Ziel Ist Es Sowohl Die Hintergründe Von Reisen Zu Beleuchten

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Ziel Ist Es Sowohl Die Hintergründe Von Reisen Zu Beleuchten View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by OTHES DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Reiseberichte von Frauen im 19. Jahrhundert. Eine Analyse des Werkes von Ida Pfeiffer und ihrer Legitimationsstrategien als weibliche Autorin“ Verfasserin Katharina Lehmann Angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im Juli 2009 Matrikelnummer: 9805972 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A301 312 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Publizistik- und Kommunikationswiss. Betreuerin: Vertragsprofessorin Dr. Susanne Kinnebrock INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. EINLEITUNG 4 1.1. Vorwort 4 1.2. Themenwahl 5 1.3. Thematische Einbettung 5 1.4. Aktueller Forschungsstand 7 1.5. Aufbau der Arbeit 9 1.6. Methode 10 1.7. Zielsetzung und Forschungsfragen 14 1.7.1. Legitimationsstrategien reisender Frauen 15 1.7.2. Kommunikations- und Darstellungsformen von Fremde in Reiseberichten des 19. Jahrhunderts 16 2. DER REISEBERICHT 17 2.1. Begriffsdefinition 17 2.2. Verschiedene Grundtypen des Reiseberichtes 19 2.3. Der Reisebericht als Spezialform der Reportage? – Reiseberichte als Einstieg in den Journalismus 22 2.4. Wahrnehmung von Fremde 25 2.4.1. Das Fremdbild im Wandel der Zeit 27 2.4.2. Strategien im Umgang mit dem Fremden 29 2.4.3. Geschlechtsspezifische Wahrnehmung des Fremden 30 3. DIE GESELLSCHAFT DES 19. JAHRHUNDERTS 32 3.1. Das soziale Gefüge 33 3.2. Das Weiblichkeitsideal und seine Werte 39 4. REISENDE FRAUEN IM 19. JAHRHUNDERT 47 4.1. Gesellschaftlicher Status von Reisen 47 4.2. Für Frauen anerkannte Reisen 49 5. FRAUEN ALS SCHRIFTSTELLERINNEN 52 5.1. Frauen als Reiseschriftstellerinnen 52 - 2 - 5.2. Bekannte Reiseschriftstellerinnen 59 5.2.1. Anne Blunt 59 5.2.2. Lucie Duff Gordon 59 5.2.3. Emily Eden 60 5.2.4. Amelia Edwards 60 5.2.5. Ida von Hahn-Hahn 60 5.2.6. Mary Kingsley 60 5.2.7. Alexandrine Tinné 61 5.2.8. Frances Trollope 61 6. IDA PFEIFFER 62 6.1. Kurze Biographie 62 6.2. Deskriptive Werkbeschreibung 75 6.2.1. Erste Reise 79 6.2.2. Zweite Reise 81 6.2.3. Dritte Reise 84 6.2.4. Vierte Reise 89 6.2.5. Fünfte Reise 93 6.3. Legitimationsstrategien 96 6.4. Fremdwahrnehmung bei Ida Pfeiffer 108 7. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 124 7.1. Hypothesenreflexion 124 7.1.1. Erste Hypothese 124 7.1.2. Zweite Hypothese 125 7.2. Conclusio 125 7.3. Ausblick 129 8. LITERATUR 131 - 3 - Die weißen Flecken sind von den Landkarten verschwunden. Sie siedelten in die Geschichtsbücher über. (Kurt Tucholsky) 1. EINLEITUNG 1.1. Vorwort Ich möchte diese Arbeit mit einem Zitat aus Luciano DE CRESCENZOs „Kleine Geschichte der mittelalterlichen Philosophie“ beginnen, wo er über sich selbst sagt: „Ich bin vielleicht vergleichbar mit einem dieser dreistufigen Leiterchen, die in Bibliotheken dazu dienen, auch an die Bücher in den oberen Regalen heranzukommen.