Comparing Scholarship
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Classical Islamic Political Thought: Study of Sunni Perspectives
ISLAH: Journal of Islamic Literature and History Vol. 1, No. 2, December 2020: p. 137-153 DOI: 10.18326/islah.v1i2.137-153 ISSN : 2723-407X Website: https://e-journal.iainsalatiga.ac.id/index.php/islah Classical Islamic Political Thought: Study of Sunni Perspectives Suyadi Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Waliwongo [email protected] Ahmad Fikri Sabiq Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Salatiga [email protected] Submission Track: Received: 27-08-2020 Final Revision: 20-01-2021 Available Online: 20-01-2021 Abstract The purpose of this study is to determine the Islamic political thought in classical Islam in the perspective of the Sunni sect. This research is a qualitative research which is library research. Data collection method is library data that has been selected, searched, presented and analyzed. This study uses data analysis techniques in the form of content analysis. Content analysis is a scientific analysis of the message content of a data. One of the characteristics of the classical era Islamic political thought is that it does not question the position of religion and state, whether integrated or separate. The debates that occurred in the classical era on the establishment of a state, the election of a head of state, and the conditions that a head of state must-have. Besides, political thought that develops also tends to be a response to the prevailing socio-political conditions. The emergence of Sunni ideology is a form of anxiety over the viewpoints developed by groups that tend to discredit the position of the Prophet's companions who are considered by some on the opposite side to have committed treason or treason. -
İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi
Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi JOURNAL OF DIVINITY FACULTY OF CANAKKALE ONSEKIZ MART UNIVERSITY ISSN: 2147-2521 2013/1, CİLT 2, SAYI 2 | 2013/1, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2 ÇANAKKALE ONSEKİZ MART ÜNİVERSİTESİ İLAHİYAT FAKÜLTESİ DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF DIVINITY FACULTY OF CANAKKALE ONSEKIZ MART UNIVERSITY ISSN: 2147-2521|2013/1, CİLT 2, SAYI 2 | 2013/1, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 2 Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Adına Sahibi / The Owner Prof. Dr. Sedat LAÇİNER Rektör / Rector Yazı İşleri Müdürü / Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman KURT Dekan / Dean Editör / Editor Prof. Dr. Muhsin AKBAŞ Editör Yardımcıları / Editorial Assistants Arş. Gör. Fatih OĞUZAY ● Arş. Gör. Muhammed BEDİRHAN ● Arş. Gör. Kenan SEVİNÇ Yayın Kurulu / Editorial Board Prof. Dr. Muhsin AKBAŞ ● Prof. Dr. Hidayet IŞIK ● Prof. Dr. Tevhit AYENGİN ● Doç. Dr. Şevket YAVUZ Doç. Dr. Ramazan DEMİR ● Yrd. Doç. Dr. Nimetullah AKIN ● Yrd. Doç. Dr. Osman Murat DENİZ Danışma Kurulu / Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Abdullah KAHRAMAN, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi ● Doç. Dr. Abdullah KARAHAN, Uludağ Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman HAÇKALI, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Ahmet YILDIRIM, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Ahmet YÜCEL, Marmara Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Ali COŞKUN, Marmara Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Ali AKDOĞAN, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Ali İhsan YİTİK, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Ali Rıza AYDIN, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Alim YILDIZ, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi ● Doç. Dr. Aziz DOĞANAY, Marmara Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Baki ADAM, Ankara Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Bilal KEMİKLİ, Uludağ Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Bülent UÇAR, Osnabrück Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Cafer Sadık YARAN, Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi ● Prof. Dr. Celal TÜRER, Ankara Üniversitesi ● Yrd. Doç. Dr. Cemal Abdullah AYDIN, İstanbul Üniversitesi ● Prof. -
Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis
