National Survey of Needs for Hatchery Fish a Cooperative Project of the 50 States and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

STATE BY STATE SUMMARIES

National Survey of Needs for Hatchery Fish A Cooperative Project of the 50 States and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife

Prepared by the Bureau's Division of Fishery Services with the assistance of the Division of Fish Hatcheries and the Division of Fishery Research

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Resource Publication 63 (Part II) Washington, D.C. • October 1968

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402- Price $1.75 Contents

The summaries for the 50 States and the District of Columbia are in alphabetical order. Each State summary covers four pages; the fourth page is a map showing the locations of hatcheries in the State. Foreword

This is part II of the report on the National Survey of Needs for Hatchery Fish.

The purpose of the survey was to collect information to guide State and Federal fishery managers in their efforts to provide recreational fishing to an ever-growing number of anglers.

The survey report is in two parts. The first section, or National Section, contains a summary and interpretation of the data on a nationwide basis. It also contains a copy of the survey design, a glossary, and copies of the survey forms. This second section, or State Section, contains summaries of the data on a State by State basis. For each State, a map shows the location of State and Federal fish hatcheries.

The survey was carried out in the fall and winter of 1966, collecting from Federal and State conservation agencies data on the present and future (1) amount and types of sport-fish habitat, (2) amount and types of habitat stocked, (3) numbers and types of fishermen, (4) stocking requirements, and (5) hatchery fish production capabilities. Data were also collected from private fish hatcheries concerning present and future production of fish for use in providing recreational fishing.

The Director of the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife again expresses his thanks to all those who contributed to this undertaking.

NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH

ALABAMA

Fish Habitats

Alabama is the home of intensively managed fishing lakes. Therefore, their lakes and ponds are very productive. All of the more than one-half million acres of inland waters are classified as warm-water (table 1). The principal game species are the largemouth bass, bluegill, and crappie.

Over 94,000 acres of farm ponds in Alabama furnish excellent fishing for bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, and channel catfish. The reservoir fishery is typical of fishing on large impoundments throughout the Southeast. Over one-half of the inland fishing waters in Alabama fall in this category. Good fishing is provided for bass, crappie, bluegill, and catfish.

This State has approximately 100,000 acres of streams.

TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked

1965 1973 1980 2000

Warm waters 573,580 635,080 748,480 899,947 On Federal lands 235,645 275,245 349,245 434,245 On other public lands 243,935 246,835 265,235 271,702 Farm ponds 94,000 113,000 134,000 194,000 Warm waters stocked 7,154 9,398 10,842 15,045 On Federal lands 691 413 424 468 On other public lands 958 1,877 2,574 4,573 Farm ponds 5,505 7,108 7,844 10,004

Alabama marine waters total nearly 884,000 acres. The productive estuarine area has many sheltered bays and bayous providing very good fishing.

Characteristics of the Fishery

Alabama's inland and marine waters provide the fisherman with year-round fishing. Reservoir fishing is most productive in the spring and fall, while the managed lakes are good the entire year. Theffituarine fishing is seasonal, depending upon the movements of the various species. The principal species available to the fishermen are:

Fresh water Salt water

Largemouth bass Weakfish or "sea trout" Cobia Spotted bass Channel bass Red snapper Crappie Bluefish Grouper Catfish Flounder Tarpon Bluegill and redear sunfish Dolphin White bass Mackerel (King and Spanish)

The Alabama Department of Conservation is providing outstanding fishing through its public fishing lake program. These lakes, ranging in size from 30 to nearly 300 acres, are stocked and managed for maximum production. The State is also creating artificial snapper banks in the Gulf of Mexico for the benefit of salt-water anglers.

The inland commercial fishery utilizes catfish, drum, buffalo, and sturgeon. It is thought to be beneficial to the sport fishing interest by harvesting competing non-game species.

ALABAMA 1 Data on Fishermen

In 1965, Alabama had 561,000 fishermen on its inland waters and 76,000 marine fishermen (table 2). These two groups expended 5,330,000 days on fresh waters and 722,000 on salt water.

TABLE 2.--Number of warm-water fishermen and days of fishing

1 ,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000

Fishermen 561 618 685 916 Man-days of fishing 5,330 5,871 6,508 8,702

Hatchery Facilities

In the State of Alabama, there are two national fish hatcheries and two operated by the Department of Conservation. All are warm-water facilities producing bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, channel catfish, and occasional experimental species.

The Federal hatcheries in Alabama have the production capacity to provide the fish needed on waters managed by Federal agencies. Practically all of the waters in Alabama are managed and stocked by the State. In addition, the hatcheries provide fish for stocking Federal waters in contiguous States.

Most of the fish produced in the two Federal hatcheries are utilized by the Depart- ment of Conservation in its pond and lake stocking program--in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the State and the Bureau. This involves, at the present, about 2 million fish (table 3).

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Wildlife utilized 6,000 fingerling trout for research purposes in 1965. It is Requirements Production anticipated that this number will increase to 15,000 in 1973, 19,000 in 1980, and 1965 23,000 by 2000. Present and projected out- Total, warm-water 4,449 5,218 side production is ample to meet these State 4,418 2,772 requirements. The requirements and pro- Fingerlings 4,316 2,772 duction for warm-water fish are given in Catchables 102 table 3. Bureau 31 2,446 Fingerlings 31 2,439 Alabama State hatcheries produced about Catchables 7 2.11 million fish in 1965, which, with the 1973 fish provided by Federal hatcheries, was Total, warm-water 8,370 8,903 enough to meet their current needs for State 8,256 3,723 fingerlings. Bureau 114 5,180 1980 Special Conditions Total, warm-water 9,263 9,445 State 9,130 3,723 The principal needs for Alabama for Bureau 133 5,722 bass, bluegill, and redear sunfish for the 2000 lakes and ponds are currently covered. There Total, warm-water 11,910 11,736 is a need for striped bass, walleye, and State 11,689 3,723 possibly a few other species for experimental Bureau 221 8,013 purposes. Adult bass are also needed for corrective stocking in waters overcrowded by forage fishes.

An experimental stocking of rainbow trout in a large reservoir which may support this species is now under observation. Should the experiment be a success, an entirely new fishery and a need for trout would result.

ALABAMA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000

By the year 1973, Alabama's need for warm-water fish will be about 8 million annually; and by 1980, another million will be required. In the year 2000, when there will he over 899 million acres of inland water--due to reservoir and lake construction-- nearly 12 million fish will be required. Additional species, such as walleye, striped bass, tilapia, and trout, will be utilized in managing these waters. About 900 thousand fishermen will devote nearly 9 million days to fishing.

Conclusions and Recommendations

Analysis of the data in this report indicates clearly that the fishing waters will be greatly increased in the future due to reservoir and lake construction. By the year 2000, increased hatchery facilities may be needed to provide fish for managing these waters to provide fishing for nearly 1 million anglers. State officials indicated they do not plan to construct additional hatcheries.

A new hatchery concept must be developed in the future to provide for Alabama's requirements. New species must be propagated, and larger fish must be reared.

State and visiting biologists discussing the fishery at one of the many State-owned lakes in Alabama. Dr. Homer Swingle, Auburn University, the discussion leader, is an inter- national authority on the stocking and management of warm-water lakes and ponds.

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ALABAMA 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH

ALASKA

Fish Habitats

Our 49th State has not been completely mapped, let alone surveyed, and some of the data provided are by necessity rough estimates. In 1965, it is estimated there were over 12 million acres of inland waters (table 1) and approximately 29 million acres of marine waters within State control. All of the inland waters are classed as cold-water habitat, and most are on Federal lands. Only 12,180 acres of this habitat are stocked with trout.

Inland fishery habitat in Alaska is largely unchanged by man's activities. Some streams have been altered through timber management practices and mining operations, but for the most part, hydroelectric development has not left its mark on the water resources.

TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked

1965 1973 1980 2000

Cold waters 12,370,000 12,370,000 12,370,000 12,370,000 On Federal lands 11,580,000 9,800,000 7,875,000 7,875,000 On other public lands 785,000 2,564,800 4,489,700 4,489,700 Farm ponds 100 200 300 300 On other private lands 4,900 5,000 5,000 5,000 Cold waters stocked 12,180 20,610 33,640 49,880 On Federal lands 9,515 15,050 22,760 32,080 On other public lands 2,665 5,560 10,880 17,800

Characteristics of the Fishery

Cold-water fishing of the most excellent type is available in the inland waters, and the variety of marine fishing is almost limitless. The main problem in both marine and inland fishing is accessibility. A boat is required to reach most of the marine habitat, and air travel is required for much of the inland habitat.

The only species of fish propagated in Alaska are grayling, several species of salmon, and rainbow trout. Many native species of cold-water fish are available to the sport and the extensive commercial fishery. Primary commercial species are the five species of Pacific salmon.

Data on Fishermen

In 1965, Alaska had only 71,000 fishermen on its inland waters (table 2) and 16,000 on its marine waters. A total of 1,588,000 fisherman-days were expended by these sport fishermen. All of this fishing effort took place on cold-water habitat; 63 percent was stream fishing and 37 percent lake fishing.

TABLE 2.--Number of cold-water fishermen and days of fishing

1 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000 ...1

Fishermen 71 81 103 161 Man-days of fishing 1,297 1,498 1,886 2,954

ALASKA 1 Hatchery Facilities

There are no Federal hatchery facilities in Alaska. The State operates one modern year-round hatchery plus five combination stations which produce the trout, grayling, and salmon fingerlings required by their current programs.

In 1965, the State had a production requirement of 2,710,000 which was met by its hatcheries (table 3).

TABLE 3.--Requirements and Production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The Bureau annually ships the rainbow Requirements Production trout eggs needed for the State program from the Winthrop, Washington, National Fish 1965 Hatchery. Totals (State) 2,710 2,710 Trout & Grayling 2,100 2,100 Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 Fry 1,000 1,000 Fingerlings 1,100 1,100 The Alaska Department of Fish and Game Salmon 610 610 indicates that they will expand their Fingerlings 610 610 stocking from 12,180 acres in 1965 to 1973 49,880 acres of inland waters in the year Totals (State) 8,300 5,000 2000. It is estimated this will require Trout & Grayling 4,300 4,000 20 million fish. Production capabilities Salmon 4,000 1,000 are expected for rearing 13,500,000 1980 fingerling fish. Totals (State) 13,500 8,900 Trout 7,500 6,900 Conclusions and Recommendations Salmon 6,000 2,000 2000 The State of Alaska has not yet been Totals (State) 20,000 13,500 faced with problems of overfishing on its Trout 11,000 9,500 waters except in those close to population Salmon 9,000 4,000 centers readily accessible to anglers. A comprehensive fishery management plan has been adopted for these particular waters.

A continuing program of inventory and survey is being conducted to cover all accessible waters of the State. Until this is completed, a statewide management plan will not be possible.

Problems in the other States associated with anadromous fish have not developed in Alaska. One possible exception is the silting caused by logging operations in southeast Alaska.

Most of Alaska's waters support cold-water fish. Photo, U.S. Bureau of Land Management.

ALASKA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH This photo illustrates the problems encountered in surveying Alaska's waters. Photo, U.S. Bureau of Land Management.

ISH HATCHERY MMIA

Loading trout at the Alchesay National Fish Hatchery in Arizona.

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ARIZONA

Fish Habitats

State fishery personnel of the Arizona Game and Fish Department estimated that the State's total available fishing water amounted to 199,870 acres in 1965 (table 1). This is expected to gradually increase over the planning period reaching about 270,000 acres by the year 2000. Practically all of these waters will require frequent or periodic stocking with hatchery fish to maintain satisfactory fishing. Of the total fishing water available in 1965, approximately 49,000 acres were estimated to be trout habitat. This will remain fairly steady through 1973 but increase to approximately 96,000 acres by 1980. In 1965, 46,850 acres of trout habitat wereestimated to be on Federal lands. This is principally made up of reservoirs and tailwater areas on the Colorado River and other rivers. Cold-water lakes and streams on 12 Indian reservations in Arizona in 1965 totaled 3,650 acres. This figure will increase to 5,000 acres by 1980. There are a number of good trout streams on national forests which are managed by the Arizona Game and Fish Department. In addition, the Arizona Department is engaged in building small lakes capable of providing good trout fishing.

Warm-water fish habitat totaled approximately 151,000 acres in 1965. About 95 percent of the warm-water fishing acreage is estimated to be on Federal lands. State and Federal fishery biologists estimate that approximately 80 percent of the available warm- water fishing acreage will have to be stocked periodically to maintain satisfactory fishing.

TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked

1965 1973 1980 2000

Total fishing waters 199,870 202,620 263,920 269,820 Total stocked 187,870 190,620 251,420 257,320 Cold waters 48,920 50,270 96,020 100,020 On Federal lands 46,850 47,050 91,300 93,100 On other public lands 620 620 1,220 2,420 Farm ponds 800 1,100 1,500 2,000 On other private lands 650 1,500 2,000 2,500 Cold waters stocked 48,920 50,270 96,020 100,020 On Federal lands 46,850 47,050 91,300 93,100 On other public lands 620 620 1,220 2,420 Farm ponds 800 1,100 1,500 2,000 On other private lands 650 1,500 2,000 2,500 Warm waters 150,950 152,350 167,900 169,800 On Federal lands 147,600 148,400 162,800 162,800 Farm ponds 3,000 3,500 4,500 6,000 On other private lands 350 450 600 1,000 Warn waters stocked 138,950 140,350 155,400 157,300 On Federal lands 135,600 136,400 150,300 150,300 Farm ponds 3,000 3,500 4,500 6,000 On other private lands 350 450 600 1,000

Characteristics of the Fishery

Arizona is considered to be a water short State. The cold-water fishery is generally restricted to the high mountain areas above 6,000 feet; however, an excellent trout fishery has been developed in Lake Mojave on the Colorado River immediately below Hoover Dam.

ARIZONA 1 In an effort to increase the amount of water available for trout fishing, the State and Indian tribes have concentrated on programs of building small impoundments on the headwater sections of the smaller streams. Trout management on these streams and smaller lakes utilizes catchable size fish on a put-and-take basis. Larger lakes are stocked with fingerling trout.

The fishery on Lake Mojave requires large annual plants of trout averaging about 8 inches in length in order to utilize the threadfin shad as a forage species. The trout required for the Lake Mbjave program come from the Bureau's Willow Beach National Fish Hatchery.

Fishery habitat for warm-water species of fish is comprised mainly of Bureau of Reclamation, private, Indian lands, and municipal reservoirs built chiefly for storage of water for irrigation purposes. These are fluctuating type bodies of water and are very difficult to manage for fishing.

Data on Fishermen

State fishery personnel estimated that there were approximately 229,000 fishermen in Arizona during 1965 (table 2). This figure will increase to about 505,000 at the turn of the century.

Fishing pressure in the State of Arizona amounted to 2,521,000 fisherman-days in 1965 and will increase to 5,555,000 by the year 2000.

TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing

1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000 Fishermen 229 321 379 505 Cold-water 102 142 169 225 Warm-water 127 179 210 280 Man-days of fishing 2,521 3,526 4,184 5,555 Cold-water 1,122 1,562 1,866 2,475 Warm-water 1,399 1,964 2,318 3,080

Hatchery Facilities

The Arizona Game and Fish Department operated three hatcheries during 1965. All three of these hatcheries produced trout. One was a combination station producing both trout and warm-water fish. For the past ten years, the Department has purchased additional fish.

Trout production from State hatcheries in 1965 totaled 3,591,000 fish (table 3). Pro- duction capability for cold-water species is expected to increase to 4 million by 1973 and reach 6 million by the year 2000. Warm-water fish production amounted to 59,000 fish in 1965. This should increase to 2,000,000 fish at the end of the century.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operated three national fish hatcheries in Arizona in 1965. Two were located on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in east central Arizona. The other was located on Lake Mojave below Hoover Dam.

Trout stocking in Arizona waters from Federal hatcheries in 1965 amounted to 2,964,000 fish. Existing national fish hatcheries in the State of Arizona are producing to capacity at present, but contemplated modifications to the Willow Beach station could increase production by 50,000 pounds annually.

There are no national fish hatcheries in Arizona producing warm-water species of fish. The 457,000 warm-water fish reported, produced at Bureau hatcheries and stocked in Arizona in 1965 came from 7 hatcheries located in New Mexico, Texas, and Kansas. Warm-water hatcheries in these States cannot continue to supply the predicted needs for fish in Arizona in the face of expanding requirements in their home States.

ARIZONA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH The channel catfish is growing in popularity with Bureau and State fishery biologists and the anglers of the Southwest.

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Future fish needs for Arizona, from Requirements Production Federal, State, and commercial sources, will depend primarily on plans for construction 1965 and development of additional fishing water. Totals 7,157 7,071 Implementation of any of the proposed water Trout 6,192 6,555 development projects could materially increase State 4,503 3,591 the amount of fishing water. More water for Fingerlings 2,916 2,848 industrial, domestic, and recreational uses Catchables 1,587 743 could further increase the rate of population Bureau 1,689 2,964 gain, thus compounding the problem of pro- Fry 5 viding more and better fishing opportunities. Fingerlings 1,076 1,446 This means a greater demand for hatchery Catchables 608 1,518 fish. Warm-water fish 965 516 State 600 59 The State plans to gradually increase Fry 87 production capability at its fish hatcheries Fingerlings 513 59 over the years, but anticipated requirements Bureau 365 457 will continue to out-strip production. This Fry 30 37 is particularly true for trout and other cold- Fingerlings 325 418 water species. Bureau trout hatcheries can Catchables 10 2 increase production by only 10 percent with 1973 existing facilities. This will be sufficient Totals 9,672 8,260 to meet anticipated demands through 1980. A Trout 8,382 7,310 large deficit of trout for Bureau and Indian State 5,880 4,010 programs is indicated for the year 2000. Bureau 2,502 3,300 Warm-water fish 1,290 950 Production of warm-water species, par- State 825 450 ticularly channel catfish, largemouth bass, Bureau 465 500 and northern pike, for State, Federal, and 1980 Indian waters has never been adequate. Totals 12,732 9,300 This pattern will continue throughout the Trout 10,735 7,800 planning period. State 7,735 4,500 Bureau 3,000 3,300 Special Conditions Warm-water fish 1,997 1,500 State 1,475 1,000 Trout production from the Willow Beach Bureau 522 500 National Fish Hatchery is allocated for Lake 2000 Mojave and the Colorado River. Approxi- Totals 19,143 11,830 mately 80 percent of the trout produced at Trout 15,800 9,330 the Alchesay and Williams Creek National Fish State 10,000 6,030 Hatcheries in 1965 was stocked in waters Bureau 5,800 3,300 located on Indian reservations. Requirements Warm-water fish 3,343 2,500 for fish for Indian waters will consume most State 2,750 2,000 of the production capacity of these 2 stations Bureau 593 500 by 1970. Requirements for fish for new waters on Indian reservation lands will exceed pro- Conclusions and Recommendations duction capacity by 1973.

New fishing waters will increase the requirements for hatchery fish beyond the planned production capability. Lake building plans by Arizona Indian tribes will severely tax the production potential of the two Federal hatcheries on the Fort Apache Reservation between 1973 and 1980. Requirements for warm-water species will continue to exceed production for both State and Bureau programs, unless additional facilities are provided. The State and Federal agencies should give immediate attention to solving the existing shortage of warm- water species. They should also coordinate their efforts in planning for increased production of trout beginning no later than 1975.

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~~ARIZONA 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~ARKANSAS~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The "Land of Opportunity" certainly is an appropriate name for Arkansas when it applies to fishing. Some of the finest fishing in the country, both cold-and warm-water, is found in this State. While only about 4 percent of the 810,533 acres of water in Arkansas is cold water (table 1), it is an extremely important part of the fishery. Trout fishing in Arkansas is confined primarily to tailwaters and reservoirs cool enough to support the species. Trout habitat in the reservoirs is confined to the "second story" or cool water layers during the summer months.

From the sluggish, productive streams in the White River Delta to the renowned smallmouth bass streams in the mountains, the rivers of Arkansas produce outstanding fishing. A float trip on one of the scenic mountain rivers is an experience never to be forgotten. This State has more than 265 thousand acres of streams, which account for over 30 percent of the fishing waters. Man's efforts to control flooding and produce power have altered some of the better streams in the Southeast, while creating some fine reservoirs. Fishing is typical of that found in most of the mountain reservoirs in the South, that is, excellent seasonal fishing of a cyclic nature.

~~There are over 150,000 acres of farm ponds in Arkansas. Many of them are small and relatively poor fishing waters, but collectively they provide a great deal of warm-water fishing.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 810,533 862,033 998,033 1,091,033 Total stocked 336,925 419,888 545,653 612,664 Cold waters 30,033 54,033 92,033 92,033 On Federal lands 20,243 43,243 81,243 81,243 On other public lands 9,790 10,790 10,790 10,790 Cold waters stocked 29,833 53,833 91,833 92,033 On Federal lands 20,043 43,043 81,043 81,243 On other public lands 9,790 10,790 10,790 10,790 Warm waters 780,500 808,000 906,000 999,000 On Federal lands 290,000 340,000 420,000 470,000 On other public lands 340,500 313,000 326,000 359,000 Farm ponds 150,000 155,000 160,000 170,000 Warm waters stocked 307,092 366,055 453,820 520,631 On Federal lands 290,092 340,055 420,070 470,131 On other public lands 15,500 24,500 32,500 49,500 Farm ponds 1,500 1,500 1,250 1,000

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The great variety of fish habitat in Arkansas provides the fishermen with a wide selection of year-round fishing. This ranges from trout and smallmouth bass fishing with fly rods in the clear streams and tailwaters to fishing for alligator gar with salt-water gear in the lowlands. In between these two extremes is found excellent fishing for bass, crappie, catfish, and numerous panfishes.

~~The principal species of gamefish available to the angler are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

Trout - brown, rainbow Largemouth bass White bass Channel catfish Smallmouth bass Walleye Other catfish Spotted bass Crappie ARKANSAS 1 In addition to the principal game species listed above, Arkansas is experimenting with northern pike, muskellunge, blue catfish, striped bass, and the Florida race of largemouth bass in an attempt to provide a diversified fishery.

Commercial fishing is big business in Arkansas, but there is no serious conflict with the sport fishing interests. The principal commercial fish are the buffalo, drum, carp, and catfish. Fish culture is a thriving industry in the Delta. The fish are raised in rice fields in rotation with the grain crop. Buffalo, carp, and channel catfish are the principal species reared.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, the State of Arkansas had 603,000 fishermen (table 2) who devoted nearly 12 million fisherman-days to this activity. Less than 13 percent of these anglers fished for trout. Over 10 million fisherman-days were expended on the reservoirs and the remainder on streams and ponds. The reservoir and tailwater trout fishery has a tremendous economic impact in the cold-water areas. It is quality fishing and increasing in popularity at an amazing rate.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 603 692 749 1,002 Cold-water 86 103 112 150 Warm-water 517 589 637 852 Man-days of fishing 11,826 12,456 13,482 18,036 Cold-water 1,548 1,854 2,016 2,700 Warm-water 10,278 10,602 11,466 15,336

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In the State of Arkansas, there are four national fish hatcheries and three operated by the State Game and Fish Commission. Two of the Federal hatcheries produce trout, and the other two produce warm-water species. The State facilities produce warm-water fish.

The Federal hatcheries in Arkansas can adequately provide for the needs on Federal lands with one possible exception. The "second story" reservoir fishery for trout is still in an experimental stage. No one knows exactly how many or what size trout it will take to provide fishing at a satisfactory level. The current need is reported to be well over one- half million catchable-size fish.

~~The Greers Ferry National Fish Hatchery in Arkansas is just beginning to provide trout. When this facility is in operation, the production in Arkansas will be increased.~~

The warm-water Federal hatcheries in Arkansas provide fish for stocking farm ponds, both in Arkansas and contiguous States. They also produce the fish needed on Federal lands. The facilities are adequate at the present for this need.

Although the State hatcheries are producing over 8 million warm-water fish at the present, they report a need of nearly this many more for their management programs (table 3). The shortage is not in the fingerling requirements, but in the need for additional species and larger fish.

~~Special Conditions~~

The needs for warm-water fish in Arkansas are for game species, such as northern pike, muskellunge, striped bass, walleye, catchable-size bass, channel catfish, and possibly other species not native to the State. The entire hatchery system, both State and Federal, will need to be oriented in this direction if the need is to be satisfied. Fingerling production of many of these fishes is still in the experimental stage.

ARKANSAS 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH As mentioned before, the number and size of trout needed for reservoir "second story" trout fisheries may be tremendous not only in Arkansas, but in most of the southeastern States from Georgia to Maryland. Investigations are underway by State and Federal biologists to determine the effect of such a fishery on the hatchery system.

~~Arkansas has a need for non-game fishes, such as buffalo, various carp, and forage species.~~

TABLE 3.--Requirements and Production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The fishing waters in Arkansas are ex- Requirements Production pected to increase by some 52,000 acres by 1973. This increase is due to impoundment 1965 and will bring about the loss of many miles Totals 23,544 12,092 of streams. Many of the streams which are Trout (Catchables) 1,688 882 saved will be altered in chemical and phys- State 1,688 ical characteristics. Warm-water stream Bureau 882 fisheries may be lost, but cold-water Warm-water fish 21,856 11,210 fisheries should be created in the tail- State 21,714 8,226 waters. Fry 5,000 1,800 Fingerlings 16,464 6,343 The number of trout fishermen is ex- Catchables 250 83 pected to increase by 17,000 in 1973, and Bureau 142 2,984 by 2000 there will be over 150,000 trout Fingerlings 142 2,984 anglers. The warm-water fishermen will 1973 gradually increase over the next 35 years Totals 24,196 16,387 until over 852,000 fishermen will find Trout 2,300 1,353 recreation on Arkansas waters. State 2,300 Bureau 1,353 The projected needs for fish, both warm- Warm-water fish 21,896 15,034 water species and trout, exceed the current State 21,714 8,665 production capabilities of both the State Bureau 182 6,369 and Federal hatcheries. It is estimated that 1980 by the year 2000 over 4 million catchable Totals---- 28,337 19,832 trout will be required, while present Trout 2,624 1,495 hatcheries have a production capacity of only State 2,624 half this many. Bureau 1,495 Warm-water fish 25,713 18,337 As to warm-water requirements, there State 25,500 11,300 will be an estimated deficit of about 5 Bureau 213 7,037 million fish, mostly species which are not 2000 now being propagated. Totals 30,342 23,244 Trout 4,000 2,093 Conclusions and Recommendations State 4,000 Bureau 2,093 The survey data indicate that there Warm-water fish 26,342 21,151 will be an increase in the number of fisher- State 26,000 11,300 men by the year 2000. Further, there will Bureau 342 9,851 be a loss in stream habitat and a sizeable increase in reservoir waters. Cold-water habitat will be greatly increased, especially in the "second story" waters of the reservoirs. These waters must be stocked if a fishery is provided. Projections show there will be a deficit of nearly 2 million trout by the turn of the century. This may be eliminated by building new hatcheries or increasing present facilities, by new and better fish cultural methods, or by new management techniques based on biologically sound investigations. The trout stocking program should be evaluated to determine the minimum size and number of fish required to produce a satisfactory fishery. Existing warm-water facilities should be examined to determine how much production may be increased. The number of additional facilities required to overcome the remaining deficits then should be determined.

~~ARKANSAS 3~~

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LL C — AO S — -- I I PAILJM .1 1i) STATE CAPITAL ...a.° .—? (i) 4,-"""Noty, CNICOT • coot., SEAT l c . .. . . A . E — rf 0 I 0 .® . 0 . .. U I A ARKANSAS —33°— —33= 1 I ' I 1. I I 0 0 -n 930 92 94 9 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH

~~CALIFORNIA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Our most populous State has some excellent fishing waters and its unusual geographical length provides wide variety in fishery habitat. In 1965, California had a total of approximately 863,000 acres of inland waters of which 32 percent were classified as cold- water habitat and 13 percent supported trout and warm-water fishes (table 1). About 43 percent of this cold-water habitat is stocked by State and Federal hatcheries. Most of the cold-water habitat is trout and salmon waters and ranges from mountain lakes and streams to large coastal rivers and deep reservoirs.

The remaining 55 percent of the inland fishing waters, 480,000 acres, including 220,000 acres of the saline Salton Sea, are classified as warm-water habitats, only 13 percent of which require stocking.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 862,761 1,088,000 1,187,000 1,240,000 Total stocked 228,750 425,600 465,690 485,800 Cold waters 382,550 413,000 421,000 435,000 On Federal lands 220,067 237,000 241,000 248,000 On other public lands 154,483 167,000 170,000 177,000 On other private lands 8,000 9,000 10,000 10,000 Cold waters stocked 165,200 360,000 390,000 400,000 On Federal lands 85,200 200,000 220,000 223,000 On other public lands 80,000 160,000 170,000 177,000 Warm waters 480,211 675,000 766,000 805,000 On Federal lands 197,863 231,000 263,000 300,000 On other public lands 233,348 394,000 452,500 453,000 Farm ponds 9,000 10,000 10,500 12,000 On other private lands 40,000 40,000 40,000 40,000 Warm waters stocked 63,550 65,600 75,690 85,800 On Federal lands 30,000 31,000 35,000 40,000 On other public lands 33,180 34,200 40,240 45,300 Farm ponds 370 400 450 500

~~In addition, Californis has its long coastal marine areas with diversified fishing in bays and offshore. A total of 2,304,000 acres are recorded as marine waters.~~

Heavy demands have been made on California's natural resources. Extensive exploit- ations have greatly altered the fishery habitat. The acres of flowing streams have been decreasedv and reservoir areas have increased. The continuing need for additional water in this State is expected to cause additional fishery habitat changes and create management problems.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~Inland Fishing~~

The portion of California from San Francisco north is classed as cold-water fishing habitat except in the Central Valley lowlands. The lower half of the State is primarily warm-water habitat except in the higher elevations of the Sierra Nevada range. The San Francisco Bay and Delta area support a substantial sport fishery for striped bass.

~~Marine Fishing~~

The northern half of the State supports excellent runs of salmon and steelhead. Com- mercial and charter boat fishing for salmon is extremely active off the coast. CALIFORNIA 1 The southern half of the State supports a tremendous sport and commercial fishery for pelagic species such as tuna and mackerel. There is also an intensive fishery for the multitude of littoral species along the coast.

~~The principal species of game fish available to fishermen and propagated in State and Federal hatcheries are as follows:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - rainbow, steelhead, cutthroat, brown, Channel and white catfish brook, and lake Largemouth and smallmouth bass Salmon - kokanee, chinook, coho Bluegill and redear sunfish~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

California had nearly 2 million sport fishermen on its inland fishing water in 1965 (table 2). About 1.3 million utilized marine waters. The majority of the inland fishermen are trout and salmon anglers but, nevertheless, nearly 6 million fishermen-days were recorded for warm-water fishing as compared to 8.2 million for cold-water.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 1,930 2,456 3,000 4,500 Cold-water 1,150 1,475 1,800 2,700 Warm-water 780 990 1,200 1,800 Man-days of fishing 14,100 18,270 22,450 32,050 Cold-water 8,150 10,245 12,345 16,925 Warm-water 5,950 8,025 10,105 15,125

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In California there are 19 State hatcheries and 1 Federal hatchery. The State hatcheries are classified as follows: 12 trout, 4 salmon, and 3 catfish and other warm- water species. The Federal installation, Coleman National Fish Hatchery, propagates chinook salmon, kamloops, steelhead and rainbow trout.

The Coleman National Fish Hatchery was constructed to maintain the runs of anadromous fish displaced by Shasta Dam. The hatchery contributes heavily to the marine sport and commercial fishery for chinook salmon and to the Sacramento River salmon and steelhead sport fishery. The hatchery program has been expanded to include kamloops trout for stocking into Federal reservoirs in northern California. A small rainbow trout production has been added to provide fish for stocking some of the managed waters on Indian and military reservations in the State.

~~In 1965, the State indicated a requirement of nearly 90 million fish (table 3). Combined production was almost 88 million fish. There was a deficit of about 2 million warm-water fingerlings.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

The data provided for 1965 are misleading since it shows the Coleman National Fish Hatchery producing nearly one-fourth of the fish produced in the State. In numbers this is correct but in poundage Coleman produced less than one-eighth of the total State production.

The artificial spawning channels and stream improvements associated with the Tehama Colusa Canal Fishery Facilities are projected to provide an additional 60 million chinook salmon fingerlings to the Sacramento River system. These data are not incorporated in the hatchery evaluation report.

CALIFORNIA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) An additional 2,400 acres of stream Requirements Production habitat will be lost and 103,000 acres of reservoir habitat gained in California by 1965 1973. Similar losses in stream habitat by Totals 89,745 87,849 1980 and year 2000 with corresponding Cold-water fish 87,822 87,822 increases in reservoir habitat are pre- Trout 28,933 28,933 dicted. State 28,933 27,431 Fry 4,494 4,494 The increase in cold-water habitat Fingerlings 14,563 14,563 will require stocking while very little Catchables 9,876 8,374 of the warm-water habitat is scheduled Bureau 1,502 for stocking. Catchables 1,502 Salmon 58,889 58,889 The numbers of fishermen and fisherman- State 58,889 39,485 days expended are predicted to expand at an Fingerlings 57,963 38,559 explosive rate. The projections for inland Yearlings 926 926 waters show 1,930,000 fishermen in 1965 and Bureau 19,404 4,500,000 by year 2000. For marine waters, Fingerlings 19,404 the numbers of fishermen will again more Warm-water fish 1,923 27 than double between 1965 and 2000. The pro- State 1,923 27 jection is for 1,252,000 marine fishermen Fingerlings 1,918 18 in 1965 and 2,729,000 in 2000. Catchables 5 9 1973 Hatchery production, both State and Totals 170,313 167,843 Federal, is expected to keep pace with Cold-water fish 167,713 167,713 requirements. Bureau requirements for Trout 51,713 51,713 Coleman National Fish Hatchery indicate State 51,713 49,856 32 million fish will be needed by 1973. Bureau 1,857 The increased fish requirement will be Salmon 116,000 116,000 primarily for salmon and is based on State 116,000 84,000 expected sport and commercial fishery Bureau 32,000 harvest increases. Warm-water fish 2,600 130 State 2,600 130 1980 Conclusions and Recommendations Totals 230,521 226,556 Cold-water fish 227,021 226,021 The data provided indicate the State Trout 58,898 57,898 is prepared to increase its production by State 58,898 56,000 nearly 300 percent by year 2000. This Bureau 1,898 increase, along with the increase in Federal Salmon 168,123 168,123 production, is apparently adequate for pro- State 168,123 132,000 jected stocking requirements. Bureau 36,123 Warm-water fish 3,500 535 A number of water resource development State 3,500 535 projects are still scheduled for construction 2000 in California. Mitigation for fish habitat Trout loss should be considered as part of the State No data project cost. Bureau 2,000 Salmon State No data Bureau 38,000

~~CALIFORNIA 3 -~~

~~I I 124° 123. 122. 121• 120- 119° 119. 116. 115° 114°~~

~~LEGEND A National Fish Hatchery—Salmonid~~

~~O State Fish Hatchery— Warm Water~~

* State Fish Hatchery—Salmonid

~~VOISYSIS • IERAA~~

~~E V A A~~

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~~I M•ERIAL~~

~~SCALE 25 50 75 I® MILES 1-4 5-1 t-4 * STATE CAPITAL~~

~~• COUNTY SEAT~~

~~CALIFORNIA~~

~~123. 122 1 21. 0- 1 21 lIST 118° 17° 116. 115°~~

~~CALIFORNIA 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~COLORADO~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The background of the Rocky Mountains bisects the State of Colorado from north tb south. This mountain range has more peaks over 14,000 feet in Colorado than in any other State. Large areas of Federal land, primarily in national forests, are endowed with excellent trout streams and lakes. New Federal reservoirs being constructed on such famous rivers as the Colorado and the Gunnison are creating ideal habitat for trout. Other reservoirs being constructed on major rivers in the eastern plains section are managed for largemouth bass, channel catfish, and walleye.

Colorado fishery biologists estimated that the State had 175,500 acres of fishing water in 1965 (table 1). This is expected to increase 41 percent by the year 2000. Practically all of these waters will require periodic stocking with hatchery fish to maintain the excellent fishing for which the State is noted.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 175,500 194,800 225,800 247,900 Total stocked 149,648 168,800 202,300 224,800 Cold waters 112,500 119,500 134,500 143,000 On Federal lands 87,000 93,000 97,000 114,000 Farm ponds 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 On other private lands 23,000 23,500 24,000 25,000 Cold waters stocked 103,148 112,000 128,500 141,000 On Federal lands 79,348 87,500 103,000 113,000 Farm ponds 800 1,000 1,500 3,000 On other private lands 23,000 23,500 24,000 25,000 Warm waters 63,000 75,300 91,300 104,900 On Federal lands 22,500 27,500 41,000 48,800 On other public lands 14,300 18,300 18,300 20,300 Farm ponds 3,700 5,000 6,000 7,000 On other private lands 22,500 24,500 26,000 28,800 Warm waters stocked 46,500 56,800 73,800 83,800 On Federal lands 19,500 24,500 38,500 46,500 On other public lands 14,300 18,300 18,300 18,300 Farm ponds 3,700 5,000 6,000 7,000 On other private lands 9,000 9,000 11,000 12,000

Waters suitable for cold-water species of fish totaled 112,500 acres in 1965. This will gradually increase to about 143,000 acres by the year 2000. Approximately 80 percent of these waters are on Federal lands or in reservoirs constructed by the Federal Government.

~~State fishery personnel estimated that 103,000 of the 112,500 acres of trout water required periodic stocking with hatchery fish.~~

It was estimated that warm-water fish habitat will increase from 63,000 acres in 1965 to nearly 105,000 acres by 2000. Approximately 75 percent of the warm waters will require periodic stocking with hatchery fish to maintain satisfactory fishing.

~~COLORADO 1 Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The principal cold-water species in Colorado are rainbow and cutthroat trout and kokanee salmon. Warm-water fishes include largemouth bass, channel catfish, and walleye. The majority of cold-water angling is supported by stocking hatchery fish. This is particularly true of streams and small lakes which are managed on a put-and- take basis. The more remote waters and the larger reservoirs are stocked with fingerlings. There is little, if any, natural reproduction from cold-water species in the larger reservoirs.

Largemouth bass are expected to maintain themselves after initial successful stocking in the larger reservoirs. It may be necessary to stock channel catfish periodically to maintain satisfactory fishing. The introduction of walleye has been successful in a few lakes, but spawning runs are insufficient to supply the eggs needed for hatching and stocking in other lakes where habitat is suitable.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

The mountain areas of Colorado have become the summer playground for residents of the neighboring States of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Nonresident fishermen exert heavy angling pressure on Colorado's fishery resources.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000 It was estimated that there were 480 thousand fishermen in Colorado Fishermen 480 524 584 769 during 1965 (table 2). An increase of Cold-water 435 466 496 615 60 percent is anticipated by the year Warm-water 45 58 88 154 2000. About 90 percent of the anglers Man-days 5,500 6,028 6,716 7,854 are trout fishermen. This pattern is Cold-water 5,335 5,840 6,250 6,880 expected to continue in the future. Warm-water 165 188 466 974 Anglers expended about 5.5 million fisherman-days in 1965. By the turn of the century about 7.9 million man-days are anticipated annually.

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Colorado Game, Fish and Parks Department operated 19 hatcheries during 1965 (figure 1). Eighteen of these hatcheries were engaged in rearing and stocking cold-water fish. One hatchery was a combination station and another produced warm-water fish.

Cold-water production from State facilities in 1965 amounted to 18 million fish weighing 1.2 million pounds (table 3). This will increase to 33 million fish weighing 1.6 million pounds by 2000. Warm-water production in 1965 amounted to 450,000 channel catfish and largemouth bass and slightly over 10 million walleye fry. Channel catfish and bass production are to increase to 600,000 by 1980 and nearly 1 million by 2000. Production of walleye fry will increase to 12 million by 1973, 15 million by 1980, and 25 million by the year 2000.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operated one national fish hatchery in Colorado during 1965. An additional trout hatchery is being built and should be in operation by about 1970. Cold-water production from the Federal hatchery, in 1965, amounted to 2.5 million trout weighing 92,000 pounds. With the addition of the Delta National Fish Hatchery, production should be increased to about 4.9 million trout. Assuming that additional facilities are constructed, production from Federal hatcheries should reach 5.5 million by 1980 and 7.7 million by the year 2000.

There was no production of warm-water fish from the Bureau hatchery in Colorado during 1965. The production figures in table 3 represent fish stocked in Colorado from national fish hatcheries in Kansas and Texas.

COLORADO 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Production of fish for stocking fell Requirements Production about 42 million short of the needs in 1965. Deficits ranging from 27 to 33 1965 million are predicted through the planning Totals 73,213 31,248 period. Walleye fry make up most of the Cold-water fish 33,170 20,473 deficit. The deficit was 30 million fry Trout 31,170 18,473 in 1965 and is predicted to be 27 million State 31,000 18,000 in 1973, 26 million in 1980, and 18 Fry 5,000 2,500 million by 2000. The State could have Fingerlings 18,000 8,500 utilized 12.5 million more trout in 1965. Catchables 8,000 5,000 The trout deficit is expected to be 2 Bureau 170 2,473 million in 1973, 7 million in 1980, and Fry 37 10 million by 2000. Fingerlings 47 1,708 Catchables 86 765 Requirements for cold-water species Salmon 2,000 2,000 for Bureau programs on Indian reservations State 2,000 2,000 and military areas in the State of Fry 2,000 2,000 Colorado can easily be met from existing Warm-water fish 40,043 10,775 facilities and those under construction. State 40,000 10,635 Major deficiencies of cold-water fish Fry 31,000 10,090 occur in State management programs for Fingerlings 9,000 490 stocking national forest waters and Catchables 55 reservoirs constructed by the Bureau of Bureau 43 140 Reclamation. As indicated above, future Fingerlings 43 120 needs for stocking walleye in the large Catchables 20 reservoirs throughout Colorado cannot be 1973 met with present facilities. There also Totals 76,735 47,600 appears to be inadequate production Cold-water fish 36,715 34,963 capability for channel catfish for future Trout 36,715 34,963 needs. State 36,500 30,000 Bureau 215 4,963 The State has one of the largest cold- Warm-water fish 40,020 12,637 water fish hatchery production programs in State 40,000 12,450 the country. During 1965, State hatcheries Bureau 20 187 produced approximately 1.3 million pounds 1980 of trout. National fish hatcheries should Totals 85,320 52,291 have a production capability of approxi- Trout 43,295 36,484 mately 300,000 pounds by 1973. Most of State 43,000 31,000 this production will be needed for new Bureau 295 5,484 reservoirs constructed as part of the Warm-water fish 42,025 15,807 Colorado River Storage project and for State 42,000 15,600 waters on Indian reservations and Bureau 25 207 military areas. 2000 Totals 94,425 66,968 Special Conditions Trout 50,375 40,678 State 50,000 33,000 All principal sport fishery habitats Bureau 375 7,678 appear to be covered but existing and pre- Warm-water fish 44,050 26,290 dicted shortages of trout and walleye will State 44,000 26,000 be difficult to meet. If the present Bureau 50 290 quality of fishing is to be maintained, additional production of hatchery fish is obviously needed.

~~Conclusions and Recommendations~~

~~It will be necessary to locate a major and reliable source of walleye eggs in order to meet the requirements.~~

~~The existing deficit in trout needs will be reduced considerably by 1973. Additional facilities will be required by or shortly after 1973. COLORADO 3 0 ° 2 ° 109 107 105 102~~

~~- 412~~

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~~lote me° 1.7° 11.. 102° NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~CONNECTICUT~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

~~Connecticut, one of the smallest States, does not have an abundance of inland waters; however, it does have a considerable acreage of marine habitat.~~

Total inland fisheries resources in Connecticut are 47,520 acres of streams, lakes, and reservoirs (table 1). Approximately 31 percent of this area is considered cold-water habitat. All of the cold-waters (14,820 acres) are stocked by State and Federal hatcheries. This is in direct contrast to the warm-water habitat--32,700 acres--of which only 400 acres (1 percent) receive supplemental stocking.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 47,520 55,000 62,000 69,200 Total stocked 15,220 22,726 29,972 37,964 Cold waters 14,820 22,100 28,800 35,500 On Federal lands 20 700 900 900 On other public lands 13,800 20,200 26,400 32,600 Farm ponds 1,000 1,200 1,500 2,000 Cold waters stocked 14,820 22,100 28,800 35,500 On Federal lands 20 700 900 900 On other public lands 13,800 20,200 26,400 32,600 Farm ponds 1,000 1,200 1,500 2,000 Warm waters 32,700 32,900 33,200 33,700 On Federal lands 400 400 400 400 On other public lands 22,300 24,300 27,300 31,300 Farm ponds 1,000 1,200 1,500 2,000 On other private lands 9,000 7,000 4,000 Warm waters stocked 400 626 1,172 2,464 On other public lands 200 426 972 2,264 Farm ponds 200 200 200 200

In addition to the inland fisheries, Connecticut recognizes 184,320 acres of marine habitat. There are also anadromous fish runs into several of the coastal streams, which supplement the resident fish populations.

