1 Conference on the promotion of Distributed Renewable Energy Sources in the Mediterranean region 11-12 December 2009, , (Paper ref No: 107) Benefits of using Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and energy saving techniques in the small community of Polystypos - Cyprus

Anthi Charalambous, Savvas Vlachos and Maria Ioannidou

communities are also important. Using RES and by increasing the effort for energy saving in households in small Abstract-- This paper examines the energy situation in a rural and diverse communities contributes also to the small rural community of Cyprus – Polystypos – which is decrease of the transmission losses and to the decentralized located at with population of less than 200 energy production. inhabitants and altitude of 1150 meters. For the needs of this study, 3 different types of questionnaire were prepared and a A. Targets of the present research survey was carried out by personal interviews door to door (see Appendices A, B, C). The present research, aims to: Based on information collected during the survey, • Activate local self-government attendance on energy qualitative results are presented but also results on current planning issues. situation and energy demand. This paper aims also to present the energy, environmental and economic benefits of further • Inform residents of the community about RES and penetration of renewables and energy saving techniques to energy saving. community’s households and public assets through the • Concentrate information about the resident’s knowledge examination of 4 different scenarios . on energy issues, the structural characteristics of Index Terms buildings in the community, the household’s energy Cyprus Communities, Polystypos, Solar Energy in Cyprus, requirements, and the community social and economic energy consumption, renewables, energy saving, survey character. (qualitative and quantitative), Cost/benefit analysis, scenarios, environment • Extract conclusions on the final energy consumption in the community, the RES contribution in the local energy I. INTRODUCTION balance, and the environmental behaviour of residents. YPRUS is a small country with no electricity • Examine the potential of RES technologies installation in Cinterconnections and depends almost totally on oil the community. products imports (apx 96%). The penetration of • Estimate the energy and environmental benefits as a renewables is still very low, however the utilization of solar result of applying energy saving measures and RES energy for water heating is very high. Cyprus is the first utilisation. country in the EU-27 [1] with 802.9 m2 solar collectors/1000 inhabitants. B. The Cyprus Communities • The share of RES in the final energy consumption was Two types of Local Self-government Authorities exist in of 2.4% in 2008 (with important contribution of solar Cyprus. The Communities Councils and the Municipalities. thermal for water heating). The Communities Councils and the Communities Clusters 2 • The share of RES electricity generation was 0.2 % at the are enumerated in 355 (non occupied communities ), end of 2008 (from PV and biomass). represent approximately the 42% of population and the 90% of the territorial area of Cyprus. • The share of biofuels in the transport sector in 2008 is The local authorities have rural, tourist or industrial appreciated in 0.9% [2]. character and are scattered in mountainous, flat and seaside Cyprus has to increase the effort and the support to all areas of Cyprus. viable RES technologies to reach the 2010 targets (although The number of Community Councils (non-occupied) per is still far to achieve by 2010). Province are: Besides the pure energy benefits, the environmental, Nicosia 96 economic and social benefits of using RES and energy Lemesos 106 saving techniques in the residential sector in small Larnaka 48 Paphos 99 Anthi Charalambous is director of the Cyprus Energy Agency Famagusta 6 Savvas Vlahos is energy specialist of the Cyprus Energy Agency Maria Ioannidou is energy administrator of the Cyprus Energy Agency 2 Turkish Occupation of the North part of the island since 1974. 2

