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Some Aspects on the Biology of Deroceras Panormitanum and Derocerus Reticulatum with Special Emphasis on Effects Caused by Some

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Some Aspects on the Biology of Deroceras Panormitanum and Derocerus Reticulatum with Special Emphasis on Effects Caused by Some Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. SOME ASPECTS ON THE BIOLOGY OF DEROCERAS PANORMITANUM and DEROCERAS RETICU LATUM WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON EFFECTS CAUSED BY SOME COMMON AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS A Th e sis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masterate of Science in Zoology at MASSEY UNIVERSITY Year ........ 19~Q ..........•.•..... PLATE I DER OC ERAS RETI CUL AT UJ\1 (f.:ULLER , 1774 . ) PLATE II DEROCERAS PANORMITANUM (LESSONA & POLLONERA , 188 2 . ) iii - ABSTRACT - Two species of slugs Deroceras panormitanum ( Lessona & Pollonera, 1882 ), and Deroceras reticulatum ( Muller, 1774), were chosen as a subject for investigation. In part 'A' the fecund ity and longsvity of D. panormitanum was observed at four different locations, three at consta nt t e mperatures, a nd the fourth in Shade-house, wh ich was the control site. A seasonal effect was evident in Shade-house, more eggs being oviposited in Spring and Autumn t han in Winte r. No such effect was observed with the constant temperatures. 'I'he numbe r of egg s per cluster was 22 ,5 in Shade- house, 23 ,2 at 16 °c, 22 .9 at 24 °c, and 18.5 a t 5 °c. The average number of cluste rs ovipo­ s ited per slug was 1.3 in Shade-hous e, 1.4 at 16 °c, 1.1 at 24 °c and 0.4 at 5 °c. The average number of e r;gs l aid by each slug in this part of the experiment was 28 ,7 in Shade-house , 31,8 a t 16 °c, 25 ,2 at 24 °c, and 7,7 at 5 °c. The optimal condition for slugs to oviposit was at 16 °c. Thirteen D.pa normitanum and fifteen D. reticulatum t hat hatched on the same day were kep t in the laboratory till na tural death ensued . 1'he average number of eggs per cluster for D. panormita num was 15.6, and for D. r eticulatum 15,4 • The number of clus ters per slu£ was 3, 8 for D. p anormitanum and 3.5 for D. reticula tum, and the average number of eggs ovip osited per slug wa s 59,8 for D. panormitanum, and 53,4 for D. reticulatum. The effects of Temperature, Humidity, and Evaporation-rate, was correlated with oviposition rate. An increase in temperature and evaporation-rate showed a positive correlation, with an increase in oviposition rate. Humidity has a negative correlation with oviposition rate. iv Significantly more_ egg s hatched from D. panormi t anum 59. 9 % , than of D. reticula tum 53.0 % , under l a boratory conditions. The time taken for e ggs to hatch is t emperature depe ndent, t a king for D. panor mita num an a verage of 33.7 days for Shade-house, 20 .9 d ays at 0 0 16 °c 16.5 days at 24 C, a nd 103. 4 d a y s at 5 C. The aver age nuffiber ' of eggs h a tched for D. panor mitanum in Shade- h ouse wa s 38 . 3 % , at 16 °c 0 37.0 %, a t 24 °c 32.1 % , a nd at 5 C 25 .4 % . In the labora tory D. panormi t anum 's average life-span was 171 d ays, a nd D. reticulatum 151 days . At t he f our t emper a tures D. panormita nurn s urvived for an a v e rage of 32 .7 days i n Shad e-house, 23.2 days at 16 0 C, 0 0 16.8 days at 24 C, and at 5 C for 63.1 days . In part 'B' eight ythree biocides were t es t e d agai ns t the s lug s pecies D. panormitanum and D. reticula tum . These i nclud ed 16 fungicides , 16 insecticides, 26 herbicides , a nd 2 molluscicides , a t the maximum r a t e s 2.s s pecified by t he manu f a cturer. Five fung icides , two i nsecticid es , five herbicides, one mollus cicide , a nd s even of t he combina tions s hciwe d high ovicidal activity . Five insecticid es, one molluscicid e, and t en of the comb ina tions show e d hi gh tox icity wnen inges t ed , and two insecti­ cides ,one molluscicide , a nd six of t he combina tions we r e h i ghly effective when u sed as a surface spray. Me t a l dehyde and me thiocarb were effective in all three treatments,and phora te was a good bait and contact molluscicide. Dazome t caused a