~~Reduction in pollution and cooperative programs with other State and Federal agencies could result in runs of Atlantic salmon, shad, and sea trout.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 186,000 anglers exerted 1,126,000 fisherman-days of pressure on the inland fishery resources (table 2). Of this total pressure, 806,000 man-days (72 percent) were expended on the cold-water habitat. This amounts to approximately 25 man-days of pressure per acre-year. If related to the warm-water fishermen pressure of less than 10 man-days of pressure per acre per year, it appears that trout fishing is the desired sport of the majority.

~~CONNECTICUT 1 TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

-12----- 000s 1965 1973 1980 2000 Fishermen 186 207 235 325 Cold-water 122 136 155 213 Warm-water 64 71 80 112 Man-days of fishing 1,126 1,297 1,479 1,912 Cold-water 806 928 1,055 1,328 Warm-water 320 369 424 584

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

At the present time, Connecticut operates three State trout hatcheries to produce stocks of brook, brown, rainbow trout, and kokanee and coho salmon. Construction will soon start on new hatchery facilities to bolster present inadequate facilities. Federal trout are supplied for cooperative State-Bureau programs from nearby national fish hatcheries.

Total production from State and Federal hatcheries was below requirements in 1965 and fails to meet requirements in each of the projection years (table 3). Although 220 thousand salmon fry were produced, this was insufficient as the requirements were for 100 thousand yearlings. There is also a deficit between warm-water fish production and requirements.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Connecticut's warm-water fishery resource, managed by the Board of Fisheries and Game, provides adequate recreational fishing without a large stocking program. Fishing pressure and a marginal cold-water resource necessitate supplementation of natural salmonid populations with hatchery trout.

There are some established kokanee salmon populations in Connecticut lakes. These populations established by introductions many years ago add diversity to the lake fisheries normally encountered in this region. These populations are maintained by a hatchery program.

Intensive management is necessary in lakes managed for trout to insure proper survival and harvest. Warm-water habitat management is not as pressing due to light fishing pressure and a relatively large resource base.

~~Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries, or otherwise available for various management programs, are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow Largemouth bass Salmon - kokanee, Atlantic, Smallmouth bass coho Bluegill~~

~~Special Conditions~~

Connecticut's cooperative program with Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for Restoration of Anadramous Fish in the Connecticut River will place additional demands on hatcheries supplying salmonids to State waters. Serious consideration should be given to establishment of facilities for Atlantic salmon programs separate from present facilities.

CONNECTICUT 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) It is expected that the total public Requirements Production fishing waters in Connecticut will increase by 21,680 acres before the year 2000. 1965 Approximately 95 percent of this increase Totals 2,313 943 will be cold-water habitat. Angling pressure Cold-water fish 2,223 929 is expected to double during the same period Trout 2,123 709 for salmonid species. State 484 Fry 177 Hatchery production will not be Fingerlings 650 47 sufficient to meet requirements. This Catchables 1,473 260 includes a large contribution of Federal Bureau 225 trout to the State program and does not Fingerlings 97 indicate Federal salmon stocks for the Catchables 128 Connecticut River. Salmon 100 220 State 100 220 Conclusions and Recommendations Fry 220 Yearlings 100 A careful review of requirements of Warm-water fish 90 14 the Connecticut cold-water resources must State 90 10 be made. Projected increased requirements Fry 30 for hatchery fish are greater than pro- Fingerlings 60 10 jected increased production. Bureau 4 Fingerlings 4 1973 Totals 2,627 1,269 Cold-water fish 2,537 1,253 Trout 2,337 953 State 2,337 770 Bureau 183 Salmon (State) 200 300 Warm-water fish 90 16 State 90 10 Bureau 6 1980 Totals 2,906 1,339 Cold-water fish 2,801 1,322 Trout 2,501 972 View of the fry tanks at the Burlington State 2,501 770 Hatchery, Connecticut. Photo, Board of Bureau 202 Fisheries and Game. Salmon (State) 300 350 Warm-water fish 105 17 State 105 10 Bureau 7 2000 Totals 3,863 1,863 Cold-water fish 3,713 1,843 Trout 3,313 1,443 State 3,313 1,160 Bureau 283 Salmon (State) 400 400 Warm-water fish 150 20 State 150 10 Bureau 10 Automatic fish feeder at the Burlington Hatchery, Connecticut. Photo, Board of Fisheries and Game.

~~CONNECTICUT 3 47 IIID IID aNNIOD 7 1 3 .~~

~~CONNECTICUT 0 •~~

~~STATE CAPITAL COUNTY SEAT I SLAND SOUN 5 D~~

~~0 * SCALE State FishHatchery LEGEND 10~~

~~15 ,~~

~~MILES —Salmonid~~

~~-41°-~~

~~NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~DELAWARE~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Delaware has the smallest total inland fishery resource in the Northeast. Most of the impounded waters in the State are man-made and there are relatively few streams. There is a considerable acreage of salt-water and estuarine habitat which provides angling opportunity for most of the State's fishermen.

There are only 4,890 total acres of inland fishery habitat in Delaware (table 1). This area includes 20 acres of cold water (less than 0.5 percent) with the rest being warm-water habitat. All of the cold-water habitat is stocked from Federal hatcheries located in nearby States. Slightly less than 3 percent of the warm-water habitat is receiving supplemental stocks of warm-water fish. This stocking is conducted by State and Federal hatcheries.

~~By the year 2000 the resource base is expected to increase by approximately two- thirds. This will further reduce the available flowing water habitat below the presently available 720 acres.~~

~~Table 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 4,890 5,340 7,590 8,140 Total stocked 150 150 2,150 150 Cold waters 20 20 20 20 On other public lands 20 20 20 20 Cold waters stocked 20 20 20 20 On other public lands 20 20 20 20 Warm waters 4,890 5,320 7,570 8,120 On Federal lands 220 220 220 220 On other public lands 3,700 3,800 5,800 6,000 Farm ponds 600 1,000 1,300 1,700 On other private lands 350 300 250 200 Warm waters stocked 130 130 2,130 130 On other public lands 100 100 2,100 100 Farm ponds 30 30 30 30

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Approximately 65 percent of the total inland resource are impounded waters managed as warm-water fisheries by the State, 12 percent are warm-water farm ponds, 15 percent are flowing streams, and the rest are unidentified waters.

There is one stream system capable of supporting salmonid species in the 20-acre total. Trout are stocked in this system from Federal hatcheries under a cooperative stocking agreement with the State Division of Fish and Game.

~~Impoundments open to public fishing are managed intensively for warm-water fish production by State biologists and provide excellent angling opportunities.~~

~~The estuarine and marine habitats provide an excellent fishery for ground and pelagic species, including anadromous fish runs in the Delaware River.~~

~~Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries or otherwise available for various management programs are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - brook, rainbow Largemouth bass Channel catfish Smallmouth bass DELAWARE 1 Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 21,000 anglers exerted 250,000 fisherman-days of pressure on the inland fishery resource (table 2). Cold-water anglers totaled 1,000, accounted for 5 percent of the fishermen, and 5 percent of the total pressure. Warm-water fishermen totaled 20,000 anglers who exerted 237,500 man-days of pressure on that resource.

~~An additional 200,000 salt-water anglers exerted approximately 500,000 angler-days of pressure on the marine resource which totals 99,200 acres of habitat.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 21 23 25 30 Cold-water 1 1 1 1 Warm-water 20 22 24 29 Man-days of fishing 250 276 300 360 Cold-water 12 12 12 15 Warm-water 238 264 288 345~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

~~Delaware has one warm-water hatchery facility, which is not sufficient to provide for State requirements. Fish from national fish hatcheries are provided from out-of-State sources.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

~~There is a possibility that forthcoming fishery research and management programs on the Delaware River could involve experimental anadromous fish programs.~~

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

~~Combined production from State and Federal hatcheries should be sufficient to meet future requirements.~~

~~Conclusions and Recommendations~~

Federal trout production projected for the 35-year period slightly exceeds anticipated State requirements. This should pose no problem as requirements from other areas receiving fish from the Leetown National Fish Hatchery are greater than the supply.

~~DELAWARE 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's)~~

~~Requirements Production Requirements Production~~

1965 1980 Totals 246 133 Totals 279 285 Trout (Catchables) 16 15 Trout 24 39 State 16 State 24 Bureau 15 Bureau 39 Warm-water fish 230 118 Warm-water fish 255 246 (Fingerlings) State 255 200 State 230 100 Bureau 46 Bureau 18 2000 1973 Totals 285 319 Totals 276 277 Trout 30 55 Trout 21 35 State 30 State 21 Bureau 55 Bureau 35 Warm-water fish 255 264 Warm-water fish 255 242 State 255 200 State 255 200 Bureau 64 Bureau 42

~~STATES OF THE INTERIOR IFE SERVICE EST VIRGINIA~~

~~Cooperative trout stocking in holding ponds near Moores Lake, Dover, Delaware. Photo, Board of Game and Fish Commissioners.~~

~~DELAWARE 3 I , 1 . 76° 75 30 75°~~

~~DELAWARE~~

~~SCALE~~

~~0 5 10 MILES~~

~~STATE CAPITOL~~

~~COUNTY SEAT~~

~~—39°-~~

~~DELAWARE BAY~~

~~ATLANTIC OCEAN~~

~~76° 75.3d 75°~~

~~DELAWARE 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The District of Columbia has about 5,100 acres of inland water. Most of this is in the uppermost section of the Potomac River Estuary and includes 12 miles of the Potomac River from Little Falls to the Woodrow Wilson Bridge, the Tidal Basin, Washington Channel and 5.5 miles of the lower Anacostia River. A section of the Cheasapeake and Ohio Canal parallels the Potomac River from the mouth of Rock Creek to the District line, a distance of 4.4 miles. Fishing is permitted in the lower section of Rock Creek, a small stream which runs through the District. Fishing is not permitted in the several small water supply reservoirs. There are two small fishing ponds on the grounds of the U.S. Soldiers' Home which are managed with assistance from the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for the benefit of residents of the Home.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 5,102 5,110 5,110 5,110 Total stocked 2 10 10 10 Cold waters stocked *2 2 2 2 On Federal lands **2 2 2 2 Warm waters 5,102 5,110 5,110 5,110 On Federal lands 5,102 5,110 5,110 5,110 Warm waters stocked 2 10 10 10 On Federal lands 2 10 10 10

* Warm waters stocked with trout ** Ponds at the U.S. Soldiers' Home

Fishing regulations are rather liberal in the District of Columbia. No fishing license is required. The season is open year-round for all species. There are no creel or size limits. Fishing is restricted to hook and line except that dipnets may be used to take shad and herring in the Potomac River upstream from Key Bridge.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The spring fishing for shad and herring is quite popular and highly successful. During the spring runs, large quantities of these fish are taken by dip netting and snagging. Most of the catches consist of hickory shad, blueback herring, and alewives. Some American shad are also taken. The summer fishing is excellent for carp, channel catfish, and white perch. Other fishes taken in the Potomac include striped bass, bullheads, suckers, yellow perch, largemouth bass, crappie, other sunfish, eels, and an occasional walleye.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

The data on the number of fishermen in the District of Columbia were interpolated from figures cited in the Interim Report of the Fish and Wildlife Task Force of Project Potomac, October 1, 1967. The data represent the number of fishermen residing in the District rather than the number of fishermen who fish in the District. There are no survey data available on the fishing pressure on waters in the District, but except during the spring shad and herring runs, the fishing pressure is light. It was estimated that only a small portion of the 102,000 fishermen residing in the District in 1960, and the nearly twice as many living in Metropolitan Washington around the District, fished in District waters. This is thought to be due to the unpleasant conditions existing in

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 1 this section of the Potomac and Anacostia Rivers. The waters are muddy most of the time. There is some organic pollution in addition to the heavy silt pollution. There is also considerable air pollution in the fishing areas. Most of the fishing area is quite scenic. ExLptions include the Georgetown industrial area and the Kenilworth dump. Plans are underway to improve both of these areas. This should reduce the air pollution; however, considerable pollution from vehicles and jet planes will continue to settle in the river valleys.

~~TABLE 2.--Potential number of warm-water fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 117 140 160 226 Man-days of fishing 686 843 980 1,460~~

Marina and boat rental facilities are excellent in the District of Columbia. Auto- mobile parking facilities are quite limited in some areas such as Chain Bridge. In other areas such as Potomac Park and the boat rental facilities, there is ample parking space except during the cherry blossom week and the mid-summer tourist season.

If the water conditions are right, fishermen may enjoy pleasant fishing experiences on the Potomac River with the Washington Monument, the Lincoln and Jefferson Memorials, the Pentagon, and the many other splendid buildings in the background.

~~Hatchery Facilities and Fish Stocking~~

There are no fish hatcheries in the District of Columbia. From 1878, for about 20 years, carp were reared by the U.S. Fish Commission in ponds located on the Washington Monument grounds. During 1879, 12,265 carp were distributed from these ponds to over 300 persons in 25 States and territories. By 1897, carp culture was discontinued. The few fish which are currently stocked in the District come from national fish hatcheries located in Virginia.

Present stocking requirements involve two small ponds at the Soldiers' Home. Con- sideration is being given to improving fishing in the Potomac River and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. These efforts could involve a large stocking program. Also under consideration is a large-scale stocking of striped bass and American shad in the Maryland section of the Potomac River upstream from the District in an effort to establish major runs of these anadromous fishes.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

It is estimated that the number of fishermen living in the District will increase from 117,000 in 1965 to 226,000 by the year 2000. About twice this number of fishermen will reside in the Washington Metropolitan Area outside of the District. This is, and will continue to be, a heavy potential fishing pressure.

During President Johnson's Message on Natural Beauty, delivered to the Congress on February 8, 1965, he mentioned the following with respect to the Potomac River: "A program must be devised which will clean up the river and keep it clean, so it can be used for boating, swimming, and fishing." In order to provide quality fishing in the Potomac River within the District of Columbia an intensive fishery management program must be carried out. It is possible that part of this program will include the stocking of large numbers of fishes.

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Fishing pressure on the waters of Requirements Production the District of Columbia is restricted at present, as much of the area and the 1965 quality of the fishery are not attractive Totals 4 9 to many fishermen. The fishing pressure Trout will increase rapidly as the quality of (Bureau catchables) 2 2 the environment is improved. An intensive Warm-water fish fishery management program must be carried (Bureau fingerlings) 2 7 out if the fishing demand is to be met. 1973 This program will possibly involve the Totals 4 18 stocking of large quantities of fishes. Trout (Bureau) 2 5 Warm-water fish (Bureau) 2 13 1980 Totals 8 20 Trout (Bureau) 4 6 Warm-water fish (Bureau) 4 14 2000 Totals 8 28 Trout Potomac River, District of Columbia with the 4 8 (Bureau) small industrial complex, Key Bridge and -water fish Warm Georgetown in the background, (Bureau) 4 20

~~DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 3~~

~~NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~FLORIDA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Outdoor recreation, especially fishing, is an accepted part of Florida living due to the balmy climate and the abundance of excellent fishing waters. Fishing is good the year- round and very few trips are postponed because of inclement weather. Florida has nearly 2 million acres of inland waters, all of which are classified as warm-water habitat (table 1). The fishing waters include 156,000 acres of streams, 1,792,000 acres of lakes, and about 20,000 acres of farm ponds.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total warm waters 1,967,784 2,046,594 2,074,034 2,196,184 On Federal lands 35,863 40,113 41,113 44,863 On other public lands 1,913,205 1,980,405 2,000,405 2,100,405 Farm ponds 18,716 26,076 32,516 50,916 Total warm waters stocked 11,660 25,192 25,917 21,013 On Federal lands 50 72 97 193 On other public lands 10,290 23,800 24,500 19,500 Farm ponds 1,320 1,320 1,320 1,320

The typical central Florida lakes are shallow, highly productive waters ranging in size from less than one acre to 448,000-acre Lake Okeechobee. Natural lakes in north Florida are usually clear, less productive waters. Throughout north Florida, stream fishing is very popular.

~~There are few lakes south of Lake Okeechobee, therefore most inland fishing in south Florida is restricted to canals,sluggish coastal streams, and large water conservation pools in the Everglades.~~

~~Several types of stream habitat are available in Florida including the large turbid rivers, clear spring-fed waters, and the dark coastal streams.~~

The famous St. Johns River is the largest and most productive river system in Florida. This drainage includes many of the larger Florida lakes and supports some of the finest largemouth bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, and black crappie fishing in the United States.

Relatively few farm ponds are found in Florida due to the abundance of natural waters. Most of these ponds are located in the "pan-handle" section of west Florida. Several public lakes have been constructed in this part of the State creating excellent fishing in counties previously having very little public fresh-water fishing.

Florida has approximately 7,000 miles of coast line and over 41/2 million acres of marine fishing waters. Over 6 million anglers fished in these waters during 1965. Valuable estuarine waters contribute to the inshore and offshore fishery by providing spawning and nursery areas for many species of marine fish and invertebrates.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Bluegill, redear sunfish, redbreast sunfish, largemouth bass, and black crappie dominate the fresh-water sport fishing catch in Florida. Channel catfish is growing in popularity as a sport fish. Most fishing effort is for panfish species, although excellent bass fishing draws many non-resident anglers to Florida each year. A small commercial fishery exists for species of catfish.

Extensive estuarine areas on both the east and west coasts of Florida furnish excellent spotted seatrout, bluefish, snook, red drum, and cobia fishing. Shallow grass-flats along the west coast produce the above species plus tarpon, mackerel, bonefish and sharks.

~~FLORIDA 1 Offshore fishing effort is usually for king and Spanish mackerel, sailfish, dolphin, wahoo, red snapper, grouper, and onberjack.~~

~~The most important game fish species are:~~

~~Salt water Fresh water~~

Mackerel Red drum Bluegill Bluefish Sheepshead Redear sunfish Red snapper Spotted seatrout Redbreast sunfish Grouper Flounder Black crappie Dolphin American shad Largemouth bass Cobia Sailfish Chain pickerel Tarpon Snook Channel catfish Amberjack Warmouth

~~Salt-water game fish utilized by commercial fishermen include red snapper, mackerel, spotted seatrout, red drum, pompano, American shad, grouper, flounder, and bluefish.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

A total of 6,014,000 salt-water anglers and 44,100,000 fisherman-days were reported by the State of Florida for the year 1965. The number of fishermen is expected to increase to 15,422,000 by the year 2000 with an increase in fisherman-days to 142,800,000.

The State estimates that 2,382,000 anglers fished in Florida's fresh waters during 1965 and anticipates an increase to 6,750,000 by the year 2000. Fisherman-days for fresh- water anglers is expected to increase from 27 million in 1965 to 85 million in 2000.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of warm-water fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 2,382 3,225 3,474 6,750 Man-days of fishing 27,000 41,410 51,700 85,000~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has one hatchery in Florida located on the St. Johns River at Welaka. It produces largemouth bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, and channel catfish for Florida and south Georgia.

The Welaka National Fish Hatchery, at the request of the State, reared a small number of striped bass during 1965. This hatchery has new and improved facilities that should increase the chances for successful striped bass fingerling production.

The two State hatcheries produce largemouth bass, redear sunfish, bluegill, and black crappie. One of the hatcheries also produces channel catfish and rears striped bass when fry of this species are available. Several of the ponds at both State hatcheries are used for research purposes.

~~Special Conditions~~

State needs for bluegill, redear sunfish, and crappie fingerlings from Federal hatcheries amount to about 50,000 annually except when large lakes are reclaimed or when fish are needed following extensive fish kills. Florida anticipates a continuing need for channel catfish.

The needs that are not being met are for striped bass and sub-adult largemouth bass. Current State requirements include 100,000 striped bass fingerlings and 225,000 8-inch largemouth bass. State officials also expressed an interest in the striped bass-white bass hybrid. FLORIDA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH Florida anticipates the use of large numbers of piscivorous fish in the larger lakes and in some rivers to utilize the abundant gizzard and threadfin shad.

The striped bass and the striped bass-white bass hybrid are both needed in the State's lake management research for the control of shad. The Bureau's hatchery at Welaka is located near a source of striped bass brood stock and could produce fry of this species.

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Existing hatcheries should be adequate Requirements Production to meet projected needs through the year 2000' (table 3); however, emphasis will need 1965 to be changed from the production of bluegill Totals 5,089 5,044 and redear sunfish to the production of Trout (Bureau, 3 3 fingerling and sub-adult piscivorous species Catchables) to meet current and future requirements. Warm-water fish 5,086 5,041 State 5,032 1,175 Conclusions and Recommendations Fingerlings 4,807 1,175 Catchables 225 The data in this survey indicate that Bureau (Fingerlings) 54 3,866 production of hatchery fish in Florida will 1973 exceed requirements for the years 1973, Totals 8,063 9,381 1980, and 2000. This does not show a true Trout (Bureau) 5 3 picture of the situation. If present hatchery Warm-water fish 8,058 9,378 production trends continue, there will con- State 7,972 3,700 tinue to be a surplus of forage species pro- Bureau 86 5,678 duced and the requirements for piscivorous 1980 species will not be met. Totals 9,201 10,328 Trout (Bureau) 8 3 Existing facilities should be converted Warm-water fish 9,193 10,325 to produce fry, fingerling, and sub-adult State 9,077 4,050 piscivorous species according to the State Bureau 116 6,275 needs for management and research. These 2000 requirements are currently for 8-inch Totals 9,922 12,926 largemouth bass and striped bass fingerlings. Trout (Bureau) 23 4 Warm-water fish 9,899 12,922 State 9,667 4,150 Bureau 232 8,772

~~Fingerling striped bass at the Welaka National Fish Hatchery, Florida. Photo, F. W. Wildermuth.~~

~~FLORIDA 3 17 VaI1101.1 -so°- -26 -27 -29 -25 ° ° ° ° = , - -~~

~~0 CI NationalFishHatchery—WarmWater State FishHatchery—WarmWater 89 °~~

~~LEGEND ® e sr~~

~~20 P1,17 6040V SCALE~~

~~CAPITA. s~~

~~' 7° -~~

~~60 sr 80 MILES~~

~~se°~~

~~G U L se° F~~

~~O FLORIDA MEXICO F sr e;3~~

~~A TL so° O~~

~~C A E NTIC A N~~

~~-26°- -27 -se°- ° -~~

~~NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~GEORGIA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

A great diversity of fishing, an ideal climate, and an abundant water supply make Georgia a fisherman's paradise. There are 17 large reservoirs with a combined area of 300,000 acres, about 45,000 acres of streams, and 240,000 acres of farm ponds (table 1). From the trout streams in the mountains to the largemouth bass and salt-water fishing in the southern part of the State, there is excellent sport fishing to be found the year- round.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 624,718 727,718 809,718 1,006,718 Total stocked 155,578 340,129 392,796 507,541 Cold waters 72,733 105,733 105,733 105,733 On Federal lands 67,215 100,215 100,215 100,215 On other public lands 5,518 5,518 5,518 5,518 Cold waters stocked 72,091 105,451 105,451 105,451 On Federal lands 67,173 100,533 100,533 100,533 On other public lands 4,918 4,918 4,918 4,918 Warm waters *551,985 **621,985 703,985 900,985 On Federal lands 234,985 276,845 301,785 401,685 On other public lands 77,000 97,140 114,200 134,300 Farm ponds 240,000 248,000 288,000 365,000 Warm waters stocked 83,487 234,678 287,345 402,090 On Federal lands 51,207 169,418 194,595 294,990 On other public lands 21,480 52,300 77,200 86,100 Farm ponds 10,800 12,960 15,550 20,000

*66,015 acres of 2-story waters included in cold waters. **1973-2000, 99,015 acres of 2-story waters in cold waters.

Georgia's trout fishing is confined to the mountainous northeast section of the State, with the exception of a 30-mile tailwater below Lake Lanier. Trout are also being stocked experimentally in the cool "second story" waters of Lake Lanier and a few similar reservoirs. The rainbow trout does best in Georgia, but brook trout and brown trout are present in some waters. Nearly all of the trout streams in north Georgia are stocked, but natural reproduction occurs in the headwaters of most trout waters.

Smallmouth bass waters are found just south of the trout country before the sluggish streams and ponds of middle Georgia are reached. From the trout waters to the coast, the warm waters abound in largemouth bass, crappie, white bass, catfish, and panfish.

Georgia's coast offers over 1 million acres of fine salt-water fishing in the mouths of creeks and rivers, in the bays and sounds, and offshore from the barrier islands. Fishing is seasonal and is greatly affected by the tides and weather conditions.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The wide variation in cold- and warm-water fishery habitats, as found in the reservoirs, streams, ponds, and marine waters, provides the fisherman with an almost limitless variety of fishing. This ranges from big game fishing on the coastal waters for tarpon or sailfish to fly fishing for trout in the mountains. In between these two extremes, the largemouth bass is the prime target for fishermen, but fishing for crappie and other panfish--dominantly bluegill and redear sunfish-- provides many anglers with hours of pleasure.

~~GEORGIA 1 The principal species of game fish available to the fishermen are as follows:~~

~~Cold water Warm water Salt water~~

Rainbow trout Largemouth bass Redear sunfish Speckled seatrout Dolphin Brown trout Smallmouth bass Redbreast sunfish (weakfish) Sheepshead Brook trout Crappie (black and White bass Channel bass Drum white) Chain pickerel Tarpon Flounder Bluegill Walleye Spanish and King Croaker mackerel Sailfish Cobia Amberjack Bluefish Bonito

~~There is no serious conflict between the commercial fishing and sport fishing interests. Striped bass and American shad move up a few Georgia rivers to spawn, and both are excellent game fish.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, the State of Georgia had 1,536,000 fishermen, who fished over 20,000,000 days in fresh water (table 2). Approximately 22 percent of the fishermen fish for trout, 16 percent for salt-water fish, and 62 percent fished the warm-water lakes, streams, ponds, and reservoirs. Over 10 million fisherman-days were expended on the warm-water reservoirs. Most of the non-resident anglers and many of the residents were after largemouth bass of a trophy size.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1 000s 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 1,536 2,027 2,595 4,670 Cold-water 398 525 672 1,209 Warm-water 1,138 1,502 1,923 3,461 Man-days of fishing 20,505 27,031 34,600 62,280 Cold-water 819 1,081 1,384 2,491 Warm-water 19,686 25,950 33,216 59,789

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In the State of Georgia, there are four national fish hatcheries and eight operated by the Game and Fish Commission. Two of the State hatcheries are cold-water stations. While facilities are devoted primarily to trout production, they also produce a few smallmouth bass and walleye. The remainder of the State hatcheries, with one exception, produce bass, bluegill, redear, channel catfish, and striped bass. One of the State facilities, the Walton County Hatchery, is an experimental station.

Three of the national fish hatcheries are warm-water facilities and one is a trout station. The Federal hatcheries in Georgia currently are capable of producing the number of warm-water fish needed for Federal lands. By supplementing the trout needs by drawing on hatcheries in nearby States, the demand for trout on Federal lands can be met with one exception. The large reservoirs capable of supporting trout are at present being stocked experimentally by the State. If this type of fishery becomes part of the management program, the combined State and Federal facilities could not meet the demand.

~~Special Conditions~~

In the warm-water fish management program of Georgia, there is a recognized need for the following fishes, some of which are experimental: smallmouth bass, walleye, striped bass, and striped bass-white bass hybrid. Larger size bass and channel catfish are needed for corrective or supplemental stocking.

If the reservoir cold-water or "second story" fishery develops, the need for trout will be greatly increased. GEORGIA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) It is thought that the amount of flowing Requirements Production trout waters in north Georgia will remain fairly constant during the next 35 years. 1965 Cold waters to be stocked, however, will be Totals 17,708 17,012 increased by over 33,000 acres in 1973 as a Trout 958 803 result of "second story" waters in reservoirs. State 941 225 By the turn of the century, the State plans Fingerlings 425 to be managing over 105 thousand acres for Catchables 516 225 trout waters. Over 1 million anglers will Bureau 17 578 fish for trout in the year 2000. Fingerlings 5 355 Catchables 12 223 There will be a similar increase in warm- Warm-water fish 16,750 16,209 water habitat and in warm-water fishing. The State 16,480 8,050 major habitat increase will be in reservoirs Fry 3,000 3,000 and ponds. The acres of warm waters will Fingerlings 13,480 5,050 reach over 900,700 acres by 2000. The number Bureau 270 8,159 of warm-water fishermen will increase by over Fingerlings 270 8,153 2 million. Catchables 6 1973 By 1973, the State plans to increase its Tbtals 21,852 24,390 trout production by about 33 percent, which Trout 1,530 1,276 will bring the production up to 300,000 fish State 1,500 300 (table 3). They plan to maintain this level Bureau 30 976 until the turn of the century. The national Warm-water fish 20,322 23,114 fish hatcheries plan to increase their pro- State 19,903 9,553 duction about 69 percent by 1973 and over 200 Bureau 419 13,561 percent by the year 2000. The combined pro- 1980 duction of both State and Federal hatcheries Totals 25,864 26,417 will fall short of the projected requirements Trout 1,752 1,378 by about 1 million catchable trout. State 1,700 300 Bureau 52 1,078 The projections indicate that the com- Warm-water fish 24,112 25,039 bined State and Federal warm-water production State 23,584 10,053 will be more than adequate in 1973, but there Bureau 528 14,986 must be a change in the hatchery program to 2000 provide new species and different sizes of Totals 40,543 33,343 fish. The same holds true through 1980. By Trout 2,856 1,809 the year 2000, the hatcheries will be capable State 2,700 300 of producing over 31 million fish, but the Bureau 156 1,509 requirements may be as high as 37 million. Warm-water fish 37,687 31,534 State 36,734 10,553 Conclusions and Recommendations Bureau 953 20,981 An analysis of the current and projected data concerning changes in fish habitat, hatchery production potential, and requirements for managing the fishery in Georgia, provides the following conclusions: 1. Georgia will lose warm-water stream habitat over the next 35 years, but they will gain substantially in reser- voieand ponds. 2. A few trout streams will be lost by impoundment and pollution, but the cold-water habitat will increase greatly due to cold tailwaters and "second story" trout habitat in warm reservoirs. 3. Fish management will require new species of fish and larger sizes of warm-water fish. 4. The current warm-water hatcheries may meet the requirements for the next 35 years by enlarging the facilities and by employing modern scientific methods of fish culture. 5. Increased cold-water hatchery production will be required to furnish trout for "second story" fisheries and cold tailwaters.

Modification and expansion of the existing State and Federal hatcheries are necessary if their production facilities are to meet projected requirements. This will necessitate an entirely new hatchery concept, especially in the kind and size of fish produced.

~~Serious thought should be given to the production of additional trout for reservoir stocking. This will require new facilities. GEORGIA 3 83. 81.~~

~~—35,- LEGEND -~~

~~o National Fish Hatchery-Warm Water~~

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~~815° 84° 83' 82°~~

~~GEORGIA 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~HAWAII~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Hawaii had a total of 2,268 acres of fishing habitat in 1965 (table 1). Most of this water is classified as warm-water habitat as only 37 acres are cold-water or trout habitat. This trout habitat, composed of streams and reservoirs, is annually stocked with hatchery fingerlings.

~~The remainder of the inland fishing waters is warm-water habitat. A small amount of this is in warm-water streams but the majority is in lakes and reservoirs.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 2,268 2,319 2,944 2,974 Total stocked 594 655 1,275 1,295 Cold waters 37 49 659 669 On other public lands 37 49 659 669 Cold waters stocked 37 49 659 669 On other public lands 37 49 659 669 Warm waters 2,231 2,270 2,285 2,305 On Federal lands 50 50 50 50 On other public lands 446 480 490 500 Farm ponds 10 15 20 30 On other private lands 1,725 1,725 1,725 1,725 Warm waters stocked 557 606 616 626 On Federal lands 50 50 50 50 On other public lands 507 556 566 576

~~The State has an abundance of marine habitat, totaling 1,440,000 acres.~~

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~Trout fishing in Hawaii is limited to a few streams and reservoirs. Warm-water fishing is confined to lowland lakes and reservoirs and the lower stream areas.~~

The only game fish propagated in the State hatchery is the rainbow trout. Other species available are channel catfish, large and smallmouth bass, tilapia, bluegill, and two South American game fish: the tucunare, Cichla ocellaris and the oscar, Astronotus ocellatus.

~~Marine species available range from the abundant reef species to the large, trophy- size, pelagic species such as tuna and marlin.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, Hawaii had 4,000 fishermen on inland waters and 176,000 on marine waters (table 2). A total of 24,000 fisherman-days were expended on inland waters as compared to nearly 200,000 on marine habitat. Two thousand fisherman-days were recorded for trout fishing.

~~HAWAII 1 TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 4 5 7 13 Cold-water 1 1 2 3 Warm-water 3 4 5 10 Man-days of fishing 24 31 38 47 Cold-water 2 3 4 6 Warm-water 22 28 34 41~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In Hawaii there is only one hatchery and this is used primarily to incubate, hatch, and provide limited rearing space for trout (table 3). Several brood reservoirs are used for largemouth and smallmouth bass reproduction.

~~Rainbow trout egg requirements are annually provided by the Bureau from the Winthrop, Washington, National Fish Hatchery.~~

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) By year 2000, the inland waters area Requirements Production will be increased by 30 percent and more of the existing waters are expected to be 1965 managed and stocked. Fresh-water fishermen Totals 150 150 will about treble by year 2000 while marine Trout 100 100 fishermen will increase by about 30 percent. State, fingerlings 100 100 Warm-water fish 50 50 No problems are expected in providing State, fingerlings 50 50 the hatchery fish requirements for the 1973 State. Trout requirements will be moderate Totals 225 225 and warm-water fish, as needed, can be Trout (State) 150 150 shipped from the national fish hatcheries Warm-water fish (State) 75 75 on the mainland. 1980 Totals 400 400 Conclusions and Recommendations Trout (State) 300 300 Warm-water fish (State) 100 100 The State is providing good fishery 2000 management to its limited inland fishing Totals 550 550 waters. It is recommended this program Trout (State) 400 400 in research and management be continued. Warm-water fish (State) 150 150

~~State biologists and University of Hawaii students preparing to seine a reservoir.~~

HAWAII 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH Bureau biologist, Del Rasmussen and State biologist, Ernest Kosaka, at Lake Waiau, Hawaii, the highest lake in the United States (13,020 feet above sea level).

~~University of Hawaii students collected 77 species of fish on this reef.~~

~~HAWAII 3 HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND JOHNSTON ISLAND~~

~~UNITED STATES FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BUREAU OF SPORT FISHERIES AND WILDLIFE ° 1130° 1 75 1 70 165 1 60 155°~~

~~Kure I. Midway Is 28° 28°~~

~~Pear I 1RCI Hermes Reef~~

~~Llsianski I. (Pell or Lassion I.)~~

~~Layson I Maro Reef~~

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~~1 75° 1 70° 1 65° 1 60° 1 55° ,0MPILE0 IN THE PhANCH OF ENGINEERING RASE bY 0 L 0 119381 MIlES 0 ;00 114 3.10 )15•7 esiss.ucTON. 0. AUGUST, 1 962 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~IDAHO~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Idaho has some of the most unique and productive sport fishing waters in the United States. Records show there are approximately 570,000 acres of fish habitat in the State (table 1). Ninety percent of this is classified as cold-water habitat. A total of 22 percent of the cold-water habitat is flowing streams, some of which still support anadromous fish. Approximately 461,000 acres, or 91 percent, of the cold-water habitat is stocked by State or Federally operated trout or salmon hatcheries. This cold-water habitat includes remote mountain lakes and streams as well as readily accessible natural lakes, rivers, large reservoirs, and selected farm ponds.

~~The remaining 10 percent of its public fishing waters, approximately 61,000 acres, are classified as warm-water habitat. Of this, only 1.5 percent, or 980 acres, are stocked with hatchery fish.~~

The extreme diversification of Idaho fishery habitat has been created by man's efforts to control flooding, harvest timber, develop hydroelectric and mineral resources, and reclaim land through irrigation. The combination of these efforts has gradually decreased the amount of flowing streams to approximately 122,000 acres and increased the reservoir areas to 443,000 acres.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 569,869 620,539 694,383 764,342 Total stocked 461,987 515,729 592,999 667,093 Cold waters 508,804 559,474 633,318 702,456 On Federal lands 345,060 379,850 438,044 492,417 On other public lands 160,997 176,854 192,449 207,139 Farm ponds 257 270 300 350 On other private lands 2,490 2,500 2,525 2,550 Cold waters stocked 461,007 514,749 592,091 665,083 On Federal lands 319,940 357,523 418,993 477,638 On other public lands 140,455 156,679 172,776 187,345 Farm ponds 65 On other private lands 547 547 250 100 Warm waters 61,065 61,065 61,065 61,886 On Federal lands 34,000 34,000 34,000 34,000 On other public lands 24,196 24,196 24,196 24,978 Farm ponds 161 161 161 200 On other private lands 2,708 2,708 2,708 2,708 Warm waters stocked 980 980 980 2,010 On Federal lands 100 100 100 200 On other public lands 880 880 880 1,760

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The extremely wide variation in fishery habitats provides Idaho anglers with an almost infinite selection in types of fishing. This includes steelhead and salmon fishing in the Snake River and its tributaries, kamloops fishing for record-size trout in Lake Pend Orielle, channel catfishing in Brownlee Reservoir, rainbow trout fishing in famed Silver Creek, fly fishing in remote mountain lakes or fishing for huge Dolly Varden trout in Priest Lake. Many of the waters are open to year-round fishing and provide good fishing during winter months.

~~IDAHO 1 The principal species of game fish available to the fishermen and propagated in State and Federal hatcheries are as follows:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - steelhead, rainbow, Channel catfish cutthroat, and brook Largemouth bass Salmon - kokanee, chinook, Smallmouth bass and coho~~

~~The more important game fish species available but not artificially propagated include Dolly Varden, yellow perch, fresh-water ling or burbot, white sturgeon, whitefish, grayling, and sunfishes.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, the State of Idaho had 336,000 fishermen who expended a total of 1,267,000 fisherman-days (table 2). Fishing for cold-water species accounted for almost 94 percent of these days. Percentagewise, the numbers of fisherman-days in cold-water habitat were divided as follows: streams, 55 percent; lakes, 19 percent; and reservoirs, 20 percent.

The 61,000 acres of warm-water habitat in Idaho accommodate the remaining 6 percent of the fisherman-days and attract about 50,000 anglers annually. As additional warm- water habitat is developed and managed, this number of fisherman-days should increase.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 336 393 447 659 Cold-water 286 334 380 559 Warm-water 50 59 67 100 Man-days of fishing 1,267 1,520 1,772 2,533 Cold-water 1,198 1,438 1,676 2,396 Warm-water 69 82 96 137~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

There are 17 State hatcheries in Idaho. One national fish hatchery is in operation and two are under construction. The Idaho Fish and Game Department has a limited need for warm-water fish and requirements for these fish have been met from national fish hatcheries outside the State.

The Hagerman National Fish Hatchery provides the rainbow trout stocking requirements for all Federally managed Indian and military reservation waters in Idaho and Nevada. It is also assisting in providing a limited number of Lahontan cutthroat for stocking Pyramid and Walker Lakes in Nevada. The remainder of the Hagerman National Fish Hatchery trout production is used in cooperative State-Federal stocking programs in Idaho, Oregon, and Nevada. All of these waters are open to public fishing and include waters on national forests, Bureau of Land Management lands, and national wildlife refuges.

~~Special Conditions~~

The 1965 data contained in table 3 indicate a surplus of trout over requirements. A close check of the data reveals the surplus primarily occurs in the production of trout and kokanee fry at State hatcheries. The State has pointed out the requirements originally provided for table 3 were based on minimum stocking requirements as scheduled in their fish stocking catalog. These requirements are used as a basic guide only and release of more fish than listed in the catalog is not considered as overproduction. In total poundage these fry make up an extremely small percentage of the total State fish production.

IDAHO 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Despite efforts to slow the continual Requirements Production conversion of flowing stream and anadromous fish habitat to reservoir habitat, it is 1965 expected that nearly 21,000 acres of cold- Totals 12,389 29,288 water stream habitat will be lost and 215,000 Cold-water fish 12,189 29,278 acres of reservoir habitat gained by year Trout 10,574 27,633 2000. Most of this will be cold-water State 10,554 26,122 reservoir habitat and will require stocking. Fry 2,106 19,822 The number of fishermen is expected to Fingerlings 5,991 3,000 double in Idaho by year 2000. Catchables 2,457 3,300 Bureau 20 1,541 Total hatchery production at Federal Fingerlings 939 hatcheries in Idaho will be increased by Catchables 20 602 1973 as the two national fish hatcheries Salmon 1,615 1,615 now under construction will be in operation. State (fingerlings) 1,615 500 These two hatcheries, Dworshak and Kooskia, Bureau (fingerlings) 1,115 are expected to rear 10 million yearling Warm-water fish 200 10 steelhead and salmon by 1973. By the year State (fingerlings) 200 2000 the total Federal production will have Bureau (fingerlings) 10 increased to 13 million fish. The State 1973 shows no increase in fish production except Totals 12,471 40,071 in trout fry during this period. Cold-water fish 12,266 40,021 Trout 8,266 36,021 State requirements for years 1973, 1980, State 8,166 26,000 and 2000 show an overproduction of 27, 28, Bureau 100 10,021 and 30 million respectively. Again, this Salmon 4,000 4,000 surplus is due primarily to the inclusion of State 4,000 2,000 23 million trout and kokanee fry in their Bureau 2,000 program each year, whereas the requirements Warm-water fish 205 50 are based on the minimum levels contained in State 200 their fish planting catalog. Bureau 5 50 1980 Conclusions and Recommendations Totals 12,992 41,071 Cold-water fish 12,787 41,021 Currently, State and Federal hatcheries Trout 8,787 37,021 are not capable of providing any significant State 8,587 26,000 fish stocking for proposed water resource Bureau 200 11,021 development projects. Fish stocking require- Salmon 4,000 4,000 ments should be objectively considered for State 4,000 2,000 each proposed water development project. Bureau 2,000 Warm-water fish 205 50 The data indicate an overproduction of State 200 catchable trout and a deficit of fingerling Bureau 5 50 trout in total State requirements. Closer 2000 coordination of hatchery production, State Totals 14,023 44,071 and Federal, could remedy this problem. Cold-water fish 13,518 44,021 Trout 8,518 39,021 State 8,218 26,000 Bureau 300 13,021 Salmon 5,000 5,000 State 5,000 2,000 Bureau 3,000 Warm-water fish 505 50 State 500 Bureau 5 50

~~IDAHO 3 ° ° ° ° ° ° 1 (7 116 115 14 113 112~~

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~~IDAHO 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~ILLINOIS~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Illinois' cold-water fishery is limited to a few of its northern streams. The waters are marginal, relatively inaccessible, and provide only a token trout fishery. About 976,640 acres of Lake Michigan lie inside the State boundary (table 1).

The warm waters of this State vary from the small multi-purpose farm ponds to large flood control reservoirs. Also included are parts of several large river systems, which make up 60 percent of the State's warm waters. Farm ponds, although small in terms of total acreage, rank next to State-owned and managed lakes in providing fishing opportunities.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 1,347,821 1,427,797 1,455,841 1,523,681 Total stocked 40,758 82,666 28,356 38,356 Cold waters 976,640 976,640 976,640 976,640 (Lake Michigan) Cold waters stocked 306 306 306 306 On other public lands 306 306 306 306 Warm waters 371,181 451,157 479,201 547,041 On Federal lands 243,462 305,822 318,872 333,872 On other public lands 70,947 73,187 74,727 89,127 Farm ponds 36,277 45,253 53,107 75,547 On other private lands 20,495 26,895 32,495 48,495 Warm waters stocked 40,452 82,360 28,050 38,050 On Federal lands 5,000 67,360 13,050 23,050 On other public lands 1,239 1,000 1,000 1,000 Farm ponds 34,213 14,000 14,000 14,000

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~Illinois waters provide primarily a panfish fishery. The rivers provide opportunities for catfish and related species. Trout play a very minor role in the total picture.~~

Management efforts are primarily directed toward providing fishing opportunities for smallmouth and largemouth bass, bluegill and redear sunfish, channel catfish, and to a lesser extent northern pike and walleye.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

~~In 1965, the State of Illinois had over 1 million fishermen. This number is expected to increase to about 11/2 million by the year 2000 (table 2).~~

Fishing effort on warm-water lakes is estimated to be 44 percent of the State total. Farm pond fishing provides 20 percent. The largest area of warm water, the rivers and streams, provides36 percent of the total fisherman-days. The 1965 State angler survey indicated that fishermen averaged 22 trips per year.