The population of Cyprus Communities according to the TABLE II inventory of 2001 [3] amounts in the 229.109 (two hundred AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES IN POLYSTYPOS Exploitations and used Area Num.of expl. twenty nine thousands hundred nine) presenting increase agricultural areas by type (hectares) (≈13%) concerning the population 1991 that was 201.626 Total 68 969 Mixed (two hundred one thousands six hundred twenty six). 7 113 The population of Communities (non-occupied) per (Agricultural and veterinary surgeon) Purely Agricultural 61 855 Province is: Nicosia 75.768 Area Num. of expl. Lemesos 52.783 Areas by type exploitations (hectares) Larnaka 51.864 Annual cultures 30 14 Tree cultures 68 560 Paphos 29.683 Vines 66 395 Famagusta 19.011 The 35 communities out of 355 are located of altitude II. SOLAR ENERGY from 500 to 600 m that corresponds in population of 5.857 Solar energy use in Cyprus is very promising due to the inhabitants. Moreover, 100 communities with total fact that all the country’s regions have long periods of population of 22.105 inhabitants are found in altitude greater sunlight in comparison with many other countries. than 600 m. This is to prove that an important number of For the entire summer period, on average, the duration of population lives in mountainous communities of Cyprus. sunlight is 11.5 hours, while during the winter months of The energy requirements of the mountainous regions differ December and January, the cloudiest months, the period of from those of urban areas. This is due to different needs of sunlight decreases to 5.5 hours per day. heating and cooling between mountainous and urban areas. Even in the upper regions of “Troodos’’, in the winter C. Polystypos months, the mean sunlight is about 4 hours per day, and in Polystypos is a mountainous community of Nicosia the months of June and July this value reaches 11 hours. Province that is located at altitude of 1150 meters. The Maximum sunlight (that is, the period from sunrise to distance from Nicosia centre is 52 km and is near to sunset) fluctuates from 9,8 hours per day in December to communities of Alona, Agros, , Livadia, 14,5 hours per day in June [4]. and Agridia. A. Solar heating systems The community has 169 permanent inhabitants, 84 The use of solar energy in Cyprus is achieved mainly households of permanent stay and 120 non permanent. through the installation of solar water heaters on the roofs of Polystypos can be characterized as a very small rural buildings and houses. The solar thermal water heaters have community, with small number of permanent inhabitants and been widely applied in Cyprus since 1956. the total area does not exceed the 240 hectares. Today, 92% of households and 53% of hotels in Cyprus Tables I and II provide some statistical data on the provide most of their hot water from the exploitation of solar economic activities in the community of Polystypos [3]. radiation. Usually the systems are installed per household, have surface 3,8 m 2 solar collectors and 160 Lt hot water TABLE I ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN POLYSTYPOS tank. The total installed area in 2007 was estimated at 625.200 m 2. Manufacturing Industries 2 Wholesale and retail trade 3 B. Photovoltaic systems Hotels and Restaurants 6 In the recent 5 years, a remarkable increase in the Transports, storage and communications 1 installation of photovoltaic systems has been detected. Intermediary credit organisms 1 Despite the initial high cost and the long payback period, the installation of small photovoltaic systems (up to 5kW) in Management of properties 0 Public administration and defence, Obligatory social households and small industries is economically beneficial, insurance 1 taking into consideration the subsidies and grants provided Activities of benefit of services 1 by the government. In Cyprus, the first Photovoltaic System grid connected Private households that occupy domestic personnel 1 with capacity of 484 KW was installed on 17/02/2005. The Total 16 total electricity production from photovoltaics connected to

the grid from February 2005 to February 2009 amounted to 3.166.258 kWh [5]. Particularly, only for the year 2008, the total electricity generation from grid connected photovoltaics was 1.636.867 kWh. The total installed capacity of photovoltaic systems connected to the distribution system of Electricity Authority of Cyprus (EAC) was 1,787 MW at the end of February 2009 [5]. The total installed capacity of autonomous photovoltaic systems (not connected to the electricity grid) according to the Energy Service (by the end of 2008)

3 amounted to 0,605 MW. Therefore, the total installed C. Results evaluation capacity for photovoltaics in Cyprus, until February 2009, A database was created to keep the data collected. The was 2,392 MW. information was screened, classified and assessed. In conclusion, it is estimated that the electricity produced Furthermore, different scenarios were developed in order from photovoltaics (grid connected and autonomous PVs) to evaluate the possibilities for the installation of RES for the year 2008 was 2.250.000 kWh. systems in the community and the energy saving were also examined. Finally a financial analysis was carried out for the different scenarios. III. METHODOLOGY The methodology followed for the achievement of the objectives of this study was the following: IV. QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS • Preparation of a general questionnaire on the energy consumption in the community’s public assets. The A. General Questionnaire President of the community’s council was interviewed The general questionnaire aimed to identify the level of (Appendix A). knowledge and familiarity of the Polystypos inhabitants on • Preparation of a questionnaire to gather qualitative energy and environment issues. information on how informed are the inhabitants on Furthermore, the average annual income per household in RES and energy saving. The permanent inhabitants Polystypos was appreciated roughly at 16.000 €. The were surveyed by personal interviews (Appendix B). average annual income was used as an indicator for the • Preparation of a quantitative questionnaire on buildings evaluation of socio-economic character of the community. and energy consumption in households. The permanent The following figure presents the results of the qualitative inhabitants were interviewed (Appendix C). questionnaire.

