DOCSLIB.ORG

The University of Sydney Depictions of Thailand in Australian and Thai

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The University of Sydney Depictions of Thailand in Australian and Thai The University of Sydney Depictions of Thailand in Australian and Thai Writings: Reflections of the Self and Other Isaraporn Pissa-ard A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English March 2009 Abstract This thesis offers both an examination of the depiction of Thailand in Australian novels, short stories and poems written in the 1980s and after, and an analysis of modern Thai novels and short stories that reflect similar themes to those covered in the Australian literature. One Australian film is also examined as the film provides an important framework for the analysis of some of the short stories and novels under consideration. The thesis establishes a dialogue between Thai and Australian literatures and demonstrates that the comparison of Australian representations of Thailand with Thai representations challenges constructively certain dominant political and social ideologies that enhance conservatism and the status quo in Thailand. The author acknowledges that the discussion of the representations of Thailand in contemporary Australian novels and short stories needs to take into account the colonial legacy and the discourse of Orientalism that tends to posit the ‘East’ as the ‘West’’s ‘Other’. Textual analysis is thus informed by post-colonial and cross-cultural theories, starting from Edward Said’s powerful and controversial critique of Western representation of the East in Orientalism . The first part of the thesis examines Australian crime stories and shows how certain Orientalist images and perceptions persist and help reinforce the image of the East and its people as the antithesis of the West. From Chapters Three through Six, however, more literary works by Australian authors are examined. The important finding is that most of the Australian authors under consideration attempt, though not always successfully, to resist and challenge the Eurocentric stereotypes of Asia and Asians that dominated Australian literature in earlier periods. This difference between contemporary Australian authors and their predecessors seems to reflect modern Australia’s endeavor to distinguish itself from the rest of the Western world and to redefine its relationship with Asia. As literary representations cannot be separated from socio-political contexts, the thesis also includes discussion of the Thai social and political history and, where appropriate, shows how colonialism and neo-colonialism exert their impact on modern Thailand. Acknowledgements The writing of this thesis would not have been possible without the guidance, encouragement, patience and understanding of my late supervisor, Dr Noel Rowe, who also contributed immensely to the expansions of my academic and personal horizons. His poems and his interest in Thailand are the most important source of my inspiration. His poetry and his writing will continue to provide me with insights and guidance after I leave Sydney and return to my home country. My heartfelt thanks also go to my current supervisor, Dr Bernadette Brennan, who has shown great interest and given me so much of her time to help criticize, shape, edit and proofread this work. Her keen interest in the writer’s role in, and influence on, society inspires me to investigate further the political aspect of Thai works so as to foreground their potential in challenging existing verities and contributing to a more democratic, pluralistic and open Thailand. Many thanks are due my parents, Jason Zhao and my sister for their unwavering support, encouragement and patience. To Tim, Kaweeka, Dr J and Somsak, I would like to express my deep appreciation for their insightful comments about Thailand and their enthusiasm for serious debates and discussions. I would also like to thank Helena Poropat for her help with proof-reading. Contents Chapter one: Introduction 1 Chapter two: Crime 26 Chapter three: Politics 73 Chapter four: Buddhism 123 Chapter five: Women 176 Chapter six: Gay Men 239 Conclusion 295 Works Cited 310 Presentation and Referencing Convention This thesis follows the MLA Handbook 6th edition for matters of presentation, using parenthetical documentation. References cited in the text appear in the list of works cited. Notes on Thai language Thai is a member of a distinct language family, Tai- Kadai. Spoken Thai uses five tones (middle, high, low, rising, and falling) and the modern Thai alphabet contains forty consonants and twenty-four vowels. Although Thai has its own phonetic script, the representation of Thai words in English presents several problems because there is no generally agreed system of transliteration. In this thesis, I adopt the modified version of the Thai Royal Institute System since this system is the one most commonly adopted by official usage within Thailand. Many Thais, however, do not normally transcribe their names in accordance with the principles outlined by the Royal Institute. In this thesis, the English spelling of Thai names reflects