~~ILLINOIS 1 TABLE 2. --Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 1,082 1,180 1,260 1,570 Cold-water 2 2 3 4 Warm-water 1,080 1,178 1,257 1,566 Man-days of fishing 23,800 26,000 28,000 35,000 Cold-water 40 50 60 100 Warm-water 23,760 25,950 27,940 34,900~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

There are no national fish hatcheries in the State of Illinois. Warm-'water fish for stocking large reservoirs and farm pond0 are brought in from Federal hatcheries in adjoining States. In 1965, 995,000 fish were distributed in the State from the Fairport, Guttenberg, Lake Mills, Senecaville, Corning, Rochester, and Hebron National Fish Hatcheries. The latter station stocked 795,000 of this number in the newly impounded Carlyle Reservoir. The balance, with the exception of some large plants of channel catfish, went into farm ponds.

~~The Illinois Department of Conservation operates two warm-water hatcheries. These two hatcheries produced about one million game fish in 1965.~~

~~Catchable trout are transferred from either the Manchester or Lake Mills National Fish Hatcheries each spring for stocking Illinois trout streams.~~

No increase is expected in the trout program. Unless a change in emphasis or a tremendous breakthrough is made in the management of reservoirs and rivers, the present hatchery program is expected to remain about the same in future years. Other than special requests for stocking large reservoirs, the normal number of warm-water fingerling fish stocked by Bureau hatcheries in Illinois is about 170,000.

~~Special Conditions~~

The annual requirements for stocking farm ponds and intensively managed lakes can be met with existing facilities. Management of strip mine pits may require more hatchery stocking in the future. Also northern pike and walleye may be utilized to a greater extent as they become available from Federal hatcheries, particularly those along the Mississippi River.

The data regarding requirements and production capability for warm-water fish on the attached sheets are not entirely realistic because they do not take into consideration those occasional large plants requested by the Illinois Conservation Department for stocking new impoundments. For example, Illinois requested one to three million largemouth bass from Federal hatcheries in 1965 for stocking Carlyle Reservoir; however, the attached data indicate that only 995,000 warm-water species were received from Bureau sources. This accounts for the apparent production surplus. These same figures for 1965 are projected for the future years, again showing a production surplus which is in error.

~~ILLINOIS 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's)~~

~~Requirements Production Requirements Production~~

1965 1980 Totals 1,304 2,155 Totals 1,117 2,620 Trout 26 31 Trout 25 22 State (Catchables) 26 State 25 Bureau (Catchables) 31 Bureau 22 Warm-water fish 1,278 2,124 Warm-water fish 1,092 2,598 State 1,236 1,129 State 1,050 1,050 Fingerlings 1,189 1,129 Bureau 42 1,548 Catchables 47 2000 Bureau 42 995 Totals 1,117 3,247 Fingerlings 40 993 Trout 25 31 Catchables 2 2 State 25 1973 Bureau 31 Totals 1,117 2,471 Warm-water fish 1,092 3,216 Trout 25 20 State 1,050 1,050 State 25 Bureau 42 2,166 Bureau 20 Warm-water fish 1,092 2,451 State 1,050 1,050 Bureau 42 1,401

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

~~The requirements for warm-water fish are expected to decrease from 1,278,000 in 1965 to 1,092,000 in the year 2000 (table 3).~~

~~Conclusions and Recommendations~~

~~In view of total requirements compared to the hatchery capabilities, a change in the hatchery program in Illinois is not anticipated.~~

~~Warm-water fishing in Illinois. Photo, State Department of Conservation.~~

~~ILLINOIS 3~~

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~~MAStIVII:13 1 Il JEFFERSON~~

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~~ILLINOIS 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~INDIANA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The State of Indiana has 274,870 surface acres of fishing water, including 145,900 acres of Lake Michigan (table 1). Trout waters, 3,375 acres located in the northeast part of the State, are made up of natural lakes and a few streams.

Excluding Lake Michigan, warm waters make up 97 percent of the State fishing waters. These consist of sluggish streams, parts of major river systems, natural lakes, flood control reservoirs, and multi-purpose farm ponds.

Continued development of impoundments is expected to reduce the flowing waters by about 7 percent by the year 2000. During the same period the acreage of standing warm waters is expected to double: from 58,000 to 114,000 acres.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 274,870 313,954 337,524 348,595 Total stocked 18,107 9,069 9,430 8,220 Cold waters 149,295 149,044 148,820 148,165 On Federal lands 5 20 20 On other public lands 149,295 149,039 148,800 148,145 Cold waters stocked 3,375 3,124 2,900 2,245 On Federal lands 5 15 15 On other public lands 3,375 3,119 2,885 2,230 Warm waters 125,575 164,910 188,704 200,430 On Federal lands 4,535 35,695 51,404 54,630 On other public lands 83,540 85,215 86,300 87,800 Farm ponds 30,000 35,000 39,000 42,000 On other private lands 7,500 9,000 12,000 16,000 Warm waters stocked 5,732 5,945 6,530 5,975 On Federal lands 1,760 1,435 1,120 1,120 On other public lands 672 710 1,010 450 Farm ponds 3,000 3,500 3,900 4,200 On other private lands 300 200 400 200

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Largemouth bass fishing along with other associated warm-water species dominates sport fishing of the State. Smallmouth bass fishing is found in some of the streams and smaller rivers, while catfish are very important to the bank fishermen along the larger rivers. Farm ponds play a very significant role in the total picture.

~~Trout fishing makes up only about 1 percent of total sport fishing.~~

~~Fishing for salmonids in Lake Michigan may gain significantly in future years.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

~~In 1965, the State had an estimated 505,000 fishermen (table 2). The total number of fishermen is expected to increase to 643,000 by the year 2000.~~

~~INDIANA 1 TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 505 535 563 643 Cold-water 5 6 6 7 Warm-water 500 529 557 636 Man-days of fishing 8,048 8,552 9,008 10,280 Cold-water 88 90 92 92 Warm-water 7,960 8,462 8,916 10,188~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

As a result of inefficient rearing facilities, the Rochester National Fish Hatchery was closed in 1965. Fish, for farm ponds, are brought into the State from other national fish hatcheries, primarily Hebron, Senecaville, and Frankfort. Annually, the Senecaville or Manchester National Fish Hatchery transfers 80,000 trout fingerlings to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources for rearing to catchable size.

The State of Indiana operates eight fish hatcheries, seven of these are pond fish hatcheries that rear largemouth and smallmouth bass, redear and bluegill sunfish, and rock bass. The other hatchery receives the trout fingerlings and rears them to seven inches or larger.

~~Special Conditions~~

The routine requirements for stocking new or rehabilitated lakes can be met in most instances with fish from State hatcheries. The exception might be a need for stocking a large newly impounded reservoir.

~~Farm ponds received 1.2 million fingerling fish in 1965 from Federal hatcheries.~~

The Indiana Department of Natural Resources is offering management assistance to farm pond owners--the need for restocking following renovation as well as new construction will continue to press a heavy demand for farm pond stocking.

~~Introduction of species of game fish not presently found in Indiana waters may play a major role in the manipulation of future fish stocks.~~

The extent of Indiana's participation in the current Great Lakes Program has not been determined at this time. Indiana's commercial fishermen made some rather upsetting inroads into the Michigan stocked coho salmon in 1967 until restrictive regulations were imposed. The probability that these fish would continue to congregate in the southern part of Lake Michigan in the winter months offers a distinct possibility of a salmon fishery in Indiana waters.

The trout surplus in table 3 is not a surplus, but is a result of listing the same fish twice. The transfer from a Federal hatchery for further rearing in a State facility has already been discussed in this narrative.

INDIANA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The existing arrangement for stocking Requirements Production warm-water fish in Indiana waters is for the State hatcheries to stock State managed 1965 waters and the Federal hatcheries to pro- Totals 1,633 3,019 vide fish for the farm ponds. The exception Trout 80 to this would be the stocking of a large State (Catchables) *80 66 Federal reservoir where assistance from Bureau (Fingerlings) *80 Federal hatcheries is necessary to make Warm-water fish 1,553 2,873 one or two large introductory plants. State 1,537 239 Fingerlings 1,473 235 Present and projected hatchery pro- Catchables 64 4 duction is sufficient to meet the needs Bureau (fingerlings) 16 2,634 for stocking. A shortage in the supply of 1973 hatchery fish could develop if large Totals 1,905 3,920 lakes or reservoirs were to be stocked. Trout 90 There would also be a shortage if the State State 90 67 desired to stock Lake Michigan. Bureau *40 Warm-water fish 1,815 3,813 State 1,775 200 Bureau 40 3,613 1980 Totals 2,260 4,354 Trout 120 State 120 68 Bureau *44 Warm-water fish 2,140 4,242 State 2,080 250 Bureau 60 3,992 2000 Totals 2,500 5,995 Trout 120 State 120 69 Bureau *62 Warm-water fish 2,380 5,864 State 2,280 275 Bureau 100 5,589

*Samefish, reared by State from fingerling to catchable size.

~~Capturing largemouth bass for brood pond stocking at a warm-water hatchery in Indiana. Photo, Department of Natural Resources.~~

~~INDIANA 3~~

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~~° 87 66 85°~~

~~INDIANA 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~IOWA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Iowa's trout fishery is concentrated in the northeast counties of the State. Streams in the area that will support a cold-water fishery are managed on a put-and-take basis. A special trout stamp is required for fishing in these waters.

The warm-water fishery includes a variety of habitats--these range from the oxbow lakes along the Missouri River to the many multi-purpose farm ponds. In 1965, the State reported 194,964 acres of flood control reservoirs; proposed impoundments will increase this acreage to 225,814 acres by 1973; 236,355 acres in 1980; and 256,855 acres in 2000. These developments will reduce the acreage of river water by about 14 percent (from 52,353 to 45,500)by the year 2000. Farm pond acreage is expected to increase from 20,886 in 1965 to 50,900 in 2000 (table 1).

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 334,565 375,938 401,716 438,802 Total stocked 58,093 100,845 118,263 149,449 Cold waters 104 271 463 549 On Federal lands 1 31 61 91 On other public lands 14 181 373 458 On other private lands 89 59 29 Cold waters stocked 104 271 463 549 On Federal lands 1 31 61 91 On other public lands 14 181 373 458 On other private lands 89 59 29 Warm waters 334,461 375,667 401,253 438,253 On Federal lands 194,964 225,814 236,353 256,853 On other public lands 101,611 101,353 106,000 105,500 Farm ponds 20,886 30,500 38,900 50,900 On other private lands 17,000 18,000 20,000 25,000 Warm waters stocked 57,989 100,574 117,800 148,900 On Federal lands 4,989 34,914 45,150 65,200 On other public lands 43,500 46,160 51,150 57,200 Farm ponds 1,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 On other private lands 8,500 9,500 11,500 16,500

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Iowa's waters fall into a number of different categories. The more northern waters provide fishing for northern pike and walleye. The farm ponds are managed for largemouth bass, bluegill, and channel catfish. The bulk of the waters provide fishing for catfish, largemouth bass, and various other panfish. The Mississippi River on the east and the Missouri River on the west provide a variety of habitat; sauger, walleye, and northern pike attract large numbers of fishermen to the waters below the locks on the Mississippi River. The catfish also play a significant role in the river fishery.

Flood control reservoirs under construction are expected to develop a trout fishery potential in the resulting tailwaters. These will increase the acres of trout waters from 104 in 1965 to 549 by 2000.

~~IOWA 1 Data on Fishermen~~

In the event that the above tailwaters do support trout, then the increase in cold- water fishermen and-fisherman-days may increase much more rapidly than reported on the attached data sheets: cold-water fishermen, 14,000 in 1965 to 17,000 in 2000; fisherman- days, 112,000 in 1965 to 133,000 in 2000 (table 2). Total fishermen (both cold- and warm- water) were estimated to be 418,000 in 1965 and 498,000 in 2000.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 418 424 442 498 Cold-water 14 14 15 17 Warm-water 404 410 427 481 Man-days of fishing 3,456 3,507 3,659 4,122 Cold-water 112 113 118 133 Warm-water 3,344 3,394 3,541 3,989~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Iowa Conservation Commission operates 11 hatcheries. These consist of four trout, three walleye and northern pike, one catfish, and three pond fish hatcheries. A number of small shallow lakes and ponds are used as nursery waters for warm-water species.

There are three Federal hatcheries in Iowa. The Guttenberg and Fairport hatcheries are pond fish stations producing bass, bluegill, and channel catfish for stocking farm ponds and other managed waters. Fish distribution from these hatcheries is over about a five-State area, depending on the need for any given year. The Manchester Hatchery is a trout hatchery where brood stock are held to provide eggs to both State and Federal hatcheries over an11-State area. Production fish are utilized in national forest waters in Minnesota, Camp McCoy in Wisconsin, and are transferred as fingerlings to other national fish hatcheries for rearing to larger size.

Pond fish distribution in Iowa by Federal hatcheries in 1965 was 3,879,000 fingerling fish (table 3). Two Federal hatcheries located outside the State of Iowa contributed to this number; 415,085 were stocked in farm ponds and the remaining were stocked in public waters as determined by State management biologists.

~~Trout distributed to Iowa waters from the Manchester National Fish Hatchery amounted to 47,000 fingerlings and 35,000 catchables.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

The State's requirement for warm-water fingerling fish is based on a need for restocking lakes and streams that receive heavy kills as a result of low lake levels, reduced stream flows, and severe winter conditions, and the initial stocking of new waters. Large numbers of walleye and northern pike fry are utilized in the stocking program of this and other North Central States. Research at Iowa State University indicates that 3,000 walleye fry per acre and 1,000 northern pike fry per acre must be stocked to provide a meaningful return.

~~Trout production requirements will increase as the tailwaters of new reservoirs exhibit cold-water qualities.~~

IOWA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Recommendations and Conclusions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Obviously, Iowa State management Requirements Production personnel are utilizing large numbers of hatchery fish in their programs and plan 1965 to continue in future years. However, the Totals 177,261 114,961 situation is not necessarily comparable to Trout 210 282 strictly a fingerling stocking program in State (Catchables) 210 200 other States. The tremendous use of fry in Bureau 82 Iowa's stocking program may well represent Fingerlings 47 the most economical use of fish. Catchables 35 Warm-water fish 177,051 114,679 If the increased requirement for trout State 176,900 110,800 becomes a Federal responsibility, then a Fry 169,000 106,000 new hatchery would have to be built, since Fingerlings 7,600 4,500 any expansion of the Manchester Hatchery is Catchables 300 300 limited by a dwindling water supply. Bureau 151 3,879 Fingerlings 150 3,873 Considering the number of fish and Catchables 1 6 hatcheries involved, it seems that the 1973 present hatchery needs for the State are Totals 224,741 141,438 being well taken care of. Trout 540 349 State 540 302 Bureau 47 Warm-water fish 224,201 141,089 State 223,700 138,275 Bureau 501 2,814 1980 Totals 272,122 165,617 Trout 920 408 State 920 356 Bureau 52 Warm-water fish 271,202 165,209 State 270,700 162,100 Bureau 502 3,109 2000 Totals 350,405 209,446 Trout 1,100 493 State 1,100 420 Bureau 73 Warm-water fish 349,305 208,953 State 348,650 204,600 Bureau 655 4,353

~~Headquarters, Spirit Lake Hatchery, Iowa. Photo, State Conservation Commission.~~

~~IOWA 3 • •~~

~~. 14 515 9 . 93.~~

~~Spirit Lake~~

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O National Fish Hatchery Warm Water STATE CAPITAL 0 A National Fish Hatchery Salmonid LEGEND SCALE IOWA 0 COUNTY SEAT O State Fish Hatchery Warm Water 0 0 10 20 30 40 MILES RIJ HH HI State Fish Hatchery Combination NOTE ALL OTHER PLACES HAVING 5.000 OR MORE POPULATION 0 • * Staterish Hatchery Salmonid -40= J1° 9;5 9E3' NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH

~~KANSAS~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Kansas is well endowed with water. All suitable waters must be managed for warm- water species of fish including northern pike, walleye, and striped bass. Much of the State's 301,025 acres of water (table 1) is in the form of streams and rivers with access controlled by private ownership.

Waters on Federal lands, 81,000 acres, will double by 1973, and nearly treble by 2000. This is an indication of the trend in water development projects constructed by the Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

~~Farm ponds and mall watershed impoundments will nearly double from their present combined acreage of 83,000 by 2000.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 301,025 391,250 421,400 503,700 Total stocked 189,085 283,050 317,600 406,200 Cold waters 25 50 100 200 Farm ponds 25 50 100 200 Cold waters stocked 25 50 100 200 Warm waters 301,000 391,200 421,300 503,500 On Federal lands 81,540 152,700 170,300 219,500 On other public lands 71,600 72,500 72,000 72,000 Farm ponds 74,400 90,000 102,000 132,000 On other private lands 73,460 76,000 77,000 80,000 Warm waters stocked 189,060 283,000 317,500 406,000 On Federal lands 80,600 151,500 168,500 217,000 On other public lands 25,600 28,500 30,000 33,000 Farm ponds 74,400 90,000 102,000 132,000 On other private lands 8,460 13,000 17,000 24,000

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Emphasis by State fishery personnel over the last few years has been in attempting to establish and maintain populations of desired game fish species in both small and large impoundments. The favored species are channel catfish, largemouth bass, northern pike, walleye, and to a lesser extent, crappies and sunfish. Northern pike and walleyes are used only in the larger reservoirs. Here, they are stocked to satisfy a dual role to provide a large game fish sought by anglers, and to serve as a large predator to inhibit overpopulation of less desirable fish species. The State indicated a strong interest in use of a land-locked strain of the striped bass as an added trophy fish and for special management situations.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

The State estimated 373,000 active fishermen who fished a total of 5,363,000 days in 1965 (table 2). Fishery personnel believe there will be a slow but gradual increase to 454,000 fishermen by the year 2000. Fishing pressure at that point will amount to 6,537,000 fisherman-days annually. By national standards this is not a significant increase in fishing pressure over this extended period.

~~KANSAS 1 TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing, warm-water, 1,000's~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 373 396 403 454 Man-days of fishing 5,363 5,702 5,797 6,537~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The State and Federal governments each operate two warm-water fish hatcheries in Kansas. The State also operates a small portable hatchery specifically for the incubation of northern pike and walleye eggs.

Emphasis in fish production at the two national fish hatcheries is on channel catfish and largemouth bass, with only limited effort expended on northern pike and walleye. The Bureau hatcheries in Kansas lack a dependable source of eggs for these two species and, therefore, must depend upon the State and other Bureau hatcheries in the Dakotas for a supply of eggs. Kansas fishery personnel are expending greater efforts each year to locate and develop better and more dependable brood stock sources for these species. As they become more successful, it is anticipated that Bureau facilities for these species will be expanded at Cedar Bluff National Fish Hatchery.

~~State and national fish hatcheries in Kansas are meeting the requirements for fish for Federal and cooperative programs, except for northern pike and walleyes.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

State fishery leaders have indicated that their hatchery facilities are not adequate to produce the unusually large numbers of largemouth bass needed to stock new Corps of Engineers' reservoirs. Emphasis on this species has been exerted at existing Bureau hatcheries in the State. Bureau facilities are inadequate when two or more large reservoirs begin filling in any one year. Arrangements have been made to produce this species at national fish hatcheries in other States for these problem years. The system has been working well so far and it is believed it can be continued at least through 1980.

Principal needs not covered at present are in the production of northern pike and walleye. A deficiency will probably occur with the striped bass as management techniques are developed for this species.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

Requirements for hatchery fish for Kansas waters will increase on almost a straight line basis through the target years from 24 million in 1965 to 110 million in 2000 (table 3). Planned production will lag considerably with deficits of 4,670,000 Predicted for 1973, 41,819,000 in 1980, and 57,607,000 in 2000. Most of these fish are fry size northern pike, walleye, and striped bass; and most will be needed to maintain satisfactory fishing in Federal waters.

Kansas State hatcheries produced nearly 10 million fish in 1965. They plan to increase their capability to 46 million by 2000. Production from Bureau hatcheries will rise from three to six million throughout the planning period.

KANSAS 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The huge deficits predicted reflect Requirements Production the State's confidence in the use of northern pike and walleye as ideal pred- 1965 ators and game fish in Kansas reservoirs. Totals 24,010 13,185 Production of these species at this Trout (Bureau) 10 magnitude requires spawning runs of adults Fingerlings 10 in natural waters and the ability to trap Warm-water fish 24,000 13,185 the ripe fish and take the eggs. It does State 23,960 9,881 not require a large investment in Fry 20,900 9,085 hatchery facilities. One well designed Fingerlings 2,900 754 building could adequately handle 150 Catchables 160 42 million eggs per season to produce the Bureau 40 3,304 necessary fry needed by the year 2000. Fry 226 If management requires pond-reared Fingerlings 35 3,073 fingerlings two inches or larger, pro- Catchables 5 5 duction facilities would have to be 1973 increased tenfold to do the job. Totals 46,270 41,600 Trout (Bureau) 10 Warm-water fish 46,260 41,600 State 46,200 37,500 Bureau 60 4,100 1980 Totals 88,350 46,531 Trout (Bureau) 20 Warm-water fish 88,330 46,531 State 88,250 42,000 Bureau 80 4,531 2000 Totals 110,450 52,843 Trout (Bureau) 30 Warm-water fish 110,420 52,843 State 110,300 46,500 Bureau 120 6,343

~~Cedar Bluff National Fish Hatchery, Kansas.~~

~~KANSAS 3 •~~

~~102° 101° 100° 919° 98° 917° 96° 95°~~

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~~LEGEND~~

SCALE o National Fish Hatchery-Warm Water 20 0 20 40 MILES IHHHHH O State Fish Hatchery-Warm Water *STATECAPITAL –36°— 91 COUNTY SEAT — 36°– KANSAS 102° 101° 100° 1 99° 98° 97° NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH

~~KENTUCKY~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Kentucky has about 526,000 acres of fishing waters of which nearly 7 percent or 34,473 acres are cold-water and 93 percent or 491,255 acres are warm-water habitat (table 1). Most of the cold water is reservoir habitat but there are over 4,400 acres of streams and tailwaters. These flowing waters will not sustain a trout fishery from natural reproduction, therefore, all require stocking. The same is true of the "second story" reservoir habitat.

The warm waters of Kentucky provide some of the finest fishing in the nation. More than 266,000 acres of streams provide a variety of habitat ranging from the clear smallmouth bass and muskellunge waters to the large, productive rivers. About 37 percent of the warm waters are in the large reservoirs. In addition to the large impoundments there are 35,000 acres of farm ponds many of which are very productive.

Kentucky's fish habitat has been altered tremendously by man's activities such as impoundments, mining, logging, and agriculture. Many miles of excellent stream habitat have been lost forever but an abundance of reservoir environment has been created.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 525,728 591,052 648,998 743,484 Total stocked 110,526 281,467 337,602 430,741 Cold waters 34,473 67,477 79,239 111,604 On Federal lands 30,449 60,287 70,670 100,725 On other public lands 4,024 7,190 8,569 10,879 Cold waters stocked 34,473 67,477 79,239 111,604 On Federal lands 30,449 60,287 70,670 100,725 On other public lands 4,024 7,190 8,569 10,879 Warm waters 491,255 523,575 569,759 631,880 On Federal lands 174,115 202,596 244,989 303,760 On other public lands 274,740 275,579 276,370 276,720 Farm ponds 35,000 37,000 39,000 41,000 On other private lands 7,400 8,400 9,400 10,400 Warm waters stocked 76,053 213,990 258,363 319,137 On Federal lands 66,492 200,699 243,072 301,846 On other public lands 6,411 10,141 12,141 14,141 Farm ponds 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 On other private lands 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,050

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The variation in fish habitats provides Kentucky fishermen with a wide choice of fishing during all of the seasons of the year. This ranges from fly fishing for trout and smallmouth bass, to lake or reservoir fishing for both trout and warm-water species. Thousands of fishermen enjoy fishing on farm ponds.

~~The principal species of game fish sought by Kentucky fishermen are as follows:~~

~~Cold water Warm water~~

~~Rainbow trout Largemouth bass Crappie (black & white) Brown trout Smallmouth bass Panfish Brook trout White bass Walleye Muskellunge~~

~~KENTUCKY 1 Data on Fishermen~~

~~In 1965, the State of Kentucky had a total of 522,000 fishermen who devoted 8,698,000 fisherman-days to this activity (table 2). Only 19,300 anglers fished for trout.~~

Slightly more than 4 percent of the fisherman-days were spent on streams. Reservoirs, lakes, and ponds accounted for the remaining 96 percent of the fishing effort. This does not mean that Kentucky's streams are not quality fishing but it does indicate a definite preference for lake fishing.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 522 715 938 1,998 Cold-water 19 29 40 144 Warm-water 503 686 898 1,854 Man-days of fishing 8,698 12,862 16,884 35,964 Cold-water 347 513 727 2,597 Warm-water 8,351 12,349 16,157 33,367~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The State of Kentucky has one warm-water hatchery with less than eight acres of water in production. There is one national fish hatchery which produces warm-water fish. A Federal trout hatchery located below Wolf Creek Dam is in the planning stage and should be in production by about 1970.

Trout for Kentucky waters are now being hauled from Federal hatcheries in nearby States. In 1965, the requirements for trout in Kentucky were 428,000 (table 3). The State received a total of 79,000 which left a deficit of 349,000. It is apparent that the needs will not be met until the new hatchery is in production. If the reservoir trout fishery develops as it is projected in this report, the hatchery will have to be expanded to meet the requirements by 1973.

Although the national fish hatchery produced over 2 million warm-water fish in 1965 and the State hatchery provided 439,000, there was a reported deficit of 44 million fish. Most of this deficit is in species or sizes which are not currently being produced--for example, a need of 40 million striped bass fry and 21/2 million six-inch largemouth bass fingerlings.

~~Special Conditions~~

The development of a "second story" cold-water fishery in Kentucky will require a large number of trout. The projected needs for warm-water fish are also indicative of tremendous requirements. While the need is not disputed, it may be difficult for combined State and Federal facilities to provide the fish required without program changes.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980~~

Kentucky's cold-water fishermen will increase in number by 10,000 in 1973 and by the year 2000 over 144,000 anglers will fish for trout. Warm-water fishermen will increase gradually until nearly 2 million fishermen can be expected by the end of the century.

The cold waters will increase by about 100 percent in 1973, another 12,000 acres by 1980, and twenty years later there will be a projected 112,000 acres of trout habitat. This increase is due entirely to reservoir cold-water habitat and tailwaters.

KENTUCKY 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH There will be some loss of warm-water stream habitat over the next 35 years due to impoundment and pollution. There will, however, be a gain of about 218,000 acres of fish habitat in the form of reservoirs.

The data accumulated in this survey show Kentucky had a deficit in 1965 of 349,000 trout and 44,109,000 warm-water fish. This deficit is projected to increase to 4,240,000 trout and 65,648,000 warm-water fish by the year 2000. This will surpass by far the projected production of both State and Federal facilities. Many of the warm- water fish required are fry and the deficit is not as great as it seems since large numbers of fry can be produced at a hatchery. The most serious shortage will be in the need for trout if the reservoir cold-water fishery expands as it is projected.

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Conclusions: Requirements Production 1. The cold-water fish habitat in 1965 Kentucky will increase substantially in Totals 47,002 2,544 the next 35 years due to reservoir Trout 428 79 "second story" cold waters and tailwaters State 428 below the impoundments. Fingerlings 14 Catchables 414 2. Kentucky will need considerably Bureau (Catchables) 79 more trout than they are currently Warm-water fish 46,574 2,465 getting to stock these waters. State 46,562 439 Fry 42,000 141 3. Warm-water fish habitat will Fingerlings 4,562 298 increase due to impoundments. Needs for Bureau 12 2,026 warm-water fish will increase as new Fingerlings 12 2,026 waters are created. 1973 Totals 55,282 9,161 4. Kentucky's requirements for Trout 1,026 616 warm-water fish include new species and State 1,026 fish of a size which are not currently Bureau 616 available. Warm-water fish 54,256 8,495 State 54,236 5,439 Recommendations: Bureau 20 3,056 1980 1. If these projections indicate Totals 66,180 12,057 realistic requirements for fish, both Trout 1,454 681 trout and warm-water (much depends upon State 1,454 the development of cold reservoir waters Bureau 681 and the success of striped bass stocking), Warm-water fish 64,726 11,376 the present fish hatchery facilities both State 64,698 8,000 State and Federal are inadequate. Bureau 28 3,376 2000 Both agencies should consider possible Totals 85,568 15,680 means of enlarging and improving their Trout 5,194 954 hatcheries in an attempt to provide the State 5,194 fish needed for managing Kentucky waters. Bureau 954 Warm-water fish 80,374 14,726 State 80,319 10,000 Bureau 55 4,726

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~~® STATE CAPITAL SCALE~~

~~10 0 10 0 COUNTY SEAT 20 30 40 50 60 MILE 360_ H 14 I-I F— KENTUCKY~~

~~819. 1 ° 1 ° ija° 87 86 °j5 6,4 83 1112° NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~LOUISIANA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Louisiana's fish habitat embraces 2,215,475 acres of inland fresh waters and nearly 12 million acres of salt water (table 1). It is easy to see why this State is known as the "Sportsman's Paradise." The habitat ranges from the bays and sloughs of the estuarine area through the bayou region of sluggish streams and productive lakes to the reservoirs and streams of the hill country.

~~Over 44 percent of Louisiana's fresh-water habitat is in streams. The remaining 56 percent is mostly in lakes and reservoirs, which cover over 1 million acres. There are 22,933 acres of farm ponds.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total warm waters 2,215,475 2,410,420 2,544,560 3,162,840 On Federal lands 48,990 49,120 46,660 45,240 On other public lands 2,127,312 2,314,000 2,443,000 3,042,000 Farm ponds 22,933 29,300 34,900 51,000 On other private lands 16,240 18,000 20,000 24,600 Total warm water stocked 3,300 4,374 5,826 8,332 On Federal lands 1,024 1,474 1,926 2,632 On other public lands 1,426 2,000 3,000 4,800 Farm ponds 850 900 900 900

The tremendously productive estuarine and salt-water area on Louisiana's coast covers 11,770,000 acres. The sloughs, bayous, and marsh of this coast provide one of the nation's finest nursery areas for salt-water fish and related organisms. It is also considered to be one of the most outstanding locations in the country for salt-water fishing.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The vast area of fishing waters, a mild climate, and the variety of fishing found in Louisiana provide for year-round warm-water fishing of the highest quality. In the fresh waters the largemouth bass is the most highly prized game fish, and in salt water the most popular single species is probably the weakfish or "speckled trout."

It would not be appropriate to discuss Louisiana fishing without mentioning the importance of crayfish. They are caught in large numbers, seasonally, and provide one of the chief recreational outlets for the residents.

~~The principal species of game fish available to the sportsmen are as follows:~~

~~Fresh water~~

~~Largemouth bass Catfish (channel, flathead, etc.) Spotted bass Panfish (dominately bluegill) Crappie White bass~~

~~LOUISIANA 1 Salt water~~

~~Weakfish Sailfish Bluefish Tarpon Channel bass Red snapper Cobia Dolphin Mackerel (Spanish & King) Amberjack~~

There is an extensive fresh-water commercial fishery in Louisiana. Carp, catfish, buffalo, drum, paddlefish, and gar are the primary fish taken. There are no recognized conflicts between the commercial fishermen and sport fishing interests. There is evidence that the commercial harvest is beneficial to the game fish.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

~~Over 784,000 fishermen took advantage of Louisiana's excellent fishing in 1965 (table 2). About 300,000 of these anglers, or 38 percent, fished in salt water.~~

~~Large reservoirs accounted for about 39 percent of the fisherman-days in fresh water, warm-water lakes and smaller impoundments provided for 37 percent of the fishing.~~

~~It is interesting that 24 percent of fresh-water fishermen effort was expended on streams.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of warm-water fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000'S 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 485 595 750 1,100 Man-days of fishing 5,332 6,610 7,760 9,876~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

~~The State of Louisiana operates three warm-water hatcheries producing bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, channel catfish, and special varieties such as walleye and striped bass.~~

~~The Bureau has one warm-water hatchery at Natchitoches, Louisiana. It produces about 31/2 million bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, and channel catfish (table 3).~~

~~The State hatcheries produced more than 61/2 million fish in 1965 but over 50 percent of these were experimental fish, namely walleye fry and striped bass fingerlings.~~

~~The role of the Federal hatchery in Louisiana is important in the farm pond program and in stocking Federal waters.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

The principal needs for fish are currently being met in Louisiana by the combined efforts of the State and Federal hatcheries. One exception is the requirements for experimental species such as striped bass and walleye fingerlings. The majority of the waters are stocked with largemouth bass and bluegill and the supply of these species is adequate for existing needs.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

The only change of any importance in the fresh-water fish habitat anticipated for Louisiana in the next 35 years is the addition of about 1 million acres of water in the form of reservoirs. There will be a loss of some stream habitat (about 20,000 acres) but this will be minor in nature. Pollution may seriously affect the waters in the Mississippi River and the estuarine fishery but it is hoped this condition may be controlled.

~~LOUISIANA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH The number of farm ponds and small lakes will increase by 100 percent and about 35,000 acres of new habitat will be created.~~

~~Hatchery production for common species is projected as being adequate for 1973, 1980, and 2000. Bass, bluegill, and channel catfish will be available for stocking new and existing waters.~~

By 1973 and up to the year 2000, there will be a need for new and experimental fish both fresh-and salt-water. The present hatcheries may modify their existing facilities to meet the requirements for fresh-water species, but it will require a new hatchery concept. The fish for stocking salt water cannot be made available without the construction of new salt-water hatchery or rearing facilities.

The expected increase in fishermen, both fresh-and salt-water, is gradual over the next 35 years and should not present a serious problem in either the management of the waters or the hatchery program. Over a million people will fish by the end of the century but there is ample water to take care of them.

~~TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) From the data submitted in this report, Requirements Production it can be concluded that:~~

1965 1. Louisiana will gain in fish Warm-water fish 10,858 10,213 habitat due to reservoir construction. State 10,858 6,690 Fry 3,400 3,400 2. Some stream habitat will be lost Fingerlings 7,400 3,290 but it will be minor in nature when com- Catchables 58 pared to the gains. Bureau (Fingerlings) 3,523 1973 3. There will be a need for experi- Warm-water fish 12,906 18,864 mental fish including salt-water species. State 12,865 11,240 Bureau 41 7,624 Recommendations: 1980 Warm-water fish 14,335 23,624 1. The present hatchery facilities State 14,280 15,200 both State and Federal should be modified Bureau 55 8,424 and enlarged as necessary to provide the 2000 needed experimental fresh-water fish. Warm-water fish 17,835 30,724 State 17,725 18,930 2. Consideration should be given to Bureau 110 11,794 establishing a salt-water hatchery and rearing facilities to provide salt-water species needed in the Louisiana management program.

~~Natchitoches National Fish Hatchery, Louisiana.~~

~~LOUISIANA 3 1 1 0 94- 93 92° 89 -33°— —33~~

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~~LEGEND ID National Fish Hatchery -Warm Water~~

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~~VIDALIA~~

~~SCALA 10 0 lo AI ao~~

1 .* * RATE CAPITAL 1 t '."'"D COUNTY RAT =STILL. 1 •• I 0 • • i A • ®MAMMA. ® ! -319— , 0 . —31° BelschwoodfA _\ 1------: -;----R---- ...... , OS MOM 1 C) •-s. ap 1 . . i . —I ® I '—7 — --- ___F t l_

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~~GULF OF MEXICO~~

~~—29 --29=~~

~~9,1,0 914° 99° 91° NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~MAINE~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Many adjectives could be used to describe the fishery resources of Maine, and probably most would fall short of their true excellence. There is a wide diversity of habitat ranging from warm-water lakes in southern part of the State, Atlantic salmon habitat in coastal rivers, and salmon populations in inland streams and lakes.

There are 1,637,505 acres of fishery habitat located in Maine (table 1). Of this total, 927,077 acres (56 percent) are considered as cold-water, and 710,428 acres (44 percent) as warm-water habitat. Some 62 percent of the cold-water habitat is stocked from State or Federal hatcheries with most of the distribution carried out by the State. Federal stocking is confined to farm ponds and Federal lands.

Less than one percent (238 acres) of the 710,428 acre warm-water resource is stocked. Some of the warm-water fish stocked in Maine are raised in the National Fish Hatchery System. Most of the State warm-water stocking is accomplished by transfer of adult fish from other Maine waters.

Maine fishery habitat is capable of sustaining considerable angler pressure without stocking. An exception to this is the Atlantic salmon. Populations of this species have been reduced through destruction of spawning and nursery areas by pollution, or restriction from these areas by dams, until survival of the species is questionable. A concerted effort is being made to restore the species by eliminating pollution and providing access over the dams.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 1,637,505 1,635,579 1,630,646 1,627,788 Total stocked 575,041 581,978 585,080 592,335 Cold waters 927,077 925,14C 922,193 917,308 On Federal lands 377 408 418 458 On other public lands 926,000 924,000 921,000 916,000 Farm ponds 700 740 775 850 Cold waters stocked 574,803 581,645 584,705 591,855 On Federal lands 330 380 400 470 On other public lands 573,773 580,525 583,530 590,535 Farm ponds 700 740 775 850 Warm waters 710,428 710,431 708,453 710,480 On Federal lands 358 358 378 400 On other public lands 710,000 710,000 708,000 710,000 Farm ponds 70 73 75 80 Warm waters stocked 238 333 375 480 On Federal lands 238 260 300 400 Farm ponds 73 75 80

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Increasing fishing pressure on the easily reached resources has caused a reduction in salmonid populations in these areas. A stocking program has been necessary to sustain adequate recreational fishing. Warm-water populations have not been as severely affected since a majority of past angling pressure was directed to cold-water forms. Many of the heavily fished trout and salmon waters are managed by periodic stocking of fingerling fish.

MAINE 1 Coastal rivers provide some fishing for anadromous fish such as the American shad and striped bass. Other streams managed for Atlantic salmon still provide a limited fishery for this species, and anticipated success for the Atlantic salmon restoration program will provide additional populations in the future. Maine's marine fishery for ground and pelagic fishes provides for additional sport and commercial fisheries.

~~Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries or otherwise available for various management programs are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow, and lake Largemouth bass Salmon - Atlantic (includes landlocked strain)~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 294,000 anglers exerted 2,940,000 fisherman-days on Maine inland waters (table 2). Cold-water anglers totaled 187,000 and exerted 1,529,000 (52 percent) fisherman-days of pressure. Warm-water anglers totaled 107,000 and exerted 1,411,000 (48 percent) fisherman-days of pressure on the resource.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1 000'S 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 294 298 318 419 Cold-water 187 189 201 288 Warm-water 107 109 117 131 Man-days of fishing 2,940 2,979 3,181 4,190 Cold-water 1,529 1,549 1,654 2,179 Warm-water 1,411 1,430 1,527 2,011~~

~~Marine anglers numbered 216,000 and spent 648,000 fisherman-days on the 737,000 acres of salt-water habitat.~~

It is interesting to note that although the 2,940,000 angler-days of pressure appear impressive it amounts to less than two man-days per acre-year, which is light pressure on the total resource. Since pressure is not equitably spread in this manner, certain waters bear the brunt of pressure.

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

There are twelve State hatcheries and one Federal hatchery in Maine. An additional national fish hatchery has been authorized and site acquisition has started. Production from this installation is not anticipated until the early 1970's. The existing and forthcoming national fish hatcheries raise only Atlantic salmon (a limited quantity of the landlocked strain is raised at Craig Brook National Fish Hatchery) for the restoration program of this species in Maine. Salmonids or other species necessary for management programs on Federal lands are reared at national fish hatcheries in nearby States.

The State hatchery system is currently raising enough trout for management programs and requires no assistance. Production of Atlantic salmon is not sufficient in State hatcheries and must be supplemented with Federal fish. The existing and projected deficit in Atlantic salmon stocks will be remedied on completion of the Green Lake rearing facility. At that time the Federal production should approach the one million molts projected as requirements in the year 2000 (table 3).

MAINE 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Provided there is no change in Maine Requirements Production fishery management programs, the only problem area at this time is in the 1965 Atlantic salmon program. We are trying to correct this and it is only a matter Totals 2,564 2,809 of time for the program to mature. Cold-water fish 2,554 2,775 Trout 1,651 2,004 Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 State 1,636 1,911 Fry 76 76 It is anticipated that there will be Fingerlings 1,013 1,300 a 9,717-acre loss to the aquatic habitat Catchables 547 535 in Maine over the projection period. This Bureau 15 93 net loss occurs by gain in warm-water Fingerlings 9 72 acreage of 52 acres and a reduction in Catchables 6 21 cold-water acreage of 9,769 acres. Data are insufficient to determine what caused Salmon 903 771 the decline in the cold-water fishery; State 903 548 Fingerlings 403 48 however, pollution is suspected. Yearlings 500 500 Conclusions and Recommendations Bureau 223 Fingerlings 223 Warm-water fish 10 34 The careful planning and intensive fishery management practiced in Maine has State (Fry) 10 resulted in sound resource planning. It Bureau (Fingerlings) 34 1973 is not anticipated that any changes will Totals 3,150 2,989 be necessary. Cold-water fish 3,133 2,939 Trout 2,533 2,651 State 2,500 2,500 Bureau 33 151 Salmon 600 288 State 600 5 Bureau 283 Warm-water fish 17 50 State 15 Bureau 2 50 1980 Totals 2,829 2,842 Cold-water fish 2,800 2,787 Trout 2.000 2,466 State 1,940 2,300 Bureau 60 166 Salmon 800 321 State 800 8 Bureau 313 Warm-water fish 29 55 State 25 Bureau 4 55 2000 Totals 3,216 3,259 Cold-water fish 3,170 3,182 Palermo Fish Rearing Station, Maine, where Trout 2,170 2,732 brook trout and Atlantic salmon are raised. State 2,080 2,500 Photo, Maine Department of Indland Fisheries Bureau 90 232 and Game. Salmon 1,000 450 State 1,000 12 Bureau 438 Warm-water fish 46 77 State 40 Bureau 6 77

~~MAINE 3 Sr~~

~~-47 — — -~~

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~~HOULTON• "4-~~

~~PISCATAOUIS * Lily Bay Naomi Lake SOMERSET 4 .-~~

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~~‘ C ) * State Fish Hatchery — Salmonid Y OR K ALVIND • SCALE~~

~~TO. 0 10 20 30 40 MILES STATE CAPITAL MAINE 1110 COUNTY SEAT~~

~~71. 1~~

~~MAINE 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~MARYLAND~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Although Maryland is small in size when compared to other States in the Southeast, it offers excellent and diversified fishing. This ranges from the popular salt-water fishing on the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean to fly fishing for trout in the northwestern part of the State. In between these two extremes are found the streams of the Potomac River drainage, large reservoirs, and many smaller lakes and ponds.

~~Maryland has over 600 acres of cold-water streams and about 50 acres of small lakes and ponds which are trout habitat. Practically all of these cold waters are stocked periodically (table 1).~~

The State has about 150,000 acres of warm-water habitat. Over 83 percent of the warm-water fishing waters are streams. Reservoirs, and small lakes or ponds make up the remaining warm waters in the State totaling about 25,000 acres.