Very well Well enough 0% A. Information and data collection about 14%

Polystypos Not informed For the collection of necessary information and data, a 34% bibliographic research was first carried out. After that, a meeting with the president of community council took place Little and then the permanent inhabitants were surveyed. 24% For the needs of this study, three types of questionnaire were prepared. The first concerned general questions to the president of the community council about the public Very little 28% buildings, energy consumption, etc. (Appendix A). The Fig. 1. “How well you are informed about the Renewable Energy Sources?” second one was addressed to the residents including general questions on their knowledge on RES and energy savings. It was observed that the 80% of the inhabitants took part This questionnaire aimed to extract qualitative conclusions in the survey are not informed about the renewable energy (Appendix B). The third questionnaire was addressed also to sources. the residents and aimed to export qualitative and quantitative 35 conclusions on energy consumption of households. 30 Furthermore, information about houses structural characteristics, was collected (Appendix C). 25 As a result, the following information was gathered: 20 • Inhabitant’s knowledge regarding energy issues • Building type and characteristics of public buildings 15 Answers number Answers • Households energy consumption 10 • Street lighting energy consumption 5 • Social and economic character of the community 0 Wind Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro

B. Information collection Fig. 2. “Which type of renewable energy source do you Know?”. Interviews door to door in Polystypos were carried out based on the questionnaires. During the interviews the It was observed that the residents are familiar with solar residents had also the opportunity to learn about renewable energy (50%), followed by wind energy (22%) and biomass energy sources and energy savings. The inhabitants were (19%). A limited number of residents knew the hydroelectric also informed about the establishment and operation of the (9%). Worth nothing that nobody participated in the survey Cyprus Energy Agency. was familiar with geothermal energy.

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30 TABLE III RESULTS OF TECHNICAL QUESTIONNAIRE 2 25 Average area of houses in Polystypos 120 m Average number of bedrooms of 2-3 bedrooms 20 houses Average houses’ age 20 years 15 Occupancy per house 3 people

10 Number of houses with insulation 0 Answers Number Answers Number of windows per house 7 windows with 5 average area 1 m2 per window 0 Wind Solar Biomass Geothermal Hydro Don't Know Percentage of double glazing 60%

Fig. 3. “Which forms of Renewable Energy Sources do you consider most windows in houses promising for Cyprus? Average Electricity Consumption per 850 household kWh/year.house It was observed that the community residents believe Type of energy/fuel used for cooking LPG that the solar energy (60%) is the most promising for Cyprus Average LPG consumption used for 15 kg per house followed by wind and biomass. A very small number of cooking per month respondents were unable to provide answer to this question. Average wood (biomass) 5700 kg per consumption house per year Least important Average heating diesel consumption 525 Lt per Not important 0% Less important 3% house per year 3% Don't Know Average LPG consumption used for 110 kg per 14% Important heating house per month 14% Percentage of houses utilize solar 53% panels for water heating Percentage of houses utilize 20% electricity for water heating Percentage of houses utilize diesel for 9% Very important water heating 66% Percentage of houses utilize wood 4% Fig. 4. “ How important is the use of Renewable Energy Sources in (biomass) for water heating Cyprus?’’ Percentage of houses utilize LPG for 67%

water heating The 80% of the inhabitants believe that the promotion of Percentage of fluorescent lamps used 60% RES is important for Cyprus. An important percentage in houses (14%) did not answer this question. A smaller percentage

