough Council people, most of whom live and work in the area we represent. Having taken into account the impact of our proposal on other local boundaries and geographies, we believe creating The Bay Council makes a unitary local settlement for the remainder of Cumbria more viable and supports consideration of future options in Lancashire. Partners, particularly the health service would welcome alignment with their footprint and even stronger partnership working. Initial discussions with the Police and Crime Commissioners, Chief Officers and lead member for Fire and Cllr Dr Erica Lewis Kieran Keane Rescue did not identify any insurmountable barriers, whilst recognising the need Leader of the Council Chief Executive for further consultation. -
Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications
ELON JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH IN COMMUNICATIONS Fall 2016 VOLUME 7, NO. 2 Joining the World of Journals Welcome to the nation’s first and only undergraduate research journal in communications. The website of the Council on Undergraduate Research lists more than 200 undergraduate research journals nationwide (http://www.cur.org/resources/students/undergraduate_journals/). Some of these journals focus on a discipline (e.g., Journal of Undergraduate Research in Physics), some are university-based and multidisciplinary (e.g., MIT Undergraduate Research Journal), and others are university-based and disciplinary (e.g., Harvard Political Review). The Elon Journal focuses on undergraduate research in journalism, media and communications. The School of Communications at Elon University is the creator and publisher of the online journal. The first issue was published in spring 2010 under the editorship of Dr. Byung Lee, associate professor in the School of Communications. The three purposes of the journal are: • To publish the best undergraduate research in Elon’s School of Communications each term, • To serve as a repository for quality work to benefit future students seeking models for how to do undergraduate research well, and • To advance the university’s priority to emphasize undergraduate student research. The Elon Journal is published twice a year, with spring and fall issues. Articles in the journal may be downloaded, reproduced and redistributed without permission for non- commercial purposes as long as the author and source are properly cited. Student authors retain copyright ownership of their works. Celebrating Student Research This journal reflects what we enjoy seeing in our students -- intellectual maturing. -
To See the Summer 2020 Sedbergh Historian
Page 0 THE SEDBERGH HISTORIAN ---------oOo--------- The Annual Journal of the SEDBERGH AND DISTRICT HISTORY SOCIETY Vol. VII No. 3 ISSN 1356 - 8183 Summer 2020 Contents The Carlisles of Sedbergh: An Odyssey to Africa John Carlisle 2 The role of the Rev. Professor Adam Sedgwick in Kendal Natural History Society. Judith Robinson 15 Some Willan Family Letters from Dent to Upper Canada, continued: Who was James Mason? Maureen Street 23 Wartime Sedbergh – The Final Months 1945 Karen Bruce Lockhart 35 The Westmorland Society: A Northern Presence in London 1746 -1914 Diane Elphick 43 Page 1 The Carlisles of Sedbergh: An Odyssey to Africa John Carlisle Background On July 19th in 1826, John Carlisle, an 1820 Settler to the Cape, South Africa, married Catherine Philipps, the daughter of Thomas Philipps, 1820 Settler. When John first asked for Catherine’s hand Thomas Philipps told John that, as the Philipps’ had a long and honourable lineage he would need to check the Carlisle’s. The Philipps origins were auspicious - on his father's side he was descended from the chieftains of one of the lost tribes of the ancient Welsh house of Cilsant. In the collection of Thomas Philipps’ letters [1] Philipps describes the moment when John Carlisle’s bona fides arrived from England. “Carlisle received the long wished for letters .... he wrote to me enclosing his letters, begging to know if he could see me.” The news was good, almost too good. Thomas Philipps discovered that the Carlisles were a very ancient family indeed, descending from Sir Hildred de Carliell, the first Sheriff of Cumberland in 1154, living in Kirkbampton just west of Carlisle.