~~When it comes to marine fish habitat, Maryland has some of the best. The State has 1,927,000 acres including renowned Chesapeake Bay.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 150,650 161,510 202,120 211,120 Total stocked 13,084 20,550 52,155 39,183 Cold waters 650 1,510 11,620 11,620 On Federal lands 10,100 10,100 On other public lands 640 1,500 1,500 1,500 Farm ponds 10 10 20 20 Cold waters stocked 540 1,500 11,600 11,600 On Federal lands 10,100 10,100 On other public lands 540 1,500 1,500 1,500 Warm waters 150,000 160,000 190,500 199,500 On Federal lands 1,300 12,800 48,300 57,800 On other public lands 145,500 143,950 138,900 137,900 Farm ponds 3,200 3,250 3,300 3,800 Warm waters stocked 12,544 19,050 40,555 27,583 On Federal lands 12 5,517 26,022 11,045 On other public lands 12,500 13,500 14,500 16,500 Farm ponds 32 33 33 38

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The variation of aquatic habitat, cold-water, warm-water, and marine; provides anglers in Maryland with a wide variation of fishing. Float fishing or wading the small mouth bass streams, fly fishing for trout, bass fishing in the reservoirs, or bank fishing on a farm pond are but a few of the alternatives. The coastal waters furnish big-game fishing or bottom fishing for such species as flounders, spot, and croakers.

~~MARYLAND 1 The principal species of game fish available to Maryland anglers are as follows:~~

~~Fresh water Salt water~~

~~Rainbow trout Walleye Striped bass Croaker Brown trout Northern pike Bluefish Spot Brook trout Pickerel Weakfish Marlin Smallmouth bass Yellow perch White perch Flounder Largemouth bass Sunfishes~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

~~Of the 456,000 anglers who fished Maryland waters in 1965, over 210,000 preferred salt-water fishing (table 2). About 46,000 fished for trout, and 200,000 chose the warm- water habitats.~~

In the fresh waters about 5 percent of the angling effort was expended on trout, 45 percent on warm-water streams, 20 percent on small warm-water impoundments, and 30 percent fished the reservoirs. It is interesting that the warm-water streams provided nearly half of the fisherman-days.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 246 392 524 960 Cold-water 46 92 124 200 Warm-water 200 300 400 760 Man-days of fishing 1,376 2,202 2,944 5,380 Cold-water 276 552 744 1,200 Warm-water 1,100 1,650 2,200 4,180~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The State of Maryland has three hatchery facilities, two of which produce trout and the other produces largemouth bass and bluegill. They produce a total of 50,000 warm- water fish and 140,000 trout annually (table 3).

There are no national fish hatcheries in Maryland, but the Bureau provided 199,000 trout and 118,000 warm-water fish for stocking Maryland waters in 1965. These fish were transported from hatcheries in contiguous states.

~~It is apparent that the role of the Federal hatchery in Maryland is one of importance to the State management program.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

The principal requirements for hatchery fish in Maryland are being handled by the combined State and Federal endeavor . In 1965, there was a need for an additional 38,000 trout, and 211,000 warm-water fish. This deficit was in the form of walleye, northern pike, and adult bass, none of which are available at the present.

~~Proiections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

Maryland's fishing pressure is expected to increase rapidly over the next 35 years until by the end of the century there will be 960,000 fishermen on the inland waters. They will devote 5.4 million fisherman-days in pursuit of this activity. At the same time there will be one million salt-water anglers.

~~MARYLAND 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH Maryland's cold waters are projected to increase by nearly 300 percent in 1973 and by 1980 there will be 11,600 acres.~~

~~Warm-water habitat in Maryland will increase slightly over the next 35 years due to impoundments. A gain of 49,000 acres will result by the year 2000.~~

The combined State and Federal production will meet Maryland's requirements for trout. Projected increased production by State hatcheries should be ample to meet future needs for large numbers of warm-water fishes. This need is for fish which are not currently produced in hatcheries and includes striped bass, hybrid striped bass-white bass, walleye, northern pike, and adult bass.

~~By the year 1980, Maryland biologists will need marine fishes for experimental stocking. This will require additional hatchery facilities.~~

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusion and Recommendation hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The projected hatchery facilities-- Requirements Production both State and Federal--should be able to satisfy Maryland's requirements for fish. 1965 A new hatchery concept may be needed to Totals 756 507 furnish the additional species required Trout 377 339 before the year 2000. State 362 140 Fingerlings 212 40 The existing hatcheries--both State Catchables 150 100 and Federal--should modify and expand their Bureau 15 199 present facilities and programs to satisfy Fingerlings 10 165 Maryland's requirements for fish in the Catchables 5 34 future. Warm-water fish 379 168 State 291 50 Fry 200 Fingerlings 85 50 Catchables 6 Bureau 88 118 Fingerlings 88 118 1973 Totals 12,943 13,116 Trout 743 867 State 706 550 Bureau 37 317 Warm-water fish 12,200 12,249 State 12,000 12,000 Bureau 200 249 1980 Totals 26,016 26,176 Trout 790 899 State 741 550 Bureau 49 349 Warm-water fish 25,226 25,277 Great Falls on the Potomac River in Maryland. State 25,000 25,000 Bureau 226 277 2000 Totals 16,261 16,426 Trout 927 1,039 State 816 550 Bureau 111 489 Warm-water fish 15,334 15,387 State 15,000 15,000 Bureau 334 387

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~~MASSACHUSETTS~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Massachusetts, like most of the glaciated States in the Northeast, is blessed with many natural lakes; however, the infertility of most of these waters adds to management problems. Problems are also magnified by the size of the fishing population.

Massachusetts has 133,218 total acres of inland water habitat (table 1). Of this total, 70,344 acres (53 percent) are considered as cold-water environment. Some 40,565 acres (57 percent) of the reported cold-water environment are stocked from State and Federal hatcheries.

The 62,874 acres which comprise the State's warm-water resource are maintained as self-sustaining fisheries through applied fishery management programs. Massachusetts does maintain warm-water hatcheries to provide necessary fish stocks for management purposes.

Increased impounded acreage will reduce the available stream resource. This reduction will not be of any magnitude in the projection period and is offset by the pond acreage gained for stream acreage lost.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 133,218 134,611 135,951 138,301 Total stocked 40,970 44,296 50,403 55,210 Cold waters 70,344 71,024 71,094 71,894 On Federal lands 2,100 2,100 2,100 2,100 On other public lands 53,262 53,762 53,762 54,262 Farm ponds 250 330 400 600 On other private lands 14,732 14,832 14,832 14,932 Cold waters stocked 40,565 43,306 48,278 51,485 On Federal lands 2,021 2,021 1,958 1,958 On other public lands 38,419 41,120 46,120 49,227 Farm ponds 125 165 200 300 Warm waters 62,874 63,587 64,857 66,407 On Federal lands 350 350 450 550 On other public lands 41,367 42,000 43,100 44,350 Farm ponds 250 330 400 600 On other private lands 20,907 20,907 20,907 20,907 Warm waters stocked 405 990 2,125 3,725 On other public lands 355 900 2,000 3,500 Farm ponds 50 90 125 225

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The cold-water stream fishery in this State is at best marginal. The sterile nature of Massachusetts soils results in fish populations incapable of providing for sustained angling pressure. In consequence, a sizeable stocking program is necessary to produce adequate recreational fishing levels.

~~Increased emphasis has been placed on providing salmonid fisheries in suitable lakes and ponds. Greater returns from stocking are obtained in these areas than from most stream stockings.~~

MASSACHUSETTS 1 The present distribution program from State and Federal hatcheries provides Massachusetts anglers with a variety of angling opportunities. Management programs on military areas and streams, lakes, and reservoirs opened to public fishing make angling available throughout most of the year.

~~Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries or otherwise available for various management programs are:~~

~~Cold-water species~~

~~Trout - brown, rainbow, brook, lake Salmon - Atlantic (including landlocked strain)~~

~~Warm-water species~~

~~Largemouth bass Walleye Smallmouth bass Chain pickerel Bluegill~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 751,000 anglers exerted 7.5 million fisherman-days of pressure on the inland resource (table 2). Approximately 54 percent, or 4,013,000 fisherman-days were spent on the cold-water resource. Projected to the year 2000, it is expected that the total number of anglers and total fishing pressure will almost double, while the resource, in total acres, will increase by only four percent.

~~It is expected that more intensive fishery management and an increase in hatchery production will be necessary to provide continued recreational fishing opportunity for future anglers.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 751 900 1,070 1,350 Cold-water 413 500 600 825 Warm-water 338 400 470 525 Man-days of fishing 7,500 8,403 10,806 14,000 Cold-water 4,013 4,659 5,648 7,025 Warm-water 3,487 3,744 5,158 6,975~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In Massachusetts there are seven State hatcheries and one Federal hatchery. The Federal hatchery is a combination station producing both salmonid and warm-water species. Five of the seven State hatcheries produce trout, and the other two produce warm-water fish.

Federal hatcheries in nearby States also provide fish for cooperative State-Federal stocking programs for waters open to public fishing. Landlocked salmon are also provided to the State for introduction into a large "two-story" reservoir fishery.

In 1965, the Massachusetts stocking program required 1,366,000 catchable trout (table 3). Production from State and Federal hatcheries failed to meet this number by 187,000 fish. This deficit grows larger through each projection period.

MASSACHUSETTS 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Massachusetts has entered a cooperative Requirements Production agreement with the States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, and the Bureau of 1965 Sport Fisheries and Wildlife to restore Totals 2,060 1,912 anadromous fish populations to the Cold-water fish 1,840 1,698 Connecticut River. This commitment could Trout 1,790 1,648 have an effect on salmonid production at State 1,766 1,200 established hatcheries. This will depend Fingerlings 400 200 on total demand for Atlantic salmon Catchables 1,366 1,000 necessary to the program. Bureau 24 448 Fingerlings 19 269 Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 Catchables 5 179 Salmon 50 50 A tremendous increase in fishing State 50 50 pressure is anticipated for a relatively Fingerlings 50 50 stable resource base. This increase will Warm-water fish 220 214 necessitate increased hatchery production. State 220 35 Massachusetts expects to increase trout Fingerlings 215 30 production from 1,200,000 in 1965 to Catchables 5 5 2,000,000 in 2000, an increase of 40 Bureau (Fingerlings) 179 percent over 1965 production. During this 1973 same period, the Bureau expects to increase Totals 2,028 2,575 production from 448,000 to 753,000, an Cold-water fish 1,981 2,237 increase of 40 percent. Trout 1,931 2,187 State 1,925 1,700 Conclusion Bureau 6 487 Salmon (State) 50 50 Increased hatchery production will be Warm-water fish 47 338 sufficient to meet future requirements. State 47 50 Bureau 288 1980 Totals 2,252 2,826 Cold-water fish 2,182 2,438 Trout 2,082 2,338 State 2,075 1,800 Bureau 7 538 Salmon (State) 100 100 Warm-water fish 70 388 State 70 70 Bureau 318 2000 Totals 2,640 3,488 Cold-water fish 2,535 2,953 Trout 2,335 2,753 State 2,325 2,000 Bureau 10 753 Salmon (State) 200 200 Warm-water fish 105 535 State 105 90 Bureau 445

~~Feeding time for brook trout at a Massachusetts hatchery. Photo, Department of Natural Resources.~~

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~~MICHIGAN~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Michigan boundaries include 24,474,000 acres of the Great Lakes. Inland waters consist of 939,800 acres; of this figure 17 percent is classed as cold-water, or capable of supporting trout (table 1). Most of the inland waters are natural lakes. The need for extensive reservoir construction has not been felt in Michigan. Rivers and streams are numerous, but not particularly large when compared with the river systems of other areas.

~~Both the upper and lower parts of the State are bounded on each side by the Great Lakes. In fact, Michigan's share of these lakes is more than that of all other States combined.~~

~~Farm pond acreage in Michigan in 1965 was estimated at 2,700 surface acres. The quantity of farm ponds is expected to double by the year 2000.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 25,413,800 25,414,100 25,415,100 25,417,000 Total stocked 24,605,000 24,605,000 24,605,000 24,609,000 Cold waters 24,635,800 24,635,800 24,635,800 24,635,800 On Federal lands 3,900 3,900 3,900 3,900 On other public lands 24,631,900 24,631,900 24,631,900 24,631,900 Cold waters stocked 24,571,300 24,571,300 24,571,300 24,576,300 On Federal lands 1,100 1,100 1,100 1,100 On other PUBLIC lands 24,570,200 24,570,200 24,570,200 24,570,200 Warm waters 778,000 778,300 779,300 781,200 On Federal lands 29,700 29,700 29,700 29,700 On other PUBLIC lands 745,600 745,600 745,600 746,500 Farm ponds 2,700 3,000 4,000 5,000 Warm waters stocked 33,700 33,700 33,700 33,700 On Federal lands 5,400 5,400 5,400 5,400 On other PUBLIC lands 28,300 28,300 28,300 28,300

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The State's many natural lakes provide a variety of fish habitat. The warm-water lakes may provide opportunities for the "muskie" angler as well as northern pike and walleye; however, the greatest volume of fishing is provided by the typical panfish lakes near the large metropolitan areas.

Both Lake Michigan and Lake Superior offer a potential for a cold-water sport fishery. Lake Michigan in particular has the advantage in having a tremendous population of alewives that provide forage for the salmonids. The Michigan Department of Con- servation's plans for stocking salmon in the lakes were just getting underway in 1965, the objective being to provide a new sport fish in the lakes, as well as in those tributary streams feeding the lakes.

~~Michigan also has some excellent inland trout streams and lakes.~~

~~MICHIGAN 1 Data on Fishermen~~

The State of Michigan has estimated that there were 818,000 fishermen in the State in 1965 (table 2). This is expected to increase to a little over 1.1 million by the turn of the century. The increase will be most significant in the number of trout and salmon fishermen: from 262,000 in 1965 to 460,000 in the year 2000.

~~All anglers exerted the equivalent of 8.1 million fisherman-days in 1965. This utilization of the fishery resource is expected to increase to 11.1 million by the year 2000.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 818 890 975 1,110 Cold-water 262 320 375 460 Warm-water 556 570 600 650 Man-days of fishing 8,185 8,900 9,750 11,100 Cold-water 2,627 3,208 3,762 4,615 Warm-water 5,558 5,692 5,988 6,485~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Michigan Department of Conservation operated eight cold-water hatcheries and one combination (warm-and cold-water) hatchery in 1965. The trout and salmon hatcheries had a combined production of 88,000 trout fry, 2,300,000 trout fingerling, 1,027,000 catchable trout, and 2,000,000 salmon fingerling (table 3).

~~Warm-water production was 2,400,000 fry, 841,000 fingerlings, and 2,000 catchables.~~

~~An additional 120,000 fish of various species were produced for research purposes.~~

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates three cold-water hatcheries in Michigan. These hatcheries are now rearing lake trout for the Great Lakes Rehabilitation Program. Their combined capability is 4,100,000 yearling lake trout. In 1965 they planted 1,878,000 lake trout in Michigan's part of Lakes Superior and Michigan.

Three National Fish Hatcheries located in other States stocked Michigan farm ponds and supplied fish to Michigan's warm-water rearing station; here they were reared to a larger size before being planted. A total of 431,000 warm-water fingerlings from Federal hatcheries were utilized in Michigan. Of this number, 32,400 were stocked in farm ponds.

~~Special Conditions~~

Accomplishment of Michigan's ambitious plans for annually stocking Lake Superior and Lake Michigan with 10 million salmon smolts by 1967 and 30 million by 1980, is con- tingent on the development of salmon hatchery facilities.

~~Conclusions and Recommendations~~

~~Obviously, a plan to develop additional cold-water hatchery facilities must be initiated if programs are carried forward to develop a sport fishery in the Great Lakes.~~

The existing Federal hatcheries are committed to the lake trout and splake restocking program in the Great Lakes for several years yet. Once breeding stock has been established in the lakes, utilization of those hatcheries for rearing salmon is a possibility.

MICHIGAN 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of The immediate concern with the hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) fishery in Lake Michigan is not so much with the sport and commercial fishery, but Requirements Production with the problems resulting from a tremendous die-off of alewives each year. 1965 Natural control by stocking large numbers Totals 10,526 11,059 of salmonids is one of the answers to the Cold-water fish 7,257 7,358 problem. The enormity and fluctuation of Trout 5,216 5,317 the fish populations in the Great Lakes State 3,338 3,439 are very difficult matters to cope with. Fry 88 88 The same holds true in a determination of Fingerlings 2,223 2,324 whose (State or Federal) responsibility it Catchables 1,027 1,027 is to establish additional cold-water Bureau 1,878 1,878 facilities in Michigan. The approach to Fingerlings 797 797 the lamprey problems and subsequent Catchables 1,081 1,081 restocking phases was, and is, one of Salmon 2,041 2,041 cooperation and mutual involvement. State (Fingerlings) 2,041 2,041 Warm-water fish 3,269 3,701 State 3,269 3,269 Fry 2,425 2,425 Fingerlings 842 842 Catchables 2 2 Bureau 432 Fingerlings 432 1973 Totals 42,003 32,128 Cold-water fish 37,000 27,203 Trout 27,000 17,203 State 20,000 10,200 Bureau 7,000 7,003 Salmon (State) 10,000 10,000 Warm-water fish 5,003 4,925 State 5,003 4,000 Bureau 925 1980 Totals 64,242 58,060 Cold-water fish 57,738 53,038 Trout 27,738 23,038 State 20,000 15,300 Bureau 7,738 7,738 Salmon (State) 30,000 30,000 Warm-water fish 6,504 5,022 State 6,504 4,000 Bureau 1,022 2000 Totals 77,838 76,564 Cold-water fish 70,833 71,133 Trout 30,833 31,133 Landing a brown trout from a stocked stream State 20,000 20,300 in Michigan. Photo, Department of Conserva- Bureau 10,833 10,833 tion. Salmon (State) 40,000 40,000 Warm-water fish 7,005 5,431 State 7,005 4,000 Bureau 1,431

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~~MINNESOTA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Minnesota, land of 10,000 lakes, has discovered in recent surveys that this slogan was in error, for the actual number of lakes over 50 acres in size was considerably greater than 10,000. Total acreage of these lakes, plus Minnesota's part of Lake Superior, is estimated at 4,011,105 acres (table 1). If the acreage for Lake Superior, 1,415,680, is deducted, the remaining figure, 2,594,425, represents a phenomenal amount of inland water.

Total cold-water habitat, not including Lake Superior acreage, is estimated to be 147,305 surface acres. Those waters, as well as the remaining warm-water habitat, are 90 percent natural lakes. Three major rivers having their headwaters in Minnesota are the Mississippi, the Minnesota, and the Red River of the North. The State has only a few large reservoirs.

The deep clear lakes of the northern part of the State attract fishermen and campers from all over the country. These lakes were gouged from solid rocks during the glacial periods. The more southern lakes of the State take on the appearance of typical mid-western waters, productive for fish, but not as aesthetic as the northern waters.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 4,011,105 4,014,525 4,015,545 4,016,070 Total stocked 2,332,070 2,345,540 2,356,585 2,376,135 Cold waters 1,562,985 1,566,390 1,567,400 1,467,910 On Federal lands 55 55 55 55 On other public lands 1,562,880 1,566,280 1,567,280 1,567,780 Farm ponds 50 55 65 75 Cold waters stocked 319,935 333,340 344,350 363,860 On Federal lands 55 55 55 55 On other public lands 319,830 333,230 344,230 363,730 Farm ponds 50 55 65 75 Warm waters 2,448,120 2,448,135 2,448,145 2,448,160 On Federal lands 207,085 207,085 207,085 207,085 On other public lands 2,241,000 2,241,000 2,241,000 2,241,000 Farm ponds 35 50 60 75 Warm waters stocked 2,012,135 2,012,200 2,012,235 2,012,275 On Federal lands 207,000 207,000 207,000 207,000 On other public lands 1,805,100 1,805,150 1,805,175 1,805,200 Farm ponds 35 50 60 75

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~Walleye, northern pike, and smallmouth bass are the major warm-water species of the North; the southern waters also have these species, but added to this is a typical panfish fishery.~~

Cold-water fishing in northern Minnesota is primarily for lake, brook, and rainbow trout. Some trout streams are to be found in the southeast part of the State; these are managed on a put-and-take basis for brown and rainbow trout.

~~Muskellunge are taken in the larger waters, such as Leech Lake. Considerable interest is shown in this species by anglers.~~

MINNESOTA 1 Minnesota streams flowing into Lake Superior are not large in number or size. Runs of steelhead are not possible in some because of steep gradients near the lake's edge. The State is now utilizing anadromous fish funds to establish series of pools leading into many of the streams.

~~Farm ponds contribute very little to the total sport fishery. Because of the low winter temperatures, such ponds must be extremely deep to withstand winter kill.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

State officials estimated that there were 11/2 million fishermen in Minnesota in 1965 (table 2). This number is expected to increase to about 2.1 million by the year 2000. About 7 percent of the 1965 fishermen were cold-water anglers; this percentage is expected to remain about the same in future years.

~~These anglers exerted the equivalent of 15 million fisherman-days in 1965. Fishing pressure is expected to increase to about 201/2 million fisherman-days by the turn of the century.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 1,500 1,652 1,797 2,106 Cold-water 100 112 117 146 Warm-water 1,400 1,540 1,680 1,960 Man-days of fishing 15,000 16,500 18,050 20,550 Cold-water 1,200 1,350 1,400 1,650 Warm-water 13,800 15,150 16,650 18,900

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Minnesota Department of Conservation operates four trout fisheries, which had a combined production of 1,300,000 fry, 1,650,000 fingerlings, and 475,000 catchables in 1965 (table 3). The above hatcheries also produced 181,000 kokanee fry.

The State also operates 11 warm-water hatcheries that hatch northern pike and walleye eggs. Fingerling fish, primarily walleye, are reared in 34 State ponds and 103 privately owned ponds on a cooperative basis. Warm-water production from these facilities in 1965 was 180,000,000 fry and about 10,500,000 fingerlings.

The State has a rather unique method of rearing and harvesting northern pike. Marginal waters are stocked in the spring with fry, or with brood stock from natural runs, and when these waters become low in oxygen early in the winter, State crews aerate the waters by pumping. Large numbers of young-of-the-year northern pike are attracted to the oxygenated water and are removed for stocking. In 1965, about 936,000 were harvested by this method.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates one warm-water hatchery at New London, Minnesota. Production from this station, stocked in Minnesota waters in 1965, was about 3,000,000 fry and fingerlings. The Guttenberg, Iowa, National Fish Hatchery also planted 180,000 fry in Minnesota waters.

~~The Manchester, Iowa, National Fish Hatchery provided 500,000 trout fingerlings for stocking lakes on National Forests and Indian lands in Minnesota.~~

As part of the Great Lakes Rehabilitation Program, the Hiawatha Forest National Fish Hatchery, located in northern Michigan, provided 102,000 yearling lake trout for stocking Minnesota's part of Lake Superior.

MINNESOTA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The two primary needs of fishery Requirements yroductiou management, insofar as hatchery fish are concerned, are for lake trout and muskellunge 1965 fingerlings. The State has set aside Totals 206,361 198,918 several lakes for the muskellunge in an Cold-water fish 3,761 4,200 effort to establish a source of eggs. The Trout 3,580 4,019 Federal hatchery at New London is also State 3,559 3,484 attempting to develop a muskellunge brood Fry 1,319 1,360 stock. Fingerlings 1,740 1,648 Catchables 500 476 Fish for research purposes will be Bureau 21 535 required by the newly established Federal Fingerlings 20 535 Water Pollution Control Administration Catchables 1 laboratory at Duluth, Minnesota. Salmon (State, Fry) 181 181 Warm-water fish 202,600 194,718 A limited coho salmon propagation State 202,600 191,559 program has been started for the stocking Fry 181,000 180,039 of a few Lake Superior tributary streams. Fingerlings 20,100 10,583 A few inland lakes in northeastern Minnesota Catchables 1,500 937 have been selected for experimental Bureau 3,159 stocking of coho salmon. Fry 2,566 Fingerlings 593 Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 1973 Totals 331,747 309,572 Combined production of State and Cold-water fish 4,182 5,135 Federal hatcheries for cold-water species Trout 3,982 4,935 is expected to meet State requirements, State 3,960 4,005 unless a change in emphasis is made in Bureau 22 930 present management efforts. Salmon (State) 200 200 Warm-water fish 327,565 304,437 Combined State and Federal production State 327,000 300,000 of warm-water species did not meet require- Bureau 565 4,437 ments for fingerlings in 1965. The deficit 1980 was about 10 million fingerlings. The warm- Totals 338,087 310,635 water deficit, if counter measures are not Cold-water fish 4,495 5,732 taken, is expected to increase (table 3). Trout 4,295 5,532 State 4,260 4,505 Conclusions and Recommendations Bureau 35 1,027 Salmon (State) 200 200 Since the large percentage of warm Warm-water fish 333,592 304,903 water fish are utilized in State programs State 332,500 300,000 on State owned and managed waters, it would Bureau 1,092 4,903 appear to be a responsiblity of the State 2000 of Minnesota to expand its warm-water Totals 349,829 313,007 facilities to meet future needs. Cold-water fish 5,155 6,143 Trout 4,955 5,943 The Minnesota Department of Conservation State 4,910 4,505 has given considerable emphasis to the Bureau 45 1,438 development and preservation of northern Salmon (State) 200 200 pike spawning areas. This is a more feasible Warm-water fish 344,674 306,864 method of promoting good year classes than State 343,000 300,000 by stocking. Bureau 1,674 6,864

~~MINNESOTA 3~~

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~~MINNESOTA~~

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~~MINNESOTA 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~MISSISSIPPI~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

~~Nature has endowed Mississippi with some of the most productive fish habitat in the Nation. Waters draining the rich delta soils are extremely fertile and provide for maximum standing crops of fish.~~

The 550,630 acres of inland waters in Mississippi are warm-water habitat of which about 20 percent is stocked with hatchery fish (table 1). Less than 9 percent of the habitat are streams, none of which are stocked except in unusual circumstances.

Reservoirs account for nearly half of the Mississippi fresh-water fish habitat. Other fishing waters range from the sloughs and oxbow lakes of the Mississippi Delta to the farm ponds. The State has an extensive farm pond program which provides 197,000 acres of fish habitat, almost 20 percent of the available inland fishing waters.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total warm waters 550,630 597,012 636,412 772,912 On Federal lands 118,600 131,617 141,617 171,617 On other public lands 233,230 234,595 235,995 262,495 Farm ponds 197,000 229,000 257,000 337,000 On other private lands 1,800 1,800 1,800 1,800 Total warm waters stocked 110,481 18,178 20,855 34,418 On Federal lands 100,221 3,498 6,515 13,278 On other public lands 2,260 6,100 5,200 10,400 Farm ponds 8,000 8,580 9,140 10,740

Mississippi has about 321,000 acres of salt-water fish habitat in the southeastern corner of the State where it borders the Gulf of Mexico. Numerous bays, bayous, sloughs, and river mouths attract practically all of the game fishes found in the Gulf.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

A moderate climate, diversified habitat and year-round fishing make Mississippi very attractive to fishermen, both residents and tourists. They can go for big-game in the Gulf, bass and crappie in the reservoirs and lakes, or spend pleasant, leisurely days fishing for bluegill in farm ponds.

~~The principal game fishes of Mississippi are as follows:~~

~~Fresh-water Species Salt-water Species~~

~~Largemouth bass Weakfish or "speckled Bluefish Crappie seatrout" Catfish Channel bass Mackerel (Spanish & King) Panfish, dominantly bluegill Flounder Red snapper Croaker Dolphin~~

There is no serious conflict between the commercial fishery and the sport fishing interests. Intensive culture of channel catfish and buffalo is becoming an important industry in Mississippi. These fish are raised primarily for the market.

~~MISSISSIPPI 1 Data on Fishermen~~

Statistics show that 322,000 fishermen took advantage of Mississippi's fresh-water fishing in 1965 (table 2). Nearly 70,000 anglers preferred salt-water fishing. Stream fishing in Mississippi is not very popular, accounting for less than 6 percent of the fishing effort. About 73 percent of the fisherman-days were devoted to reservoir and lake fishing. Surprisingly, nearly half of this fishing took place on impoundments less than 10 acres in size.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing, warm-water~~

~~1 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 322 361 399 519 Man-days of fishing 4,003 4,483 4,955 6,441~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

Mississippi is one of the few States that does not have natchery facilities. Three national fish hatcheries produce over 9 million warm-water fish for stocking Mississippi waters (table 3). The principal species provided are largemouth bass, bluegill, redear sunfish, and channel catfish.

~~Special Conditions~~

In Mississippi, and in most of the Southeast States, a definite need is developing for species and sizes which are not presently available. This includes striped bass, hybrids, walleye, adult bass and channel catfish, and various marine species. These requirements are not currently programmed in the Federal hatchery system but they are under consideration and experimental culture is being undertaken.

~~Generally speaking, the requirements for fish in Mississippi are being adequately handled from the Federal hatcheries. This is true on State, Federal, and private waters.~~

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

The fresh-water resources of Mississippi will increase gradually by 1973, 1980, and 2000 until by the turn of the century there will be 772,912 acres of fishing water. The increase of about 70 percent is due to impoundments. The State estimates it will lose one acre of stream for each 20 acres of reservoir. Over 50 percent of this increase will be in the form of small lakes or farm ponds.

The fisherman effort on fresh waters will follow along the same lines as the habitat increase. That is to say, there will be a gradual increase in fisherman-days for the next 35 years which will amount to about 62 percent or 519,000 anglers by the year 2000.

The projected production of the Federal hatcheries will adequately supply the needs for fish in Mississippi up to the end of the century. Modification of the present facilities will be required to provide for new species of fish.

MISSISSIPPI 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH -- TABLE 3. Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) From the data presented in this Requirements Production survey the following conclusions may be made: 1965 Warm-water fish 10,030 9,380 First, there will be a gradual State (Fingerlings) 9,787 increase in the fresh-water habitat of Bureau (Fingerlings) 243 9,380 the State due to impoundment. This will 1973 result in a loss of some stream environ- Warm-water fish 10,321 17,071 ment. State 10,121 Bureau 200 17,071 Secondly, sport fishing will gradually 1980 increase during this period but the - Warm water fish 11,035 18,863 resource can easily take care of the anglers. State 10,765 Bureau 270 18,863 Thirdly, the current hatchery 2000 facilities can, with modification, pro- - Warm water fish 13,145 26,409 vide for the fish needed in Mississippi's State 12,605 fish management programs. Bureau 540 26,409 It is recommended that attention be given to modifications and improvements in the hatchery system to provide for new species of fish and for different sizes of fish as determined by the projections in this survey.

~~Lyman National Fish Hatchery, Mississippi.~~

~~MISSISSIPPI 3~~

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~~MISSISSIPPI 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~MISSOURI~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

It was estimated that there was a total of 696,935 surface acres of fish habitat in Missouri in 1965 (table 1). This acreage is expected to increase to about 1.1 million by the year 2000. This rapid increase is primarily due to the construction of new Federal reservoirs and farm ponds.

~~About 93 percent of the total waters are classed as warm-water habitat.~~

~~The cold-water habitat consists of 43,100 acres of Federal reservoirs, 680 acres of tailwaters, 1,035 acres of streams, and 1,730 acres of lakes.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 696,935 843,475 913,055 1,163,815 Total stocked 57,017 118,817 131,530 175,530 Cold waters 46,545 46,185 46,365 46,365 On Federal lands 43,780 43,420 43,600 43,600 On other public lands 2,765 2,765 2,765 2,765 Cold waters stocked 45,617 45,617 46,330 46,330 On Federal lands 43,420 43,420 43,600 43,600 On other public lands 2,197 2,197 2,730 2,730 Warm waters 650,390 797,290 866,690 1,117,450 On Federal lands 76,200 175,500 203,500 336,900 On other public lands 499,190 506,790 513,190 530,550 Farm ponds 75,000 115,000 150,000 250,000 Warm waters stocked 11,400 73,200 85,200 129,200 On Federal lands 100 61,100 68,100 112,100 On other public lands 6,300 7,100 12,100 12,100 Farm ponds 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~The State of Missouri has a large number of farm ponds that are being effectively managed and stocked to provide largemouth bass, bluegill, and channel catfish fishing.~~

The State has several large reservoirs, such as Lake of the Ozarks and Table Rock Reservoir, which are noted for their catches of bass and panfish. Table Rock is a so-called two-story lake, providing both warm-water and cold-water habitat.

~~The tailwater fishery below Table Rock has developed into one of the better trout waters.~~

The large rivers provide typical habitat for the large catfishes. Many of the smaller streams, such as the famous Current River, provide excellent float fishing with a choice of trout, smallmouth bass, and even walleye.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

Missouri officials estimated that there were 745,000 fishermen in the State in 1965 (table 2). This number is expected to increase to 1,744,000 by the turn of the century. Cold-water fishermen made up only 6 percent of the total in 1965; however, the percentage is expected to increase to 12 percent of the total by the year 2000.

~~MISSOURI 1 TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 745 995 1,210 1,744 Cold-water 50 104 180 200 Warm-water 695 891 1,030 1,544 Man-days of fishing 13,000 18,000 22,000 32,000 Cold-water 900 1,800 3,200 3,600 Warm-water 12,100 16,200 18,800 28,400

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Missouri Department of Conservation operates five cold-water hatcheries. The combined production from these hatcheries in 1965 was 1,084,000 fry, 192,000 fingerling, and 1,221,000 catchables (table 3). These figures include 500,000 kokanee salmon fry.

~~Missouri also operates five warm-water hatcheries with a combined production of a little over 4 million fish in 1965. Included in the State's warm-water production is 934,000 channel catfish.~~

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates one combination hatchery located at Neosho, Missouri. This hatchery produced 148,500 catchable-size trout for stocking in Missouri waters in 1965. Warm-water production of 62,000 fingerling fish was primarily utilized for stocking farm ponds. Four other Federal hatcheries also provided warm-water fingerlings for Missouri's farm ponds. The total number of warm water fish stocked from Federal hatcheries in Missouri waters was 126,000.

In addition to the 148,500 trout stocked by the Neosho Hatchery in 1965, 234,700 catchable-size trout were stocked from the Norfork, Arkansas, National Fish Hatchery. This, combined with the Neosho production, totals 383,200 catchable-size trout reared by Federal hatcheries for Missouri waters.

~~Special Conditions~~

Missouri fishery personnel have expressed a need for a number of species which are difficult for them to obtain. At present, they are interested in muskellunge, northern pike, walleye, striped bass, and threadfin shad. The problem centers around the lack of available eggs and capability to rear these species.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife's Fish Pesticide Laboratory at Columbia, Missouri, will require an estimated 109,000 fish by 1973. Requirements for fish for research are generally much more specific than the routine requirements for stocking purposes.

The continued growth in numbers of farm ponds will greatly increase the requirement for stocking such waters in Missouri. In 1965, 4,000,000 fingerling fish were planted in farm ponds; it is estimated that a total of 15,000,000 will be required annually by the year 2000. The State is now divided into Federal and State hatchery farm pond stocking areas. State hatcheries stock over 90 percent of the ponds.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

Future warm-water requirements include Missouri's needs for large numbers of walleye, northern pike, and walleye fry: 20,000,000 in 1973, 80,000,000 in 1980, and 100,000,000 in the year 2000. The balance of the requirement is for research purposes and farm ponds.

MISSOURI 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH Cold-water requirements in 1965 were 2,997,000; this included 1,084,000 fry, 192,000 fingerlings, and 1,221,000 catchables. The 383,000 catchables received from Federal hatcheries were not included in these requirements. Increased requirements for trout and salmon in future years are primarily requirements for additional fry and catchables.

TABLE 3. Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Missouri is one of the States that Requirements Production has assumed responsibility for management and stocking of farm ponds. If the Missouri 1965 Department of Conservation continues to Totals 7,065 7,574 the extent that they are now involved, the Cold-water fish 2,997 3,380 rational approach to future State require- Trout 2,497 2,880 ments would be for the Federal hatcheries State 2,497 2,497 to develop facilities to provide those Fry 1,084 1,084 species that cannot be reared in State Fingerlings 192 192 hatcheries. Catchables 1,221 1,221 Bureau (Catchables) 383 Trout stocking in the one large cold- Salmon (State, Fry) 500 500 water Federal reservoir and its tailwaters Warm-water fish 4,068 4,194 is carried on with State and Federal State 4,068 4,068 hatchery fish. The State stocks several Fingerlings 4,034 4,034 streams daily to maintain a rather unique Catchables 34 34 trout fishery. Fishing in these waters Bureau (Fingerlings) 126 is by trout permit only; monetary return 1973 from the intensely fished waters is Totals 31,356 24,160 sufficient to pay the cost of the stocking. Cold-water fish 4,647 3,211 Trout 3,647 3,211 The Federal hatcheries located in State 3,597 2,573 nearby Arkansas have a tremendous trout Bureau 50 638 rearing capability. The Neosho National Salmon (State) 1,000 Fish Hatchery cannot expand its trout Warm-water fish 26,709 20,949 facilities because of its limited water State 26,650 20,650 supply. Therefore, any increased require- Bureau 59 299 ment for trout can best be met from 1980 expanded State hatcheries, or Federal Totals 98,237 84,709 hatcheries located outside the State. Cold-water fish 7,176 3,383 Trout 6,176 3,383 State 6,116 2,673 Bureau 60 710 Salmon (State) 1,000 Warm-water fish 91,061 81,326 State 91,000 81,000 Bureau 61 326 2000 Totals 135,169 107,451 Cold-water fish 17,080 3,990 Trout 12,080 3,990 State 12,000 3,000 Bureau 80 990 Salmon (State) 5,000 Warm-water fish 118,089 103,461 State 118,000 103,000 Experimental fish rearing pools at the Little Bureau 89 461 Dixie Wildlife Area in Missouri. Photo, State Conservation Commission.

~~MISSOURI 3 ° ° ° 91° 90 (1'9 96° 95 94 93 92~~

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~~° ° ° ° ° 91 96° 95 94 93 92 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~MONTANA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Montana has been endowed by nature with some of the most productive public fishing waters in the United States. Of the total of slightly in excess of one million acres, approximately seventy percent are classified as cold waters (table 1). Some 253,000 acres or 35 percent, of this is stocked by State or Federal trout hatcheries. Most of the cold-water habitat is trout water and includes the isolated mountain lakes and streams as well as readily accessible natural lakes, rivers, large reservoirs, and selected farm ponds.

The remaining thirty percent of Montana's public fishing waters, approximately 298,000 acres, are the less publicized, but are productive, warm-water fishing habitat. These waters include lowland lakes, large reservoirs, sluggish streams, and farm ponds. Only 1.5 percent of these waters, or 4,500 acres, are stocked with hatchery fish.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 1,014,500 1,073,000 1,099,500 (1,272,500) Total stocked 257,570 303,010 342,050 402,100 Cold waters 716,000 765,000 784,000 853,000 On Federal lands 439,115 476,000 485,500 515,000 On other public lands 275,885 288,000 297,500 337,000 Farm ponds 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Cold waters stocked 253,070 287,510 316,550 366,600 On Federal lands 171,570 189,610 201,650 221,700 On other public lands 80,800 97,200 114,200 144,200 Farm ponds 700 700 700 700 Warm waters 298,500 307,000 315,500 419,500 On Federal lands 212,000 212,000 212,000 300,000 On other public lands 84,000 92,500 101,000 117,000 Farm ponds 2,500 2,500 2,500 2,500 Warm waters stocked 4,500 15,500 25,500 35,500 On Federal lands 3,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 On other public lands 1,250 5,250 10,250 15,250 Farm ponds 250 250 250 250

The extreme diversification of fishing habitat has been partly brought about by man's efforts to control flooding, harvest timber, develop hydroelectric power and mineral resources, reclaim land through irrigation, and provide water for livestock. These efforts have gradually decreased the amount of cold-and warm-water flowing streams to approximately 76,000 acres while expanding the reservoir areas to 935,000 acres.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The wide variation of cold-water and warm-water fishery habitats provides the Montana fisherman, resident and nonresident, with an almost limitless selection in types of fishing during all seasons of the year. This ranges from fly fishing for trout or grayling in pristine alpine lakes to bait fishing from boat or shore at highly com- mercialized artificial reservoirs. Fishing is available throughout the year as numerous selected waters are open to ice fishing for both trout and warm-water species.

~~MONTANA 1 The principal species of game fish available to the fishermen and propagated in State and Federal hatcheries are as follows:~~

~~- Cold -water species Warm water species~~

~~Trout - rainbow, cutthroat, brook, Channel catfish Northern pike and lake Largemouth bass Walleye Salmon - kokanee and coho Smallmouth bass Bluegill Grayling~~

~~Other fish available but not artificially propagated include Dolly varden, yellow perch, fresh-water ling or burbot, whitefish, sauger, crappie, and paddlefish.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965 the State of Montana had 300,000 fishermen who spent approximately 2.1 million fisherman-days of fishing effort (table 2). As would be expected, better than 95 percent of their fisherman-days were expended in fishing for cold-water species, primarily trout. Approximately 55 percent of these fishermen angled in Montana's trout streams while 15 and 24 percent, respectively, expended their fishing effort on the State's cold-water lakes and reservoirs.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 300 322 338 (360) Cold-water 285 306 320 (340) Warm-water 15 16 18 (20) Man-days of fishing 2,100 2,254 2,366 (3,000) Cold-water 2,000 2,150 2,250 (2,800) Warm-water 100 104 116 (200)~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In the State of Montana there are four national fish hatcheries and eight hatcheries operated by the Montana Fish and Game Department. Three of the Federal hatcheries produce only trout while the fourth facility is a combination trout and warm-water fish station. The National Fish Hatchery System supplies all of the fishery management requirements for warm-water fish, both State and Federal, in the State of Montana.

The Federal hatcheries in Montana have adequate production capacities to provide the trout stocking requirements for all Federally managed waters as those in Glacier National Park and in public fishing waters on Indian reservations. In 1965 these requirements were 599,000 trout or approximately 29 percent of the Federal hatchery production. The remaining 71 percent of the fish, 1,435,000 fingerlings and catchables, were used in cooperative State-Federal stocking programs. All of the waters stocked are in areas open to public fishing.

In 1965 the total State requirements, 15 million fish, were met by the State's hatchery program (table 3). The only area in which the State has indicated a shortage of trout is in the "Westslope cutthroat" program. At present the State is negotiating with the U.S. Corps of Engineers to provide funds for a hatchery to produce "Westslope cutthroat" for stocking the waters to be impounded by the construction of Libby Dam in the Kootenai River drainage.

MONTANA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Since the early 1960's, there has Reauirements Production been a recognized need in the Flathead River drainage of Montana for development 1965 of a stocking program for the "Westslope" Totals 15,765 15,413 cutthroat trout. The Bureau mutually Cold-water fish 13,843 13,361 agreed with representatives of Montana Trout 8,398 7,916 Fish and Game Department and the Glacier State 7,799 5,882 National Park to embark on a program to Fry 772 772 provide brood stock of this endangered Fingerlings 4,868 3,782 species. The ultimate goal was to make Catchables 2,159 1,328 the Creston National Fish Hatchery the Bureau 599 2,034 primary egg source for this species and Fingerlings 259 1,053 the principal producer of yearling and Catchables 340 981 fingerling requirements. In 1965 the Salmon (State, Fry) 5,445 5,445 Creston National Fish Hatchery had reached Warm-water fish 1,922 2,052 a point approximately midway in their State 1,922 cooperative program on the "Westslope" Fry 1,515 cutthroat trout. Fingerlings 407 Bureau 2,052 Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 Fry 1,534 Fingerlings 517 Notwithstanding efforts to curb the Catchables 1 loss of flowing stream habitat to reservoir 1973 habitat in Montana, it is projected that Totals 19,070 18,600 2,500 acres of cold-and warm-water streams Cold-water fish 16,500 16,500 will be lost and 60,000 acres of reservoir Trout 9,500 9,500 water gained by 1973. Additional losses State 8,667 6,957 in stream habitat and gains in reservoir Bureau 833 2,543 habitat will be recorded by years 1980 Salmon (State) 7,000 7,000 and 2000. It is estimated the waters Warm-water fish 2,570 2,100 requiring stocking, and these are pri- State 2,500 marily cold-water reservoirs, will be Bureau 70 2,100 increased by 45 percent in year 2000. 1980 The numbers of fishermen in Montana are Totals 22,958 24,390 expected to multiply but not as fast as Cold-water fish 22,288 22,288 increases in the surface acreages of Trout 14,288 14,288 reservoirs. State 13,000 11,563 Bureau 1,288 2,725 Hatchery production, both State and Salmon (State) 8,000 8,000 Federal, is expected to keep pace with Warm-water fish 3,670 2,102 the stocking requirements. An increased State 3,100 trout production need of 42 percent is Bureau 570 2,102 projected by year 2000, and most of this 2000 increase will be attained as early as Totals 26,313 25,228 1980. The State hatchery program calls Cold-water fish 22,583 22,613 for a decrease in the numbers of catchable Trout 14,583 14,613 trout and an increase in the number of State 13,000 11,563 fingerlings during this period. Bureau 1,583 3,050 Salmon (State) 8,000 8,000 Conclusions Warm-water fish 3,730 2,615 State 3,100 State and national fish hatchery Bureau 630 2,615 production will be ample to meet future needs for trout. State production will meet the needs for salmon. Future State need s for warm-water fish will increase more rapidly than the anticipated production at national fish hatcheries.