“1 Der Gedanke sich mit einem derart niedrigen und dennoch hilfreichen Möbelstück zu vergleichen gefällt mir. Nun ist es aber so, dass diese Trittleitern nur dann sinnvoll sind, wenn sie nicht wackeln und an der richtigen Stelle zu finden sind. Die Bibliothek in diesem Bild habe ich durch die Auswahl von Thema und Literatur vorgegeben. Die Platzierung der Trittleiter hingegen ist während der Entstehung der Arbeit möglichst oft verändert worden, um unterschiedliche Blickwinkel zuzulassen und verschiedene Einsichten zu gewähren. Auch wird dem Leser dringend geraten andere Stellplätze auszuprobieren, sind mir doch sicher einige Aussichtspunkte entgangen. Um für genügend Standfestigkeit zu sorgen, habe ich mich entschieden einen möglichst ebenen und leicht zugänglichen Boden zu schaffen, indem ich auf den Lesefluss Rücksicht genommen habe. Dies ist zwar eine Arbeit, die durchaus vor einem weiblich fokussierten Hintergrund zu sehen ist, dennoch wurde im Text die männliche Form als Normalform gewählt, um das Erklimmen der Leiter nicht durch unnötiges Wackeln zu erschweren. Ebenso verhält es sich mit dem Gebrauch von Fremdwörtern, habe ich mir doch bereits in meinem ersten Semester an der Universität zum Ziel gesetzt, eine Abschlussarbeit zu verfassen, die für jedermann verständlich ist. Dieses Werk soll später nicht in dem Regal mit Wörterbüchern und Enzyklopädien landen, es soll sich leicht lesen lassen und dennoch profundes Wissen vermitteln, weshalb ich auf übermäßige Verwendung von Fremdwörtern 1 Luciano De Crescenzo, Kleine Geschichte der mittelalterlichen Philosophie. München. 2005. 9. - 4 - verzichtet habe. Fachtermini, die dem Einordnen in den wissenschaftlichen Diskurs dienen sind von dieser Regelung ausgenommen. 1.2. Themenwahl In der folgenden Arbeit ist die Wahl zugunsten von Ida Pfeiffer (1797-1858) und ihrem Werk als Untersuchungsgegenstand unter anderem aufgrund der Reiseleidenschaft der Verfasserin getroffen worden. Zwar wurden geographische Nähe und Zugänglichkeit der Werke ebenso wie die Tatsache dass „ (…) die Wienerin auf dem deutschsprachigen Gebiet zu den Pionierinnen des neuen kulturgeschichtlichen Prozesses gehört, der im Verlassen des Gehäuses und einer unmittelbaren Partizipation an den bereisten Gegenden zum Ausdruck kam“2 in die Auswahl miteinbezogen, dennoch waren diese Faktoren nur zum Teil ausschlaggebend. Wäre ich nicht so interessiert an Reisen und anderen Ländern, hätte ich mich nie für Reiseschriftstellerei interessiert und wäre vermutlich auch nicht auf Ida Pfeiffer gestoßen. 1.3. Thematische Einbettung Frauen, die im 19. Jahrhundert – gegen alle gesellschaftlichen Rollenzuschreibungen – auf Reisen gehen, brechen gleich in mehrfacher Hinsicht mit der Tradition. Nicht nur bewältigen sie die tatsächliche Reise, viele von ihnen verschriftlichen ihre Erlebnisse im Nachhinein auch. Sie brechen also sowohl auf der Objektebene (Reise per se) als auch auf literarischer Ebene (Reisebeschreibung) aus und fallen damit aus der Norm. Der zweite Aspekt, die Publikation dieser Reiseberichte, kommt einer freiwilligen öffentlichen Bekanntmachung des gesellschaftlichen Fehlverhaltens gleich. Man kann aufgrund diverser Reiseberichte dieser Zeit davon ausgehen, dass sich nicht alle Frauen frag- und klaglos in die vorherrschenden sozialen Strukturen einordneten. Für all jene Frauen, die nicht aus den sozioökonomischen Strukturen ausbrechen konnten oder wollten, war das Lesen von Reiseberichten oft die einzige Möglichkeit mit Fremdem in Kontakt zu treten. “Women travellers are (…) categorised as doubly different: they differ from other, more orthodox, socially conformist women, and from male travellers 2 Justyna Magdalena Krauze, Frauen auf Reisen. Kulturgeschichtliche Beiträge zu ausgewählten Reiseberichten von Frauen aus der Zeit 1842-1940 (Schriften zur Kulturgeschichte 2). Hamburg. 