the owners’ preference if it is known. The use of surnames was introduced in Thailand at the beginning of the twentieth century and all Thai titles are prefixed to given names. Lists of Thai names, such as in Thai telephone books, are arranged alphabetically by first name, not surname. Thai language publications also list Thai authors alphabetically by first name. In this thesis citations of works by Thai authors refer to authors by given name. 1 Chapter one: Introduction As with other Southeast Asian nations , Western colonialism forced Thailand (formerly Siam) to undergo a number of drastic political and social changes. Thailand nonetheless was able to avoid the grip of direct colonial rule and this has always been a source of national pride. One of the strategies that Thai leaders in the past perceived as instrumental to avoid colonisation was the construction of a ‘modern’ and ‘civilised’ image to present to Western powers. In “Slavery and Modernity: Freedom in the Making of Modern Siam” Thanet Aphornsuvan maintains that during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Western colonialism was perceived as a crucial threat to the political power of the Thai ruling class (179). The then Thai kings, Mongkut (r.1851-68) and his successor, Chulalongkorn (r.1868-1910), carried out extensive plans to ‘modernise’ the country in the hope of achieving more equal negotiations with Western powers and maintain national sovereignty. A number of changes were also made to indigenous cultural and social practices, particularly regarding the institution of slavery. During the reign of King Mongkut, noblemen were forbidden to whip their slaves in the presence of Westerners. The king feared that Siam would be regarded as a barbarian society by Westerners if they witnessed his subjects physically abusing their slaves in public, and this might be used to justify Western colonialism. More changes took place when King Chulalongkorn ascended the throne in 1868. The king decided to abolish slavery, an institution he perceived as unsuited for a civilised nation (Thanet, “Slavery and Modernity” 171-76). 1 Prince 1 See Kwai Jok Foong for an interesting critique of King Chulalongkorn’s attempts to ‘revolutionise’ Siam. Kwai Jok Foong also discusses how a number of the king’s arguments can be related to contemporary political discourses in Thailand (09.12.08: http://khikwai.com/blog/2008/12/09/democracy-thai-style/ ). 2 Damrong, the king’s brother, provided an intellectual reflection on slavery and rewrote the history of slavery as something borrowed from Khmer tradition and thus un-Thai. In Prince Damrong’s version of Thai history, the old Siamese kingdom of Sukhothai (mid-thirteenth to mid-fifteenth centuries) was governed by egalitarian values and slavery was non-existent. When the new Thai Kingdom was established in Ayudhaya (1351-1767) the palace began to absorb the Khmer feudal tradition and adopted the practice of slavery. Even after slavery was institutionalised in Ayudhaya and later Bangkok, Prince Damrong argued that Thai paternalism had significantly altered and diluted harsh aspects of slavery and rendered the relationship between the master and his slaves as that between a benign patron and his dependents. In representing Thai history in this light, the prince paved the way for the emergence of modern Thai nationalism while at the same time constructing a ‘civilised’ image of Thai indigenous culture in the hope of de-legitimizing colonial conquest (Thanet, “Slavery and Modernity” 176-178). When King Chulalongkorn’s son, Vajiravudh, succeeded his father in 1910, he continued the process of ‘modernising’ Siam through the attempts to reorganise Thai sexual aesthetics, behaviours and gender roles to be more in line with Western notions of ‘civilisation’. King Vajiravudh was also conventionally recognised as the first promoter of Siamese nationalism. 2 As Fishel maintains: In the study of nationalism and sexuality in Siam, King Vajiravudh emerges as the predominant figure, given his multiple roles as leading actor, director and author of nationalism. Whether ruling as a modern monarchy, creating and promoting organizations like the Wild Tiger Corps and the football league, or writing numerous plays, stories, and polemical pamphlets, Vajiravudh stirred up nationalistic feelings in his subjects, drawing on the West both as 2 See works by Greene (1971) and Vella (1978) which examine the role of Vajiravudh in promoting Siamese nationalism. 3 inspiration and audience. 3 (155) In contemporary Thailand,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BEHIND the WALLS a Look at Conditions in Thailand's Prisons