prelims.046 17/12/2004 4:58 PM Page i MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Fazlallah Astarabadi and The Hurufis “Shahzad Bashir is to be commended for producing a remarkably accessible work on a complex subject; his explanations are models of lucidity and brevity.” PROFESSOR DEVIN DEWEESE, INDIANA UNIVERSITY prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page ii SELECTION OF TITLES IN THE MAKERS OF THE MUSLIM WORLD SERIES Series editor: Patricia Crone, Institute for Advanced Study,Princeton ‘Abd al-Malik, Chase F.Robinson Abd al-Rahman III, Maribel Fierro Abu Nuwas, Philip Kennedy Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Christopher Melchert Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi, Usha Sanyal Al-Ma’mun, Michael Cooperson Al-Mutanabbi, Margaret Larkin Amir Khusraw, Sunil Sharma El Hajj Beshir Agha, Jane Hathaway Fazlallah Astarabadi and the Hurufis, Shazad Bashir Ibn ‘Arabi,William C. Chittick Ibn Fudi,Ahmad Dallal Ikhwan al-Safa, Godefroid de Callatay Shaykh Mufid,Tamima Bayhom-Daou For current information and details of other books in the series, please visit www.oneworld-publications.com/ subjects/makers-of-muslim-world.htm prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page iii MAKERS of the MUSLIM WORLD Fazlallah Astarabadi and The Hurufis SHAHZAD BASHIR prelims.046 14/12/2004 1:37 PM Page iv FAZLALLAH ASTARABADI AND THE HURUFIS Oneworld Publications (Sales and editorial) 185 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7AR England www.oneworld-publications.com © Shahzad Bashir 2005 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 1–85168–385–2 Typeset by Jayvee, -
The Druze: Culture, History and Mission
The Druze A New Cultural and Historical Appreciation Abbas Halabi 2013 www.garnetpublishing.co.uk 1 The Druze Published by Garnet Publishing Limited 8 Southern Court South Street Reading RG1 4QS UK www.garnetpublishing.co.uk www.twitter.com/Garnetpub www.facebook.com/Garnetpub blog.garnetpublishing.co.uk Copyright © Abbas Halabi, 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. First Edition 2013 ISBN: 9781859643532 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Jacket design by Garnet Publishing Typeset by Samantha Barden Printed and bound in Lebanon by International Press: [email protected] 2 To Karl-Abbas, my first grandson And the future generation of my family 3 Preface Foreword Introduction Chapter 1 Human geography Chapter 2 The history of the Druze, 1017–1943 Chapter 3 Communal and social organization Chapter 4 Traditional culture and the meaning of al-Adhā feast Chapter 5 Civil status law Chapter 6 The diaspora and cultural expansion Chapter 7 The political role of the Druze from independence to the present time Chapter 8 The Druze message: plurality and unity Summary and conclusion Appendix 1 The impact of European influences on the Druze community: “The new look” Appendix 2 Sheikh Halīm Taqī al-Dīn: a man of knowledge, -
QUESTIONS on KHUMS Bashir Alidina
Questions OnOnOn Khums Bashir Alidina 1 Dedication I hereby dedicate this book to my Master Imam Al Mahdi (a.s.) whose rights are being usurped and squandered right in front of my eyes. 2 CONTENTS Preface 4 Foreword 6 Chapter One – Who does it belong to? 9 Chapter Two – The Tax Collectors 20 Chapter Three – Taxable Things 35 Chapter Four – Historical Events 40 Chapter Five – Lifting Of The Obligation 49 Chapter Six – Summary 59 3 PREFACE In the Name of Allah (s.w.t.) the Beneficent the Merciful. I am writing this small book being fully aware of the repercussions this might have on the community as well as on myself. As a book, this is probably a first of its kind, in the English language, to be written against the system of Khums collection and distribution that is prevalent today. I am not interested in any personalities whatsoever with the exception of the Holy Infallibles (a.s.) upon whom my salvation depends. It therefore follows that the viewpoints of the rest of the world are not relevant. However, I am absolutely certain that a lot of my friends, relatives and people that I know will be offended by this book, but all I can do is to pray for their guidance from our Master (a.s.), the Divine Guide. As I have had a lot of arguments from people who keep insisting on the Arabic text of a Hadeeth or a 4 Holy Verse every time I quote it, therefore I have included this as much as I could in order to cut out most of their arguments. -
Shia-Islamist Political Actors in Iraq Who Are They and What Do They Want? Søren Schmidt DIIS REPORT 2008:3 DIIS REPORT
DIIS REPORT 2008:3 SHIA-IsLAMIST POLITICAL ACTORS IN IRAQ WHO Are THEY AND WHAT do THEY WANT? Søren Schmidt DIIS REPORT 2008:3 DIIS REPORT DIIS · DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES 1 DIIS REPORT 2008:3 © Copenhagen 2008 Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Strandgade 56, DK -1401 Copenhagen, Denmark Ph: +45 32 69 87 87 Fax: +45 32 69 87 00 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.diis.dk Cover Design: Carsten Schiøler Layout: mgc design, Jens Landorph Printed in Denmark by Vesterkopi AS ISBN: 978-87-7605-247-8 Price: DKK 50.00 (VAT included) DIIS publications can be downloaded free of charge from www.diis.dk Hardcopies can be ordered at www.diis.dk. 2 DIIS REPORT 2008:3 Contents Abstract 4 1. Introduction 5 2. The Politicisation of Shia-Islam 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 The History of Shia-Islamism in Iraq 8 3. Contemporary Shia-Islamist political actors 15 3.1 Ali Husseini Sistani 15 3.2 The Da’wa Party 21 3.3 SCIRI 24 3.4 Moqtada al-Sadr 29 4. Conclusion: Conflict or Cooperation? 33 Bibliography 35 3 DIIS REPORT 2008:3 Abstract The demise of the regime of Saddam Hussein in Iraq in 2003 was an important wa- tershed in Iraqi political history. Iraq had been governed by groups which belonged to the Arab Sunni minority since the Iraqi state emerged out of the former Otto- man Empire in 1921. More recently, new political actors are in the ascendancy, rep- resenting the Kurdish minority and the Shia majority in Iraq. -