reluctance by slugs to cross the treated area to obtain food, and as a result died of starvation in the refuge area. The effects of all two possible combinations of three herbicides and three insecticides could not be determined from a knowledge of their individual properties. Each reacted in an undetermined manner according to their combined properties. V ACKNOWLEDGEl"iENTS. I would like to thank Professor B.P. Springett for the supervision of this Thesis, and Dr. J.A. Springett for the co-s upervision, and valuable advice given during the preparation of the Thesis. Thanks is also due to Ivon \fatkins Dow for the supply of industrial grade phorate . CONTENTS Title i Abstract iii Acknowledgements V INTRODUCTION A.im of Study 1 Slug Biology 2 Chemical Control Of Slugs 6 Slugs in New Zeal and 9 MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Conditions 10 Construction of Experimental and Holding Bo xes 16 Collection of Slugs 16 Biological Studies 1 9 Incubation of eggs a t Different Temperatures 19 The Fecundity and Life- span 20 Chemical Control 20 Preparation of Slugs 20 Test containe r s i zes 20 Juvenile test containers 21 Eg g t esting containe rs 21 Biocides used 2 1 Presentation of biocides 2 1 Adult i ngestion 2 1 Juvenile ingestion 23 Adul t contact- spray 23 Ovicida l action 23 RESULTS Biological Studies 25 The Fe cundity and Survival of Slugs in the Laboratory 25 Number of Eggs per Cluster 25 Number of Clusters per Slug 25 Number of Eggs Oviposited per Slug 29 Oviposition rate of Slugs kept Singly and in Groups 29 Ovipos ition Sites 29 Hatching Success under Laborator y Conditions for Tw o Slug Species 32 The Life-span of D.reticulatum and D.panormitanum in the Laboratory 32 CONTENTS cont .••• RESULTS cont •• Egg Laying at Different Tempe ratures by D. panormitanum }7 Number of Eggs per Cluster 37 Cluster Distribution 40 Number of Eggs Laid per Slu g , and the Total Numbe r of Eggs for each of the Four Tempe ratures 43 Effect of Temperature, Hum idity, and Evaporation- Rate on Ovip osition in Shade-house 49 Effect of Temperature on Hatching Success 53 The Eff ect of Temperature on Slug Survival 56 The tff tc t s Caused by Agricultural and Horticultural Ch e micals on the slugs D.reticulatum and D. panormitanum 59 Biocides u s ed as baits (Ingestion) 59 Biocides used as Contact (Spray) 59 Controls 66 Bioci dal Ac tivity 66 Tox ic ~ffects on Species 72 Toxicity Differences with age 72 Combinations of Biocides 72 Toxicity of Biocides 76 DISCUSSION Biology of Slugs 77 Biocidal Effe cts 82 APPENDIX 86 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 32 CONTENTS cont ••• List of Tables used in the Text. I The Temperature and% R.H. in the Laboratory and Shade-house, and the differences between them . 14 II Numbe r of Slugs colle cted from Pas ture and Orchard. 18 III The Number of Slug s , The Oviposition Dates, Cluster Size a nd Number, and the Total Number of Eggs Laid . 26 IV The Number of Slugs, The Oviposition Date s , Cluster Size and !':: umber , and t h e Total Number of Eggs La id. 27 V The Clus t e r and Egg Distribution per petri-dish for slugs kep t singly. 30 VI The difference in clusters when slugs were kept separately in petri-dishes, and when slugs were in a group. 31 VII The Numb e r of Clus t e rs, a nd of Eggs Oviposite d by 2 x 30 Slug s •..• 33 vIII Ha tching Succe ss and Fate of Eggs of two s lug s p ecies und e r l a bora tory conditions. 34 IX The Life-spa n of D. reticula tum and D. panorrn ita num. 36 X The Total Nu mb e r of cluste rs ovipos ited for e ach box . The Av erage ~u mbe r of clus t e r s per 1 50 s lugs for each c ollection date, and the a verage numb er of c l u s t e rs for e a ch slug used in the Experime nt. 42 XI The Tempe rature Totals and the Av erage Numbe r of Eggs Oviposite d . 47 XII The Totals and Av e rages of t h e Fate of Egg s incubated at the Four Temperatures . 55 XIII The Number of Days a Slug can be Expected to Survive at each of the Four Temperatures . 58 XIV The% of slugs that have died following the Ingestion of Biocides. 60 xv The% of slugs that have died following Contact with Biocides. List of Tables used in the Text cont ..
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