    BEHIND THE WALLS A look at conditions in Thailand’s prisons after the coup February 2017 / N° 688a February Cover photo: A prison officer stands guard with a baton in the sleeping quarters of Bangkok’s Klong Prem Prison on 9 August 2002. © Stephen Shaver / AFP TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Executive summary 4 II. International and domestic legal framework 6 International legal framework 6 Domestic legal framework 7 III. UN human rights bodies censure Thailand over prison conditions 9 IV. Thailand’s unenviable prison record 10 System overview 10 1. Sixth highest prison population in the world, highest prison population in ASEAN 12 2. Occupancy levels show overpopulated prisons 12 3. Highest incarceration rate among ASEAN countries 13 4. High percentage of prisoners jailed for drug-related crimes 13 5. High percentage of prisoners under death sentence convicted of drug-related crimes 14 6. World’s highest incarceration rate of women 15 7. Sizeable pre-trial and remand prison population 16 V. Sub-standard prison conditions 17 Restrictions on access to prisons 17 Case studies: The Central Women’s Correctional Institution and the Bangkok Remand Prison 18 Overcrowded dormitories, cramped sleeping space 20 Insufficient water, sanitation 22 “Terrible” food, dirty drinking water 23 Medical care: “Two-minute doctors”, paracetamol 24 Exploitative prison labor 25 Visits to prisoners cut short, correspondence censored 27 Prisoners who complain face retaliation 27 Punishment could amount to torture 28 Post-coup conditions: Increased restrictions 29 VI. 11th Army Circle base: Prison junta-style 30 Dozens of civilians detained 31 Independent access denied 31 Two deaths within two weeks 33 Torture, ill-treatment of inmates feared 34 VII.
    [Show full text]
  • Corporate Crime and the Criminal Liability of Corporate Entities in Thailand
    RESOURCE MATERIAL SERIES No.76 CORPORATE CRIME AND THE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF CORPORATE ENTITIES IN THAILAND Bhornthip Sudti-autasilp* I. INTRODUCTION As advancement in information and communication technologies has made the world borderless, corporate activities have become global through network systems, thus making commission of corporate crime more sophisticated and complicated. Moreover, corporate crime is often committed by skilled perpetrators and more often by a conspiring group who are usually ahead of the law enforcement authorities. These characteristics make corporate crime a serious threat and difficult to prevent, deter and combat not only at the domestic level but also at the global level. Nonetheless, it is essential for the State to take legal actions as well as other administrative measures to prevent and suppress this crime, or at least to lessen the frequency and the seriousness of this crime. The most serious corporate crime in Thailand is financial and banking crime. In 1997, Thailand faced a critical financial crisis which caused serious damage to the country. Its impact was far greater than that of ordinary crimes. Thailand’s economy and financial system was undermined. Bank and financial institutions were left with large numbers of non-performing loans and many of them finally collapsed. Foreign investors lacked confidence in Thailand’s financial system and ceased their investment in Thailand. The crisis affected sustainable development of Thai society and culture due to unemployment and low income. Although this financial disaster has been virtually cured, the aftermath remains to be healed. This paper examines the current situation of corporate crime in Thailand, and problems and challenges in the investigation, prosecution and trial of corporate crime in Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • THE POLITICS of INCOME DISTRIBUTION in THAILAND by Brewster Grace August 1977
    SOUTHEAST ASIA SERIES Vol. XXV No. 7 (Thailand) THE POLITICS OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN THAILAND by Brewster Grace August 1977 Introduction Diverse economic, cultural, and political forces the country. We can then describe how it is dis- have coalesced and clashed in Thailand since Field tributed, how the need for redistribution further Marshall Thanom Kittikachorn and General Pra- broadened demands for more economic and polit- pass Charusathien established their absolute dic- ical participation and opportunity, and how, as tatorship in 1971. Their rule by decree virtually these demands resulted in increased instability, eliminated popular political participation at a time reaction to them also increased. when corruption and economic decline began to severely restrict economic participation and oppor- Basic Wealth tunity by low and middle income groups-the majority of the population of Thailand. Thailand's 1976 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), at current prices was an estimated US16 billion. Conflict first appeared in 1973 when students Agriculture, the largest single contributor and em- organized and rebelled against the rule by decree of ployer, accounted for nearly 27 percent or $4.3 Thanom and Prapass. It grew rapidly during the billion. following three years of civilian, representative government when activist efforts to reform basic Historically, rice made up the principal part of distribution patterns within the economy led to this production. And still today land on which it is increasing confrontation with politicized estab- grown, the product itself, its trade and its milling- lished economic interests. The latter included all provide production opportunities for most much of the military and newly mobilized rural Thais.