Qisas Contribution to the Theory of Ghaybah in Twelver Shı
− QisasAA Contribution to the Theory of Ghaybah in Twelver Shı‘ism QisasAA Contribution to the Theory of Ghaybah in Twelver Shı‘ism− Kyoko YOSHIDA* In this paper, I analyze the role of qisasAA (narrative stories) materials, which are often incorporated into the Twelver Shı‘ite− theological discussions, by focusing mainly on the stories of the al-KhidrA (or al- Khadir)A legend in the tenth and the eleventh century ghaybah discussions. The goal is to demonstrate the essential function that the narrative elements have performed in argumentations of the Twelver Shı‘ite− theory of Imam. The importance of qisasAA materials in promulgating the doctrine of Imamah− in the Twelver Shı‘ism− tended to be underestimated in the previous studies because of the mythical and legendary representations of qisasAA materials. My analysis makes clear that qisasAA materials do not only illustrate events in the sacred history, but also open possibilities for the miraculous affairs to happen in the actual world. In this sense, qisasAA materials have been utilized as a useful element for the doctrinal argumentations in the Twelver Shı‘ism.− − Keywords: stories, al-Khidr,A occultation, Ibn Babawayh, longevity Introduction In this paper, I analyze how qisasAA traditions have been utilized in the promulgation of Twelver Shı‘ite− doctrine. The term qisasAA (sing. qissah AA ) means narrative stories addressed in the Qur’an− principally. However, it also includes the orated and elaborated tales and legends based on storytelling that flourished in the early Umayyad era (Norris 1983, 247). Their contents vary: archaic traditions spread in the pre-Islamic Arab world, patriarchal stories from Biblical and Jewish sources, and Islamized sayings and maxims of the sages and the ascetics of the day.1 In spite of a variety of the different sources and origins, Muslim faith has accepted these stories as long as they could support and advocate the Qur’anic− *Specially Appointed Researcher of Global COE Program “Development and Systematization of Death and Life Studies,” University of Tokyo Vol. -
Turkomans Between Two Empires
TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) A Ph.D. Dissertation by RIZA YILDIRIM Department of History Bilkent University Ankara February 2008 To Sufis of Lāhijan TURKOMANS BETWEEN TWO EMPIRES: THE ORIGINS OF THE QIZILBASH IDENTITY IN ANATOLIA (1447-1514) The Institute of Economics and Social Sciences of Bilkent University by RIZA YILDIRIM In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BILKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA February 2008 I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Oktay Özel Supervisor I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Halil Đnalcık Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Prof. Dr. Ahmet Yaşar Ocak Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. …………………….. Assist. Prof. Evgeni Radushev Examining Committee Member I certify that I have read this thesis and have found that it is fully adequate, in scope and in quality, as a thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History. -
Zakat and Khums
Zakat and Khums Zakat In Arabic, ‘zakat’ means ‘that which purifies’. It is an obligatory donation used to relieve the suffering of others beyond the minimum wealth necessary for survival. Wealth is acceptable, but hand-in-hand with wealth is the duty to share with and support others. The aim of zakat is to purify wealth by limiting the desire for acquisition, and turning excess over to others, with the ultimate aim of pleasing God. In Sura 2.3 we learn that those who live in awareness of God will …: ‘… believe in the Unseen, and maintain the prayer, and spend out of what We have provided for them’ (See al-quran.info/#2:3) A proportion of wealth is given at the end of each year. It can be given to a mosque, which then distributes zakat donations in a systematic way, or to a charity like the National Zakat Foundation. Zakat is given to people in specific need, not just one’s own friends or relations, hence the use of bodies who ensure its proper distribution. Sura 9.60 notes what zakat is to be spent on: ‘Charities are only for the poor and the needy, and those employed to collect them, and those whose hearts are to be reconciled, and for [the freedom of] the slaves and the debtors, and in the way of Allah, and for the traveller. [This is] an ordinance from Allah, and Allah is all-knowing, all-wise’ (See al-quran.info/#9:60) In Sunni Islam Zakat is one of the Five Pillars of Sunni Islam. -
Shiism: What Students Need to Know - FPRI Page 1 of 4