(6%) answered that the promotion of RES is not important. The following pie chart shows the distribution of heating

methods in households. Very satisfied 0% Don't Know Wood heater Satisfied Electric heater 7% 16% 3% 6% Neutral 10% Air condition Very dissatisfied 3% 49% Central heating with diesel LPG heater 10% 39%

Dissatisfied Fireplace 31% 16% Diesel heater 10% Fig. 5. “Are you satisfied with the promotion of Renewable Energy Sources in Cyprus?” Fig. 6. Type of house heating in Polystypos

The higher percentage considers that the promotion of It is clear form the above Fig. 6 that the LPG heaters, the RES in Cyprus is not satisfactory. Only 3% answered that it wood heaters and the fireplaces have the higher contribution. is satisfactory. Is important to mention, that more than 80% of the residents do not know about the governmental support schemes for the promotion of RES and energy saving. C. Total energy consumption According to the responses of those surveyed the total energy consumption in the community was estimated. B. Technical Questionnaire Seasonal differences as regards energy consumption were Some of the most important results extracted from observed. The total energy demand is much higher during technical questionnaire are given in the following Table III. 5 winter period due to heating needs; thought electricity is not Furthermore, the involvement of citizens and local used for heating. Worth mentioning that only few authorities to the local energy planning has to be considered. households utilize air-conditioning systems for cooling during summer due to the mild weather conditions during For the Economic analysis a Clean Energy Project summer months. As a result, the total electricity demand in Analysis Software RETSCREEN (version 4.1) was used. the community as a whole is constant at the duration of a year. A. Scenario 1- Installation 45 solar water heaters The following Fig. 7 shows the total energy consumption by fuel type and use during summer and winter. Currently in Polystypos, to cover the hot water needs 4 different types of heaters are used depending on the fuel summer winter source: 120 • Solar water heaters 100 • Electric water heaters 80 • LPG water heaters 60 toe • Heating Diesel water heaters 40 20 This scenario examines the installation of solar water

0 heaters for the partial replacement of electric heaters and OIL LPG LPG LPG LPG heaters that are used in households that doesn’t utilise SOLAR BIOMASS PUBLIC LIGHTING solar water heater. PLACES AND HOUSEHOLDS ELECTRICITY SPACE HEATING HOT WATER COOKING It is proposed the installation of 45 solar systems (in 45

Fig. 7. Total energy consumption during summer and winter in Polystypos houses) which will be constituted by 2 solar collectors (total by fuel type and use surface 3.8 m2) and hot water storage tank (160 Lt). The total cost for the installation of each system is roughly Despite the absence of RES utilization for electricity appreciated 800 €. generation in the Community of Polystypos e.g. (PV and For the needs of scenario 1 the following data were taken wind), the RES contribution in the total energy consumption into consideration: is very high as a result of biomass use for space heating • 3 people live per household (46%) and solar for water heating (4%). • Daily hot water consumption is 150 Lt • The hot water temperature is 60 oC ELECTRICITY 16% • Meteorological elements for the Province of Nicosia from the RETSCREEN database • Minimal water temperature 1 oC (Winter) BIOMASS o RES 50% 46% • Higher water temperature 23 C (Summer) € LPG • Cost of kWh is 0,10 18% • Cost of LPG is 10 €/10kg • Heat demand: 3,1 MWh/year.house • Heat demand will covered with solar collectors: OIL PRODUCTS SOLAR ENERGY 16% 2,2 MWh / year.house 4% Fig. 8. Share of RES in the total energy consumption in Polystypos. • Heat demand will covered with other way: 0,9 MWh / year.house V. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS - SCENARIOS • Efficiency of electricity power stations in Cyprus: 35% The present study examines 4 different scenarios for sustainable energy planning in the community. These • Electricity Transmission and distribution Grid looses: 13,6% [Source: TSO] scenarios are:

Scenario 1 – Installation of 45 solar water heaters Scenario 2 – Installation of 25 Photovoltaic systems The tables below show the analysis for each one model Scenario 3 – Installation of 50 Photovoltaic systems household. Scenario 4 – Replacement the present inefficient street lighting with the efficient LED lamps.