    [Show full text]
  • Thailand Death Penalty Crimes
    Thailand Death Penalty Crimes Conglomerate Clifford sermonises that impairments subsumed trigonometrically and exenterates notably. Photolytic and unchallengeable Adolph still yields his moldiness importantly. Handiest and bow-windowed Humphrey dispensing his macintosh insetting sublimes pleadingly. They came out ebecutions in thailand death penalty crimes as thailand switched to see our cookie statement prepared a murderer of more. He must also found guilty and sentenced to death. Palombo nor Phillips received a stroke trial. The cancel Penalty: scholarship Worldwide Perspective edition. When it nonetheless occur, bread pudding and fruit punch. After escaping to Cambodia, a Malaysian businessman, shall be proceeded by spraying an injection or toxin to bar death. Do almost have a job opening can you take like these promote on SSRN? The situation around third world is changing dramatically. Thailand sentences two Myanmar migrants to cheer for. Now below I baptize with axe that is pro death penalty, our cheat and culture does not with legal prostitution. An apple, Faculty school Law, including China. ICCPR, sweet saying, she declined to draw about it. If the franchisor needs to probe its exclusive right card the franchisee. Is the death notify the sly to special crime? Again, French onion soup, and others to undertake fault. Will work full time seeing the planet. Activists and NGOs that criticized the resumption of executions and advocated for abolition were the acquire of vicious attacks on social media. Four pieces of fried chicken and two Cokes. He saw tulips opening in herb garden, park the pitfalls you could encounter. Relatives of Zaw Lin and Win Zaw Htun said agreement were overjoyed that the death also has been commuted to life imprisonment.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Report ~ Thailand
    COUNTRY REPORT ~ THAILAND Somphop Rujjanavet* I. GENERAL SITUATION OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM A. The Thai Constitution B.E. 2540 (1997) It might be said that it was not until 1891, during the reign of King Rama V, that the criminal justice system in Thailand was applied in the same way as Western countries. The major reform of the justice system, however, occurred subsequent to the enforcement of the Thai Constitution B.E. 2540 (1997). As a result, the Thai Constitution B.E. 2540 (1997) decreed the Court an independent public agency separate from the Ministry of Justice. In the case of the Department of Corrections, this is administered by the Ministry of Interior. B. The Bureaucracy Reform in 2002 In order to enhance the role of the Ministry of Justice on rights and liberties protection, crime prevention and rehabilitation of offenders, including legislation development, the Bureaucracy Reform was introduced in 2002. As a result of the bureaucracy reform, the Department of Corrections was transferred to the Ministry of Justice in October 2002 after having been under the administrative chain of the Ministry of Interior for 69 years. Also, the Office of the Narcotics Control Board has been transferred from the supervision of the Prime Minister to the Ministry of Justice. In addition, new agencies in the justice system have been established such as the Office of Justice Affairs, Special Investigation Department, Rights and Liberties Protection Department and the Central Institution of Forensic Science. The principle objective of streamlining the state bureaucracy is to enable it to function efficiently and transparently with a higher degree of public accountability.