Shiism: What Students Need to Know - FPRI Page 1 of 4 Footnotes Search The Newsletter of FPRI’s Wachman Center Shiism: What Students Need to Know By John Calvert May 2010 Vol. 15, No. 2 John Calvert is Fr. Henry W. Casper SJ associate professor of history at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska. This essay is excerpted from his book “Divisions within Islam,” part of a 10-volume series for middle and high school students on the World of Islam, put out by Mason Crest Publishers in cooperation with FPRI. Also see his “Sunni Islam: What Students Need to Know.” For information about the series, or to order, visit: http://www.masoncrest.com/series_view.php?seriesID=90 Shiism is the second-largest denomination of Islam, after Sunni Islam. Today, the Shia comprise about 10 percent of the total population of Muslims in the world. The most important group within the Shia is the “Twelvers,” so called for the 12 Imams, or leaders, they venerate. The largest concentrations of Shia Muslims are found in the Islamic Republic of Iran, where they make up 89 percent of the country’s total population; Iraq, where they comprise 63 percent of the country’s total; and Lebanon, where they are 41 percent of the total population. Numerically significant Twelver Shia communities also exist in the Arab Gulf (Bahrain, Kuwait, and northeastern Saudi Arabia), Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India. Subgroups within the Shia include the Zaydis, who exist mostly in Yemen; and the Ismailis, who live mainly in India, in East Africa and in scattered communities in North America and Western Europe. -
Zakat and Khums As Two Obligatory Alms in Islam
Zakat and Khums as Two Obligatory Alms in Islam SEYED MOHAMMAD REZA MOHADDES Introduction Economic issues have always been of the main concerns of human beings and have had an important role in their lives. Governments study various effective ways to secure people's basic needs, and religious figures and institutions have always considered one of their main duties to assist the poor. By the same token and due to its comprehensiveness, Islamic law has paid serious attention to the details of economic issues. Anfal, khums, zakat, transactions, partnership, lease, and hypothecation are among the financial affairs that have been discussed in Islamic jurisprudence. While those contracts and transactions that have the required conditions and are beneficial to the individual or the society are regarded as lawful, gaining money through harmful ways, such as usury, bribery, and gambling, is considered as forbidden and illegitimate. Among the most important chapters of Islamic jurisprudence that has its root in the holy Qur’an and Islamic narrations are the ones on khums and zakat. The goal of this article is to review various aspects of these two religious financial obligations. Spiritual Quest Summer andAutumn 2015, Vol. 5, No. 2 What are Zakat and Khums? Zakat literally means “purity, growth, blessing, and eulogy” (Ibn Manzur 1414AH, 14:358), and zakat of the property means its purification (Ibn ‘Abbad 1414 AH, 6:300). In Islamic teachings, zakat is defined as “the title of a financial right in the property that becomes obligatory when the property reaches a taxable limit” (Hilli 1407 AH, 2:485). As a condition, in the case of cow, sheep, goat, camel, gold, and silver, the person has to own them for eleven months and pay the zakat at the end of the twelfth month. -
101303 Turcica 50 00 02 Uslu.Indd
ZEYNEP OKTAY USLU THE ŞAṬḤİYYE OF YŪNUS EMRE AND ḲAYĠUSUZ ABDĀL: THE CREATION OF A VERNACULAR ISLAMIC TRADITION IN TURKISH New perspectives in the study of classical texts criticize an essentialist approach to textual production and edition, stressing the importance of the material matrix and social context of a text in establishing its meaning. Accordingly, “the truth of art – and philology – lies not within the artefact itself but in its relationship to its context of production.”1 This context also includes the dynamic relationships with readers belonging to inter- pretive communities which can be both simultaneous and successive. In this sense, perhaps the greatest mistake of narratives regarding the emergence of Anatolian Turkish as a literary medium was that of reading early Anatolian Turkish texts as they would be read in a modern Turkish interpretive community. Thus was born a nationalist framework which pos- ited the emergence of Anatolian Turkish as a struggle to win precedence Zeynep Oktay Uslu, Boğaziçi University, Department of Turkish Language and Lit- erature. [email protected] The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007–2013) / ERC Grant Agreement n.208476, “The Islamisation of Anatolia, c. 1100-1500.” Acknowledgements: I thank A.C.S. Peacock and Ahmet T. Karamustafa for reading my article and providing their valuable feedback. I also thank Martin Van Bruinessen, Sara Nur Yıldız and Arzu Öztürkmen for recommending me some of the theoretical readings which made contributions to my article. 1. Altschul, Nelson, “Translatlantic Discordances,” p.