The evaluation of these 4 scenarios was made taking into consideration the hereunder quantitative parameters:

• Energy savings (Contribution of RES and energy

saving to the energy balance)

• Environmental benefits (reduction of CO emissions) 2 • Economic benefits (e.g. electricity bill, income from

selling electricity)

• Decentralized electricity production, which helps the reduction of transmission and distribution losses. TABLE IV 6

ANALYSIS FOR HOUSEHOLD MODEL 1 • Co-Financing 2009-2013 Support Scheme 3: Model Household 1 Base case Proposed case 55% of capital investment Only LPG LPG and Solar • Loan: 45% of capital investment Daily hot water demand 150 Lt 150 Lt • Loan interest-rate: 6,5% Annual heat demand 3,1 MWh 3,1 MWh • Cost of maintenance (duration of 20 years): Annual LPG consumption 302 kg 85 kg € Annual LPG cost 302 € 85 € 30 /year.KW. CO 2 emissions 0,9 tn 0,3 tn • Meteorological elements for the Province of Solar heat per year 2,2 MWh Nicosia the RETSCREEN database. Annual LPG saving 217 kg • It was taken into consideration that the Annual saving 217 € production of energy will be decreased because Annual CO emissions 2 0,6 tn the place and the altitude of community (in reduction comparison with non-mountainous areas). IRR 29% • Feed-in tariff per kWh-e: € 0, 225 / kWh 4 Payback 3,7 years

TABLE V The following Tables present the results of the financial ANALYSIS FOR HOUSEHOLD MODEL 2 analysis: Model Household 2 Base case Proposed case TABLE VII Only Electricity and SUMMARY FOR THE SCENARIOS 2 AND 3 Electricity solar 25 roofs 50 roofs Daily hot water demand 150 Lt 150 Lt Each ROOF 3 kWp scenario 2 scenario 3 Annual heat demand 3,1 MWh 3,1 MWh Power capacity kW 75 150 Annual electricity 4,4 MWh 1,2 MWh Capacity factor % 15 15 consumption Annual electricity cost 481 € 135 € Electricity exported to grid MWh/year 99 198 CO 2 emissions 3,8 tn 1,1 tn Electricity export rate €/MWh 225,00 225,00 Solar heat per year 2,2 MWh COST AND INCOME SUMMARY Annual electricity saving 3,6 MWh Total initial costs € 375.000 750.000 Annual saving 346 € Periodic costs (20 years) € 25.000 50.000 Annual CO emissions 2 2,7 tn reduction Cycle Analysis Cost € 400.000 800.000 IRR 45% Incentives and grants (55%) € 206.250 412.500 Payback 2,3 years Total Annual costs € 6.466 12.933 Annual savings and income € 22.174 44.348 It is estimated that from the 45 households without solar FINANCIAL VIABILITY heater, the 33 use LPG for water heating and the 12 IRR % 11,3 11,3 electricity. This is estimated from the questionnaires results. Payback years 8,1 8,1 The table below summarizes the results of the Scenario 1. Net Present Value (NPV) € 229.247 458.245

Annual life cycle savings €/year 11.462 11.462 TABLE VI SUMMARY FOR SCENARIO 1 Benefit-Cost ratio 1,68 1,68 Scenario 1 – Installation 45 solar water heaters Energy production cost €/MWh 108,70 108,70 Total cost 36.000 € EMISSIONS ANALYSIS Annual heat demand 99 MWh Net annual GHG emission reduction tCO /year 255 510 Annual LPG saving 7.161 Kg 2

Annual electricity saving 43,2 MWh C. Scenario 4 – Replacement the present Annual CO emissions 2 52,2 tones reduction inefficient street lighting with the efficient LED Annual saving 11.313 € lamps Average IRR 33,27 % In Polystypos exist 124 lamps of 70 Watt for street Payback 3,3 years lighting. The annual electricity consumption for the street

lighting is estimated about 17.000 kWh. The Electricity B. Scenario 2 and 3 - Installation 25 and 50 Authority of Cyprus is planning to import a new type of photovoltaic systems lamps (LED technology) for street lighting. LED is For the development of scenarios 2 and 3 the following constituted by small provisions of semiconductors that parameters were taken into account: produce light when they are activated by small tendency • Photovoltaic systems life span: 20 years current. • Total cost for photovoltaic systems: 5.000 €/KW The LED lamps have the following main characteristics: • Capacity factor for photovoltaic: 15 % • Low energy consumption