~~MONTANA 3 '~~

~~1 116 ' 115 114 113 112° 111° 109. 108° 107° 106° 105 104- VNVINON 1 7 4~~

~~BLAINE i/ PHILLIPS~~

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~~FERGUS PETNOLELNA _ VISTOW11 • _WINNEJ -~~

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~~arri,,f . ,te • I riMADI § —45°— BEAVERHEAD "~~

~~TEUAWATONE NATIONAL PARE Pt~~

~~LEGEND~~

~~• National Fish Hatchery - Combination SCALE~~

~~A National Fish Hatchery- Salmonid 20 0 60 MILES L e—■ 20 ,go~~

* State Fish Hatchery - Salmonid 0 STATE CAPITAL MONTANA • COUNTY SEAT

~~. 115° 114. 113 112° 111° 110° ° . ° ° 1 09 1 08 107 1 06 1 05° 1 04° 1 I 1 I I 1 I 1 1 1 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~NEBRASKA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

It was estimated that there was a total of 176,099 surface acres of fishing waters in Nebraska in 1965 (table 1). This acreage is expected to more than double by the year 2000. The projected increase is a result of proposed flood control reservoirs.

The State has a variety of fish habitat: highly alkaline sand hill lakes and trout streams in the west; the Platte River and its tributaries; the Missouri River on its east boundary; plus both cold-and warm-water reservoirs.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 176,099 199,857 255,757 376,057 Total stocked 77,510 132,208 189,328 310,148 Cold waters 41,220 41,225 47,525 47,525 On Federal lands 2,851 2,856 9,156 9,156 On other public lands 37,319 37,319 37,319 37,319 On other private lands 1,050 1,050 1,050 1,050 Cold waters stocked 3,500 38,198 44,518 44,538 On Federal lands 2,853 2,853 9,153 9,153 On other public lands 347 35,035 35,045 35,055 Farm ponds 20 30 40 50 On other private lands 280 280 280 280 Warm waters 172,679 196,432 246,032 366,332 On Federal lands 63,102 85,890 135,590 251,590 On other public lands 51,842 52,842 53,042 53,242 Farm ponds 11,500 11,700 11,900 16,500 On other private lands 46,235 46,000 45,500 45,000 Warm waters stocked 74,010 94,010 144,810 265,610 On Federal lands 31,560 50,310 100,310 220,310 On other public lands 42,100 43,300 44,000 44,700 Farm ponds 350 400 500 600

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Excellent trout fishing is to be had in some of the western streams and Merrit Reservoir. McConaughy Reservoir supports a limited high quality fishery for large rainbow trout from natural reproduction.

~~Northern pike and walleye are of major significance in some of the larger bodies of water and river systems.~~

~~The waters in the eastern half of the State primarily support a panfish fishery with the exception of several new reservoirs. Channel catfish is perhaps the most important species in this area.~~

~~Farm ponds are managed for bass, sunfish, channel catfish, and trout in a few instances.~~

~~NEBRASKA 1 Data on Fishermen~~

~~Nebraska fishery officials estimated that there were 306,000 fishermen in the State in 1965 (table 2). They expect this number to increase to 358,000 by the year 2000.~~

~~Approximately one out of ten fishermen fished for trout. This ratio is expected to continue up through the turn of the century.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 306 331 344 358 Cold-water 31 33 34 36 Warm-water 275 298 310 322 Man -days of fishing 5,588 6,040 6,291 6,535 Cold-water 490 529 550 573 Warm-water 5,098 5,511 5,741 5,962~~

~~hatchery Facilities~~

The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission operates four trout hatcheries and one rearing station. Combined production was 27,000 fingerlings and 165,679 catchables in 1965 (table 3). Three hatcheries produce walleye, northern pike, catfish and other warm-water fish. Combined warm-water production in 1965 was 13 million fry and 1.6 million fingerlings.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates one hatchery in Nebraska. Located at Crawford, this hatchery produces trout and a small number of warm-water fish. The Crawford National Fish Hatchery stocked 288,000 trout fingerlings and 74,300 catchables in Nebraska waters in 1965. The McNenny National Fish Hatchery, located at Spearfish, South Dakota, planted 229,900 fingerling trout and 10,000 catchables in Nebraska waters.

In 1965, warm-water fish were transferred into the State from various other Federal Hatcheries. They were Cedar Bluff--345,000, Tishomingo--139,000, and Gavins Point-- 3,153,700. The Crawford Hatchery stocked 54,400 warm-water fish.

~~Farm ponds received approximately 88,900 of the above. The balance were planted on National Wildlife Refuges and State managed waters.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

The requirements for warm-water fish were met in 1965 with production from State and Federal hatcheries. With refinement of techniques and normal hatchery development, the future requirements are expected to be met by much the same usage of hatcheries.

It is speculated that one new reservoir proposed for the Niobrara River could have trout water. It is also felt that the trout fishery in two existing reservoirs can be improved by renovation or stocking. Ogallala Reservoir is under consideration for renovation. Experimental stocking of McConaughy Reservoir, presently under study, may define the practicality of a stocking program on this large reservoir. Also available as a possible trout fishery is the North Platte River.

~~The magnitude of the potential trout fishery in Nebraska is best pointed out by the projections: 3,500 acres of trout waters stocked in 1965 to 38,000 in 1973, an 44,000 in 1980.~~

NEBRASKA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Combined warm-water production pro- Requirements Production jections for future years, when compared to requirements, should be ample, depending 1965 on the sequence of new reservoir con Totals 3,913 19,417 struction. Trout 945 745 - State 945 193 Cold water production projections Fingerlings 682 27 generally indicate a deficit for future Catchables 263 166 years. This is understandable in view of Bureau 602 the expected increase in trout waters. Fingerlings 518 Catchables 84 Conclusions and Recommendations Warm-water fish 2,968 18,622 State 2,883 14,871 State and Federal fish production Fry 741 13,193 facilities are inadequate to meet the Fingerlings 1,861 1,632 needs for trout through the year 2000. Catchables 281 46 Since this situation is also prevalent Bureau 85 3,751 in the Dakotas, it is recommended that Fry 2,502 consideration be given to the construction Fingerlings 85 1,249 of one centrally located fingerling trout 1973 hatchery. Totals 4,076 16,609 Trout 995 1,017 Based on information presently - - State 995 243 available, the combined warm water pro Bureau 774 duction would appear to be adequate to Warm-water fish 3,081 15,592 meet future needs. State 2,881 10,201 Bureau 200 5,391 1980 Totals 6,631 17,313 Trout 3,570 1,155 State 3,570 300 Bureau 855 Warm-water fish 3,061 16,158 State 2,811 10,201 Bureau 250 5,957 2000 Totals 13,531 18,088 Trout 10,370 1,497 State 10,370 300 Bureau 1,197 Warm-water fish 3,161 16,591 State 2,811 8,251 Bureau 350 8,340

~~Taking milt from a walleye at a Nebraska hatchery. Photo, State Game and Parks Commission.~~

~~NEBRASKA 3~~

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~~LEGEND • National Fish Hatchery-Combination~~

~~0 State Fish Hatchery-Warm Water SCALE 20 0 20 40 60 MILES • State Fish Hatchery -Combination 1 '*. STATE CAPITAL * State Fish Hatchery-Salmonid NEBRASKA . COUNTY SEAT~~

~~0 ° 104 103 102° Ice ° ° 99 98 916- NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~NEVADA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Nevada does not possess an abundance of public fishing waters. The State is semi- arid, and flowing streams are few and of small size. Less than 5,000 acres of streams are recorded for the State. Of the approximately 350,000 acres of inland fishing waters, 98 percent consist of natural lakes and artificial impoundments (table 1). Approximately 60 percent of this standing water is classified as cold-water and 40 percent as warm- water habitat.

The cold-waters include mountain lakes and streams, a number of reservoirs and two large natural lakes. These large alkaline lakes, Pyramid and Walker, are remnant waters of the old Lahontan Basin and account for approximately 52 percent of the total State fishing water acreage.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 350,974 356,902 372,587 372,597 Total stocked 350,974 356,902 372,587 372,597 Cold waters 209,499 215,427 223,272 223,282+ On Federal lands 185,606 187,031 194,871 194,871+ On other public lands 23,861 28,361 28,361 28,361 Farm ponds 32 35 40 50 Cold waters stocked 209,499 215,427 223,272 223,282+ On Federal lands 185,606 187,031 194,871 194,871+ On other public lands 23,861 28,361 28,361 28,361 Farm ponds 32 35 40 50 Warm waters 141,475 141,475 149,315 149,315+ On Federal lands 110,446 110,446 118,286 118,286+ On other public lands 30,987 30,987 30,987 30,987 Farm ponds 42 42 42 42 Warm waters stocked 141,475 141,475 149,315 149,315+ On Federal lands 110,446 110,446 118,286 118,286+ On other public lands 30,987 30,987 30,987 30,987 Farm ponds 42 42 42 42

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Although Nevada does not have a large acreage of fishing water, there is some good quality fishing in the State. Water resource development projects have created warm water and cold-water reservoir habitats, which provide excellent largemouth bass and rainbow trout fishing. Outstanding bass fishing, acclaimed by thousands of fishermen, is found in Lakes Mead and Mohave. State and Federal fishery management programs are re-establishing a fishery for the large and distinctive Lahontan cutthroat. This trophy-size species is found only in Walker and Pyramid Lakes in sizeable numbers.

~~The principal species of game fish propagated in State and Federal hatcheries are as follows:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Salmon - coho and kokanee Largemouth and Smallmouth bass Trout - rainbow, Lahontan cutthroat, brown, Channel catfish and brook Walleye~~

NEVADA 1 Game fish available, but not artificially propagated, include the Cui-ui, an endangered endemic species to Pyramid Lake, Nevada. Others are: yellow perch, bullheads, Sacramento perch, white bass, and crappie.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

~~In 1965, the State of Nevada had a total of 88,000 fishermen (table 2). The fisherman-days expended by these fishermen were quite evenly distributed between cold water and warm-water fishing.~~

Only 18 percent of the total fisherman-days are expended on stream fishing, and all of this on trout streams. Fishing on cold-water lakes and reservoirs is twice as popular as stream fishing with approximately 35 percent of the fishing effort expended on this type habitat.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000'S 1965 1973, 1980, 2000,~~

~~Fishermen 88 150 173 266 Cold-water 47 76 84 130 Warm-water 41 74 89 136 Man-days of fishing 802 1,369 1,578 2,426 Cold-water 425 688 760 1,176 Warm-water 377 681 818 1,250~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In survey year 1965, Nevada Fish and Game Commission operated four hatcheries. A Federal hatchery, the Lahontan National Fish Hatchery in the Carson River Valley, was under construction, but not in operation or production. To assist the State program and to handle the Bureau program on Federally managed waters such as Indian and military reservations, the production capabilities of the Hagerman, Idaho, National Fish Hatchery, Willow Beach, Nevada, National Fish Hatchery, and the Miles City and Ennis, Montana, National Fish Hatcheries are utilized. The Hagerman, Willow Beach, and Ennis stations produce trout and Miles City warm-water fish.

The Lahontan National Fish Hatchery, when completed, will assume the trout production responsibilities of all Federally managed waters in Nevada. In addition, the hatchery will assist in fish production requirements of the State program. The Willow Beach National Fish Hatchery is expected to continue to stock the trout waters below Boulder Dam.

In survey year 1965, the Bureau did not provide the trout production requirements for Federally managed waters in Nevada. This shortage was composed almost entirely of Lahontan cutthroat fingerlings required for Pyramid Lake. State hatcheries also recorded a deficit, but this was of greater magnitude, amounting to 2,303,000 fish--over 2 million catchable-size trout and 255,000 fingerlings (table 3).

~~A deficit is also indicated for warm-water fish. At present the Federal hatcheries in other States are trying to provide this requirement, which amounted to 280,000 fish in 1965.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

The estimated increase in fishing pressure in Nevada waters appears to be extremely optimistic. The projections are primarily based on increases in numbers of fishermen and not on increases in fish habitat. The fishery managers, both State and Federal, feel that the potential fisheries of lakes such as Pyramid, Walker, and Tahoe can support a tremendous expansion and will be exploited as hatchery production is increased.

NEVADA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) By year 2000, the State estimates Requirements Production that fish habitat in Nevada will be increased by only 6 percent. The State has 1965 indicated all increases in fish habitat Totals 6,181 3,886 will require stocking to accommodate the Trout 5,851 3,770 projected 200 percent increase in fishermen State 5,011 2,708 and fisherman-days by year 2000. Fingerlings 1,905 1,650 Catchables 3,106 1,058 Hatchery production, both State and Bureau 840 1,062 Federal, is not expected to keep pace with Fingerlings 550 246 stocking requirements. A trout stocking Catchables 290 816 requirement at almost 200 percent of 1965 Warm-water fish 330 116 levels is projected by year 2000. Present State 280 production is about 6 million fish. Of the Fingerlings 250 estimated 18 million trout expected to be Catchables 30 required by year 2000, hatcheries will be Bureau (Fingerlings) 50 116 capable of providing 7.5 million, leaving 1973 a 10.5 million deficit in year 2000. Totals 8,700 5,260 Trout 8,380 5,150 Conclusions and Recommendations State 6,640 3,700 Bureau 1,740 1,450 A close analysis of the current and Warm-water fish 320 110 projected data leads to these conclusions: State 270 It is evident that if fishing pressure Bureau 50 110 accelerates as rapidly as predicted, it 1980 will be impossible to meet the projected Totals 12,477 5,795 stocking requirements with existing Trout 12,042 5,685 hatchery facilities. State 8,217 4,200 Bureau 3,825 1,485 Bureau Stocking Program Warm-water fish 435 110 State 360 Completion of the Lahontan National Bureau 75 110 Fish Hatchery and operation at maximum 2000 capacity plus continued fish support by Totals 18,680 7,422 the Hagerman, Idaho and Willow Beach, Trout 17,960 7,310 Nevada, National Fish Hatcheries should State 12,035 5,700 provide Bureau stocking programs with Bureau 5,925 1,610 adequate numbers of Lahontan cutthroat Warm-water fish 720 112 and rainbow trout. A reliable brood stock State 620 source of Lahontan cutthroat eggs is an Bureau 100 112 absolute necessity in meeting this goal.

~~Bureau warm-water national fish hatcheries from outside the State can probably provide the required number of warm-water fish for the Nevada needs.~~

~~State Stocking Program~~

~~State needs for warm-water fish are not great and, with proper planning, can also be met by Federal hatcheries.~~

Limited assistance can be provided by Federal hatcheries for the State-Federal cooperative program for trout. A projected deficit of 1.2 million pounds of Lahontan cutthroat trout from Pyramid trout will be almost impossible to make-up Lake, Nevada. from present facilities.

~~NEVADA 3 120° 119° 118° 115° 114°~~

~~- 42- _42,~~

~~- 41,--~~

~~40°- _ 40°-~~

~~EUREKA~~

~~Verdi~~

~~LAKE TAHOE -39 .~~

~~Laho ring C ek~~

~~38,_ - 38~~

~~LEGEND - 372_ A National Fish Hatchery —Salmonid - 37 ( Under Construction)~~

* State Fish Hatchery —Salmonid

~~SCALE L A 8R 40 0 40 SO MILES~~

~~- 36,- ® STATE CAPITAL 40 COUNTY SEAT - 36°~~

~~NEVADA~~

~~NEVADA 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~NEW HAMPSHIRE~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Glaciated New Hampshire has a wealth of natural ponds and lakes, and large numbers of streams biologically suited for salmonid populations. There are also large numbers of lakes and ponds sustaining good populations of warm-water fishes. Most waters in this State are relatively infertile and present problems for resource managers.

Over 57 percent (114,115 acres) of the total inland aquatic habitat of 196,988 - acres is considered as cold water environment (table 1). A fish-stocking program is conducted in 101,579 acres (88 percent) of this cold-water area from State and Federal hatcheries.

~~The 82,873-acre warm-water habitat is maintained as a self-sustaining fishery through intensive fishery management programs. The yearly need is generally small.~~

~~There will be a reduction in total stream acreage through impoundment construction. The net result will be an increase in total acreages of cold and warm waters.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 196,988 198,384 207,529 222,829 Total stocked 102,589 104,445 116,520 112,680 Cold waters 114,115 114,930 117,500 122,150 On Federal lands 2,154 2,200 2,300 2,500 On other public lands 110,611 110,800 112,700 116,500 Farm ponds 350 430 500 650 On other private lands 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 Cold waters stocked 101,579 102,430 114,500 120,650 On Federal lands 1,164 1,500 1,700 2,200 On other public lands 99,565 99,500 100,800 115,800 Farm ponds 350 430 500 650 On other private lands 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Warm waters 82,873 83,454 90,029 100,679 On Federal lands 173 179 179 179 On other public lands 82,000 82,000 88,000 98,000 Farm ponds 200 275 350 500 On other private lands 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 Warm waters stocked 1,010 2,015 2,020 2,030 On other public lands 1,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Farm ponds 10 15 20 30

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Fishing pressure rapidly depletes natural trout populations in New Hampshire waters due to the short growing season. In this mountainous State, water temperatures remain well below optimum growing temperatures for fish until late spring. This limits total growth considerably, particularly on the recruitment stocks. Stocking is necessary in most streams to supplement natural production with fish of desirable size.

The present salmonid distribution program from State and Federal hatcheries provides satisfactory angling opportunity throughout the State. Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries or otherwise available for various management programs are:

~~NEW HAMPSHIRE 1 Cold -water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow, lake, splake, and sunapee Salmon - Atlantic (including landlocked strain), and coho~~

~~Warm-water species~~

~~Largemouth bass Chain pickerel Smallmouth bass Bullhead~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 296,000 anglers exerted 3,864,000 fisherman-days of pressure on the inland resource (table 2). Some 177,000 salmonid fishermen exerted 1,850,000 man-days--48 percent of the total pressure--on the cold-water habitat. It is expected that the total number of fishermen will increase by 680 percent in the year 2000, with fishing pressure increasing by 165 percent. This increase will occur as total resource acreage increases by only 12 percent.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 296 552 1,059 1,821 Cold-water 177 330 633 1,089 Warm-water 119 222 426 732 Man-days of fishing 3,864 4,583 5,462 6,402 Cold-water 1,854 2,200 2,622 3,073 Warm-water 2,010 2,383 2,840 3,329~~

~~Hatcherv Facilities~~

In New Hampshire, there are eight State and two Federal salmonid hatcheries. Some of the trout production from Federal hatcheries is used to supplement programs in nearby States. Federal fish distributed in New Hampshire are used on military and other Federal lands, and stocked in State waters open to public fishing under a cooperative agreement with the Division of Fish and Game. Future production will include the culture of Atlantic, coho, and landlocked salmon.

In 1965, the total salmonid requirements in New Hampshire amounted to 2,423,000 fish (table 3). Combined distribution from State and Federal hatcheries was 341,000 above requirements; however, the surplus Federal production was needed in the States mentioned above.

~~Special Conditions~~

New Hampshire is committed by cooperative agreement with Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife to an anadromous fish restoration program on the Connecticut River. Atlantic salmon for the program are currently being reared at the Berlin National Fish Hatchery. This production could have an effect on total trout produced for other programs.

NEW HAMPSHIRE 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Trout production will be adequate to Requirements Production meet the requirements for the projection period. There is an increasing need for 1965 catchable trout for put-and-take stockings. Totals 2,485 2,826 Additional Atlantic salmon will be required Trout 2,423 2,825 by 1973. State 2,417 2,122 Fingerlings 1,200 1,019 Conclusions and Recommendations Catchables 1,217 1,103 Bureau 6 703 Present facilities can probably meet - Fingerlings 1 384 the requirements for trout and warm water Catchables 5 319 fishes. Warm-water fish 62 1 State 62 Additional facilities may be required Fry 2 to meet the requirements for salmon. Fingerlings 60 Bureau (Fingerlings) 1 1973 Totals 2,246 2,730 Cold-water fish 2,184 2,725 Trout 1,529 2,320 State 1,520 1,460 Bureau 9 860 Salmon 655 405 State 655 255 Bureau 150 Warm-water fish 62 5 State 62 Bureau 5 1980 Totals 2,349 2,881 Cold-water fish 2,287 2,875 Trout 1,632 2,470 State 1,618 1,520 Bureau 14 950 Salmon 655 405 State 655 255 Bureau 150 Warm-water fish 62 6 State 62 Bureau 6 2000 Totals 2,840 3,548 Cold-water fish 2,778 3,540 Trout 2,023 2,985 State 2,004 1,655 Fly fishing for trout in New Hampshire. Photo, Bureau 19 1,330 Fish and Game Department. Salmon 755 555 State 755 255 Bureau 300 Warm-water fish 62 8 State 62 Bureau 8

~~NEW HAMPSHIRE 3 7'2°~~

~~NEW HAMPSHIRE~~

—

~~SCALE 10 0 10 20 MILES~~

~~STATE CAPITAL~~

~~• COUNTY SEAT~~

~~LEGEND • National Fish Hatchery -Salmonid * State Fish Hatchery -Salmonid~~

~~-44°-~~

~~4) • MANC200,120 0 V ,Merrimack OCEAN ( no* f~~

~~NEW HAMPSHIRE 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~NEW JERSEY~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

New Jersey is a coastal State which has tremendous problems associated with an urbanized population--concentrated populations, heavy industrial development, limited access to aquatic habitat. A majority of New Jersey's population is concentrated near Newark and along the Delaware River, from Camden north. Most of the productive waters are found in the northern half of the State. Natural acid conditions existing in the Pine Barrens section of south-southeastern New Jersey reduce productivity of aquatic habitat.

There are 118,819 acres of fresh water in New Jersey (table 1). This habitat - includes 31,164 acres of cold water habitat (26 percent), and 87,655 acres of warm-water habitat (74 percent). Some 10,652 acres (34 percent) of the cold-water habitat are stocked from State or Federal hatcheries. Less than one percent (585 acres) of the available warm-water acreage receives fish from either hatchery system.

A general increase is expected in both cold-and warm-water acreage until the year 2000. This increase will accrue from impoundment construction for flood control and water supply purposes. At the same time, there will be a decrease of available stream acreage due to this construction.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 118,819 128,131 158,144 171,169 Total stocked 11,237 15,310 42,623 34,668 Cold waters 31,164 34,376 47,789 51,114 On Federal lands 43 43 12,043 12,043 On other public lands 10,621 13,533 14,546 17,071 Farm ponds 500 800 1,200 2,000 On other private lands 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 Cold waters stocked 10,652 14,375 27,788 31,113 On Federal lands 31 42 12,042 12,042 On other public lands 10,621 13,533 14,546 17,071 Farm ponds 800 1,200 2,000 Warm waters 87,655 93,755 110,355 120,055 On Federal lands 655 655 12,655 12,655 On other public lands 33,000 35,900 36,900 39,400 Farm ponds 4,000 7,200 10,800 18,000 On other private lands 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 Warm waters stocked 585 935 14,835 3,555 On Federal lands 15 15 12,015 15 On other public lands 345 520 2,220 2,500 Farm ponds 225 400 600 1,020

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

A diverse fishery is found in New Jersey: coastal waters provide excellent sport and commercial fishing opportunity; inland lakes and streams provide sport fishing for cold-and warm-water species. There is a lack of good cold-water habitat for the heavy fishing pressure received by most waters; however, this is rectified by the supplemental stocking program maintained by the managing agency.

NEW JERSEY 1 There are some exceptional warm-water fish populations available to the angler. A good example is the Delaware River, which produces excellent smallmouth bass and walleye fishing, and includes anadromous fish runs of American shad in most years.

~~Species produced at State aid Federal hatcheries, or otherwise available for various management programs, are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow Largemouth bass Bluegill Smallmouth bass Channel catfish~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 245,000 anglers exerted 3,275,000 fisherman-days of pressure on the inland fishing resource (table 2). Of this total, 105,000 (43 percent) fished in cold-water habitat; and 140,000 (57 percent) were warm-water fishermen.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 245 284 326 454 Cold-water 105 122 139 195 Warm-water 140 162 187 259 Man-days of fishing 3,275 3,799 4,330 6,062 Cold-water 1,041 1,213 1,378 1,927 Warm-water 2,234 2,586 2,952 4,135~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

New Jersey maintains a stocking program in inland waters by the operation of two hatcheries. Additional fish are obtained from nearby national fish hatcheries under terms of a Cooperative Stocking Agreement with the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife whereby Federally reared trout are released in waters open to public fishing. Additional Federal fish are supplied for fishery management programs on military areas.

~~Special Conditions~~

~~New Jersey is attempting to establish "sea-run" trout populations in selected coastal streams. At this time, there is no information relative to program size or special requirements.~~

~~Proiections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

There will be an increase in the total inland fishery resource of 52,350 acres by 2000--18 percent between 1965 and 1973; 57 percent between 1973 and 1980; and 25 percent between 1980 and 2000. Increases in trout requirements over these same periods will equal 46, 13, and 41 percent (table 3). Production of cold-water species will keep pace in State and Federal hatcheries. Indicated surplus or deficit production during any period is within 10 percent, and essentially is only a matter of coordination between agencies during any production year.

Warm-water production on the Federal level appears out of proportion to needs. However, only Federal area requirements are recorded on the tables; and no provision is made for farm pond stocking requirements.

NEW JERSEY 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The program projections for hatchery Requirements Production needs in New Jersey are reasonable for salmonid species at State and Federal 1965 levels. They are not reasonable for Totals 685 940 warm-water species at the Federal level Trout 585 650 if only listed requirements are considered; State 577 512 however, if we assume continued participation Fingerlings 39 24 in the farm pond program, then the relatively - - Catchables 538 488 small number of warm water fry and finger Bureau (Catchables) 8 138 lings becomes realistic. Warm-water fish 100 290 State 97 13 Fingerlings 87 3 Catchables 10 10 Bureau (Fingerlings) 3 277 1973 Totals 1,087 1,304 Trout 973 914 State 962 732 Bureau 11 182 Warm-water fish 114 390 State 108 13 Bureau 6 377 1980 Totals 1,209 1,461 Trout 1,080 1,031 State 1,065 830 Bureau 15 201 Warm-water fish 129 430 State 123 13 Bureau 6 417 2000 Totals 1,589 2,048 Trout 1,425 1,451 State 1,410 1,170 Bureau 15 281 Warm-water fish 164 597 State 158 13 Grading trout at a New Jersey State Hatchery. Bureau 6 584 Photo, Department of Conservation and Economic Development.

~~NEW JERSEY 3~~

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~~NEW JERSEY 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~NEW MEXICO~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

It was estimated that there was a total of 134,000 surface acres of fish habitat in New Mexico in 1965 (table 1). It is expected that this will increase to 179,000 acres by the year 2000. Cold-water habitat amounted to just under 38,000 acres in 1965. Of this, 26,000 was on Federal lands, principally national forests.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 134,573 139,635 145,500 178,875 Total stocked 127,357 132,860 141,220 171,440 Cold waters 37,927 40,500 43,800 47,900 On Federal lands 26,672 28,600 30,700 32,500 On other public lands 1,790 2,200 2,800 4,500 Farm ponds 600 700 800 900 On other private lands 8,865 9,000 9,500 10,000 Cold waters stocked 37,927 40,460 43,720 47,640 On Federal lands 26,672 28,600 30,800 32,500 On other public lands 1,790 2,210 2,720 4,240 Farm ponds 600 650 700 900 On other private lands 8,865 9,000 9,500 10,000 Warm waters 96,646 99,135 101,700 130,975 On Federal lands 77,598 79,600 80,200 101,500 On other public lands 5,535 6,035 6,500 10,475 Farm ponds 4,032 4,500 6,000 10,000 On other private lands 9,481 9,000 9,000 9,000 Warm waters stocked 89,430 92,400 97,500 123,800 On Federal lands 77,698 79,700 80,300 101,600 On other public lands 5,200 5,200 7,700 8,200 Farm ponds 4,032 4,500 6,000 10,000 On other private lands 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000

Warm-water fish habitat was estimated at nearly 97,000 acres in 1965. This will increase gradually to about 131,000 acres by the year 2000. Nearly all of this acreage is in the form of large Federal reservoirs created as part of major water development projects in the water-short State of New Mexico.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The State of New Mexico has some excellent cold -water fish habitat above 5,000 feet elevation in the northern part of the State and above 8,000 feet in the southern part of the State. Navajo Reservoir provides excellent fishing for rainbow trout and warm-water species. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is assisting 11 New Mexico Indian tribes in the managenent of their sport fishery resources. Most of these waters are trout habitat. The Game and Fish Department manages several large reservoirs in the State for warm-water species. Significant progress is being made in producing excellent fishing for bass, channel catfish, northern pike, and walleye.

~~NEW MEXICO 1 Data on Fishermen~~

The State of New Mexico estimated that there were 232,000 fishermen in New Mexico in 1965 (table 2). This figure will gradually increase to 460,000 by the year 2000. Approximately 80 percent of the fishermen in 1965 concentrated on the cold-water species. This ratio is expected to continue throughout the planning years.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 232 280 331 460 Cold-water 162 196 232 322 Warm-water 70 84 99 138 Man-days of fishing 2,784 3,367 3,977 5,530 Cold-water 1,919 2,357 2,784 3,874 Warm-water 865 1,010 1,193 1,656~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The New Mexico Department of Game and Fish operates 6 trout hatcheries. The State does not have facilities for the production of warm-water species. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates 3 national fish hatcheries in New Mexico. One produces trout and the other two produce warm-water species. Production from the Bureau's trout hatchery is principally obligated for the stocking of Indian reservation waters in New Mexico and military areas in Oklahoma. It also produces large numbers of trout fingerling for stocking in Navajo Reservoir in the northern part of the State.

~~Production of warm-water fish at Bureau hatcheries in New Mexico has never been adequate to meet the combined State and Bureau needs for channel catfish, northern pike, and largemouth bass.~~

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

Fish hatcheries operated by the State of New Mexico produced 7,827,000 fish in 1965 (table 3). They estimated that this capacity will increase 14 million by the year 2000. Bureau production of cold-water fish amounted to 1,396,000 fish in 1965. This could increase to 3,650,000 by the year 2000, if additional facilities are expanded or new hatcheries constructed.

It is anticipated that the combined State-Federal production of cold-water species of fish will be inadequate to meet requirements throughout the planning period. There existed a deficit of approximately 7 million warm-water fish to meet the combined Bureau and State requirements for 1965. The deficit was principally in unmet needs for northern pike, channel catfish, and largemouth bass. Future deficits of these species are anticipated. The majority of these requirements are northern pike fry. The State depends on eggs or fry of this species from sources outside the State. The Bureau is presently supplying a portion of the State's requirements from its Cedar Bluff, Kansas, National Fish Hatchery. It is doubtful that this station can increase its present commitment to the State of New Mexico unless additional brood stock sources are located.

~~It is believed that production capabilities for largemouth bass can be increased at Bureau hatcheries in New Mexico to meet future commitments for both Federal and State programs.~~

Production facilities are inadequate to meet the needs for channel catfish in New Mexico and neighboring parts of Arizona and Texas throughout the planning period. Additional facilities will be necessary to meet future needs.

NEW MEXICO 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) There is a real possibility that Requirements Productio Bureau and State fishery personnel will consider utilizing additional species in - 1965 the management of warm water habitat in Totals 21,742 13,723 New Mexico during the planning period. Cold-water fish 10,389 9,223 Principal among these might be the use Trout 9,889 8,780 of land-locked strains of the striped bass. State 9,507 7,384 New and additional facilities would be Fry 4,000 4,100 needed to produce striped bass. Fingerlings 2,850 1,860 Catchables 2,657 1,424 It should be stated that fish pro- Bureau 382 1,396 duced at national fish hatcheries in New Fingerlings 125 1,138 Mexico are not all stocked within the Catchables 257 258 State. Likewise, Bureau hatcheries in Salmon (State, Fry) 500 443 the neighboring States provide fish for Warm-water fish 11,353 4,500 special needs within New Mexico. State 11,238 Fry 4,256 Conclusions and Recommendations Fingerlings 6,930 Catchables 52 State and Federal fish production Bureau 115 4,500 facilities are inadequate to meet Fry 50 2,614 management's needs for fish. Numerically, Fingerlings 60 1,880 the northern pike presents the greatest Catchables 5 6 challenge to both fish producing agencies. 1973 Greater numbers of catchable-size channel Totals 24,507 20,624 catfish and more trout are projected for Cold-water fish 12,708 13,359 the future. Trout 12,208 12,859 State 11,688 10,500 Where possible, existing State and Bureau 520 2,359 Federal fish hatcheries should be improved Salmon (State) 500 500 and expanded to keep pace with the growing Warm-water fish 11,799 7,265 needs for fish. Eventually, and probably State 11,679 by 1973, new hatcheries will be needed Bureau 120 7,265 to produce both trout and channel catfish 1980 for the New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona Totals 27,565 23,136 area of the southwest. Cold-water fish 15,077 15,107 Trout 14,577 14,607 State 13,922 12,000 Bureau 655 2,607 Salmon (State) 500 500 Warm-water fish 12,488 8,029 State 12,323 Bureau 165 8,029 2000 Totals 31,907 28,890 Cold-water fish 16,035 17,650 Trout 15,535 17,150 State 14,735 13,500 Bureau 800 3,650 Salmon (State) 500 500 Warm-water fish 15,872 11,240 State 15,647 Bureau 225 11,240

~~Parkview Hatchery, New Mexico. Photo, Department of Game and Fish.~~

~~NEW MEXICO 3~~

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~~NEW MEXICO 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~NEW YORK~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Located within the boundaries of New York State is a diversity of fish habitats, which range from marine and estuarine resources on the Atlantic Coast to excellent inland lakes and streams for salmonid and other sport fish and includes waters on Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

Excluding the 2,321,000 acres of Great Lakes under the jurisdiction of New York State, there are 1,735,410 acres of inland fishery waters (table 1). Of this total, 360,390 acres (21 percent) are cold-water habitat. Some 299,285 acres (83 percent) of the cold-water habitat are stocked from State and Federal hatcheries. If the 1,941,000 acres of cold-water habitat present in Lake Ontario at the 380,000 warm- water acres of Lake Erie are included, there is a total inland fishery resource of 4,056,410 acres, 57 percent (2,301,390 acres) of which is considered cold-water or salmonid habitat. Using total cold-water habitat acreage, New York now stocks 13 percent of this resource. Since passage of the Anadromous Fish Act, New York has programmed a coho salmon project for Lake Ontario. After initiation of the project, 97 percent of available cold-water habitat will be stocked.

The 1,375,020 acres of public fishing waters classified as warm-water habitat constitute 79 percent of the resource, excluding the Great Lakes, or 1,755,020 (43 percent) if they are included. Only 16 percent (12 percent if the Great Lakes area is included) of this resource requires supplemental stocking at this time.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of Inland Fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 4,056,410 4,066,410 4,079,710 4,117,810 Total stocked 522,735 526,335 530,535 543,935 Cold waters 2,301,390 2,304,890 2,308,990 2,321,090 On Federal lands 90 90 90 90 On other public lands 2,268,600 2,269,000 2,270,500 2,275,000 Farm ponds 3,800 6,300 8,400 15,000 On other private lands 28,900 29,500 30,000 31,000 Cold waters stocked 299,285 302,885 307,085 320,485 On Federal lands 85 85 85 85 On other public lands 266,500 267,000 268,600 275,400 Farm ponds 3,800 6,300 8,400 15,000 On other private lands 28,900 29,500 30,000 31,000 Warm waters 1,755,020 1,761,520 1,770,720 1,796,720 On Federal lands 720 720 720 720 On other public lands 1,730,000 1,734,000 1,741,000 1,761,000 Farm ponds 4,300 6,800 9,000 15,000 On other private lands 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 Warm waters stocked 223,450 223,450 223,450 223,450 On Federal alnds 150 150 150 150 On other public lands 223,000 223,000 223,000 223,000 Farm ponds 300 300 300 300

~~In addition to the diversified inland fisheries, New York State has 1,187,000 acres of marine water in its jurisdiction. This resource provides for a sport and commercial fishery of some magnitude.~~

~~NEW YORK 1 Characteristics of the Fishery~~

There is a wide range of angling opportunities in this State. Excellent cold- water habitat is found in streams, lakes, and reservoirs, which range in size from small headwater brooks to the large Finger Lakes. Warm-water habitat has the same diversity, from farm ponds and small natural lakes to the Great Lakes (Erie and Ontario) and the St. Lawrence River.

Coastal rivers, in particular the Hudson River, have runs of American shad and striped bass. Estuarine and bay fishing for a variety of ground and/or pelagic sport fish offer unlimited recreational opportunity.

~~Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries, or otherwise available for various management programs, are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow, lake Largemouth bass Bluegill Smallmouth bass Salmon - kokanee, Atlantic, coho Muskellunge Walleye~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 905,000 New York anglers exerted 19,900,000 angler-days of pressure on the inland fishery resource (table 2). An additional 800,000 salt-water anglers exerted 8,800,000 man-days of pressure on the marine resource. One-third of the total inland pressure was exerted on the cold-water resources (6,560,000 angler-days).

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 905 968 1,023 1,186 Cold-water 302 323 341 396 Warm-water 603 645 682 790 Man-days of fishing 19,900 21,293 22,487 26,070 Cold-water 6,560 7,019 7,413 8,594 Warm-water 13,340 14,274 15,074 17,476

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In New York, one Federal and 18 State hatcheries produce fish for the management program. Fourteen State hatcheries produce only salmonid species, and one produces trout and warm-water species. Three State hatcheries produce warm-water species exclusively. The one Federal hatchery is operated as a research station; however, there is also considerable trout production which is utilized in State and Bureau programs.

Federal trout production in New York is sufficient to provide for all Federally owned or managed waters, including the farm pond stocking program (table 3). These programs involve catchable trout and a variable number of fingerlings. The remaining production is stocked under a cooperative agreement with the New York Conservation Department in waters open to public fishing.

NEW YORK 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and Production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) It is anticipated that there will be Requirements Production an increase of 61,400 acres in the total inland fishery resource by the year 2000. 1965 Warm-water habitat will account for 68 Totals 458,559 354,238 percent of this increase. The increase Trout 5,277 5,769 will be approximately equal percentage- State 5,197 5,568 wise for both cold- and warm-water Fingerlings 2,895 3,191 habitats between reporting periods, and Catchables 2,302 2,377 amount to (16 percent between 1965 and Bureau 80 201 1973, 22 percent between 1973 and 1980, Fingerlings 30 103 and 62 percent between 1980 and the year Catchables 50 98 2000). Warm-water fish 453,282 348,469 State 453,282 348,266 Production of salmonids and warm- Fry *(453)000 348,000 water species in the State and Federal Fingerlings 282 266 hatcheries is expected to meet require- Bureau (fingerlings) 203 ments over the reporting period. The indicatedcbficits in 1965 of 104,813,000 1973 warm-water fish were a failure to obtain Totals 455,453 455,941 sufficient walleye fry for the management Trout 5,323 5,463 program. State salmonid production is State 5,235 5,075 compatible with requirements in 1973, Bureau 88 388 1980, and 2000, and is expected to meet Warm-water fish 450,130 450,478 the needs for waters open to public State (450)130 450,130 fishing. Bureau 348 Conclusions and Recommendations 1980 Totals 455,582 456,018 It is obvious that the careful Trout 5,452 5,503 planning which has prevailed in the New State 5,355 5,075 York Conservation program since the early Bureau 97 428 1930's is continued in this hatchery need Warm-water fish 450,130 450,515 projection. Indicated surpluses or State (450)130 450,130 deficits are such that they can be easily Bureau 385 eliminated through agency coordination.

~~2000 Totals 456,055 456,344 Trout 5,925 5,675 State 5,790 5,075 Bureau 135 600 Warm-water fish 450,130 450,669 State (450)130 450,130 Bureau 539~~

*(Millions) of fry used for maintenance stocking and distribution to the States.

~~Dr. Neil Ellinger, fish pathologist, examining a brook trout at the State Fish Hatchery, Rome, New York.~~

~~NEW YORK 3 •~~

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~~NORTH CAROLINA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The variety and excellence of North Carolina's fish habitat are unexcelled in the Southeast. From the Great Smoky Mountains in the western part of the State, with their sparkling trout and smallmouth bass streams, to the world famous salt-water fishing of the outer banks on the Atlantic Ocean, this State is blessed with excellent fishing. In between the two extremes lie the ponds, rivers, and reservoirs of the Piedmont section, the flatland of the coastal plain with its large sluggish rivers and dark- water lakes, and the tidewater area with its brackish streams, swamp ponds and estuaries.

~~North Carolina has 821,830 acres of inland waters (table 1). Over 24,000 acres, or approximately 3 percent, is cold-water habitat. The State has 3,145,000 acres of marine habitat.~~

~~The warm waters in North Carolina are about 89 percent impoundments and lakes. There are, however, about 90,000 acres of warm-water stream habitat.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 821,830 896,480 994,345 1,251,300 Total stocked 133,795 168,695 188,934 252,378 Cold waters 24,130 32,230 34,285 39,340 On Federal lands 6,430 14,405 15,975 20,475 On other public lands 16,000 15,925 15,910 15,865 Farm ponds 500 600 1,000 1,500 On other private lands 1,200 1,300 1,400 1,500 Cold waters stocked 16,470 20,710 21,780 24,370 On Federal lands 4,170 8,160 8,980 11,120 On other public lands 12,100 12,200 12,300 12,500 Farm ponds 100 200 300 500 On other private lands 100 150 200 250 Warm waters 797,700 864,250 960,060 1,211,960 On Federal lands 120,700 173,200 201,760 283,360 On other public lands 578,000 583,250 632,300 779,600 Farm ponds 89,000 96,800 114,000 135,000 On other private lands 10,000 11,000 12,000 14,000 Warm waters stocked 117,325 147,985 167,154 228,008 On Federal lands 58,325 87,085 100,754 143,408 On other public lands 55,000 55,000 60,000 75,000 Farm ponds 4,000 5,900 6,400 9,600

The marine fish habitat varies from the large, open sounds and bays where salinities range from nearly fresh to brackish to salt water. The offshore fishing waters outside the banks are, of course, ocean habitat.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The wide variation of fresh and marine waters, cold and warm waters, rivers, trout streams, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, bays, sounds, and ocean provides North Carolina anglers with an almost endless variety of fishing. This ranges from fly fishing for the colorful native brook trout to big game fishing off the Outer Banks. Between

~~NORTH CAROLINA 1 these two extremes is found fishing in streams, lakes, and ponds adaptable to most any kind of angling from spinning to cane pole fishing.~~

~~The principal game fishes of North Carolina are:~~

~~Fresh-water Species~~

~~Largemouth bass Brook trout White bass Smallmouth bass Walleye Panfish (bluegill, redbreast S.F., Rainbow trout Crappie redear S.F., etc.) Brown trout Pickerel~~

~~Salt-water Species~~

~~Channel bass Cobia Bonito Bluefish Flounder Sailfish Mackerel (King & Spanish) Marlin Dolphin Striped bass Albacore Amberjack Weakfish ("Speckled trout")~~

~~Anadromous Species~~

~~Striped bass American shad Hickory shad~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 1,213,300 fishermen fished in North Carolina waters (table 2). About one-third of these anglers fished in salt-water habitat. Of the remainder, nearly 90 percent or 756,900 fished in warm waters, and 56,400 were trout fishermen.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 813 991 1,186 1,927 Cold-water 56 68 82 133 Warm-water 757 923 1,104 1,794 Man-days of fishing 14,966 18,234 21,823 35,457 Cold-water 1,038 1,251 1,509 2,447 Warm-water 13,928 16,983 20,314 33,010

~~During 1965, some 400,000 salt-water anglers fished 5,600,000 days.~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The State of North Carolina operates seven fish hatcheries. Three of these produce rainbow, brown, and brook trout, one is a combination hatchery producing both cold- and warm-water fish, two are warm-water facilities, and one is a striped bass hatchery. There are three national fish hatcheries in North Carolina. One of these is a trout hatchery, one is a warm-water station, and the other is devoted almost entirely to developing methods for rearing striped bass.