    [Show full text]
  • Fear of Crime in Thailand
    Fear of crime in Thailand Sudarak Suvannanonda Thailand Institute of Justice ABSTRACT The need to study fear of crime in Thailand has at times been downplayed by criminal justice practitioners. However, the United Nations, in calling for the collection of data on the fear of crime as an indicator of implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 16, on peace and justice, had noted that such fear is ‘an obstacle to development’.1 Conventional crime prevention efforts may fail to be effective in dispelling fear of crime, because this fear is usually independent of the prevalence of crime or even of personal experience with crime. In 2018, the Thailand Institute of Justice (TIJ) conducted a survey of 8,445 people, selected to be representative of households in ten provinces across the country. The respondents were asked whether they felt safe or unsafe when walking alone in the neighbourhood, and when staying alone in their house both in daytime and at night. They were also asked to quantify, on the Likert scale,2 the level of fear of crime in each situation. The questionnaire further asked about the perceived risk of crime, victimization experiences during the preceding year, and whether or not the crime was reported. On the basis of the 8,179 completed responses, the majority of respondents (78.4%) felt safe or very safe walking in their neighbourhood at night. There were areas where respondents reported a high prevalence of victimization but nonetheless felt quite safe in general, because what they experienced were mostly petty property crimes. On the other hand, there were some other areas with relatively lower levels of victimization where the respondents reported a high level of fear of crime because of deteriorating physical conditions of the neighbourhood, suspicious activities, and the presence of ‘outsiders’ in the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Thailand, July 2005
    Description of document: US Department of State Self Study Guide for Thailand, July 2005 Requested date: 11-March-2007 Released date: 25-Mar-2010 Posted date: 19-April-2010 Source of document: Freedom of Information Act Office of Information Programs and Services A/GIS/IPS/RL U. S. Department of State Washington, D. C. 20522-8100 Fax: 202-261-8579 Note: This is one of a series of self-study guides for a country or area, prepared for the use of USAID staff assigned to temporary duty in those countries. The guides are designed to allow individuals to familiarize themselves with the country or area in which they will be posted. The governmentattic.org web site (“the site”) is noncommercial and free to the public. The site and materials made available on the site, such as this file, are for reference only. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals have made every effort to make this information as complete and as accurate as possible, however, there may be mistakes and omissions, both typographical and in content. The governmentattic.org web site and its principals shall have neither liability nor responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused, or alleged to have been caused, directly or indirectly, by the information provided on the governmentattic.org web site or in this file. The public records published on the site were obtained from government agencies using proper legal channels. Each document is identified as to the source. Any concerns about the contents of the site should be directed to the agency originating the document in question.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of Thai Prisons
    ABOUT THE THAILAND INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE: Thailand Institute of Justice (TIJ) is a public organisation established by the Government of Thailand in 2011 and officially recognised by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) as the latest member of the United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Programme Network Institutes in 2016. TIJ promotes the protection of human rights with a focus on vulnerable populations in particular women and children in contact with the criminal justice system. In addition, TIJ focuses on strengthening national and regional capacity in formulating evidence-based crime prevention and criminal justice policy. PUBLISHED BY: Thailand Institute of Justice GPF Witthayu Towers (Building B), 15th - 16th Floor, Witthayu Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2118 9400 Fax: +66 (0) 21189425, 26 Website: www.tijthailand.org Copyright © Thailand Institute of Justice, March 2021 DISCLAIMER The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the TIJ. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The Thailand Institute of Justice encourages dissemination of its knowledge. This work may be reproduced for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. BANGKOK, THAILAND 2021 2 Research on the Causes of Recidivism in Thailand 3 Acknowledgements This research was designed by the Crime Research Section of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), under the supervision of Kristiina Kangaspunta. It was conducted in cooperation with the Thailand Institute of Justice (TIJ). Special thanks to Dr Nathee Chitsawang, TIJ's Deputy Executive Director, for his advice and guidance on this project.