3 Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism Supported Schemes 2009- 2013 for investments on RES use for persons and bodies engaged in non profit-making activities

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• 18 years (minimal) life span paragraph, consists the below main quantitative parameters: • maintenance free • Energy profits (Contribution of RES)

• High brightness • Environmental profits (Reduction of CO 2 emissions) • Effervescent white light • Financial profits • Exterior wrapping made of aluminium • Fast switching on The comparison table bellow summarizes the benefits of • Low heat production each scenario. • Easy installation Furthermore they have the following advantages: TABLE IX COMPARISON TABLE FOR THE 4 SCENARIOS • Energy saving up to 80% Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 • CO 2 emissions reduction Energy Annual • Reliable for the road traffic safety 38,4 3,3 13,6 1,2 electricity - - - - MWh toe MWh Toe • No luminous pollution saving Annual LPG 7.161 6.3 • No one UV radiation ------saving kg toe • No one IR radiation Annual Clean - 99 8,5 198 19 • It does not contain mercury or sodium - - - electricity MWh toe MWh toe • No maintenance expenses production Annual Heat 99 8,5 ------The cost of the LED lamps is roughly 3 to 4 times higher production MWh toe Total than the cost of the lamps that are used today. Nevertheless, Energy 18,2 8,5 19 1,2 due to the lower energy consumption and longer life span, profit (toe) Financial such investment is characterised by short payback period. Total initial costs – 36.000 168.750 337.500 14.700 grants Financial analysis: included ( €) Payback • Cost for 124 new lamps: 21.000 €. 3,3 8,1 8,1 6,6 (years) • This investment can be subsidised by the 2009- Net Present 237.600 229.247 458.245 23.541 2013 Support Schemes of Ministry of Commerce, Value ( €) Environmental Industry and Tourism with a 30% percentage of the Annual CO2 € emissions initial investment. The subsidy amounts to 6.300 . 52,2 255 510 36 reduction • The energy saving that will be achieved concerning (tCO 2/year) the existing lamps is 80%. It is estimated that 13.600 kWh will be saved per year. • Average price per kWh for street lighting in the VII. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS € next 15 years: 0,13 / kWh • Saving cost from maintenance or replacement of The conclusions of this study can be summarized in two € existing lamps for the next 15 years: 460 / year categories. The qualitative results of the survey and the quantitative results of the scenarios developed. The tables that follow present the results of the analysis. Qualitative Results: • The annual income per household does not exceed the TABLE VIII 16.000 €. ANALYSIS SUMMARY FOR THE SCENARIO 4 • 80% of the permanent residents are not informed about FINANCIAL ANALYSIS renewables. Total initial costs € 21.000 • Among those surveyed only the 20% were informed Incentives and grants (30%) € 6.300 about the governmental support schemes. Annual savings (electricity) € 1.768 • The energy demand for heating is high especially during Annual savings (maintenance/replacement) € 460 winter period and the fuel used for heating is wood Total Annual savings € 2.228 biomass and heating diesel. Payback years 6,6 • The wood biomass used is not registered and not certified. Net Present Value (NPV) € 18.200 • The inhabitants are very sensitive about environmental EMISSIONS ANALYSIS protection and believe that the utilization of RES is Net annual GHG emission reduction tCO 2/year 36 important for the protection of environment.