~~Special Conditions~~

~~Practically all of the principal needs for fish in North Carolina are taken care of by the combined State and Federal hatcheries.~~

NORTH CAROLINA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of 2000, the increase will be 370,000 acres, hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) 60 percent above 1965 figures. Cold-water reservoirs will increase by 8,000 acres Requirements Production by 1973.

1965 The number of fishermen in North Caro- Totals 7,584 7,403 lina is expected to increase until by Trout 1,528 1,525 2000, when there will be over 1,927,000 State 1,300 740 anglers devoting over 35 million fishermen- Fingerlings 435 313 days to this activity. Catchables 865 427 Bureau 228 785 As the fish habitat increases and Fingerlings 24 144 more people fish, there will be need for Catchables 204 641 more hatchery fish to properly manage the Warm-water fish 6,056 5,878 waters. These projections show that in State (fingerlings) 5,691 2,011 the cold-water management program, both Bureau (fingerlings) 365 3,867 State and Federal hatcheries will be unable to meet the requirements estimated 1973 for 1973 (table 3). The same condition Totals 10,860 11,364 exists in 1980 and by the end of the Trout 1,761 1,335 century there will be a deficit of over State 1,460 740 1 to lk million trout. Bureau 301 595 Warm-water fish 9,099 10,029 Modified and enlarged hatchery State 8,501 2,120 facilities will be required to handle Bureau 598 7,909 this need for fish. 1980 Warm-water hatcheries will be able Totals 12,080 12,257 to meet the requirements set for 1973 Trout 2,077 1,397 and 1980. By the year 2000, a small State 1,520 740 deficit is indicated. This deficit should Bureau 557 657 be easy to correct by combined State and Warm-water fish 10,003 10,860 Federal effort. State 9,200 2,120 Bureau 803 8,740 Conclusions and Recommendations

2000 Upon analysis of the current and Totals 18,522 16,017 projected data the following conclusions Trout 3,328 1,661 may be submitted: State 1,660 740 Bureau 1,668 921 There will be an overall increase in Warm-water fish 15,194 14,356 North Carolina's fish habitat due to State 13,600 2,120 impoundment. Both cold- and warm-water Bureau 1,594 12,236 habitat will be enlarged but some stream habitat will be lost. The Federal hatcheries in North Carolina can presently provide the fish, Fishing pressure will gradually both trout and warm-water, needed on increase and so will requirements for fish. Federal waters. The projected State and Federal produc- Proiections for 1973, 1980, 2000 tion of cold-water varieties and other special requirements for fish will be The inland fishing waters in North inadequate unless modifications are possible Carolina will increase by over 429,000 in the hatchery system to provide for the acres over the next 35 years as the result additional fish. of impoundments. Regardless of efforts to stop the loss of stream habitat, there will It is recommended that both State and be a reduction in this category of fish Federal hatchery programs be evaluated to habitat. determine ways and means to help meet the projected needs for fish. The largest increase in habitat will be in warm-water reservoirs. By the year

~~NORTH CAROLINA 3 ▪ • •~~

~~1 1 1 1 1 ° ° ° ° ° ° 75 84° 83 82° 81° 80 79 78° 77 76~~

~~- 37t_ _ 37r-~~

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OAS `21 LEGEND 71:1L(1;"'"'7.1.1 BUSTU'jr ILNINGTON 0 National Fish Hatchery-Warm Water „ — 34°— A National Fish Hatchery-Salmonid SOL12.0112 0 State Fish Hatchery-Warm Water * State Fish Hatchery -Salmonid

~~—33°-~~

~~STATE CAPITAL~~

~~• COUNTY SEAT SCALE 10 0 CO 20 30 40 50 60 70 MILES I~~

~~°— - 32 NORTH CAROLINA _32°-~~

~~° ° ° ° ° 84 83 82 81 80° 79° 78° 77° 76 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS OF HATCHERY FISH~~

~~NORTH DAKOTA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

~~The State of North Dakota had an estimated 540,576 acres of fishable waters in 1965 (table 1). Approximately 30 percent of these waters were scheduled for stocking.~~

~~Continued construction of large multi-purpose reservoirs is expected to extend this figure to 715,400 acres by the year 2000.~~

Of the total, 40,000 acres were designated as cold-water, capable of supporting trout. This acreage is expected to increase to 68,000 by the year 2000. Trout stocking was scheduled for 2,600 acres in 1965, and plans are to manage 10,350 acres for trout by the year 2000.

~~Nearly 500,000 acres of North Dakota waters were classed as warm-waters in 1965-- these waters are expected to increase to 647,000 acres by the year 2000.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 540,576 594,000 681,400 715,400 Total stocked 176,960 255,580 337,825 396,025 Cold waters 40,900 46,000 62,100 68,000 On Federal lands 36,800 40,000 55,000 60,000 On other public lands 4,100 6,000 6,800 7,500 Cold waters stocked 2,600 4,150 6,425 10,350 On Federal lands 2,120 3,450 5,250 8,800 On other public lands 480 700 1,175 1,550 Warm waters 499,676 548,000 619,300 647,400 On Federal lands 468,176 515,000 582,500 608,000 On other public lands 31,000 32,000 35,000 37,000 Farm ponds 500 1,000 1,800 2,400 Warm waters stocked 174,360 251,430 331,400 385,675 On Federal lands 150,860 226,230 301,900 352,675 On other public lands 23,500 25,200 29,500 32,500

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~The tailwater fishery below Garrison Dam, and at some smaller reservoirs, is excellent. Some of the largest northern pike in the United States are taken in these areas.~~

The State has many alkaline lakes that will not support a warm-water fishery, but have been found to be very productive for trout. Fishery personnel may in time develop a trout fishery in the Garrison Reservoir that may very well compete with the northern pike for prominence.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is assisting the Standing Rock and Turtle Mountain Indian Reservations with the development of reservation waters into an economic asset for the tribe concerned, by creation of a successful sport fishery.

~~Data on Fishermen~~

~~The State of North Dakota estimated that they had 116,000 fishermen in 1965; of this number, 23,000, or 20 percent of the total, were trout fisherman (table 2).~~

~~NORTH DAKOTA 1 TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 116 121 144 213 Cold-water 23 27 36 64 Warm-water 93 94 108 149 Man-days of fishing 1,856 1,944 2,296 3,400 Cold-water 464 486 573 850 Warm-water 1,392 1,458 1,723 2,550~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

~~The North Dakota Game and Fish Department operates one station for hatching northern pike and walleye eggs.~~

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates two hatcheries in North Dakota. The Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery has the capacity to rear 550,000 five-inch trout, and 2,000,000 warm-water fingerlings, primarily northern pike, walleye, and smallmouth bass. The Valley City National Fish Hatchery rears only warm-water fish, and it has a capacity to rear two million fingerlings annually. Each of the two Federal hatcheries has facilities to hatch and distribute large numbers of northern pike and walleye fry.

~~About 300,000 fingerling trout are stocked in North Dakota waters by Federal hatcheries located outside the State.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

~~There will continue to be a need for stocking warm-water fish in North Dakota waters because of:~~

~~1. Frequency of winter-kill in lakes and streams.~~

~~2. Emphasis on rehabilitation of lakes and streams with chemicals and and restocking.~~

~~3. The need to maintain year classes of sport fishes.~~

~~4. New impoundments.~~

Utilization of additional species in the management of warm-water habitat could modify projected stocking requirements. Species now under consideration are the inconnu, Stenodus leucichthys, and muskellunge.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

In view of the planned developments of new reservoirs and fishing waters in North Dakota, the projected requirements on the data sheets appear to be realistic. The deficits in fingerling warm-water fish and trout reported in 1965 (table 3) would continue to grow in future years. There is a need to rear more fry to fingerling size. Future data indicate a surplus of warm-water fish. These are mostly fry. There will be an increasing need for more fingerlings. The greatest inadequacy is in the production of trout fingerlings.

~~NORTH DAKOTA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH Conclusions and Recommendations~~

~~Improved technology and expansion of existing warm-water hatchery facilities should meet future requirements for northern pike, walleye, and bass fingerlings.~~

Proposed expansion of the trout facilities at the Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery would greatly reduce the projected 1973 deficit. However, requirements after that date are so extensive as to warrant new construction or expansion elsewhere.

~~TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's)~~

~~Requirements Production Requirements Production~~

1965 1980 Totals 31,692 47,743 Totals 41,547 51,100 Trout 1,994 1,238 Trout 4,202 1,348 State 1,984 State 4,177 Fry 1,000 Bureau 25 1,348 Fingerlings 964 Warm-water fish 37,345 49,752 Catchables 20 State 36,345 20,000 Bureau 10 1,238 Bureau 1,000 29,752 Fingerlings 10 1,028 2000 Catchables 210 Totals 46,678 63,540 Warm-water fish 29,698 46,505 Trout 5,961 1,887 State 29,438 22,180 State 5,916 Fry 25,000 22,000 Bureau 45 1,887 Fingerlings 4,438 180 Warm-water fish 40,717 61,653 Bureau 260 24,325 State 39,717 20,000 Fry 20,388 Bureau 1,000 41,653 Fingerlings 260 3,937 1973 Totals 34,817 48,144 Trout 3,081 1,220 State 3,071 Bureau 10 1,220 Warm-water fish 31,736 46,924 State 31,336 20,000 Bureau 400 26,924

~~Garrison Dam National Fish Hatchery, North Dakota.~~

~~NORTH DAKOTA 3 •~~

~~103° 1020 HIIION~~

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~~i I 1 I I I 104° 103° 102° 101° 100° 99° 9)3° 97° i NORTH DAKOTA NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~OHIO~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Ohio has limited trout waters (table 1). About 33 miles of streams are suitable for trout on a put-and-take basis. Some of the lakes have cold water containing sufficient oxygen to sustain trout throughout the summer. The stocking of coho salmon in some of the tributaries to Lake Erie has added to the future stocking requirements and production. Acreages of Lake Erie and tributaries which may support coho salmon cannot be estimated at this time.

The best game fishing in Ohio centers around the typical largemouth bass waters. The same inland waters also provide anglers with other panfish, particularly crappie. The State has estimated these waters, consisting of reservoirs and natural lakes, to have a surface area of 183,167 acres; this figure is expected to double by the year 2000 as proposed new Federal flood control reservoirs and new State fishing lakes are built.

The greatest variety of sport fishing is found in Lake Erie. Ohio's portion of this lake is 2,212,480 surface acres. Open water reefs and offshore islands attract sport fishermen from a wide area. Fishing on Lake Erie is a year-round sport. Ice-fishing shanties mounted on sleds concentrate in preferred areas to the point that they give illusions of small villages.

The major rivers of the State offer a wide variety of game and pan species ranging from muskellunge, walleye, and smallmouth bass to rock bass, sunfishes, and bullheads. These flowing waters were estimated at 42,000 acres in 1965; proposed new impoundments will reduce these to 30,000 acres by the year 2000.

~~Farm ponds, because of their wide distribution and total numbers, offer the fishermen an opportunity to wet a line without having to drive long distances.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 2,456,687 2,504,317 2,565,142 2,652,971 Total stocked 2,456,677 2,504,309 2,565,136 2,652,016 Cold waters 20 300 400 500 On other public lands 20 300 400 500 Cold waters stocked 10 120 250 400 On other public lands 10 120 250 400 Warm waters 2,456,667 2,504,297 2,565,122 2,652,951 On Federal lands 11,217 27,316 52,431 90,000 On other public lands 2,426,450 2,451,981 2,476,691 2,517,951 Farm ponds 18,000 22,000 30,000 35,000 On other private lands 1,000 3,000 6,000 10,000 Warm waters stocked 2,456,667 2,504,297 2,565,122 2,652,001 On Federal lands 11,217 27,316 52,431 90,000 On other public lands 2,426,450 2,451,981 2,476,691 2,517,001 Farm ponds 18,000 22,000 30,000 35,000 On other private lands 1,000 3,000 6,000 10,000

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The State of Ohio has a variety of waters, and therefore offers the sportsman an opportunity to angle for many different species of warm-water fish. Although bass have a strong appeal for the sportsman, it is crappie that accounts for the largest share of the catch each year. Other major game and panfish are the walleye, muskellunge, white bass, sunfish, and catfish.

OHIO 1 Muskellunge, although few in number, attract many fishermen to waters where they are to be found. The Muskingum River and reservoirs in the basin are especially noted for their "Milskie" catches.

~~Farm ponds are stocked with channel catfish, largemouth bass, and bluegill sunfish from two Federal hatcheries.~~

~~Ohio commercial fishing is limited to Lake Erie where the take in 1965 was 111/2 million pounds valued at $1,163,327. This amounts to about 24 percent of the total Lake Erie commercial harvest.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

The State of Ohio estimated that there were 834,000 fishermen in Ohio (table 2). This figure is expected to increase to 1,436,000 by the year 2000. Less than one percent of the 1965 figure was classed as cold-water fishermen; however, the number of trout and salmon fishermen is expected to increase.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~Fishermen 834 983 1,102 1,436 Cold-water 2 32 36 42 Warm-water 832 951 1,066 1,394 Man-days of fishing 24,321 27,891 32,353 38,768 Cold-water 144 328 380 401 Warm-water 24,177 27,563 31,973 38,367~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Ohio Division of Wildlife operates six pond fish hatcheries and one walleye egg hatching facility. Production emphasis at five of these units is on muskellunge and over- wintering trout. One hatchery rears largemouth and smallmouth bass, northern pike, and chain pickerel. These stations produced 46 million warm-water fish in 1965; however, 45.7 million of this number were newly hatched fry, primarily walleye (table 3). A gradual increase in production is expected to yield 66.8 million warm-water hatchery fish by the year 2000.

Production from the two Federal hatcheries is utilized over a broad area as the need dictates. The Hebron National Fish Hatchery produces bass, bluegill, and redear sunfish; the Senecaville National Fish Hatchery produces smallmouth bass, channel and flathead catfish, and trout. Total production from these two hatcheries is generally about 4.5 million warm-water fish per year. About two-thirds of these are utilized for farm pond stocking over about a five-State area. The balance are primarily stocked in new reservoirs of the area.

~~The maximum trout rearing capability at the Senecaville National Fish Hatchery is about 30,000 catchable size fish, or 7,500 pounds.~~

~~Special Conditions~~

~~Of the State's warm-water requirement, only three percent is for fingerling fish. The balance is for fry, primarily walleye.~~

~~Species under consideration for rearing to fingerling sizes are the muskellunge, walleye, and channel catfish.~~

OHIO 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Federal hatcheries planted 1,827,000 Requirements Production fingerling warm-water fish in Ohio waters in 1965; this number will increase as a 1965 result of improved technology and facilities Totals 46,944 48,032 to about 5 million by the year 2000. This Trout 30 23 does not represent the total capability of State (Catchables) 26 the two Federal hatcheries; instead it is Bureau (Catchables) 4 23 the number of fish estimated to be available Warm-water fish 46,914 48,009 for stocking in Ohio. A large part of this State 46,848 46,182 stocking will be in farm ponds. Fry 45,789 45,789 Fingerlings 1,042 393 The projected figures for cold-water Catchables 17 fishermen as supplied by the Ohio Division Bureau 66 1,827 of Wildlife indicate intensive utilization Fingerlings 65 1,826 of a small amount of trout waters: 500 Catchables 1 1 acres of trout in the year 2000 providing 1973 401,000 fisherman-days. Totals---- 52,560 53,788 Cold-water fish 1,141 1,090 Conclusions and Recommendations Trout 141 90 State 137 30 The number of State and Federal Bureau 4 60 hatcheries with some future diversifi- Salmon 1,000 1,000 cation is adequate to meet the stocking State 1,000 1,000 requirements in the State of Ohio. Warm-water fish 51,419 52,698 Increased fingerling requirements can be State 51,312 49,438 met by construction of new ponds on existing Bureau 107 3,260 facilities and improvement of water 1980 supplies. Totals 59,032 59,923 Cold-water fish 1,161 1,096 Trout 161 96 State 157 30 Bureau 4 66 Salmon 1,000 1,000 State 1,000 1,000 Warm-water fish 57,871 58,827 State 57,721 55,224 Bureau 150 3,603 2000 Totals 71,543 73,039 Cold-water fish 1,171 1,120 Trout 171 120 State 167 30 Bureau 4 90 Salmon 1,000 1,000 State 1,000 1,000 Warm-water fish 70,372 71,919 State 70,172 66,875 Bureau 200 5,044

~~The Ohio walleye hatchery on South Bass Island in western Lake Erie. Photo, Ohio Division of Wildlife.~~

~~OHIO 3~~

~~-42°-~~

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~~AL AWNENCE' • National Fish Hatchery-Combination mows OState Fish Hatchery-Warm Water • State Fish Hatchery-Combination~~

~~SCALE O srrre CAPITAL 10 10 30 to MILES ® costar ssvr OHIO~~

~~1 1° ty° 9~~

~~OHIO 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~OKLAHOMA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Sport fishing habitat in Oklahoma is mostly of the warm-water type. These waters totaled 904,715 surface acres in 1965 (table 1). Nearly half of this water, 398,000 acres, was created by dams constructed on major rivers by Federal water development agencies. More than a third of the total fishing water available, 333,000 acres, was in the form of farm ponds on private lands.

Total acreage of available water will progressively increase to 2,000,000 by the year 2000. Most of this increase, approximately 500,000 acres, will materialize as the result of new dams on the major rivers. Farm pond acreage is expected to increase to 800,000 by the year 2000.

Oklahoma fishery personnel estimate there were 770 acres of water in the State in 1965 capable of supporting a cold-water fishery. This is expected to increase at a uniform rate to 11,000 acres by 2000. Most of this habitat will be tailwater fisheries below major dams. The fishery will be maintained by stocking of catchable trout.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 905,485 1,197,300 1,454,150 2,011,200 Total stocked 905,485 1,197,300 1,454,150 2,011,200 Cold waters 770 3,000 6,300 11,000 On Federal lands 75 700 800 2,000 On other public lands 695 2,300 5,500 9,000 Cold waters stocked 770 2,600 6,300 11,000 On Federal lands 75 300 800 2,000 On other public lands 695 2,300 5,500 9,000 Warm waters 904,715 1,194,300 1,447,850 2,000,200 On Federal lands 398,550 553,300 647,350 903,200 On other public lands 58,165 79,000 98,000 137,000 Farm ponds 333,000 440,000 560,000 800,000 On other private lands 115,000 122,000 142,500 160,000 Warm waters stocked 904,715 1,194,300 1,447,850 2,000,200 On Federal lands 398,550 553,300 647,350 903,200 On other public lands 58,165 79,000 98,000 137,000 Farm ponds 333,000 440,000 560,000 800,000 On other private lands 115,000 122,000 142,500 160,000

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Major impoundments are managed to provide the fishing for largemouth bass, channel catfish, crappie, and sunfish. Farm ponds produce satisfactory fishing using combinations of bass, channel catfish, and sunfish.

Recent emphasis has been directed toward producing and evaluating the blue catfish, the blue-channel catfish hybrid, and the striped bass as preferred species in the hatchery and lake management programs. Northern pike and walleye have been introduced in a few reservoirs and this practice will be evaluated.

~~Commercial fishing is permitted for several species of rough fish and catfish in the larger reservoirs. It is anticipated that this practice will be expanded over the years.~~

~~OKLAHOMA 1 Data on Fishermen~~

~~Oklahoma anglers totaled 633,000 in 1965 (table 2). They will increase to 750,000 at a rather constant rate through 2000.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1_4 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 633 650 688 750 Warm-water 633 650 688 750 Man-days of fishing 12,680 13,200 13,965 15,500 Cold-water 30 100 200 500 Warm-water 12,650 13,100 13,765 15,000~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

~~The Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation operates four fish hatcheries, all of which produce warm-water fish. The Bureau operates one warm-water fish hatchery at Tishomingo, Oklahoma.~~

In anticipation of tremendous increase in the needs for hatchery fish and the culture of new species, the State has embarked on a program of rehabilitation of existing hatcheries and evaluation of sites for new hatcheries. State emphasis will be placed on the rearing of striped bass and ever increasing numbers of catchable size catfish. The State has also proposed construction of a trout hatchery, on a cost sharing basis, in connection with the Sherwood Reservoir Project.

The Tishomingo National Fish Hatchery produces channel catfish, largemouth bass, and sunfish. The entire production is allocated to farm pond stocking, fishery management projects on Federal lands, and to State-Cooperative projects in Oklahoma and surrounding States. The Norfork, Arkansas, National Fish Hatchery has been rearing and providing approximately 30,000 pounds of catchable trout annually for stocking the tailwaters below Tnkiller Reservoir.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

~~Warm-water species:~~

State fishery leaders believe firmly that the solution to providing excellent fishing in all of the many existing and proposed reservoirs in Oklahoma is the massive stocking of selected species of fish on a well managed basis. Their prime objective is to produce and distribute millions of fry and fingerling striped bass, hundreds of thousands catchable size channel and blue catfish, and hybrids of these species, and the flathead catfish each year. Striped bass eggs or fry will be obtained from east coast sources for several years to initiate this program. Eventually, they anticipate that land-locked spawning populations will develop in Oklahoma waters to serve as a source of eggs. Natural spawning may per- petuate the species in a few impoundments.

~~Production and stocking of 500,000 to 900,000 catfish and hybrids, ranging up to one pound in size, are also an important aspect of the Department's fishery management plan.~~

With full confidence in the adaptability and suitability of the striped bass for Oklahoma waters, the State is prepared to embark on an ambitious program for hatchery propagation of the species. This will involve reconstruction of present facilities and, perhaps, construction of new hatcheries.

OKLAHOMA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH The State's estimated requirements for warm-water fish in 1965 was 261,000,000 (table 3). Nearly all of these were striped bass fry and fingerlings. Production from State and Federal hatcheries was 26,000,000, leaving a deficit for the year of 235,000,000 fish. This will be the general situation through 1973. Between 1973 and 1980 the State proposes to substantially increase its production capabilities and reduce the deficit to 64,000,000. Fish requirements are expected to be reduced by about 50 percent between 1973 and 1980. The deficit estimated for the year 2000 is 49,000,000.

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Cold-water species: hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The State predicts that the acres of Requirements Production trout fishing water requiring periodic stocking will increase from 770 in 1965 to 1965 2,600 in 1973, 6,300 in 1980, and 11,000 at Totals 263,161 26,447 the end of the century. About 80 percent of Trout 1,630 66 this water will occur on non-Federal lands. State 1,620 Trout requirements for these waters will Fingerlings 1,500 increase from 1,620,000 annually in 1965 to Catchables 120 11,000,000 at 2000. Similar requirements for Bureau 10 66 Bureau programs will range from 10,000 in Fingerlings 5 37 1965 to 73,000 by 2000. Most of those needed Catchables 5 29 for Bureau programs will rise from 120,000 Warm-water fish 261,531 26,381 in 1965 to 1,000,000 at year 2000. The needs State 261,410 24,235 for trout fingerlings will increase from Fry 255,000 22,194 1,500,000 in 1965 to 10,000,000 by 2000. Fingerlings 6,310 2,041 Catchables 100 There are no government trout production Bureau 121 2,146 facilities in Oklahoma. Bureau trout Fry 15 hatcheries in New Mexico and Arkansas have Fingerlings 96 2,143 been providing trout for existing programs. Catchables 10 3 1973 Conclusions and Recommendations Totals 253,494 32,100 Trout 3,484 144 The staggering deficits of hatchery State 3,450 fish, now and in the future, are the result Bureau 34 144 of a sudden and drastic change in reservoir Warm-water fish 250,010 31,956 management emphasis within the Oklahoma State 249,800 28,400 Department of Wildlife Conservation. Heavy Bureau 210 3,556 reliance upon the striped bass, a relatively 1980 new and unproven species in fresh-water Totals 117,663 46,690 environments, accounts for 80 to 90 percent Trout 6,651 160 of the numerical deficit throughout the State 6,600 planning period. Should this species not Bureau 51 160 perform as expected or should it be possible Warm-water fish 111,012 46,530 to secure sufficient eggs from salt-water State 110,620 42,600 parents to activate the program, the huge Bureau 392 3,930 deficits would vanish. 2000 Totals 122,571 62,126 It would appear that State and Bureau Trout 11,073 224 facilities and programs should be closer State 11,000 allied in production of striped bass and Bureau 73 224 evaluation of it in reservoir situations. Warm-water fish 111,498 61,902 Production of striped bass would gradually State 110,900 56,400 increase as better cultural techniques are Bureau 598 5,502 developed and appropriate evaluations made of its success in selected bodies of water. A crash program to wipe off the deficits predicted does not appear practical or necessary for either agency.

~~The State expected to expand channel catfish production steadily from four million to 16 million catchables by 2000, while needs will vary from 500 to 900 thousand.~~

~~Since collection compilation of the original data, the Oklahoma Department has proposed construction of a trout hatchery below Sherwood Reservoir. OKLAHOMA 3 •- - •~~

~~1 03° 102* 101. 99° 98. 97. 96° 95.~~

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~~ammo e • RTAN • STATE CAPITAL P~~

~~0 COUNTY SEAT~~

~~SCALE~~

~~20 0 20 10 00 00 MILES LEGEND — 3._ a National Fish Hatchery-Warm Water — 33, OKLAHOMA 0 State Fish Hatchery- Warm Water~~

~~102. 101* 97. 96. 95. 1 1 919. 9r. NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~OREGON~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

~~Oregon is well endowed with both inland and marine fishing waters.~~

Inland--There are almost 600,000 acres of cold- and warm-water fishery habitat in Oregon (table 1). Approximately 97 percent of this is classified as cold-water habitat, and nearly one-third is being stocked by State and Federal hatcheries.

Streams make up nearly 36 percent of Oregon's total water acreage. On the coastal drainage of the Cascade Mountains, these streams are swift, turbulent waters normally supporting runs of anadromous fish. In the eastern half of the State, waters are less turbulent, more productive, and support resident populations of trout. In addition to numerous lowland lakes, the State is blessed with many readily accessible mountain lakes. Large reservoirs are also utilized in the fishery management program.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 592,350 603,300 613,800 636,300 Total stocked 187,651 196,984 206,434 224,934 Cold waters 576,100 586,300 595,800 616,300 On Federal lands 440,200 447,700 454,200 496,200 On other public lands 134,600 137,100 139,600 144,600 Farm ponds 1,300 1,500 2,000 2,500 Cold waters stocked 187,651 196,984 206,434 224,934 On Federal lands 167,367 174,234 181,434 195,334 On other public lands 20,284 22,750 25,000 29,600 Warm waters 16,250 17,000 18,000 20,000 On Federal lands 16,250 17,000 18,000 20,000

~~Marine--Oregon's marine waters total nearly 600,000 acres. Numerous rivers empty into the ocean, creating many protected salt-water bays and river mouths.~~

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~Oregon's wide variety of fish habitat provides its fishermen with year-round fishing of all types.~~

~~Fishing from charter boats for salmon and bottom fish is very productive in coastal waters. Moving inland, the estuary areas and large rivers provide more sheltered fishing for salmon and trout.~~

~~Warm-water fishing is not unpopular in Oregon but is limited primarily to river sloughs, shallow lakes, and reservoirs.~~

The commercial fishery for salmon along the coast and in the Columbia River is greatly increasing for coho salmon and slowly increasing for fall chinook salmon. Precise fishery management is required to permit a commercial fishery in the Columbia River without endangering the seed stock for hatchery-supported native runs of fish.

~~Principal species of game fish available to the fishermen and propagated in State and Federal hatcheries are as follows:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - rainbow, cutthroat, Channel catfish steelhead, brook, and lake Largemouth and smallmouth bass Salmon - coho, chinook, kokanee, chum Sunfish (several species) OREGON 1 Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, the State of Oregon had 537,000 fishermen on its inland waters and an estimated 105,000 marine fishermen (table 2). These two groups of fishermen expended 3.9 million fisherman-days on inland waters and 767,000 days on marine habitats.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 537 714 875 1,305 Cold-water 460 612 750 1,118 Warm-water 77 102 125 187 Man-days of fishing 3,871 5,164 6,321 9,421 Cold-water 3,332 4,450 5,446 8,121 Warm-water 539 714 875 1,300~~

~~During 1965, about 40 percent of the inland fishermen fished in streams while 80 percent fished in lakes and reservoirs.~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Federal Government operates only one hatchery in the State of Oregon, the Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery. The State Game Commission operates 16 hatcheries, and the Oregon Fish Commission operates 14. All three agencies produce trout and salmon.

~~The Eagle Creek National Fish Hatchery production program is funded by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The station produces chinook and coho salmon and steelhead trout.~~

Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife requirements in Oregon for Federally managed waters in 1965 amounted to 228,000 trout, plus 106,000 salmon fry for Indian and military reservations (table 3). These fish were provided by the Entiat and Carson, Washington, National Fish Hatcheries. Warm-water needs by the Bureau vary annually and are provided by the Miles City, Montana, National Fish Hatchery.

In general, the State hatcheries are meeting their estimated requirements for fish. Some trout stocking assistance is annually provided in eastern Oregon from the Hagerman, Idaho, National Fish Hatchery. Approximately 600,000 rainbow trout are included in this State-Federal cooperative program. A deficit of fish was recorded for 1965. This was primarily composed of warm-water fish and resulted from a new State warm-water hatchery having initial production problems.

~~Special Conditions~~

It would appear that the Federal role in providing fish in Oregon waters is relatively minor. The Federal role in providing funds for construction, operation, and maintenance at State salmon, steelhead, and trout hatcheries is indeed substantial. Federal monies fund the operation of two Oregon Game Commission hatcheries and eight Oregon Fish Commission facilities are supported mainly with Federal funds.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

The State of Oregon has indicated no large loss in stream habitat in future years but has indicated an increase of 43,000 acres in reservoir habitat. Most of these reservoir areas will require trout stocking. When anadromous and resident fish populations are jeopardized by the construction of water development projects, the State will demand mitigation. The Rogue River is an example where a large production hatchery for steelhead and salmon will be constructed for the Oregon Game Commission with Corps of Engineer funds. Operation and maintenance funds in perpetuity will also be provided by the Federal Government.

OREGON 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Cold-water hatchery production in hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Oregon, both State and Federal, is expected to keep pace with stocking requirements. Requirements Production The numbers of fishermen on marine and inland waters are expected to nearly treble by year 1965 2000, while hatchery production is expected Totals 100,681 99,208 to double for salmon and triple for trout. Cold-water fish 98,706 98,706 *Trout 26,932 26,932 The proposed Warm Springs National Fish State 26,704 25,693 Hatchery will take over all Bureau require- Fry 3,618 3,618 ments for salmon, steelhead, and trout in Fingerlings 18,656 18,543 the State for Federally managed waters. Catchables 4,430 3,532 Bureau 228 1,239 Production capabilities for warm- Fingerlings 100 213 water fish in Oregon are expected to keep Catchables 128 1,026 pace with requirements to the year 2000. Salmon 71,774 71,774 State 71,668 63,600 Conclusions and Recommendations Fry 28,911 25,000 Fingerlings 27,457 23,300 The current and projected programs Yearlings 15,300 15,300 for both State and Federal hatcheries in Bureau 106 8,174 Oregon appear to be adequate to maintain Fry 106 4,017 a good sport fishery for salmon and trout. Fingerlings 4,157 Hatchery production is also contributing 14arm-water fish 1,975 502 heavily to the commercial salmon fishery State (Fingerlings) 1,975 500 all along the Pacific Coast. The Bureau Bureau (Fingerlings) 2 of Commercial Fisheries' mark recovery 1973 program for chinook and coho salmon is Totals 116,398 116,250 strongly demonstrating this fact. Cold-water fish 113,748 113,748 *Trout 38,348 38,348 State 38,166 36,740 Bureau 182 1,608 Salmon 75,400 75,400 State 75,240 62,000 Bureau 160 13,400 Warm-water fish 2,650 2,502 State 2,500 2,500 Bureau 150 2 1980 Totals 189,251 189,103 Cold-water fish 186,101 186,101 *Trout 47,801 47,801 State 47,580 45,940 Bureau 221 1,861 Salmon 138,300 138,300 State 138,100 124,000 Bureau 200 14,300 Warm-water fish 3,150 3,002 State 3,000 3,000 Bureau 150 2 2000 Totals 217,683 217,535 Cold-water fish 214,033 214,033 *Trout 73,621 73,621 State 73,329 71,400 Bureau 292 2,221 Salmon 140,412 140,412 State 140,200 124,000 Bureau 212 16,412 Grading trout at an Oregon State hatchery. Warm-water fish 3,650 3,502 Photo, Oregon Game Commission. State 3,500 3,500 Bureau 150 2 *Includes steelhead trout and kokanee salmon. OREGON 3

0. n STATE FISH HATCHERIES 8 0 - STATE FISH HATCHERIES "E" Game Commission GLATT.. ,coLum., Fish Commission rr Hamm 1 Alsea °MOM. PORTLAND 3 1 Alsea River WALLOWA Bandon UMATILLA 2 • MOW j j ••■.■ I CL — I 61.1114470.1 ) ® 1 Airrenn15:sE 2 Big Creek 3 0.10 * MOR OW r GRAW,Otii 3 Butte Falls .0,0( GILLIAM : "Eagle r-"" L.1„ UNION 3 Bonneville 0fr 4 A- 4 Cedar Creek 4 ji CLACKAMAS _ —r - 4 Cascade •\ WASCO — 5 Diamond Lake — A Warm Sp n s • POLK :: MARION If 5 Klaskanine River 6 12 Fall River elk.. WHEELER BAKER 6 GRANT Marion Forks LINCOLN i JEFFERSON UNN 44„ ,, 7 Gnat Creek '11 ..ieF:r777 6kr ken roN ------.• 1i■ --- PRINKVILLA -1 I GANTOH crrr 7 McKenzie River 2 8 Hood River 1 — I ® I 7* L, CROOK 8 Ox Bow 0 VALE 9 Klamath 10* Ern , I 14 ■—■ 1 • LANE (A 6 9 North Nehalem 10 Leaburg DESCHUTES *16/ _ J 10 Sandy River _ 5 •Initif 11 Oak Springs 6.: *13 I 11 Siletz River

~~12 Roaring River DOUGLAS 4 111 5 ALP 0 12 , South Santiam River ' 11034.01W Hanley Lake Iff MALHEUR 13 Rock Creek LAKE f: 13 Trask River Lake HA RN EY~~

~~14 St. Paul Lake KLAMATH 14 Willamette River 15 Wallowa n Labe Abeee •CU .. 9 JOSEPHIN0E JACKSON* * • Khan. 16 Willamette 0 Lae~~

~~®rOR o 17 Wizard Falls KLAMATH FALLS L AKI V W~~

~~Lake Law, Klamath Lake _g Goo.~~

~~LEGEND A National Fish Hatchery - Salmonid~~

A National Fish Hatchery - Salmonid -Under Construction * State Fish Hatchery -Salmonid - Fish Commission SCALA 10 0 SO MO >a 30 MILES 3!(• State Fish Hatchery - Salmonid- Game Commission S VASS CAPITAL OREGON • COUNTY SCAT O State Fish Hatchery-Warm Water-Game Commission NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH

~~PENNSYLVANIA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Pennsylvania has 592,855 acres of water which can be utilized for recreational fishing (table 1). This acreage implies an impressive fishery base; however, 470,000 acres (79 percent) of this acreage reflect that segment of Lake Erie bordered by this State.

Excluding Lake Erie, there are 122,455 acres of fishable waters in Pennsylvania. Of this total, 34,868 acres (29 percent) are considered cold-water habitat. Some 29,196 acres (83 percent) of the recognized cold-water habitat are stocked from State and Federal hatcheries.

Pennsylvania's warm-water fishery includes 87,578 acres of lakes, reservoirs, and streams. Approximately 62 percent of the warm-water habitat (54,931 acres) is stocked from State or Federal hatcheries.

There has been a steady decline in the total stream habitat in Pennsylvania due to impoundments. Most of the acreage is former warm-water stream habitat; however, as this construction continues there will also be a decrease in cold-water stream habitat. This replacement of fishable stream habitat could be offset by restoration of presently polluted streams. It is expected that there will be an increase in both types of habitat until the year 2000. Pennsylvania is considering a program designed to establish coho salmon into Lake Erie. Implementation of this will add an additional 470,400 acres of stocked salmonid waters, and change the cold-water base to 505,268 acres. The coho stocking program, if successful, will revive a sport and commercial fishery which virtually vanished with loss of the blue pike fishery.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 592,855 611,910 633,995 646,795 Total stocked 83,577 121,510 143,529 153,979 Cold waters 34,868 34,919 35,085 35,085 On Federal lands 2,235 2,235 2,235 2,235 On other public lands 28,483 28,534 28,700 28,700 Farm ponds 750 750 750 750 On other private lands 3,400 3,400 3,400 3,400 Cold waters stocked 29,196 29,741 30,154 30,204 On Federal lands 790 919 924 924 On other public lands 28,106 28,522 28,930 28,980 Farm ponds 300 300 300 300 Warm waters 557,987 576,991 598,910 611,710 On Federal lands 51 55 60 60 On other public lands 551,186 570,186 592,100 604,900 Farm ponds 6,750 6,750 6,750 6,750 Warm waters stocked 54,381 91,769 113,375 122,775 On Federal lands 2 4 10 10 On other public lands 54,179 91,565 113,165 122,565 Farm ponds 200 200 200 200

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The present fish distribution program from State and Federal hatcheries provides Pennsylvania anglers with a variety of fishing opportunity. Fishery management programs have extended fishing with a year-round program which varies from open water stream and lake to winter ice fishing for both warm- and cold-water species.

~~PENNSYLVANIA 1 The principle species produced at State and Federal hatcheries or otherwise available for various management programs are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow Channel catfish Black crappie Salmon - kokanee, coho Bluegill Northern pike Smallmouth bass Muskellunge Largemouth bass Walleye~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 736,000 Pennsylvania anglers exerted 7,339,000 angler-days of pressure on the resources (table 2). This effort was equally divided between cold- and warm-water habitat (48 percent cold-water versus 52 percent warm-water).

~~A majority of the pressure for cold-water species is expended on streams. The large acreage of excellent warm-water streams accounts for roughly 50 percent of the warm-water angling.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 736 760 790 888 Cold-water 353 365 379 426 Warm-water 383 395 411 462 Man-days of fishing 7,339 7,580 7,883 8,850 Cold-water 3,520 3,635 3,781 4,245 Warm-water 3,819 3,945 4,102 4,605~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In Pennsylvania there are eight hatcheries operated by the Pennsylvania Fish Commission and one national fish hatchery. One State hatchery produces trout only and two produce warm-water species. The remaining five stations are combination hatcheries which produce both trout and warm-water species. The national fish hatchery is also a corn- binat ion hatchery.

The Federal hatchery's trout and warm-water production are sufficient to provide for all Federally owned or managed waters in Pennsylvania (table 3). In 1965, these requirements were 32,000 catchable and 4,000 fingerling trout for military areas and one million fingerling bass and 500,000 walleye fry for Federal reservoirs. An additional 160,000 catchable trout were necessary for cooperative stocking programs on a National Forest and military areas open to public fishing. The remaining 65 percent of the Federal production was utilized in cooperative Federal-State stocking programs.

~~Pennsylvania has a basic requirement of 2.1 million catchable trout for the stocking program. The present potential of State trout hatcheries is between 2.0 and 2.5 million catchable fish per year.~~

Biologists checking the fish population in a stocked stream. Photo, Pa. Fish Commission. PENNSYLVANIA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Considerable emphasis has been placed Requirements Production on establishing populations of coho salmon in selected Pennsylvania waters. If 1965 separate hatchery facilities are not pro- Totals 26,979 21,557 vided for this species, there will be a Cold-water fish 3,512 4,095 decrease in State and (or) Federal trout Trout 3,445 4,028 production equal to the numbers of coho State 3,409 3,364 salmon produced. Fingerlings 1,322 1,277 Catchables 2,087 2,087 Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 Bureau 36 664 Fingerlings 4 121 It is expected that warm-water fish Catchables 32 543 habitat in Pennsylvania will increase by Salmon (State 67 67 53,743 acres by the year 2000. Cold-water Fingerlings) habitat is only expected to increase by Warm-water fish 23,467 17,462 217 acres over this 35-year period. State 17,467 17,322 Fry 16,460 16,460 Production in State hatcheries is Fingerlings 962 817 expected to increase five times before the Catchables 45 45 year 2000, and Federal trout production Bureau 6,000 140 will double during the same period. Fry 5,000 Through a hatchery construction and Fingerlings 1,000 140 modernization program, Pennsylvania 1973 expects to provide adequate salmonid Totals ---- 39,194 27,869 production to meet State requirements. Cold-water fish 5,094 6,619 A large deficit is anticipated in warm- Trout 4,994 6,519 water fish production. State 4,950 5,000 Bureau 44 1,519 Conclusions and Recommendations Salmon (State) 100 100 Warm-water fish 34,100 21,250 Pennsylvania has started renovation State 21,100 21,000 of its fish production complex. By 1973, Bureau 13,000 250 State production of cold-water and warm- 1980 water species is expected to approach Totals 52,283 41,104 management needs. Federal salmonid pro- Cold-water fish 7,558 9,329 duction will be sufficient to overcome any Trout 7,408 9,179 deficit in State hatchery production and State 7,355 7,500 still have a significant balance for use Bureau 53 1,679 in other Federal programs. A large Federal Salmon (State) 150 150 deficit in warm-water fish production Warm-water fish 44,725 31,775 exists. This deficit is evident for each State 31,725 31,500 of the reporting periods. Bureau 13,000 275 2000 Efforts are necessary to increase Totals 65,463 54,935 Federal warm-water production in this Cold-water fish 10,163 12,550 area. The facilities should be designed Trout 9,963 12,350 to meet demands of fishery management State 9,910 10,000 programs relative to species and size. Bureau 53 2,350 Salmon (State) 200 200 Warm-water fish 55,300 42,385 State 42,300 42,000 Bureau 13,000 385

~~PENNSYLVANIA 3 •~~

~~80° 79° 78° ;7° 716° 75°~~

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~~LEGEND~~

~~• National Fish Hatchery -Combination~~

~~® STATE CAPITAL L, National Fish Hatchery -Salmonid- Under Construction • COUNTY SEAT~~

~~O State Fish Hatchery- Warm Water~~

~~• State Fish Hatchery-Combination PENNSYLVANIA~~

* State FishiHatchery-Salmonid

~~80° 79° 77° 76° 75° 1 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~RHODE ISLAND~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

~~Rhode Island has the next to smallest total fresh-water acreage in the Northeast. This deficiency is made up by the 322,684 acres of marine habitat.~~

Of the 22,123 acres of inland water acreage in this State, 6,421 acres (29 percent) are considered to be cold-water habitat (table 1). Some 2,926 acres (45 percent) of this habitat are stocked from State and Federal hatcheries.

~~The 15,702 acres classified as warm-water habitat constitutes 71 percent of the total resource, and stocking was planned for 1,061 acres, or roughly 6 percent of the area.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 22,123 22,580 24,747 25,812 Total stocked 3,987 3,184 8,416 10,939 Cold waters 6,421 6,449 8,489 8,539 On Federal lands 9 9 9 9 On other public lands 2,913 2,920 8,170 8,190 Farm ponds 84 120 150 170 On other private lands 3,415 3,400 160 170 Cold waters stocked 2,926 2,994 7,264 8,014 On Federal lands 9 9 9 9 On other public lands 2,864 2,920 7,170 7,890 Farm ponds 28 35 50 65 On other private lands 25 30 35 50 Warm waters 15,702 16,131 16,258 17,273 On Federal lands 18 18 30 30 On other public lands 8,240 8,668 12,963 14,113 Farm ponds 90 100 115 130 On other private lands 7,354 7,350 3,150 3,000 Warm waters stocked 1,061 190 1,152 2,925 On Federal lands 10 12 15 On other public lands 1,043 150 1,100 2,850 Farm ponds 18 30 40 60

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Rhode Island has many productive small natural ponds and an active management program for those waters open to public fishing. The management program for both cold- and warm- water areas supports a fishing pressure of 40 man-days per acre per year on the cold-water habitat and 25 man-days per acre on the warm waters. Rhode Island's cold-water fishery must be maintained by supplemental stocking.

Marine fisheries, both commercial and sport, are found throughout the coastline. Salt-water anglers outnumber the inland fishermen. The variety of ground and pelagic sport fish found in offshore waters offers unlimited recreational opportunity for the relatively few sport and commercial fishermen using the resource--two man-days of angler pressure per acre-year.

RHODE ISLAND 1 There is a variety of fishery habitats in Rhode Island, which provide excellent recreation with minimum travel. Excluding the marine fishery which will remain constant, a general increase in inland water acreage is expected through the year 2000.