2006. 8. - 5 - who use the journey as a means of discovering more about their own masculinity. The underlying impression gained from these volumes is that the woman traveller was somehow in flight from something, seeking to escape from the constraints of her family or her society.”3 Es scheint, als wären Reisen eine Möglichkeit für Frauen gewesen, sich neu zu erfinden und eine Person zu sein, die sie zu Hause nicht sein konnten. Ob diese Person wirklich mit der Persönlichkeit der jeweiligen Frau konform geht, ist schwer festzustellen. Reisende Frauen sind aber nicht nur vor diesem Kontext zu betrachten. Ihre Fahrten sind auch als Umsetzung von Neugierde und Wissensdurst, dem Interesse an fremden Kulturen und der naturwissenschaftlichen Erforschung der Welt zu sehen. In jedem Fall ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass die Autorinnen nicht explizit als starke Frauen und Rollenmodelle zu sehen sind, da es sich bei den Reiseberichten selten um rein autobiographisches Material handelt. „In fact many of the works by women travellers are self-conscious fictions, and the persona who emerges from the pages is as much a character as a woman in a novel.”4 Diese Neuerfindung der eigenen Person in Reiseberichten gilt aber nicht nur für Frauen. Auch Männer haben dieses Prinzip angewendet. In beiden Fällen geschieht es unter dem Deckmantel der Authentizität. Das stimmt natürlich auch insofern, als die Reise und die Erlebnisse tatsächlich real waren. Dennoch haben viele Autoren sich selbst als fiktive Person in ihre Reiseerzählungen hineingeschrieben, was zu einem Spannungsverhältnis zwischen dieser Fiktionalisierung und dem Anspruch auf Authentizität führt.5 Diese Selbstinszenierung ist ab der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts zusehends schwieriger geworden, wobei dies stark vom gewählten Reiseziel abhängt. Wenn man wie viele Briten dieser Zeit nach Ägypten und in der vorderen Orient reiste, musste man bedenken, dass auch andere „Touristen“ dieselben Ort besuchen würden. Die Selbstheroisierung ist damit bis zu einem gewissen Grad eingeschränkt. 3 Susan Bassnett, Travel Writing and Gender, in: Peter Hulme/Tim Youngs (Hg.), The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing. Cambridge (u.a.). 2002. 225-241. 226. 4 Bassnett, Travel Writing. 234. 5 Vgl. ebda. 234f. - 6 - Konnte man Berge und Aufstiege6 in weit entfernten Ländern noch etwas steiler und gefährlicher wirken und sich selbst dadurch noch mutiger und waghalsiger erscheinen lassen − Eigenschaften, die dem für Frauen gängigen Ideal diametral gegenüberstanden − so barg dieselbe Vorgehensweise in näheren Gebieten beträchtliche Risiken. Sollte der nächstbeste Reisende am selben Ort anlangen und nur ein paar Kieselsteine statt der erwarteten Felsblöcke vorfinden, so war das der Reputation und damit auch den Absatzzahlen der eigenen Veröffentlichungen sicher nicht zuträglich. Reisen und Kommunikation sind eng miteinander verbunden. Kommunikation kann hier einerseits
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