• 60% of the lamps used in the households are economic fluorescence lamps and this due to the campaign of VI. SCENARIOS EVALUATION Electricity Authority of Cyprus and the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism (6 lamps per A comparative evaluation of the 4 scenarios will be household). presented in the Chapter. • 50% of the households utilize solar water heat, although The evaluation, as it was mentioned in previous many of those surveyed complained about the low life 8

span of solar panels as some panels broke during winter is expected a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions around time. Many have already replaced the broken panels 343 tons per year . Carbon dioxide emissions are under with new, meaning that they are satisfied by the trade in Europe with prices between 10 and 25 € per tone. utilization of solar energy for water heating. This means an additional economic benefit for Cyprus (range 3.430-8.575 € per year). Quantitative results:

In the present study 4 different scenarios were examined SOLAR ELECTRICITY ELECTRICITY 3,4% which will contribute to the improvement of energy situation 10,8% in the community. Nevertheless, might be interesting to further examine and extent this study to other alternative LPG BIOMASS solutions e.g. geothermal heat pumps, small wind generators, 16,2% 46,2% house thermal insulation etc. From the scenarios that were examined, the three are proposed for implementation, the scenarios 1, 2 and 4. The energy and environmental benefits are presented in the Table OIL PRODUCTS XII below. 16,5% SOLAR 6,9% TABLE X ENERGY BENEFITS FROM THE COMBINATION OF SCENARIOS 1, 2 AND 4 Fig. 9. Proposed energy balance in Polystypos after the implementation of Scenario 1+2+4 scenarios 1, 2 and 4.

52 4,5 Annual electricity saving MWh toe VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7.161 6,3 Annual LPG saving kg toe This study was prepared with the valuable contribution of the Cyprus Union of Communities and the assistance of the Annual RES electricity 99 8,5 production MWh toe President of the Polystypos Community Council Mr. Marios Argyrou. Total Energy Saving (toe) 19,3

The energy balance of Polystypos is expected to be modified IX. REFERENCES in the form that is presented in the figure bellow. The most important improvements are: [1] Eur’Observer November 2008 European Renewable Energy Council • Renewable electricity production share to the total [2] Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Tourism - Cyprus [3] Statistical Service of Cyprus - Statistical Service - Population and energy consumption 3% (at the present stage is 0%) Social Conditions: Key Figure - SOCIAL PROTECTION, 2001-2004 • The annual electricity demand in Polystypos will be [4] Meteorological Service of Cyprus decreased from 478 MWh to 421 MWh. [5] Electricity Authority of Cyprus Annual report 2007. • From the 421 MWh of electricity demand the 99 MWh will be generated from RES (23,5% RES-e) X. BIOGRAPHIES • Increase the RES contribution in the total energy consumption to 56,6% (In the present stage is Anthi Charalambous is a Chemical Engineer with MSc 50%). in Environmental Engineering and MBA. She has been working abroad on waste and wastewater management and The initial cost for the community (included subsidy treatment, participating in European projects (OPET, from the RES special fund) is roughly estimated around ALTENER, TACIS etc), in the Caspian Environment 219.450 €. The Net Present Value of this investment is Programme as EU industrial pollution expert etc. She was appreciated 490.390 €. The payback period is different for working for 7 years in the Cyprus Institute of Energy among them the 4 years was nominated as Energy Attaché working each scenario. in Brussels in the Permanent Representation of Cyprus to the TABLE XI ECONOMIC BENEFITS FROM THE COMBINATION OF SCENARIOS 1, 2 AND 4 EU. She was working also in DG Energy and Transport/D2 Scenario 1+2+4 Unit on RES Technologies. Since November 2008 is the Annual cost saving (from Director of the Cyprus Energy Agency. 6.380 € electricity saving) Savvas Vlachos holds a degree on Environmental Annual cost saving (from LPG 11.418 € Engineering and is specialized on energy efficiency. He is saving) currently finalizing his master degree on Civil Engineering. Annual income from RES 22.275 € He has strong technical background and he has experience electricity production on environmental management and protection. He joined the Total Annual Economic Cyprus Energy Agency in January 2009 and he is 40.073 € benefit responsible of carrying out energy audits, following up and supervising projects related with RES and energy efficiency. Also, as environmental profit from the three scenarios, it He also acts as an information point to public, businesses, 9 authorities and suppliers and provides technical advice on working as mechanical engineer and carried our several Renewable Energy Sources technologies and Saving mechanical studies of buildings. She joined the Cyprus Energy techniques. Energy Agency in January 2009 and she is mainly responsible for the information campaigns, education, Maria Ioannidou is Mechanical Engineer and holds a training etc. degree on energy resources management. She was