The present inland fishery in Rhode Island provides anglers with a variety of fishing opportunity. Limited cold-water habitat necessitates supplemental trout stocking in the streams and lakes biologically suited for salmonid species.

~~Anadromous fish runs in coastal rivers and estuarine and ocean fishing reduce the potential fishing pressures on inland waters.~~

~~Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries, or otherwise available for various management programs, are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow Largemouth bass Smallmouth bass Bluegill~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 31,000 Rhode Island anglers exerted 559,000 angler-days of pressure on the inland fishery resource (table 2). An additional 50,000 salt-water anglers fished some 650,000 days in the marine environment.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 31 33 38 42 Cold-water 13 14 16 18 Warm-water 18 19 22 24 Man-days of fishing 559 587 670 753 Cold-water 257 270 308 346 Warm-water 302 317 362 407~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

In Rhode Island, two State hatcheries produce trout for the management programs. Federal hatcheries in nearby States provide trout and warm-water fish species for fishery management programs on military areas, for farm ponds, and for public fishing waters under a Cooperative Stocking Program with the Department of Natural Resources.

~~Special Conditions~~

The marine environment is not adequately covered in this survey. The constantly declining estuarine areas through pollution and, or, marsh destruction could conceivably necessitate hatchery propagation of some species. Special studies will be necessary for this habitat type.

RHODE ISLAND 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.- -Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) There is a projected increase of 3,689 Requirements Production acres of inland waters by the year 2000. Warm-water habitat will account for 1,571 1965 acres (43 percent) and cold-water habitat-- Totals 209 518 2,118 acres (57 percent) of this increase. Trout 166 515 Existing hatchery systems are quite capable State 165 499 of producing sufficient stocks necessary to Fry 279 continue management of catchable trout Fingerlings 9 133 fisheries and warm-water pond systems. Catchables 156 87 Bureau 1 16 Present production indicates a yearly Fingerlings 3 surplus of salmonid species. This surplus Catchables 1 13 is in the fingerling and fry sizes, and Warm-water fish 43 3 there is actually a deficit in the catchable State 43 production of approximately 50,000 trout Fry 26 per year. Present production can be adjusted, Fingerlings 17 or minor improvements in facilities made, to Bureau (Fingerlings) 3 erase this deficit. 1973 Totals 226 427 Conclusion and Recommendation Trout 186 401 State 176 370 Consideration must be given to adjust Bureau 10 31 for deficiencies in catchable trout Warm-water fish 40 26 production. State 33 15 Bureau 7 11 1980 Totals 285 462 Trout 218 414 State 207 380 Bureau 11 34 Warm-water fish 67 48 State 59 35 Bureau 8 13 2000 Totals 452 535 Trout 301 447 State 286 400 Bureau 15 47 Warm-water fish 151 88 State 140 70 Bureau 11 18

~~An improved trout stream in Rhode Island. Photo, Rhode Island Development Council.~~

~~RHODE ISLAND 3 71° 45' 71° 15'~~

~~PROVIDENCE~~

~~Goose es Spring~~

~~W ASHIN /VON~~

~~WEST MOTION~~

~~Perryvil e Çb~~

~~LEGEND~~

* State Fish Hatchery -Salmonid

~~SCALE 0 5 10 MILES RHODE ISLAND~~

~~STATE CAPITAL~~

~~COUNTY SEAT NEWPORT CO.) (PT./~~

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~~71° 45'~~

~~RHODE ISLAND 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~SOUTH CAROLINA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

When the average angler thinks of South Carolina fishing, he immediately pictures the fabulous land-locked striped bass fishing in the Santee-Cooper Reservoirs, the excellent salt-water fishing on the coast or the renowned bass and crappie fishing in the many lakes, reservoirs, and streams. Most fishermen do not know that the mountains in the northwestern part of the State contain some very good trout streams.

More than 689,000 acres of fresh-water fish habitat are found in South Carolina (table 1). About 8,550 acres of this resource is cold-water or trout habitat and the remainder is warm in nature. The warm-water habitat includes lakes, streams, reservoirs, and ponds. About 62 percent or 425,000 acres are in the reservoir system. There are over 175,000 acres of productive warm-water streams flowing through the State and about 80,000 acres of farm ponds.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 689,295 751,591 790,691 857,445 Total stocked 436,010 488,659 519,316 559,318 Cold waters 8,550 38,496 38,496 38,496 On Federal lands 465 465 465 465 On other public lands 8,061 38,007 38,007 38,007 On other private lands 24 24 24 24 Cold waters stocked 8,526 38,472 38,472 38,472 On Federal lands 465 465 465 465 On other public lands 8,061 38,007 38,007 38,007 Warm waters 680,745 713,095 752,195 818,949 On Federal lands 70,801 92,901 122,901 161,401 On other public lands 529,944 528,194 526,794 525,048 Farm ponds 80,000 92,000 102,500 132,500 Warm waters stocked 427,484 450,187 480,844 520,846 On Federal lands 66,786 88,846 118,921 157,678 On other public lands 357,878 358,098 358,298 358,498 Farm ponds 2,820 3,243 3,625 4,670

~~South Carolina has 1,455,360 acres of fine salt-water fish habitat. It ranges in nature from the open sea to numerous bays, sloughs, and sounds.~~

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The wide variation of cold- and warm-water fish habitat, the excellent salt-water fishing, and the streams, lakes, reservoirs, and ponds provide the angler with an almost limitless choice in fishing. He may fish in the ocean for big game salt-water species with hundreds of dollars worth of tackle, or catch bluegill in a farm pond by using a cane pole and worms. Fishing is available throughout the year for striped bass in the reservoirs, and crappie and bass in the streams, lakes, and reservoirs.

~~The principal species of game fish in South Carolina waters are:~~

~~Fresh-water species Salt-water species~~

~~Largemouth bass Striped bass Cobia Crappie Weakfish (spotted seatrout) Dolphin Pickerel Bluefish Sailfish Striped bass Channel bass Amberjack Panfish Mackerel (Spanish & King)~~

~~SOUTH CAROLINA 1 Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, over 369,000 fishermen devoted 6,561,000 fisherman-days to fishing in South Carolina fresh waters; about 16,000 of these anglers fished for trout in the mountain streams (table 2). Approximately 95 percent of fresh-water fishing takes place in the warm-water habitat, predominantly in the reservoirs.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 369 727 1,278 3,343 Cold-water 16 32 55 145 Warm-water 353 695 1,223 3,198 Man-days of fishing 6,561 13,014 22,739 59,458 Cold-water 68 134 236 615 Warm-water 6,493 12,880 22,503 58,843~~

~~About 20 percent of all fishing in South Carolina takes place on the marine waters. In 1965, 90,000 fishermen used these waters.~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The State of South Carolina operates five fish hatcheries. The hatcheries are warm- water stations producing striped bass, largemo uth bass, bluegill, and redbreast sunfish. The Moncks Corner facility is devoted entirely to production of striped bass.

There are three national fish hatcheries in South Carolina, two of which produce warm- water fish and the other is a trout station. The Federal hatchery is an integral part of South Carolina's fish management program. The State depends upon the Bureau to furnish all the trout required for stocking.

~~Special Conditions~~

The current requirements for South Carolina are being met for the principal species of fish used in managing the waters of the State. The deficit shown in this survey results from a need for 10 million walleye fingerlings which are not currently produced (table 3). By 1973, the State will require some 500 thousand walleye fingerlings annually to maintain a fishery of this species in 25,000 acres of reservoirs. There is also a need for large fingerling walleye, channel catfish, and bass to be used in corrective stocking.

State biologists are interested in establishing trout in their deep mountain reservoirs of the proposed Keowee-Toxaway complex. An initial stocking is desired upon completion of the proposed reservoirs by 1973 or 1974. If successful, annual stockings would be required.

~~South Carolina produced over 52 million striped bass fry in 1965. Fish surplus to their needs were made available to other conservation agencies.~~

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

Unlike most States, South Carolina's cold-water stream habitat is expected to remain untouched for the next 35 years. By 1973, there will be an additional 30,000 acres of reservoir cold-water habitat and then the trout waters are expected to remain at this level until the end of the century.

~~Less than 10,000 acres of warm-water stream habitat will be lost through impoundment by the year 2000.~~

SOUTH CAROLINA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH The big gain in fish habitat is expected to be in warm-water reservoirs. The gain will be small in 1973 (22,000 acres) but by 1980 the increase will amount to 54,000 acres. By the turn of the century South Carolina will have over 1/2 million acres in warm-water reservoir habitat. The farm pond habitat will increase by about 10,000 acres by 1973 and gradually increase until by 2000 there is expected to be nearly 132,500 acres.

South Carolina can expect a substantial increase in the number of fishermen. It will double by 1973, nearly double again by 1980, and by the year 2000, over 3 million anglers will look to South Carolina for fishing.

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of As the cold-water habitat increases in hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) South Carolina, the need for trout will expand if the fishermen are to be provided Requirements Production with satisfactory angling. By 1973, the State will need about 670,000 trout and the 1965 requirements are projected to gradually Totals 68,073 57,771 increase until by the year 2000 about 1 Cold-water fish 166 166 million fish will be needed. The current Trout (Catchables) 166 166 supply of trout in South Carolina is in the State 166 neighborhood of 166,000 fish. By the year Bureau 166 2000 the requirements are projected as 1 Warm-water fish 67,907 57,605 million. State 67,662 53,496 Fry *(52,000) 52,000 Conclusions and Recommendations Fingerlings 15,495 1,496 Catchables 167 It is concluded from the survey data Bureau (Fingerlings) 245 4,109 that fish habitat in South Carolina will 1973 increase gradually until the year 2000. Totals 18,793 8,824 The most impressive increase will be in Trout 670 126 warm-water impoundments. State 670 Bureau 126 Fisherman-days or activity will increase Warm-water fish 18,123 8,698 drastically but the habitat will support the State 17,903 2,496 fishing pressure. Bureau 220 6,202 1980 The hatchery facilities--both State and Totals 19,464 9,589 Federal--should be adequate with modification Trout 500 139 and improvements. Needs for new experimental State 500 fish and sizes not presently produced will Bureau 139 require a concerted effort from both Warm-water fish 18,964 9,450 agencies. State 18,654 2,596 Bureau 310 6,854 It is recommended that the State and 2000 Federal hatchery programs be modified, Totals 21,239 12,586 modernized, and expanded as necessary to Trout 1,000 195 furnish the fish needed in South Carolina State 1,000 in the future. Bureau 195 Warm-water fish 20,239 12,391 State 19,621 2,796 Bureau 618 9,595 *(52,000) Striped bass fry distributed mostly to other States and the Bureau.

~~SOUTH CAROLINA 3 1 81° 80° 83° 82°~~

~~CHEROKEE~~

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~~STATE CAPITAL SCALE 0 COUNTY SEAT 10 20 30 40 MILES B EAU FO 10 0 H SOUTH CAROLINA -32°— 7 6,2. 81° BO° 79° NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~SOUTH DAKOTA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

~~It was estimated that there was a total of 724,000 surface acres of fishing waters in South Dakota in 1965 (table 1). This acreage is expected to increase to about 890,000 acres by the year 2000.~~

~~The 1965 acreage includes approximately 470,000 acres of Federal reservoir water, 109,000 acres of natural lakes, 100,000 acres of farm ponds, and 45,000 acres of rivers and streams.~~

~~Only 3,359 acres of the 1965 waters are classed as cold-water; however, this includes some prime trout streams and small lakes in the Black Hills of western South Dakota.~~

South Dakota has four large multi-purpose reservoirs on the Missouri River. These reservoirs are the Oahe, Big Bend, Fort Randall, and Lewis and Clark. A tailwater fishery is to be found below each dam. The transition from a large river complex to a chain of reservoirs has transposed the "Mighty" Missouri River into many types of fish habitat.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 723,717 776,044 785,343 890,488 Total stocked 108,182 655,791 655,282 760,423 Cold waters 3,359 59,250 59,330 59,903 On Federal lands 2,321 58,200 58,210 58,600 On other public lands 1,038 1,050 1,120 1,303 Cold waters stocked 3,356 59,250 59,330 59,900 On Federal lands 2,320 58,200 58,210 58,600 On other public lands 1,036 1,050 1,120 1,300 Warm waters 720,358 726,803 726,014 830,585 On Federal lands 501,044 509,244 509,927 610,679 On other public lands 119,314 116,059 114,087 109,906 Farm ponds 100,000 101,500 102,000 110,000 Warm waters stocked 104,826 596,541 595,952 700,523 On Federal lands 8,982 478,982 479,865 580,617 On other public lands 94,844 116,059 144,087 109,906 Farm ponds 1,000 1,500 2,000 10,000

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife have worked cooperatively to manage and stock the trout waters of the Black Hills. These U.S. Forest Service waters provide excellent fishing for brown and rainbow trout.

The reservoirs provide a variety of fishing. Lewis and Clark Lake is primarily noted for its catches of white bass, while the upper reservoir, Oahe, produces some outstanding catches of northern pike and walleye. Big Bend Reservoir is expected to provide some cold- water habitat in time. Anglers concentrate below the dams to take sauger, walleye, catfish, and many other species.

~~Farm ponds are managed mostly for warm-water species. Many of the ranch ponds are of a size to provide more fishing than is normally associated with the typical farm pond.~~

~~SOUTH DAKOTA 1 The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife is assisting several Indian reservations with the management of their waters. Assistance is also provided Ellsworth Air Force Base.~~

~~A limited commercial fishery for nongame species is developing in Oahe Reservoir. Lake Francis Case (Fort Randall) has a small commercial fishery.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

The State of South Dakota estimated that there were 205,000 fishermen in South Dakota in 1965 (table 2). This figure is expected to increase to over one-half million by the year 2000. Twenty percent of the 1965 fishermen were cold-water fishermen. This percentage ratio is expected to continue in future years' projections.

~~Anglers exerted the equivalent of 1,643,000 fisherman-days in 1965. This is projected to a little over 8 million by the year 2000.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 205 330 425 550 Cold-water 41 66 85 110 Warm-water 164 264 340 440 Man-days of fishing 1,643 2,974 4,254 8,258 Cold-water 663 1,200 1,717 3,333 Warm-water 980 1,774 2,537 4,925~~

~~Cold-water fisherman-days in 1965 were estimated at 663,000, or about 40 percent of the total.~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The South Dakota Department of Game Fish and Parks operates one trout hatchery, and one walleye and northern pike hatchery. Trout are utilized in the Black Hills Management Program, and to a limited extent in the glacial lakes in the northeast part of the State.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates three hatcheries in South Dakota; warm-water species are produced at the Gavins Point Hatchery, and trout at the Spearfish and McNenny Hatcheries. Distribution of the fish from these Federal hatcheries is not limited to South Dakota waters.

~~Special Conditions~~

~~The 1965 production requirements for both classes of fish were adequate.~~

The tremendous increase in cold-water requirements for 1973 is a result of surveys now being made on Big Bend Reservoir. Indications are that this will develop into a cold-water fishery as the chain of reservoirs fill up.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

~~The projections indicate a surplus of trout in 1965, and a substantial deficit in all future years.~~

~~Warm-water surpluses indicate a need to re-examine the warm-water production program. It would appear that the expected surpluses are in fry production.~~

SOUTH DAKOTA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) With technological refinements and some Requirements Production minor developments on existing hatcheries, it is apparent that South Dakota's future 1965 warm-water requirements can be satisfied. Totals 37,662 49,890 Trout 1,234 1,440 The obvious future need is for State 1,171 730 additional trout production. A similar Fingerlings 900 600 situation exists in neighboring States. Catchables 271 130 Bureau 63 710 An evaluation should be made to Fingerlings 47 568 determine if one additional hatchery in Catchables 16 142 the four- or five-State area, plus Warm-water fish 36,428 48,450 improvements of existing facilities, State 31,801 35,000 might be the most economical means of Fry 31,193 35,000 meeting the future needs for stocking Fingerlings 608 trout waters in the upper Great Plains Bureau 4,627 13,450 Area. Fry 4,250 12,565 Fingerlings 377 885 1973 Totals 38,225 73,404 Trout 3,157 2,178 State 3,090 900 Bureau 67 1,278 Warm-water fish 35,068 71,226 State 30,668 54,000 Bureau 4,400 17,226 1980 Totals 39,720 75,347 Trout 3,420 2,313 State 3,350 900 Bureau 70 1,413 Warm-water fish 36,300 73,034 State 30,800 54,000 Bureau 5,500 19,034 2000 Totals 50,410 104,395 Trout 3,500 2,749 State 3,400 1,000 Bureau 100 1,749 Warm-water fish 46,910 101,646 State 41,160 75,000 Bureau 5,750 26,646

~~Trout fishing in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Photo, Department of Game Fish and Parks.~~

~~SOUTH DAKOTA 3 ° ° 0 te54 103 102. toe' 59~~

~~46°- - 469~~

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~~LEGEND Gavins Point O National Fish Hatchery—Warm Water~~

~~A National Fish Hatchery— Salmonid SCALE ® STATE CAPITAL IA o Co as so ots_io mum O State Fish Hatchery—Warm Water H H (D COUNTY SEAT -42°- * State Fish Hatchery—Salmonid~~

~~- 42 SOUTH DAKOTA~~

~~0 1 0 1C) 103 102 ° 19e 98 97° NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~TENNESSEE~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The State of Tennessee is about 600 miles long and transects three major physical divisions with elevations ranging from nearly 7,000 feet in the Great Smoky Mountains to about 100 feet in the MISSISSIPPI River Delta country. There are three major drainages in Tennessee--the Cumberland, the MISSISSIPPI, and the Tennessee Rivers. These factors, plus a mild climate conducive to year-round fishing, provide an extremely varied habitat for fish.

~~The fertile delta lakes, T.V.A. reservoirs, farm ponds, smallmouth bass streams, trout streams, and popular tailwaters add to the diversity of the fishing.~~

Tennessee has nearly 114,000 acres of cold-water habitat, including 7,970 acres of streams, 105,500 acres of reservoir habitat, and a few small lakes and ponds (table 1). Although 90 percent of the trout habitat is in reservoirs, the mountain trout streams of east Tennessee rank among the best. Tailwater trout habitat in Tennessee has received national recognition.

~~The warm-water habitat is 80 percent reservoirs, 12 percent streams, and 8 percent small lakes and farm ponds.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 663,410 812,703 897,204 1,183,124 Total stocked 160,003 253,468 336,870 446,622 Cold waters 113,895 176,005 185,700 256,460 On Federal lands 104,070 168,865 179,280 250,510 On other public lands 9,400 6,650 5,850 5,150 Farm ponds 125 150 185 300 On other private lands 300 340 385 500 Cold waters stocked 22,983 93,817 160,202 219,885 On Federal lands 15,220 87,660 154,290 214,330 On other public lands 7,523 5,857 5,537 5,080 Farm ponds 15 25 75 125 On other private lands 225 275 300 350 Warm waters 549,515 636,698 711,504 926,664 On Federal lands 457,000 539,000 609,000 809,000 On other public lands 68,900 64,418 60,124 49,284 Farm ponds 23,500 31,000 38,000 58,000 On other private lands 115 2,280 4,380 10,380 Warm waters stocked 137,020 159,651 176,668 226,737 On Federal lands 135,005 156,051 173,068 223,137 On other public lands 1,100 1,800 1,800 1,800 Farm ponds 800 800 800 800 On other private lands 115 1,000 1,000 1,000

~~The habitat includes clear smallmouth and spotted bass streams, sluggish productive rivers, clear mountain reservoirs, fertile lowland impoundments, and tailwaters and farm ponds.~~

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Fishing for redhorse suckers with snag hooks, fly rodding for trout or smallmouth bass, chugging surface lures to entice largemouth bass, fishing for trophy-size catfish with deep sea rigs, or sitting on the bank of a farm pond with a cane pole are but a few of the almost endless selection in types of fishing available to the Tennessee angler.

~~TENNESSEE 1 The principal species of game fish are as follows:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Rainbow trout Largemouth bass Crappie Brown trout Spotted bass Sauger Brook trout White bass Walleye Yellow bass Sunfishes Smallmouth bass Muskellunge~~

~~There is a thriving commercial fishery in Tennessee for catfish, buffalo, carp, and drum. Generally speaking, there is no serious conflict between the commercial and sport fishing interests.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

Nearly one million fishermen took advantage of Tennessee's opportunities in 1965 (table 2). About 3 percent, or 36,000, anglers preferred trout fishing, while 948,000 were partial to the warm-water habitat.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

1L___--_ 000's 1965 19 73 1980 2000 Fishermen 984 1,194 1,375 2,046 Cold-water 36 42 48 72 Warm-water 948 1,152 1,327 1,974 Man-days of fishing 11,124 13,084 15,100 22,475 Cold-water 756 892 1,032 1,536 Warm-water 10,368 12,192 14,068 20,939

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Tennessee Game and Fish Commission operates four fish hatcheries, one rearing station, and one research station. Two of the facilities produce trout, one is a combination station, two produce warm-water fish, and the experimental station is devoted to muskellunge and striped bass culture. There are two national fish hatcheries in Tennessee, both of which produce trout.

The role of the Federal hatchery in Tennessee is a significant one as evidenced by the 2,252,500 fish provided in 1965 for the State's fish management program (table 3). The warm-water fish provided by the Bureau came from Federal hatcheries in contiguous States.

~~Special Conditions~~

A cooperative study initiated by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife and the Tennessee Game and Fish Commission to evaluate the "second story" trout habitat in reservoirs is in its second year of operation. This project requires about 1 million trout a year, and the need may increase as the study develops.

There is a current deficit of trout needed for Tennessee reservoirs and tailwaters. The need for warm-water fish exists because of the requirements for experimental species for reservoirs. A few of the species needed are walleye, muskellunge, striped bass, and striped bass-white bass hybrids.

TENNESSEE 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Fishing waters in Tennessee will in- Requirements Production crease by 149,000 acres in 1973, another 85,000 by 1980, and by the year 2000, there 1965 will be a projected 1,183,124 acres of Totals 8,797 7,904 fish habitat. Most of the increase is due Trout 3,993 1,515 to impoundments in the reservoir category. State 2,952 349 At the same time, the State will lose in Fingerlings 580 130 stream habitat by an estimated 21,900 Catchables 2,372 219 acres. This results in a loss of nearly 30 Bureau 1,041 1,166 percent of the flowing waters. Waters Fingerlings 1,014 702 requiring stocking will increase over the Catchables 27 464 next 35 years by about 200 percent. Warm-water fish 4,804 6,389 State 4,798 4,838 The numbers of fishermen in Tennessee Fry 3,520 3,520 are expected to gradually increase until by Fingerlings 1,278 1,318 the end of the century there will be over 2 Bureau (Fingerlings) 6 1,551 million anglers. 1973 Totals 12,955 7,075 New waters and increased fishing Trout 7,702 2,999 pressure create a requirement for more fish. State 3,202 850 The combined State and Federal facilities Bureau 4,500 2,149 are not expected to keep pace with the Warm-water fish 5,253 4,076 stocking requirements for Tennessee's State 5,192 2,425 waters. A deficit of nearly 5 million trout Bureau 61 1,651 will exist by 1973. The same is true of 1980 warm-water requirements. The requirements Totals 10,496 7,563 will exceed the projected production of both Trout 4,795 3,314 State and Federal facilities by over a State 4,795 940 million fish in 1973, 1980, 2000. Most of Bureau 2,374 this need is for kinds of fish which are not Warm-water fish 5,701 4,249 currently being produced. State 5,619 2,425 Bureau 82 1,824 Conclusions and Recommendations 2000 Totals 15,352 10,543 It is apparent from the projected data Trout 8,314 4,564 that Tennessee will gain in fishing waters State 8,314 1,240 in the next 35 years. The gain will be in Bureau 3,324 impoundments. Some desirable stream habitat Warm-water fish 7,038 5,979 will be lost due to man's activities. It State 6,874 3,425 will be impossible to maintain the present Bureau 164 2,554 excellent level of fishing in view of the increased fishing pressure without an increase in stocking, especially trout stocking. Increased hatchery production is required if Tennessee's needs are to be satisfied.

It is recommended that existing State and Federal hatcheries modify and expand their present hatcheries to provide for as many of Tennessee's needs as possible. It is further recommended that both agencies consider the possibility of providing new facilities since only a fraction of the deficit can be met by expansion.

~~TENNESSEE 3 •~~

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~~— 345* —34-- SCALE~~

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~~• State Fish Hatchery—Combination STATE CAPITAL~~

* State Fish Hatchery —Salmonid • COUNTY SEAT — 33t. TENNESSEE

~~82° 1 86° 85° 84° 83° 89° 90 1 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~TEXAS~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Fresh-water fish habitat in Texas is almost entirely warm-water. Of the 1,468,665 surface acres recorded in 1965, only 245 acres supported trout (table 1). Of the total, over 400,000 acres were in the form of Federal reservoirs and about 444,000 acres were in farm ponds.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 1,468,665 2,158,851 2,496,356 2,881,556 Total stocked 775,626 1,134,010 1,323,010 1,462,010 Cold waters 245 245 On other public lands 235 245 On other private lands 10 Cold waters stocked 245 10 10 10 On Federal lands 235 On other private lands 10 Warm waters 1,468,420 2,158,606 2,496,356 2,881,556 On Federal lands 402,446 755,000 967,000 1,235,000 On other public lands 595,133 922,500 1,038,000 1,145,000 Farm ponds 443,906 445,106 446,356 447,556 On other private lands 26,935 36,000 45,000 54,000 Warm waters stocked 775,381 1,134,000 1,323,000 1,462,000 On Federal lands 402,446 600,000 650,000 700,000 On other public lands 246,000 373,000 478,000 533,000 Farm ponds 100,000 125,000 150,000 175,000 On other private lands 26,935 36,000 45,000 54,000

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~Principal fish species are the largemouth bass, channel and flathead catfish, crappies, sunfish, and white bass.~~

The fresh-water sport fishery is concentrated primarily on impoundments varying in size from small farm and ranch ponds to major reservoirs of several thousand acres. Stream and river fishing is quite popular in the eastern part of the State.

Texas owns about 4,191,600 acres of salt-water habitat along the Gulf of Mexico. Excellent fishing is provided from piers, jetties, charterboats, and along extensive beaches. The principal marine sport fishes include:

~~Mackerel (Spanish & King) Dolphin Spotted sea trout Pompano Channel bass Gray snapper Croaker Jack crevalle Sheepshead Cobia Black drum Tarpon Sailfish~~

Total water resources are expected to increase from 1,468,665 acres at present to 2,881,556 by the year 2000. Major Federal reservoirs are expected to afford about 800,000 acres of new water. Other impoundments will increase from 595,000 to 1,145,000 acres.

~~TEXAS 1 Texas fishery personnel estimate that approximately 775,000 acres of existing waters need frequent stocking of hatchery fish. Waters in this category will increase to 1,462,000 by 2000.~~

~~Sport fishing in marine waters is rapidly increasing along the Texas coast. There are no anadromous species associated with the fishery in Texas.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

There were 1,820,000 fresh-water and 800,000 salt-water fishermen in Texas in 1965 (table 2). It is predicted that fresh-water anglers will increase to 5,300,000 by 2000. Inland fishing pressure totaled 31,668,000 fisherman-days in 1965 and should build up at a fairly constant rate over the years, reaching 92,300,000 days by 2000.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of warm-water fisherman and days of fishing~~

~~1 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 1,820 3,074 3,369 5,300 Man-days of fishing 31,668 53,487 58,600 92,300~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The State operates 14 fish hatcheries all of which produce warm-water species. These hatcheries produced 13,986,413 fish in 1965 (table 3). Emphasis was on bass and catfish, with some sunfish and crappie produced. Channel catfish production amounted to 1,925,000 fish. Fishery personnel estimated that State facilities currently are adequate to produce 20,000,000 channel catfish annually. No new facilities are planned through the year 2000.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates four warm-water stations in Texas engaged in producing the same species as are reared in State facilities. Fish are also distributed to Texas waters from Bureau hatcheries in Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. Likewise, fish from Bureau hatcheries in Texas are stocked in waters in other States as needed. Productive capacity of Bureau hatcheries in Texas is about 7,000,000 fish annually.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

Fish needs for fresh-water stocking in Texas were 189,800,000 in 1965. Combined production of State and national fish hatcheries was 17,278,000 fish. The shortage was in bass, channel catfish, and less popular species. State requirements were not com- puted for the planning period. Bureau requirements for fishery programs on Federal areas will remain fairly stable over the years. Most of these are fry and fingerling size northern pike and walleye and catchable size channel catfish. Farm pond stocking of bass, channel catfish, and sunfish from Bureau hatcheries will also hold fairly stable, or rise slightly, from the current figure of about 1,500,000 fish. Existing Bureau facilities can handle these demands. The only major changes contemplated in the operation of Bureau hatcheries will be an increase in the numbers of catchable size channel catfish produced and increased emphasis on pond production of fingerling northern pike.

It is noted that State fishery personnel believe it is, and will continue to be, necessary to stock hatchery fish in major impoundments on a fairly regular basis. This means the stocking of one-half million to one million acres of impounded waters.

~~Fishery personnel of the Texas Wildlife and Parks Department did not predict fish needs nor fish production capabilities for the planning yeansof 1973, 1980, and 2000.~~

TEXAS 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) The Texas Wildlife and Parks Depart- Requirements Production ment has not indicated a need for more fish from Bureau hatcheries in the future 1965 to assist in the stocking and management Totals 189,800 17,278 of Federal reservoirs or other waters. Trout 120 State 120 Rearing facilities and water supplies Fingerlings 110 at existing Bureau hatcheries are Catchables 10 antiquated and insufficient. Production Warm-water fish 189,680 17,278 capacity will diminish over the years as State 189,350 13,986 more and more ponds must be taken out of Fry 102,000 7,750 use. Bureau stations in Texas play a Fingerlings 87,350 6,236 key role each year in providing large Bureau 330 3,292 numbers of bass and catfish for stocking Fry 100 102 of Federal waters in States as distant Fingerlings 205 3,190 as Utah and Pennsylvania. Their location Cat chables 25 permits early spring production of these 1973 species and the demand is growing each Totals Incomplete Data year for early spring fingerlings in more Trout (Bureau) 10 northern waters. Warm-water fish Inconplete Bureau 350 3,996 Conclusions and Recommendations 1980 Totals Incomplete Data Production of hatchery fish from Trout (Bureau) 15 national fish hatcheries in Texas appears Warm-water fish Incomplete Data to be adequate at present and for the Bureau 375 4,417 predictable future if facilities can be 2000 adequately maintained and improved. Totals Incomplete Data Phasing out of one or more of the smaller Trout (Bureau) 25 hatcheries and construction of a single, Warm-water fish Incomplete Data larger unit at a more desirable location Bureau 450 6,182 would materially improve efficiency of production.

~~Austin National Fish Hatchery, Texas.~~

~~TEXAS 3 1:1 National Fish Hatchery—Warm Water 0 State Fish Hatchery—Warm Water —.70_ NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~UTAH~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

Utah fishery personnel estimated that the total available fishing water in the State was 371,870 acres in 1965 (table 1). This is expected to reach 430,000 acres by the year 2000. It was estimated that approximately 90 percent of this water would require frequent or periodic stocking.

~~A total of 101,200 acres was classified as cold-water habitat in 1965. This figure will remain fairly stable through 1980, but will increase to 111,000 acres by the turn of the century.~~

There were 270,670 acres of warm-water fish habitat in Utah in 1965. This figure will increase gradually to 319,000 by the year 2000. A major portion of the warm-water habitat is in the form of a few large reservoirs and natural lakes.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 371,870 372,370 365,500 430,400 Total stocked 354,920 354,920 340,670 394,300 Cold waters 101,200 101,200 108,300 111,200 On Federal lands 48,200 48,200 64,700 67,200 On other public lands 52,500 52,500 43,000 43,000 Farm ponds 500 500 600 1,000 Cold waters stocked 96,100 96,100 104,800 108,700 On Federal lands 47,200 47,200 63,700 66,200 On other public lands 48,400 48,400 40,500 41,500 Farm ponds 500 500 600 1,000 Warm waters 270,670 271,170 257,200 319,200 On Federal lands 166,670 166,670 172,700 235,200 On other public lands 102,000 102,000 81,000 79,000 Farm ponds 1,000 1,500 2,000 3,000 On other private lands 1,000 1,000 1,500 2,000 Warm waters stocked 258,820 259,320 235,870 285,600 On Federal lands 159,270 159,270 165,370 212,800 On other public lands 97,550 97,550 67,000 67,800 Farm ponds 1,000 1,500 2,000 3,000 On otter private lands 1,000 1,000 1,500 2,000

Fishery Services personnel from the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife assist the Uintah and Ouray Indian Tribe in north central Utah in the management of their streams and lakes for sport fishing. Additional lakes will be constructed on this reservatim .

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Much of Utah is arid. However, there are large areas of the State above 5,000 foot elevation which exhibit an abundance of excellent cold-water fish habitat. For the most part, maintenance of good to excellent trout fishing in Utah waters is dependent upon the supplemental use of hatchery fish. Put-and-take use of catchable trout is common for most of Utah trout streams. Fingerling trout are used in large numbers for stocking major reservoirs on the Colorado River. Fish production emphasis by the Utah Game and Fish Department is on cold-water fish. These include the rainbow, brook, brown, lake, and cutthroat trout and the kokanee salmon. Major warm-water species used in the management program include the largemouth bass, channel catfish, and walleye.

~~UTAH 1 Data on fishermen~~

Utah Game and Fish Department personnel estimated there were 265,000 fishermen in Utah in 1965 (table 2). This figure is expected to increase steadily over the years, reaching 460,000 by the year 2000. Approximately 90 percent of the anglers in Utah fish principally for cold-water species. This percentage will remain fairly constant.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 265 324 382 460 Cold -water 238 285 316 322 Warm-water 27 39 66 138 Man-days of fishing 3,050 4,152 4,900 5,900 Cold-water 2,593 3,445 3,822 4,035 Warm-water 457 707 1,078 1,865~~

Fishing pressure is heavy on the more accessible waters close to centers of high populations. It is generally considered light on major reservoirs, such as Lake Powell in the southern part of the State, and on the other waters farther removed from population centers.

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Utah Game and Fish Department operated 11 fish hatcheries during 1965. All of these stations were engaged in the production of several species of trout and the kokanee salmon. Walleye eggs were also hatched and fry reared at one or more of the State hatcheries.

Trout production from State facilities totaled 17 million fish in 1965 (table 3). The State estimates that these hatcheries can produce 18,500,000 fish in 1973, 20 million in 1980, and 38 million by the year 2000. The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operated one trout hatchery in Utah in 1965. Its production during that year was 4,219,000 fish. There are no facilities in the State of Utah for the production of warm-water fish.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife has under construction a large trout hatchery in north central Utah. The Jones Hole National Fish Hatchery will be completed and into production by 1969. When in full production in 1971 or 1972, it will have the capacity of producing approximately 300,000 pounds of fish annually. It is anticipated that annual production will amount to about 800,000 catchable size trout and 5 million fingerlings. Production of trout from Bureau hatcheries in 1973 should reach 6,980,000 fish. By 1980 these two stations should be producing 7,700,000 fish and reach 10,800,000 by the year 2000.

~~Proiections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

The summary listing production capacity and requirements on the accompanying table for the planning years would appear to depict surplus capabilities in 1965 and 1973; a 13 million fish deficit in 1980, and a surplus of 1,300,000 fish by the year 2000. These predicted surpluses and deficits do not reflect the true picture. Requirements for walleye fry in 1965 exceeded the availability by more than 4 million fish. State fishery personnel predicted a shortage of 5 million walleyes for 1973 and 20 million in 1980 and the year 2000. The combined State and Bureau capability for production of cold-water species of fish appears to far exceed requirements for the planning years. All of the fish produced at the two Bureau hatcheries at Springville and Jones Hole, Utah, will not be stocked in Utah waters. The Jones Hole National Fish Hatchery was justified for stocking Colorado River Storage Project waters in the States of Wyoming,

UTAH 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Colorado, and Utah. Many project reservoirs hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) have already been completed and more are planned. A more realistic analysis of the Requirements Production data would indicate that combined State and Bureau production will be sufficient 1965 to meet all needs for cold-water fish Totals 23,358 24,318 throughout the planning period. Cold-water fish 14,368 21,273 Trout 12,868 19,773 Requirements for warm-water species of State 12,746 15,554 fish, other than walleye, would also appear Fry 2,300 6,238 to reflect huge deficits from 1965 to the Fingerlings 8,500 8,158 year 2000. This also is not a correct Catchables 1,946 1,158 picture of the situation. Neither the Game Bureau 122 4,219 and Fish Department nor the Bureau of Sport Fingerlings 30 3,798 Fisheries and Wildlife has any facilities Catchables 92 421 for the production of warm-water fish Salmon 1,500 1,500 within the State. Warm-water species for State (Fry) 1,500 1,500 Federal waters in Utah have customarily Warm-water fish 7,990 3,045 been supplied from national fish hatcheries State 7,950 3,000 in Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. Expansion Fry 7,100 3,000 of existing facilities in these States Fingerlings 850 should make it possible to meet the future Bureau 40 45 demands for largemouth bass and channel Fingerlings 40 3 catfish in Utah. Catchables 42 1973 Special Conditions Totals 33,132 35,539 Cold-water fish 17,852 25,480 Production of sufficient numbers of Trout 16,352 23,980 walleye for State fishery programs would State 15,550 17,000 appear to be a serious problem. Bureau 802 6,980 Salmon (State) 1,500 1,500 Conclusions and Recommendations Warm-water fish 15,280 10,059 State 15,250 10,000 Assuming that State and Bureau of Bureau 30 59 Sport Fisheries and Wildlife requirements 1980 for cold-water fish are reasonably Totals 50,727 37,779 correct, there may be a surplus capability Cold-water fish 20,442 27,714 after 1980. The is a good possibility Trout 18,442 25,714 that the State may not have to construct State 17,490 18,000 additional facilities at this point to Bureau 952 7,714 meet the needs for the remainder of the Salmon (State) 2,000 2,000 century. Warm-water fish 30,285 10,065 State 30,250 10,000 Neighboring States also reported Bureau 35 65 large deficits in the availability of 2000 walleye fry for the year 1965. They, along Totals 57,589 58,891 with the State of Utah, are not able Cold-water fish 27,299 48,800 to produce this species in the required Trout 25,299 46,800 numbers. It is doubtful if any one of the State 24,100 36,000 States, or all operating in concert, can Bureau 1,199 10,800 increase production capacities to meet Salmon (State) 2,000 2,000 future requirements for this species. Warm-water fish 30,290 10,091 Fishery scientists may have to substitute State 30,250 10,000 a new species or modify management Bureau 40 91 techniques to solve this shortage.

~~UTAH 3~~

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~~• State Fish HItchery -Combination , 114° 113.1 112° * State Fish Hatchery -Salmonid no. 1 09°1~~

~~UTAH 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~VERMONT~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

At the present time, Vermont has 138,641 acres of inland water suitable for sport fishing (table 1). In this State are located excellent trout streams and cold-water lakes, equally excellent warm-water stream and lake habitat and an increasing reservoir fishery. Between the years 1965 and 2000, there will be a decrease in flowing water acreage of 253 acres--125 acres of warm-water and 128 acres of cold-water habitat. The created impoundment resulting in this loss will increase cold-waters by 3,511 acres and warm-waters by 3,421 acres.

The 138,641 total water acreage in Vermont represents some 98,838 acres (71 percent) of warm-water habitat. There is no State stocking program for this type habitat. Federal programs for farm ponds or other stocking of warm-water fish are adequately handled from the national fish hatchery system.

~~There is an active fishery management program on 36,525 (91 percent) of the 39,803 acres of cold-water habitat.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 138,641 140,713 143,085 145,668 Total stocked 36,535 40,339 40,584 43,044 Cold waters 39,803 40,923 42,185 43,515 On Federal lands 875 990 1,015 1,015 On other public lands 38,467 39,410 40,600 41,850 Farm ponds 328 390 420 500 On other private lands 133 133 150 150 Cold waters stocked 36,525 40,205 40,415 42,850 On Federal lands 525 640 665 665 On other public lands 35,672 39,175 39,330 41,685 Farm ponds 328 390 420 500 Warm waters 98,838 99,790 100,900 102,153 On Federal lands 140 140 150 150 On other public lands 98,688 99,631 100,731 101,984 Farm ponds 10 19 19 19 Warm waters stocked 10 134 169 194 On Federal lands 115 150 175 Farm ponds 10 19 19 19

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Vermont's warm-water fishery provides excellent recreational fishing without supplemental stocking. At the present time, production from State and Federal hatcheries provides anglers with a Large variety of trout fishing opportunity. Stocking programs in streams and lakes supplement natural production of these species. There are many self-sustaining populations of brook, brown, and rainbow trout in Vermont waters that are virtually untouched by anglers.

~~Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries available for various management programs are:~~

~~- Cold-water species Warm water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow, lake None Salmon - Atlantic~~

~~VERMONT 1 Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 143,000 fishermen exerted 672,000 man-days of pressure on the total resource (table 2). This effort was approximately at a 1:2 ratio with a majority of effort expended on warm-water fisheries. The 224,000 fisherman-days reported for Vermont's salmonid fishery represents only 5.5 man-days of pressure per acre-year. The warm-water fishery resource can support more pressure than the present 4.5 man-days per acre-year.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 143 170 204 290 Cold-water 41 49 59 84 Warm-water 102 121 145 206 Man-days of fishing 672 808 967 1,366 Cold-water 224 250 300 425 Warm-water 448 558 667 941~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The six State hatcheries and one Federal hatchery in Vermont raise salmonid species exclusively. Production of Federal trout is supplemented by distribution from other national fish hatcheries located in New Hampshire.

Federal trout production is sufficient to provide for all stocking requirements on Federal lands or other management areas. All fish, other than those used for fishery management programs, are stocked under cooperative agreement with the State in waters utilized for public fishing.

Vermont has a requirement of approximately 1,100,000 salmonids per year (table 3). Approximately 65 percent of this number are large fish for the catchable trout program. There is an indicated surplus production of over one million trout per year; however, this surplus is in fry and fingerling production, and there is an annual deficit of approximately 40,000 catchable fish per year.

~~Special Conditions~~

Vermont has recently entered into a cooperative anadromous fish restoration program with the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. This agreement involves re-establishment of Atlantic salmon in the Connecticut River Basin and will place a drain on hatchery facilities, which presently supply other salmonids for previously established programs.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

It is expected that the fishery habitat will increase by 7,027 acres between 1965 and 2000. Cold-water acreage will be 3,712 acres (52 percent), and the warm-water acreage increase of 3,315 acres will account for 48 percent.

Hatchery production is expected to remain relatively constant. The total fishery resource is capable of supporting considerably increased pressure, and additional hatchery production is not needed. An exception to this could be a possible necessity to rear large numbers of Atlantic salmon for the Connecticut River program.

VERMONT 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Conclusions and Recommendations hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) There is no necessity for increasing Reguirements Production hatchery production in Vermont in the foreseeable future. Extremely light 1965 fishing pressure on both warm-and cold- Totals 1,087 2,486 water habitat indicates that a change in Trout 1,086 2,485 stocking policy would correct the State 1,086 2,170 deficiency in catchable trout production. Fry 200 1,101 Fingerlings 177 658 Catchables 709 411 Bureau 315 Fingerlings 57 Catchables 258 Warm-water fish 1 1 State (Fingerlings) 1 Bureau (Fingerlings) 1 1973 Totals 1,076 2,720 Trout 1,075 2,716 State 1,075 2,175 Bureau 541 Warm-water fish 1 4 State 1 Bureau 4 1980 Totals 1,117 2,783 Trout 1,115 2,778 State 1,115 2,180 Bureau 598 Warm-water fish 2 5 State 2 Bureau 5 2000 Totals 1,112 3,024 Little Rock Pond, a popular stopping place Trout 1,110 3,017 along Vermont's famed Long Trail, Green State 1,110 2,180 Mountain National Forest. Photo, U.S. Forest Bureau 837 Service. Warm-water fish 2 7 State 2 Bureau 7

~~VERMONT 3 . 73. 73~~

~~— — — 45. — Canaan NEWPONT~~

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~~LEGEND~~

~~A National Fish Hatchery -Salmonid~~

* State Fish Hatchery -Salmonid

~~STATE CAPITAL~~

~~COUNTY SEAT~~

~~W 1 SCALE — 43° — t 10 0 10 20 MILES 1 .1, 1 }—■ )—■ 1-1 ]-1~~

~~BENNINGTON Z I=~~

~~Bengington ), VERMONT %V)~~

~~73'~~

~~VERMONT 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~VIRGINIA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

From the trout streams in the mountains of Virginia through the famous smallmouth bass streams and clear reservoirs of the hill country, to the fertile lakes, sluggish rivers and streams of Tidewater Virginia and on to the salt waters of the Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Coast, the State offers an exceptionally diversified fish habitat. There are 452,435 acres of inland fishing waters in Virginia (table 1) and 1,216,000 acres of marine habitat.