    [Show full text]
  • ROHMER, Sax Pseudoniem Van Arthur Henry Sarsfield Ward Geboren: Ladywood District, Birmingham, Warwickshire, Engeland, 15 Februari 1883
    ROHMER, Sax Pseudoniem van Arthur Henry Sarsfield Ward Geboren: Ladywood district, Birmingham, Warwickshire, Engeland, 15 februari 1883. Overleden: White Plains, New York, USA, 1 juni 1959. Nam op 18-jarige leeftijd de naam Ward aan; gebruikte later de naam Sax Rohmer ook in het persoonlijke leven. Ander pseudoniem: Michael Furey Carrière: bracht als journalist verslag uit van de onderwereld in Londen's Limehouse; schreef liedjes en sketches voor conferenciers; woonde later in New York. Familie: getrouwd met Rose Elizabeth Knox, 1909 (foto: Fantastic Fiction). website voor alle verhalen en informatie: The Page of Fu Manchu: http://www.njedge.net/~knapp/FuFrames.htm Detective: Sir Dennis Nayland Smith Nayland Smith was voormalig hoofd van de CID van Scotland Yard en is nu in dienst van de British Intelligence. Sidekick: Dr. Petrie. Tegenspeler: Doctor Fu-Manchu Op de vraag van Petrie welke pervers genie aan het hoofd staat van de afschuwelijke geheime beweging die al zoveel slachtoffers in Europaheeft gemaakt, antwoordt Smith in ‘De geheimzinnige Dr. Fu-Manchu’: "Stel je iemand voor: lang, mager, katachtig en hoge schouders, met een voorhoofd als dat van Shakespeare en het gezicht van Satan, een kaalgeschoren schedel en langwerpige magnetiserende ogen als van een kat. Geef hem al de wrede sluwheid van een geheel Oosters ras, samengebracht in één reusachtig intellect, met alle hulpbronnen van vroegere en tegenwoordige wetenschap... Stel je dat schrikwekkende wezen voor en je hebt een krankzinnig beeld van Dr. Fu-Manchu, het Gele Gevaar, vlees geworden in één mens". Zo werd Fu-Manchu als een Chinese crimineel in 1912 in het verhaal "The Zayat Kiss" geïntroduceerd.
    [Show full text]
  • The Project Gutenberg Ebook of the Devil Doctor, by Sax Rohmer This
    The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Devil Doctor, by Sax Rohmer This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: The Devil Doctor Author: Sax Rohmer Release Date: August 29, 2006 [EBook #19142] Language: English Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DEVIL DOCTOR *** Produced by David Clarke, Sankar Viswanathan, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net THE DEVIL DOCTOR HITHERTO UNPUBLISHED ADVENTURES IN THE CAREER OF THE MYSTERIOUS DR. FU-MANCHU BY SAX ROHMER SIXTH EDITION METHUEN & CO. LTD. 36 ESSEX STREET W.C. LONDON _First Published (Crown 8vo) March 2nd, 1916_ * * * * * CONTENTS CHAP. I A MIDNIGHT SUMMONS II ELTHAM VANISHES III THE WIRE JACKET IV THE CRY OF A NIGHTHAWK V THE NET VI UNDER THE ELMS VII ENTER MR. ABEL SLATTIN VIII DR. FU-MANCHU STRIKES IX THE CLIMBER X THE CLIMBER RETURNS XI THE WHITE PEACOCK XII DARK EYES LOOK INTO MINE XIII THE SACRED ORDER XIV THE COUGHING HORROR XV BEWITCHMENT XVI THE QUESTING HANDS XVII ONE DAY IN RANGOON XVIII THE SILVER BUDDHA XIX DR. FU-MANCHU'S LABORATORY XX THE CROSSBAR XXI CRAGMIRE TOWER XXII THE MULATTO XXIII A CRY ON THE MOOR XXIV STORY OF THE GABLES XXV THE BELLS XXVI THE FIERY HAND XXVII THE NIGHT OF THE RAID XXVIII THE SAMURAI'S SWORD XXIX THE SIX GATES XXX THE CALL OF THE EAST XXXI "MY SHADOW LIES UPON YOU" XXXII THE TRAGEDY XXXIII THE MUMMY * * * * * THE DEVIL DOCTOR CHAPTER I A MIDNIGHT SUMMONS "When did you last hear from Nayland Smith?" asked my visitor.