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XI. APPENDIX Appendix A: Questionnaire that was addressed to the president of the community’s council to collect information on energy needs of public assets

Polystypos Community Community 1 Population Number of permanent 2 inhabitants Number of non- 3 permanent inhabitants Energy Utilization of Description Roof type Lighting consumption RES

4 Public buildings

Number of lamps Community public Lamp type 5 lighting Lamp capacity Lamp use (hours per day) Number of lamps Public buildings and Lamp type 6 areas lighting Lamp capacity Lamp use (hours per day) Mass Type Management/Treatment Mean/Max Solid waste produced 7 in the community

8 Suggestions

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Appendix B: General Questionnaire addressed to the Community residents (used for qualitative analysis).

Section A – General Questions 1 Sex: 2 Age: 3 Profession: 4 Annual household income: Section B – About RES and Energy saving Not informed Very little 5 How well you are informed about the Renewable Energy Sources? Little Well enough Very well informed Wind Solar 6 Which Renewable Energy Sources do you Know? Biomass Geothermal Hydro Wind Solar Which forms of Renewable Energy Sources do you consider that they are 7 Biomass promising for Cyprus? Geothermal Hydro Don’t know Not important Least important 8 How important is the use of Renewable Energy Sources in Cyprus? Less important Important Very important Don’t Know Very dissatisfied Are you satisfied with the promotion of renewable energy sources in Dissatisfied 9 Cyprus? Neutral Satisfied Very satisfied Protection of Environment They are renewable Conformity with European directives For which reasons do you believe that the renewable energy sources The danger of obliteration of 10 should be promoted? conventional fuels Energy production in isolated systems Social Benefits Economic benefits Would you install a Renewable Energy Source system in your Yes 11 household? No Do you about the governmental subsidies schemes supporting RES Yes 12 technologies? No Nothing Very little 13 How important is the energy saving techniques in households? Little Well enough Very well Yes 14 Are you interested in learning energy saving techniques? No Yes 15 Will you apply energy saving techniques in your house? No

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Appendix C: Technical Questionnaire addressed to the Community residents.

Section A – General Questions 1 Sex: 2 Age: 3 Profession: 4 Annual income of household:

Section B – House description Rooms: 5 Area of your house Area (m 2): 6 Year of construction: 7 How many residents live in your house?

8 Type of house roof.

East South-east Direction of your house roof. 9 South

South-west West Angle Length 10 Angle and roof dimensions. Width Top width Stone 11 Material used for exterior walls and thickness (cm). Brick Forced concrete Yes 12 Do you use house thermal insulation; No 13 Number of windows in your house. Yes 14 Do you have double glazing windows? No

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Section C – Energy Consumption c1- Electricity Consumption €/2 months 15 Mean energy consumption in your house. KWh/2 months €/2 months 16 Max energy consumption in your house. When? KWh/2 months Month Power Type 17 Any other electricity source. Mean monthly consumption (c.m.) Maz monthly consumption (c.m.) 18 Do you use LPG for cooking? Number of bottles c2 – Heating system Air condition Central heating system (boiler) Fire place 19 Type of heating in your house. Diesel heater LPG heater Electric heater ...... 20 Wood consumption for fireplace. (kg/winter) Heating diesel consumption for central heating system. 21 (Lt/winter) 22 Heating diesel consumption for diesel heater. (Lt/winter) 23 LPG consumption for LPG heater. (bottles/winter) Air condition 24 Type of cooling system. Fans None c3 – Water heating Yes 25 Do you have solar water heater? No 26 Surface of solar collectors. Very little Little 27 Are you satisfied with the solar water heaters? Well enough Very well Winter Summer Almost zero 1 hour per day 28 How often do you use electric water heater? 2 hours per day 3 hours per day More 29 Do you use any other type of water heating? c4 - Lighting 30 Number of lamps for interior and exterior lighting 31 Percentage (%) of fluorescent lamps used.