Virginia's cold waters are dominantly reservoir habitat, about 78 percent resulting from cold-water layers in the large impoundments. There are 3,180 acres of streams which are cold enough to support trout and the remainder of Virginia's cold waters are small lakes and ponds. The cold-water habitat totals 32,935 acres. All of the cold waters in Virginia require stocking with the exception of a few small native brook trout streams.

The warm waters in Virginia cover 419,500 acres. Nearly 54 percent or 225,000 acres of this total is stream habitat. Reservoirs cover 143,000 acres and the remaining 51,800 acres are composed of small lakes and ponds.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 452,435 511,302 626,967 822,225 Total Stocked 90,913 135,599 272,329 537,782 Cold waters 32,935 53,827 100,517 160,800 On Federal lands 5,797 8,447 54,827 114,600 On other public lands 22,600 40,832 41,132 41,632 Farm ponds 70 80 90 100 On other private lands 4,468 4,468 4,468 4,468 Cold waters stocked 29,326 50,369 97,054 157,332 On Federal lands 5,797 8,447 54,827 114,600 On other public lands 22,600 40,988 41,288 41,788 Farm ponds 35 40 45 50 On other private lands 894 894 894 894 Warm waters 419,500 457,475 526,450 661,425 On Federal lands 63,500 66,475 100,450 160,425 On other public lands 305,000 325,000 345,000 380,000 Farm ponds 45,000 57,000 69,000 100,000 On other private lands 6,000 9,000 12,000 21,000 Warm waters stocked 61,587 85,230 175,275 380,450 On Federal lands 4,087 10,230 50,275 160,450 On other public lands 51,500 68,000 115,000 200,000 Farm ponds 3,000 4,000 '5,000 10,000 On other private lands 3,000 3,000 5,000 10,000

~~Virginia's salt-water habitat includes the large tidal-influenced rivers, numerous bays, and sounds of the coastal areas and Chesapeake Bay.~~

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

~~A sizeable commercial fishery exists in Virginia and is important to the economy of several tidewater counties. The effect of this fishery on sport fishing interests is not clearly understood.~~

VIRGINIA 1 Virginia offers the "purist" type of fly fishing for trout, stream fishing with fly rods or light spinning gear, casting for bass, deep sea fishing, and about any other type of angling in practice. The State is probably best known for its renowned smallmouth bass stream fishing.

~~The principal species of game fish taken in Virginia waters are as follows:~~

~~Fresh-water Species Anadromous Species Salt-water Species~~

Rainbow trout Striped bass Weakfish Brown trout White perch Channel bass Brook trout American Shad Bluefish Smallmouth bass Hickory shad Cobia Spotted bass Marlin Largemouth bass Tuna Rock bass Flounder Walleye Mackerel (King & Spanish) White bass Croaker Chain pickerel Spot Crappie Channel catfish

~~Data on Fishermen~~

There were 450,000 fresh-water fishermen in Virginia in 1965 (table 2). Based on the number of trout licenses sold, about 20 percent of the anglers or 100,000 fished in cold waters; about 48 percent of the inland fishing effort was expended on warm-water reservoirs. Streams provided 32 percent of the fisherman-days. Small lakes and farm ponds accounted for the rest of the fisherman-days provided by Virginia fresh waters.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 450 560 745 1,100 Cold-water 100 130 170 200 Warm-water 350 430 575 900 Man-days of fishing 6,100 7,600 10,100 19,000 Cold-water 510 665 865 1,040 Warm-water 5,590 6,935 9,235 17,960~~

~~The salt waters attracted 100,000 anglers who fished 1,400,000 days.~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Virginia Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries operates six fish hatcheries. Three of the facilities produce rainbow, brown, and brook trout and the others are warm-water stations. Virginia produces a few species such as muskellunge, northern pike, redbreast sunfish, and smallmouth bass which are not commonly raised in the South.

There are four national fish hatcheries in Virginia producing fish for Virginia waters and contiguous States. Three of the hatcheries are cold-water stations producing trout and one is a warm-water facility.

~~The Federal hatcheries in Virginia play an important role in providing fish for waters on Federal lands, farm ponds, and State-Federal cooperative projects.~~

~~VIRGINIA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH Special Conditions~~

The fish management program in Virginia is in need of new genetic strains of fish, hybrids, and special species. The land-locked striped bass and striped bass-white bass hybrid are examples. There is also a need for larger fish to be used in corrective stocking.

TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Generally speaking, the principal hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) needs of Virginia are covered by the combined State and Federal endeavor. Requirements Production Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 1965 Totals 7,249 7,198 Virginia does not expect to lose much Trout 1,204 1,194 of its stream habitat in the next 35 years State 1,196 800 although there will be some loss due to Fingerlings 199 100 impoundment, pollution, and other of man's Catchables 997 700 activities. There is a gain predicted in Bureau 8 394 the cold-water flowing habitat in the form Fingerlings 2 42 of tailwaters resulting from reservoir Catchables 6 352 construction. Warm-water fish 6,045 6,004 State 5,950 4,000 The standing water habitat, both cold Fry 3,000 3,000 and warm, will gradually increase from Fingerlings 2,950 1,000 about 46,000 acres in 1973 to nearly Bureau (fingerlings) 95 2,004 150,000 acres by the turn of the century.

1973 Fishing pressure is expected to gradu- Totals 11,840 13,411 ally increase from 560,000 fishermen in Trout 1,684 2,061 1973 to over 1 million anglers in the year State 1,670 1,200 2000. Bureau 14 861 Warm-water fish 10,156 11,350 As the fish habitat is enlarged and State 10,000 8,030 more people go fishing, there will be a Bureau 156 3,320 need for more fish if a satisfactory level of fishing is maintained. The projected 1980 hatchery production, both State and Federal, Totals 19,304 18,180 will adequately supply the needs for fish Trout 2,094 2,451 in 1973 (table 3). By 1980, there will be State 2,070 1,500 a deficit in warm-water production unless Bureau 24 951 hatchery facilities are modified and Warm-water fish 17,210 15,729 improved. The projected trout production State 17,000 12,060 will be adequate. The same holds true for Bureau 210 3,669 the year 2000, when there will be a deficit in warm-water fish for stocking purposes. 2000 This deficit is, however, minor in nature Totals 25,361 24,668 and hatchery modification should provide Trout 2,941 3,432 for the needed fish. State 2,870 2,100 Bureau 71 1,332 Conclusions and Recommendations Warm-water fish 22,420 21,236 State 22,000 16,100 The data in this survey indicate there Bureau 420 5,136 will be an increase in the fish habitat in Virginia, both cold- and warm-water. The loss of stream habitat will be minor. Fishing pressure will increase and more fish will be needed to adequately manage the waters. The present facilities, State and Federal combined, can, with proper modification, meet the needs for fish for the dura- tion of the survey period.

~~VIRGINIA 3 •~~

~~1 83° 82° 81° 79° 78° 77° 76°~~

~~VINIONIA — 40'-~~

~~-39°— LEGEND A National Fish Hatchery —Salmonid ARLINGTON 0 State Fish Hatchery —Warm Water~~

* State Fish Hatchery —Salmonid

~~HIGHLAND STATE CAPITAL . 38'- QY 7. o.:. :t'.1,434';' °TL"' - 38°---- COUNTY SEAT~~

911•9411 • , sE t ryll.V.,,, RIC-MOND mo -E '' e ,,,,t■ 110CIDIDRAM li.V.41,f .:‘,XEG,/,. ° 4 1 4 # RDIPORD ° ' . b4X,Z A... 16,41 4; 441 ‹. 0 .4 -.0 - • Mall 0 /ausnono% 0 .4. - '-1. -'•••°' BEDFORD 141% . -- ",,,, -.' ...... 1.-- 0 - TOR o 1,,..CAMPBELL ; „,e.A:E..,,...6 7 1.706-...z, - , II M 0 - 37= 1 ROMI■101 4 t. 41' 0 r4.0ER4 2..L.Z7'":"' KO". LOYD ...--...... -:e . , •MR.= V,

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~~36°-~~

~~SCALE~~

~~10 0 20 90 60 80 100 MILES VIRGINIA~~

~~83* 82° 81° 80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 1 1 1 1 1 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~WASHINGTON~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The State of Washington has a wide range of fish habitat in both its inland and marine waters. Currently the State has approximately 1,158,000 acres of inland fishing waters, which, with the exception of 3,500 acres, is open to public fishing (table 1). A total of 81 percent, or nearly 944,000 acres, is considered cold-water habitat. Less than 5 percent of this cold-water habitat is classed as flowing streams, and accordingly, lakes and reservoirs are abundant in Washington.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of inland fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 1,157,863 1,205,700 1,245,100 1,354,500 Total stocked 465,678 528,148 629,648 781,754 Cold waters 944,304 951,200 999,600 1,100,000 On Federal lands 300,904 306,700 316,600 366,500 On other public lands 639,900 640,500 678,500 728,500 Farm ponds 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 Cold waters stocked 464,831 526,128 627,628 779,734 On Federal lands 209,241 213,488 254,238 294,844 On other public lands 255,090 311,890 372,390 483,390 Farm ponds 500 750 1,000 1,500 Warm waters 213,559 254,500 254,500 254,500 On Federal lands 3,559 4,500 4,500 4,500 On other public lands 210,000 250,000 250,000 250,000 Warm waters stocked Incomplete data On Federal lands 847 2,020 2,020 2,020

~~In addition to the inland fishing waters, the State has approximately 1,743,360 acres of marine fishing waters.~~

Washington is also one of the States whose fishery resources have been greatly altered by man. Hydroelectric developments and land reclamation projects have been the greatest contributors to these changes.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Sport and commercial fishing in the State of Washington are extremely successful. Fishing for salmon is profitable along the coast, in the harbors and Puget Sound, and in the State's rivers. Steelhead and sea-run cutthroat fishing are found in nearly all coastal streams and summer-run steelhead in the upper tributaries to the Columbia River and in over 20 major rivers in western Washington.

~~Trout fishing in the State is excellent whether it be in a high Cascade lake, a productive river, or one of the multitude of lowland lakes and reservoirs.~~

~~Some excellent warm-water fishing for bass, crappie, and perch is also available in numerous warm or shallow bodies of water.~~

~~The principal species of game fish available to the fisherman and propagated in State and Federal hatcheries are as follows:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - rainbow, cutthroat, Largemouth bass steelhead, and brook Bluegill sunfish Salmon - Kokanee, chinook, coho, sockeye, pink, and chum WASHINGTON 1 Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, Washington had 677,000 fishermen on its inland waters, and 84 percent of these were cold-water or trout and salmon fishing enthusiasts (table 2). In addition, there were approximately 407,000 marine fishermen.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 677 895 1,100 1,400 Cold-water 569 752 924 1,176 Warm-water 108 143 176 224 Man-days of fishing 7,400 9,619 11,543 15,006 Cold-water 6,400 8,119 9,793 12,781 Warm-water 1,000 1,500 1,750 2,225

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The State has the largest State and Federal hatchery program in the United States. There are a total of 50 State and 9 Federal hatcheries. The State hatcheries are divided into those producing steelhead and trout, operated by the Department of Game, and those producing salmon and operated by the Department of Fisheries. The Federal hatcheries, with the exception of 4 lower Columbia River salmon hatcheries, are combination salmon and trout stations.

The national fish hatcheries in Washington have adequate production capacities to provide the stocking requirements for salmon and trout on all Federally managed waters in the State. This includes national parks and Indian and military reservations. In 1965, these requirements were 2 million trout and 700,000 salmon (table 3). Approx- imately 33 million salmon were reared by the Federal hatcheries for the Bureau of Com- mercial Fisheries in the Lower Columbia River Program.

~~Special Conditions~~

All Federal hatcheries on the Columbia River producing salmon and steelhead are the program responsibility of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. This responsibility of the above Bureau also applies to seven Washington Department of Fisheries and two Washington Department of Game hatcheries, which were built or remodeled and are being funded for operation and maintenance by the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. The management responsibility of the sport and commercial fisheries for salmon and steelhead remain with the State agencies in waters under their jurisdiction.

Salmon stocking requirements are more difficult to explain than trout or warm-water fish stocking requirements. Washington Department of Fisheries has shown salmon requirements as the number produced by their hatcheries plus the Federal hatchery production. In a species of fish like the salmon, which is exploited by commercial fisheries, marine and fresh-water sport fisheries, and, in many instances, an Indian fishery, the production requirement should vary between stations. A salmon hatchery normally operates by producing the progeny of the adult fish returning to the hatchery from fingerling releases. Optimum operating criteria for a salmon hatchery cculd be based on a maximum survival of smolts and a maximum harvest of the adults by all fisheries with just enough left over to provide the necessary eggs for the succeeding generation.

~~Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000~~

It is estimated by 1973 there will be a substantial loss of stream and river habitat with a corresponding increase in 47,000 surface acres of reservoir area. By year 2000, it is estimated an additional 148,000 surface acres of reservoir habitat will be created.

WASHINGTON 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 2.--Requirements and production of Other sources of reduction in stream hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) fishing areas are acquisition of stream banks by primate ownerships and rapid Reauirements Production urban development.

1965 It is projected that the number of rotals 178,538 178,064 sport fishermen and numbers of fisherman- Cold -water fish 178,528 177,988 days expended will increase at a rapid Trout 37,744 37,334 rate in both marine and inland waters. State 35,698 34,940 By 1973, the increase will be 24 percent; Fry 14,200 14,000 by 1980, 49 percent; and by year 2000, Fingerlings 14,410 14,410 nearly 100 percent. The State will have Catchables 7,088 6,530 1.4 million anglers by year 2000, and Bureau 2,046 2,394 fisherman-days will reach 15 million. Fingerlings 1,941 1,721 Catchables 105 673 Hatchery production at Federal hatcheries Salmon 140,784 140,654 will be able to provide trout stocking State 140,044 100,000 requirements on Federally managed waters Fry 15,000 15,000 through year 2000. Salmon stocking require- Fingerlings 125,044 85,000 ments on Indian reservations, however, are Bureau 740 40,654 only expected to keep pace with production Fry 100 through 1973 despite completion of the Fingerlings 640 40,654 Quinault National Fish Hatchery. By year Warm-water fish 10 76 1980 and year 2000, salmon production at Bureau 10 76 Quinault National Fish Hatchery will only Fry 10 provide one-half of the stocking required. Fingerlings 76 1973 Salmon and trout production at State Totals 314,642 298,627 hatcheries is expected to nearly quadruple, Cold-water fish 314,626 298,527 but requirements will exceed production by Trout 52,477 42,477 30 million fish by year 2000. This deficit State 50,147 40,000 is about 5 percent of the estimated require- Bureau 2,330 2,477 ment for 653 million fish. Salmon 262,149 256,050 State 250,000 210,000 Conclusions and Recommendations Bureau 12,149 46,050 Warm-water fish 16 100 An analysis of the data provides these Bureau 16 100 conclusions. First, the State will con- 1980 tinue to lose substantial amounts of its Totals 424,608 398,124 stream habitat. Secondly, a tremendous Cold-water fish 424,590 398,024 increase in fishing pressure, both sport Trout 59,069 48,069 and commercial, is developing. Thirdly, State 56,339 45,000 increased hatchery production is required Bureau 2,730 3,069 if sport and commercial fishing is to be Salmon 365,521 349,955 maintained at current success rates. State 340,000 300,000 Bureau 25,521 49,955 State and Federal agencies should Warm-water fish 18 100 cantinue in their plans to modify and Bureau 18 100 expand existing hatcheries. Fishery 2000 research and management studies should Totals 653,724 624,055 be continued in order to improve survival Cold-water fish 653,704 623,855 and catch rates of trout and salmon. Trout 80,985 63,985 State 77,135 60,000 Bureau 3,850 3,985 Salmon 572,719 559,870 State 540,000 500,000 Bureau 32,719 59,870 Warm-water fish 20 200 Bureau 20 200

~~WASHINGTON 3~~

~~STATE FISH HATCHERIES~~

~~MOIDNIHSVM Game Department~~

~~4 7 STATE FISH HATCHERIES 1 Aberdeen~~

Fisheries Department 2 Arlington H T C r 1 Dungeness SAN 4' 3 Beaver Creek WEND' 19 IRIMC Malt, 4.141101 , 4 Bellingham 2 Elokomin COSTI31 40 0 AN K. A T FERRY ST V IL ies "10 94 A 3 George Adams 5 Chelan ;- VI100011/ 0.400/4 - 12 Orate Lake 1' 6 Columbia Basin 4 Grays River 114.. , 17 C uueene Lake L. 6 2 5 Green River 7 Colville L A 14 S NOHOM I $ f • Quilc e 4 6 Hood Canal jA 20 - 8 Ford C 1.1 E A N 5 gaakane 34 5 5 7 Issaquah 9 Goldendale Entia DOUGLA SI I , 20 0.01101. ARE Kalama Falls I SPO 10 Mossyrock 8 1 worth COLN /1•1131PROW 7'7LE L Quinaule Lake 4 1 K I N rr 11 Naches 9 Klickitat ui ul 6 0° ' 5 tik47 ' %I A 10 Lewis River te` ®f L 12 ()malt • S :164tri* TA • MA 4r Ruin 3 . G.A. , Ii - 13 Pend Oreille 11 Lower Kalama A • R *I • I T \ I T AS Moon Lai. Aaiun 4 R C E 13.13111130 JADAMS 12 Minter Creek W T If A N 14 Puyallup I TN TO - -‘1 23 6otsai 13 Nemah s 15 Seward Park 3 _ t. ClIrrluiLLt o Wiliam Ea 14 Noosack um. e CNEUIU11 pIVEK 16 Shelton PACIFIC *23 *25 E e•OFRANKLIN 15 Puyallup st1 Is 17 Skamania 10 GARFIE D 4 I 16 Samish 18 South Tacoma %MON WALLA WALLA ;} ASOT1N 17 Speelyai LONOVILY Rive. I 19 Spokane COWLITZ ENTON 1 . • .v WALLA MUSA I 18 Simpson 11 *8 S_KAPAANI 20 Tokul Creek tr. Skagit 17 19 ■ TA C. L TAT 21 Tucannon LEGEND 1tL " L:;;Evunow 20 Skykomish • ftrO A 22 Vancouver AL National Fish Hatchery -Salmonid Spring ee 21 Toutle 23 Yakima 46, National Fish Hatchery -Salmonicl+LInder Construction Little White Salmon 22 Washougal 24 Barnaby Carson * State Fish Hatchery-Salmonid- Fisheries Department 23 Willapa * State Fish Hatchery-Salmonid -Game Department 25 Ringold Springs

~~26 Whitehorse~~

~~WASHINGTON 27 Lake Whatcom NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~WEST VIRGINIA~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

~~At the present time, West Virginia has a total water resource of 141,070 acres (table 1). The useable fishery acreage could be increased if polluted waters are restored.~~

Cold-water habitat accounts for only 5,880 acres (5 percent) of the total useable resource. Some 3,471 acres (59 percent) of the recognized cold-water acreage are stocked from State and Federal hatcheries.

The State warm-water fishery includes 135,190 acres of impoundment and stream habitat. It is this habitat which absorbs most of the yearly fishing pressure. Approx- imately 4 percent (5,180 acres) of the warm-water habitat is stocked from State and Federal hatcheries.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 141,070 147,854 154,469 168,289 Total stocked 8,651 9,415 10,405 13,950 Cold waters 5,880 6,164 6,479 7,099 On Federal lands 1,756 1,983 2,218 2,738 On other public lands 4,024 4,056 4,111 4,161 Farm ponds 100 125 150 200 Cold waters stocked 3,471 3,955 4,570 5,490 On Federal lands 1,422 1,710 2,045 2,665 On other public lands 1,949 2,120 2,375 2,625 Farm ponds 100 125 150 200 Warm waters 135,190 141,690 147,990 161,190 On Federal lands 8,690 12,690 16,690 25,690 On other public lands 120,200 120,500 120,500 122,000 Farm ponds 5,000 6,500 8,000 10,000 On other private lands 1,300 2,000 2,800 3,500 Warm waters stocked 5,180 5,460 5,835 8,460 On Federal lands 2,700 3,060 3,060 5,110 On other public lands 2,130 2,000 2,325 2,850 Farm ponds 350 400 450 500

There has been a constant decline in the total stream resource--both cold-and warm- water habitat--through reservoir construction and pollution. The stream acreage loss is replaced by impounded acreage. If the streams lost through pollution are restored to permit fish production, there would be a net increase of both habitats through this reporting period.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The present State and Federal fish distribution program in West Virginia provides anglers with the majority of trout angling opportunity. There are some streams which support natural populations, but these contribute very little to total angling.

Fishery management programs of State and Federal agencies have extended angling opportunity for the stocked product through removal of restrictive seasons and changes in stocking and distribution policies.

~~WEST VIRGINIA 1 Species produced at State and Federal hatcheries or otherwise available for various management programs are:~~

~~Cold-water species Warm-water species~~

~~Trout - brook, brown, rainbow Channel catfish Walleye Channel catfish Muskellunge Bluegill Striped bass (Ohio River) Smallmouth bass Threadfin shad (Forage) Largemouth bass Northern pike~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

In 1965, 262,000 anglers exerted 5,240,000 angler-days of pressure on the resource (table 2). Trout fishermen exerted 35 percent of this effort. By the year 2000, it is estimated that a total of 7,050,000 angler-days will be divided to 2,467,500 days trout fishing and 4,582,500 days warm-water angling.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1 000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 262 332 342 353 Cold-water 100 134 137 141 Warm-water 162 198 205 212 Man-days of fishing 5,240 6,640 6,840 7,051 Cold-water 1,834 2,324 2,394 2,468 Warm-water 3,406 4,316 4,446 4,583~~

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The West Virginia Game and Fish Division, Department of Natural Resources, operates five hatcheries--four of these stations raise trout, one is a combination trout-warm- water hatchery, and one produces warm-water species. There are three national fish hatcheries. All are basically trout oriented but have facilities for warm-water fish propagation.

Production from Federal hatcheries is sufficient to provide for all Federally managed waters. In 1965, these requirements were 28,000 fingerlings and 2,000 fry. Included under a cooperative stocking agreement with the State is the requirement for the Monongahela National Forest, George Washington National Forest, and tailwaters of Army Corps Reservoirs. This stocking is included with the general State-Federal Cooperative Stocking Agreement under which trout from national fish hatcheries are utilized in waters open to public fishing.

West Virginia established a 1965 trout requirement of 1,313,000 fish (table 3). This total included 1,023,000 catchables and 290,000 fingerlings. In the 35-year reporting period, there is a gradual increase of requirements for trout. Total production from State hatcheries shows a corresponding increase and insults in annual increases averaging 2.0 percent per year. During the same period, proposed increases in Federal trout production average 1.5 percent per year. Warm-water fish production shows this same trend, but does not meet projected requirements.

WEST VIRGINIA 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Special Conditions hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000ts) As stated earlier, a large percentage Reauirements Production of the total water resource is polluted. Reduction or eliminaticn of this condition 1965 would produce a need for tremendous numbers Totals 3,049 2,107 of fish to restore populations in these Trout 1,343 1,528 now barren waters. Unforeseen additions State 1,313 862 of new reservoirs could also increase pro- Fingerlings 290 290 duction requirements for additional fish. Catchables 1,023 572 Bureau, 30 666 Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 Fry 2 Fingerlings 28 178 It is expected that the total fish Catchables 488 habitat in West Virginia will increase by Warm-water fish 1,706 579 27,219 acres between 1965 and 2000. State 1,700 355 Fry 1,500 50 Proposed hatchery production from Fingerlings 200 305 combined State and Federal installations Bureau (Fingerlings) 6 224 for each projection period meets require- 1973 ments for salmonids, but not for warm Totals 2,812 2,254 water species. The need for additional Trout 1,557 1,557 warm-water production capability is State 1,515 800 apparent in the State. Bureau 42 757 Warm-water fish 1,255 697 Conclusions and Recommendations State 1,215 370 Bureau 40 327 The West Virginia Division of Game 1980 and Fish will increase the productive Totals 3,388 3,004 capacity of their trout hatchery system. Trout 2,093 2,194 The anticipated 35 percent increase in State 2,028 1,356 trout angling at year 2000 is accompanied Bureau 65 838 by a proposed increase in productive Warm-water fish 1,295 810 capacity at State hatcheries to meet the State 1,250 450 demand. Bureau 45 360 2000 At the present time, ttie Federal Totals 3,895 3,939 hatchery complex in West Virginia is Trout 2,555 2,960 meeting trout requirements for management State 2,480 1,787 needs on Federally managed waters and Bureau 75 1,173 waters on Federal lands stocked under the Warm-water fish 1,340 979 cooperative State-Federal program. State 1,280 475 Bureau 60 504 There is a deficit of warm-water fish requirements from State hatcheries throughout the reporting period. Anticipated production from State hatcheries of warm-water species increases from 350,000 in 1965 to 475,000 in the year 2000, while requirements range from 1.21 million in 1973 to 1.28 million in the year 2000.

~~Bowden National Fish Hatchery, West Virginia.~~

~~WEST VIRGINIA 3 •~~

~~82° 79° 78° ISM~~

~~raw CUNIENLAND 0 LEGEND • National Fish Hatchery- Combination~~

~~0 VINIDIIIA WELLTSUNO State Fish Hatchery- Warm Water~~

~~• State Fish Hatchery-Combination OHIO TINSELING * State Fish Hatchery-Salmonid~~

* State Fish Hatchery-Salmonid INARSHALL ( Under Construction)

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~~‘.... • i? MINGO , 033C[117 • WEST VIRGINIA RCTTALC- Sulphur WOOPRIRE I """°"/ It Springs ® STATE CAPITAL MINIM 0 COUNTY SEAT t • 33, 1333311 "cr, p. 133003•10.1. *4 ?iibA%i Eis~~

~~1 83. 1 8 ° 80° 79° NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~WISCONSIN~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The Wisconsin Conservation Department estimated that there was a total of 7,578,054 surface acres of fishable waters in the State in 1965 (table 1). This figure includes Wisconsin's part of Lakes Superior and Michigan consisting of 6,439,680 acres. Besides the Great Lakes, Wisconsin has 35,378 acres of cold-water lakes and streams and 1,102,996 acres of warm-water habitat.

~~The inland waters are made up of large natural lakes, several reservoirs on the Wisconsin River, and many streams.~~

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 7,578,054 7,579,243 7,578,923 7,577,818 Total stocked 5,724,147 5,723,859 5,723,519 5,722,629 Cold waters 6,475,053 6,474,790 6,474,220 6,472,915 On Federal lands 740 710 690 635 On other public lands 6,473,518 6,473,230 6,472,630 6,471,330 Farm ponds 800 850 900 950 Cold waters stocked 3,269,037 3,268,879 3,268,369 3,267,144 On Federal lands 640 670 660 585 On other public lands 3,268,397 3,268,209 3,267,709 3,266,559 Warm waters 1,102,996 1,104,453 1,104,703 1,104,903 On Federal lands 61,130 61,130 61,130 61,130 On other public lands 1,039,866 1,041,273 1,041,423 1,041,473 Farm ponds 2,000 2,050 2,150 2,300 Warm waters stocked 2,455,110 2,454,980 2,455,150 2,455,485 On Federal lands 28,500 28,200 28,200 28,200 On other public lands *2,426,610 2,426,780 2,426,950 2,427,285

* Includes waters reported in acres of cold waters.

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

Warm-water fishermen can find a variety of fishing in the State. Historically, the lakes in the Spooner-Woodruff Area produce catches of muskellunge not matched by many other areas. The more southern waters offer excellent habitat for panfish. Northern pike and walleye may be taken State-wide. Charter boats in the Bayfield area are now doing a booming business since the return of the lake trout to waters of Lake Superior.

~~The total catch by Wisconsin commercial fishermen from the Great Lakes in 1965 was 20 million pounds of fish valued at 11/2 million dollars.~~

~~Streams flowing into Lake Superior provide fishing for steelheads and other trout. Inshore plants of various species of salmonids have established excellent trout fishing in these areas.~~

~~Data on Fishermen~~

The State of Wisconsin estimated that there were 1,130,000 fishermen in the State in 1965 (table 2). This number is expected to increase to 1,906,000 by the year 2000. About 18 percent of this number were classed as trout fishermen. Including salmon fishermen, this percentage is expected to increase to 22 percent in future years.

~~WISCONSIN 1 These anglers exerted the equivalent of 9,864,000 fisherman-days in 1965. Fishing pressure is expected to nearly double by the year 2000.~~

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1.000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Fishermen 1,130 1,302 1,575 1,906 Cold-water 226 249 301 365 Warm-water 904 1,053 1,274 1,541 Man-days of fishing 9,864 12,849 15,666 18,805 Cold-water 2,395 2,993 3,741 4,382 Warm-water 7,469 9,856 11,925 14,423

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The Wisconsin Conservation Department operates 11 trout hatcheries with a combined 1965 production of 1,024,000 fingerlings and 1,591,000 catchables (table 3). The agency also operates two warm-water hatcheries with a combined 1965 production of 109 million fry and 2.4 million fingerlings. These stations hatch northern pike, walleye, and muskellunge eggs, and rear muskellunge to a large fingerling size. A number of privately owned ponds are leased for rearing walleye fingerlings.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Service has two combination warm-and cold-water hatcheries in Wisconsin. Over one-half of the Lake Mills National Fish Hatchery production is utilized at the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Research Laboratory at La Crosse, Wisconsin. Trout reared at this hatchery are stocked in Camp McCoy and Illinois waters.

The Genoa National Fish Hatchery also produced trout for Camp McCoy and Illionois trout streams. Warm-water fish from both stations are utilized in State managed waters. The Genoa Hatchery ships northern pike and walleye eggs to many States.

~~Six Federal hatcheries located in other States supplied fish for stocking in Wisconsin waters in 1965.~~

Total trout stocked in Wisconsin waters by Federal hatcheries were 350,000 fingerlings and 47,000 catchables. One hundred and seventy thousand yearling lake trout were stocked in Wisconsin's portion of the Great Lakes. Also stocked from Federal hatcheries were 463,000 warm-water fingerlings, 20,000 of which were stocked in farm ponds.

~~Special Conditions~~

Requirements for fish by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Research Laboratory at La Crosse will became more specific in future years. The laboratory will require specific strains, sizes, and delivery schedules.

Wisconsin is studying the feasibility of entering into a Pacific salmon program in the Great Lakes. An additional cold-water hatchery with a production capacity of 1 million yearling salmon is under consideration.

The muskellunge rearing program has maintained a quality fishery for this species. Fish are marked prior to stocking; the rate of return to the creel has been excellent. In time this program may have to be expanded if it is to keep pace with increasing fishing pressure.

The Bureau's hatcheries stock Wisconsin farm ponds and provide Wisconsin's largemouth and smallmouth bass requirements. The State hatcheries are primarily devoted to the culture of muskellunge, northern pike, walleye, and trout. This arrangement has resulted in the best use of all hatchery facilities concerned.

WISCONSIN 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and production of Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Projected production and requirement Reauirements Production figures indicate a potential surplus in future years. Since better than 90 per- 1965, cent of the projected production figures Totals 119,465 115,481 are for fry, a true picture of the Cold-water fish 6,648 3,013 relationship between production capability Trout 2,648 3,013 and management requirements is difficult State 2,521 2,616 to arrive at. Fingerlings 993 1,024 Catchables 1,528 1,592 ConclUsions and Recommendations Bureau 127 397 Fingerlings 91 350 State and Federal fish production Catchables 36 47 facilities are adequate to meet the known - Salmon (State) 4,000 needs for trout and warm water species Fry 3,000 of fish through the year 2000. Present Yearlings 1,000 facilities for rearing salmon are Warm-water fish 112,817 112,468 inadequate. The State plans to construct State 112,508 112,004 a salmon hatchery in the near future. Fry 109,600 109,559 Fingerlings 2,908 2,445 Bureau 309 464 Fingerlings 293 463 Catchables 16 1 1973 Totals 119,307 177,255 Cold-water fish 6,983 7,580 Trout 2,983 3,580 State 2,793 2,800 Bureau 190 780 Salmon (State) 4,000 4,000 Warm-water fish 112,324 169,675 State 112,004 159,559 Hatchery building at the Woodruff Hatchery Bureau 320 10,116 in Wisconsin where muskellunge, northern 1980 pike, and walleye are produced. Photo, Totals 150,060 178,349 Department of Natural Resources. Cold-water fish 7,120 7,564 Trout 3,120 3,564 State 2,875 2,750 Bureau 245 814 Salmon (State) 4,000 4,000 Warm-water fish 142,940 170,785 State 142,520 159,559 Bureau 420 11,226 2000 Totals 128,060 193,680 Cold-water fish 7,200 8,062 Trout 3,200 4,062 State 2,950 2,800 Bureau 250 1,262 Salmon (State) 4,000 4,000 Warm-water fish 120,860 185,618 State 120,430 170,000 Bureau 430 15,618

~~The Spooner Hatchery in Wisconsin also produces muskellunge, northern pike, and walleye. Photo, Department of Natural Resources.~~

~~WISCCNSIN 3 -~~

~~LEGEND~~

~~L A oRc: D -47*— • National Fish Hatchery-Combination~~

~~SUPERIOR 0 State Fish Hatchery-Warm Water ayfield • State Fish Hatchery-Combination WAOSSURX * State Fish Hatchery-Salmonid Brule • AT•IIIL • DOUGLAS I~~

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MMUS POENTi 0IES RA L41. 0 CA 0 WA11• • • 0 • • WOOD T A G 0 SUN ALO . IMITSKALL O AAAAA WAVE C 0 ALWA K, .1 A K 0 • MECCAS,. WC* ANNISTON FAN r - SLACK RITO SALLE — 0 TWO ROWS .40 KlENASKA • • Wild MEDIAN • lE • WAUSMARA Ri;kolet, ■,/"Ld." OWADEOKIL 2 0 —44 - A. A .. I EON ASTA ODIKOSN ORO••• mo•Ror stfield 111. ••••Suc•T GAM LAM • 0 .m.•• '°"' L'C SAISCITG01 i oNNSO■SA 'Genoa I K N I 0 MEMOS - yA out I VIROO V.0 SWAT UM 0 . 0 T. C U IA • I A A K POW IMMUNE. 44 • A WA • I ‘•LOA. - : WAIMMETA INOSSWOOD w•u AAAAA , MAL CNIM evin 11": a 0. MILWAUKEE ® I I OWA WADES.. 1 r ' larnidom • CUDANE • • I •ILWAUISS • • •011/14

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~~4T4 LA PAT0 I I IA OVULE' C) .Esio101 LE"A•sewm• 0 LIGIODIA L. • AMON~~

~~LEGEND~~

~~® TTTTT CAPITAL~~

~~0 COUNTY SEAT SCALE WISCONSIN tO O 20_30 40 MILES NOTE: ALL OTYIEN PLACES HAVING 10000 CD MOOD POPULATION 0~~

~~WISCONSIN 4 NATIONAL SURVEY OF NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH~~

~~WYOMING~~

~~Fish Habitats~~

The relatively high average elevation of the State of Wyoming signifies an - abundance of cold water fish habitat. The total available fishing water in the State was estimated at 414,200 acres in 1965 (table 1). This will increase to 459,000 acres by the year 2000. Approximately 50 percent of this will require stocking. Trout waters totaled 398,600 acres in 1965. Practically all of the trouthabitat-in Wyoming occurs on Federal lands.

~~Cold-water habitat which requires frequent or occasional stocking will increase to about 269,000 acres by the year 2000. The increase over the years will be steady and gradual.~~

It was estimated that there were about 16,000 acres of warm-water habitat in Wyoming in 1965 of which 9,400 acres required periodic stocking. This figure will increase only to 17,800 acres by the year 2000, with approximately 12,000 acres requiring periodic stocking of warm-water fish.

~~TABLE 1.--Acres of fishing waters and waters stocked~~

~~1965 1973 1980 2000~~

Total fishing waters 414,200 422,125 438,675 459,300 Total stocked 215,840 227,650 244,200 281,050 Cold waters 398,600 406,500 422,500 441,500 On Federal lands 343,600 349,000 363,000 377,500 On other public lands 21,300 22,350 23,400 25,500 Farm ponds 4,000 4,500 5,000 6,000 On other private lands 29,700 30,650 31,100 32,500 Cold waters stocked 206,440 218,200 234,750 268,600 On Federal lands 166,080 175,700 190,300 218,600 On other public lands 22,360 23,500 24,650 27,000 Farm ponds 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 On other private lands 15,000 15,500 15,800 18,000 Warm waters 15,600 15,625 16,175 17,800 On Federal lands 300 300 300 300 On other public lands 15,100 15,100 15,600 17,100 Farm ponds 100 125 175 300 On other private lands 100 100 100 100 Warm waters stocked 9,400 9,450 9,450 12,450 On Federal lands 200 200 200 200 On other public lands 9,100 9,150 9,150 12,150 Farm ponds 100 100 100 100

~~Characteristics of the Fishery~~

The Wyoming Game aid Fish Department and Federal land holding agencies in the State have done an excellent job of preserving the natural habitat for cold-water species. Emphasis has been on maintaining good lake and stream fishing for the native cutthroat trout. The rainbow trout is used to establish new fisheries in the large reservoirs. The lake trout is produced on a limited scale for special stocking situations in some of the larger lakes in western Wyoming. The walleye has been introduced on a fairly wide scale in the larger Great Plains reservoirs and is providing excellent fishing.

WYOMING 1 Generally, fishing in Wyoming is excellent by anyone's standards. The State has a low population density with a plentiful supply of excellent fish habitat. There is a significant number of nonresident fishermen in Wyoming, and the percentage is rising steadily over the years. Management biologists attempt to produce satisfactory fishing without artificial stocking wherever this can be accomplished.

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife assists the Arapahoe and Shoshone Indian Tribes of the Wind River Indian Reservation in managing their sport fishery resources. Many of these waters are in high mountain, alpine settings. Emphasis over the past several years has been on maintenance and introduction of golden and cutthroat trout in many of the waters within the Reservation. Annual stocking of cutthroat and rainbow trout is necessary in other lakes and streams at lower elevations.

~~Hatchery Facilities~~

The State of Wyoming operates 11 trout hatcheries. Two of these are equipped to incubate walleye eggs. The State also operates one portable walleye hatchery. A few of the reservoirs have spawning populations of walleye.

Total trout production from all State hatcheries in 1965 was approximately 11,730,000 fish (table 3). This capability will increase to 14,000,000 by 1973, 15,500,000 by 1980, and 16,000,000 at the end of the century.

~~The State also has the capability of producing 10,000,000 walleye fry annually. This production capability for walleye will remain stable.~~

The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife operates two trout hatcheries in the State. The Jackson, Wyoming, National Fish Hatchery was authorized primarily for the production of cutthroat trout for establishing and maintaining a population of this species in the Palisades Reservoir. Cutthroat and lake trout are also produced at the Jackson hatchery for stocking on the Wind River Indian Reservation and other Wyoming waters.

The Saratoga National Fish Hatchery has recently been converted to a brood stock station to partially fulfill the requirements for rainbow and other eggs needed in the regional fishery management program. It has only limited capability of producing fish for stocking purposes.

A portion of the trout planted in the State of Wyoming has customarily been provided by national fish hatcheries at Leadville, Colorado, Springville, Utah and Spearfish, South Dakota. This practice is expected to continue in the future. The new Jones Hole, Utah, National Fish Hatchery is expected to have the capability of producing several million trout fingerlings annually, which will be needed for the program.

Neither the State nor the Bureau has facilities in Wyoming for the production of warm-water fish other than walleye. Needs for warm-water fish in Wyoming waters have customarily been filled from national fish hatcheries in Kansas and Oklahoma.

~~TABLE 2.--Number of fishermen and days of fishing~~

~~1,000's 1965 1973 1980 2000~~

~~Fishermen 180 200 221 292 Cold-water 162 180 199 263 Warm-water 18 20 22 29 Man-days of fishing 937 1,042 1,147 1,515 Cold-water 918 1,021 1,124 1,485 Warm-water 19 21 23 30~~

WYOMING 2 NATIONAL SURVEY OF. NEEDS FOR HATCHERY FISH TABLE 3.--Requirements and productim of Data on Fishermen hatchery fish (numbers in 1,000's) Wyoming Game and Fish Department per- Requirements Production sonnel estimated that there were approximately 180,000 fishermen in Wyoming in 1965 1965 (table 2). This figure is expected Totals 46,694 23,579 to reach 292,000 by the year 2000. As Trout 16,629 13,566 would be expected, most of these anglers State 15,950 11,730 fished for trout. Fry 250 237 Fingerlings 15,000 10,887 Projections for 1973, 1980, 2000 Catchables 700 606 Bureau 679 1,836 Requirements for hatchery fish in Fry 75 Bureau and State fishery programs in 1965 Fingerlings 460 1,618 amounted to 46,694,000 fish (table 3). Catchables 144 218 Production in that year was 23,579,000 Warm-water fish 30,065 10,013 fish. Approximately 80 percent of the State 30,065 10,000 resulting 23,000,000 deficit was in unmet Fry 30,000 10,000 needs for walleye fry. Neither the State Fingerlings 65 nor the Federal Government has been able Bureau 13 to develop or locate an adequate natural Fingerlings 8 spawning run of this species to satisfy Catchables 5 the annual requirements for eggs. The 1973 deficit for this species will increase to Totals 61,035 28,653 40,000,000 by 1980 and approximately Trout 20,960 18,628 65,000,000 by the year 2000. State 20,250 14,370 Bureau 710 4,258 Combined Bureau and State production Warm-water fish 40,075 10,025 of fingerling trout was approximately State 40,075 10,000 2,000,000 below requirements during 1965. Bureau 25 A similar deficit of fingerling trout is 1980 predicted for each of the target years Totals 74,292 30,233 throughout the planning period. Trout 24,142 20,205 State 23,400 15,500 The Bureau was unable to meet require- Bureau 742 4,705 ments for approximately 65,000 channel Warm-water fish 50,150 10,028 catfish and largemouth bass for Wyoming State 50,150 10,000 waters in 1965. Predicted future deficits Bureau 28 for these two species will fluctuate 2000 between 75,000 and 200,000 fish. Totals 102,685 32,627 Trout 27,485 22,588 The Bureau of Sport Fisheries and State 26,650 16,000 Wildlife requirements for fish for Indian Bureau 835 6,588 tribal waters and military areas through Warm-water fish 75,200 10,039 the year 2000 will be minimal. Existing State 75,200 10,000 and proposed trout hatcheries in Wyoming Bureau 39 and surrounding States should easily meet program demands.

~~Conclusims and Recommendations~~

The problems associated with obtaining the astronomical numbers of walleye eggs for Wyoming and neighboring State fishery programs defy easy solutions. The eggs must come from wild populations, and these locations are extremely limited. It is a prized species wherever it occurs, and movement of eggs or fry between States is difficult to encourage, as no State enjoys a surplus. Time and more successful introductions of the walleye on a State by State basis is expected to erase part of the deficit, but probably never completely eliminate it.

~~Satisfying the needs for trout and other cold-water species in Wyoming in the future should present no serious problem.~~

~~WYOMING 3~~

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~~- JACKSON bois 1 Jackson Ac2 4etle~~

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U. LE0 S. GOVERNMENT Z_,,,.4,....,,I; V„, I I Vi.1) i ,...,,. HEN 1 2 LINCOLN IVITIATUUM 0 -42 - .0 TOISTINGIT011 L. 0 I, 1 COMO :B2 6i I p7 A L A N y!,4 WEETW A T E PRINTING R A C A B 0 :.:'.)' 17 - — - -1, L. - -- ..-a--- - a-. UM — I al3 1 Saratoga • .'1 _.j 0(1 '

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~~1969 0 - Zi.ln-'''''' -41K- O - 41=-•~~

~~STATE CAPITAL LEGEND 347-'190 O COUNTY SCAT WYOMING A National Fish Hatchery- Salmonid State Fish Hatchery NOTE: AU. OTHER PLACES HAVING Sow OR MORE POPULATION 0 * - Salmonid~~

~~tole no° 14.0 100° 'emu 105° 104° 1~~