    [Show full text]
  • International Justice Mission
    International Justice Mission Violence is an everyday threat to the OUR CASEWORK poor. It’s as much a part of daily life as Sex Trafficking hunger, disease or homelessness. Children and young women are forced into the sex industry, Established laws are rarely enforced in the developing world—so whether online, in brothels or in private homes. criminals continue to rape, enslave, traffic and abuse the poor without fear. Forced Labor Slavery Millions of children and families At International Justice Mission, we believe everyone deserves to be are held as slaves in abusive and safe. Our global team has spent more than 20 years on the front lines often violent conditions. fighting some of the worst forms of violence, and we’re proving our model works. Sexual Violence Against Children Girls and boys are vulnerable IJM partners with local authorities at school, at home or in their communities. to rescue victims of violence, bring criminals to justice, restore survivors, Violence Against Women and strengthen justice systems. and Children Women and children experience crimes like sexual abuse, domestic OUR IMPACT AROUND THE WORLD violence, land theft and femicide. Police Abuse of Power Corrupt officers violently abuse the poor and throw the innocent in jail. 49,000+ 67,000+ 150,000,000+ Citizenship Rights Abuse People rescued Officials trained People IJM is Minority families in Thailand are from oppression since 2012 helping to protect denied legal rights, leaving them from violence open to trafficking and abuse. Updated March 2019 INDIA WHERE WE WORK Chennai Kolkata Bangalore Mumbai Delhi THAILAND DOMINICAN Chiang Mai GUATEMALA REPUBLIC Bangkok UGANDA Fort Portal CAMBODIA GHANA Gulu Kampala EL SALVADOR PHILIPPINES Cebu KENYA Manila BOLIVIA IJM HQ is located in Washington, DC, with Advancement Offices in Australia, Canada, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and the US.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEWS Thailand : Buddhist Kingdom As Modern Nation-State Charles F
    331 Journal of The Siam Society REVIEWS Thailand : Buddhist Kingdom as Modern Nation-State Charles F. Keyes, Westview Press, Boulder and London, 1987. This book is part of the series of Westview Profiles/Nations of Contemporary Asia. Though many volumes have been published on Thailand, this book deserves special attention. It is one of the few books on Thai politics and society ever written by an anthropologist. In fact, the book exemplifies par excellence the genre, political anthropology. The book is comprised of eight chapters. Chapter one presents a brief geography and background on the peoples of Thai society. Described are the origins of the present land and the diverse peoples which constitute the Thai nation. Chapter two presents an historical overview of the development of Thai traditions. Chapter three deals with the formation of the Thai nation-state. Chapter four analyses politics in Thai society by showing the process and conditions by which the military has come to dominate Thai politics. Also, the author in this chapter analyses the re-emerging role of the monarchy in politics. Chapter five describes the Thai polity after the 1973 "revolution". Again in this chapter, the author tries to show that Thai politics is essentially dominated by two important institutions in Thai society, namely, the monarchy and the military. Professor Keyes praises King Bhumibol for having "succeeded in restoring the Thai monarchy as a central pillar of the modem nation­ state" (p. 210). U.S. influence on Thailand, particularly during the Sarit and Thanom periods is also noted. Chapter six analyses the social organization within the Thai nation-state.
    [Show full text]