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An Analysis of the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Selected Provinces and Cities of Viet Nam

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An Analysis of the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children in Selected Provinces and Cities of Viet Nam MINISTRY OF LABOUR, INVALIDS AND SOCIAL AFFAIRS AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM Artwork by children at the Little Rose Shelter (HCMC) AUGUST 2011 AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM 1 2 AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 LIST OF TABLES 4 ABBREVIATIONS 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 9 DEFINITIONS 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 12 SECTION ONE - INTRODUCTION 21 Introduction 21 Objectives 22 Methodology 23 Country Profile 31 Situation of Children 33 SECTION TWO – RESEARCH FINDINGS 36 Child Prostitution 37 Child Sex Trafficking 56 Child Sex Tourism 73 Child Pornography 81 SECTION THREE – CROSS CUTTING ISSUES 87 Conditions 87 Impact 93 SECTION FOUR – CAUSAL ANALYSIS 95 SECTION FIVE - RECOMMENDATIONS 104 Recommendations 104 Conclusion 115 REFERENCES 156 AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM 3 LIST OF ANNEXES 1 Research Methodology 116 2 Summary of Organisations Addressing CSEC in Viet Nam 118 3 Organisations Conducting Specific CSEC Projects 142 4 Ratification Status for International CSEC Laws/Conventions 143 5 Key Legal Provisions Addressing CSEC 144 6 Other State Provisions Relating to CSEC 148 7 Life Stories 151 LIST OF TABLES 1 Key Respondents by Province 25 2 Child Victims – CSEC Type 26 3 Selection of Research Locations 27 4 Viet Nam Child Population 31 5 Viet Nam Child Population by Geography 31 6 Key Demographic Indicators – Comparative Summary 32 7 Collated Data on the Situation of Children in Viet Nam 33 8 Collated Data regarding Child Sex in Viet Nam 35 9 Child Victims – Age when First Involved in Prostitution 40 10 Child Victims – Home Province 42 11 Child Victims – Perception of Customers’ Ages 48 12 Child Victims – Perception of Customers’ Occupations 49 13 Child Victims – Age at which Children were Trafficked 58 14 Child Victims – Origin and Trafficking Destination 58 15 Country of Origin for International Visitor Arrivals in Viet Nam (2009) 76 16 Child Victims – Number of Customers Each Day 87 17 Child Victims – Experience of Violence 89 18 Child Victims – Use of Condoms 90 19 Child Victims – Drug Use 91 20 Child Victims – Situation with Pregnancy 91 21 Child Victims – Outcome of Pregnancy 92 4 AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM 22 Child Victims – Educational Level 99 23 Child Victims – Family Experiences 101 24 Child Victims – Immediate Path into CSEC 103 FIGURES 1 Viet Nam Provincial Map 29 2 Foreign Sex Offences in Viet Nam 2005-2006 75 3 Causal Analysis Framework 96 4 Prevention and Response Conceptual Framework 105 5 Child Protection Continuum for the Prevention and Response System 114 AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM 5 ABBREVIATIONS AAV Action Aid Viet Nam AAT Alliance Anti-Trafic ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ARTIP Asia Regional Trafficking in Persons Project BCC Behaviour Change Communication CEFACOM Centre for Research, Family Health and Community CEOP Child Exploitation and Online Protection (a unit of the British Police) CHDC Community Health Development Consulting CICL Children in Conflict with the Law COMMIT Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking CPS Child Protection System CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CRWG Child Rights Working Group CSA Child Sexual Abuse CSAGA Centre for Studies and Applied Sciences in Gender, Family, Women and Adolescents CSEC Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children CST Child Sex Tourism CTSP Child Trafficking for Sexual Purposes DOET Department of Education and Training DOH Department of Health DOLISA Department of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs DOJ Department of Justice DPS Department of Public Security DSEP Department of Social Evils Prevention FBO Faith Based Organisation HCMC Ho Chi Minh City HCWF Ho Chi Minh City Child Welfare Foundation ICT Information Communication Technology IEC Information Education Communication 6 AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM ILO International Labour Organisation IOM International Organisation for Migration ISDS Institute for Social Development Studies MOET Ministry of Education and Training MIC Ministry of Information and Communication MOJ Ministry of Justice MOU Memorandum of Understanding MOLISA Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs MPS Ministry of Public Security MSM Men who have Sex with Men NGO Non Government Organisation NPA National Program of Action NPCP National Program for Child Protection 2011-2015 OPSC Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography PALS Pacific Links Foundation SAVY Survey Assessment of Vietnamese Youth TAF The Asia Foundation TOT Training of Trainers UNIAP United Nations Inter-Agency Project on Human Trafficking UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNICEF IRC UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime USAID United States Agency for International Development VGT Virtual Global Taskforce VHLSS Viet Nam Household Living Standards Survey VNAT Viet Nam National Administration of Tourism VND Vietnamese Dong VWU Viet Nam Women’s Union WFCL Worst Forms of Child Labour AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM 7 FOREWORD. The commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) is a concerning global problem which extends to Viet Nam. More than twenty years ago, Viet Nam became the first country in Asia and second in the world to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In delivering its commitment to child protection, the Government has made impressive achievements towards the implementation of children’s rights and building protective frameworks for children. However, the response to commercial sexual exploitation of children has not yet been sufficient. In order to establish a strong foundation for the development of policies and initiatives which focus on protecting children from commercial sexual exploitation and providing appropriate care for child victims, the Ministry of Labor Invalids and Social Affairs and UNICEF Viet Nam jointly initiated this study in five selected cities and provinces of Viet Nam. The findings of the research, including field assessments in the five selected cities and provinces, have shown an alarming situation of child prostitution, child sex trafficking, child sex tourism and child pornography in Viet Nam. Both girls and boys are victims of this abuse which is occurring not only in the large urban cities but also in rural areas, resulting in serious impacts for children’s development. Recognising that children at risk and child victims of commercial sexual exploitation require special protection measures, the study provides five key recommendations which include the development of a Policy Framework, a Coordination Framework, Legal and Regulatory Systems, Social Welfare Systems and Social Behaviour Change Systems. The recommendations listed in this report identify a clear path for mobilising a comprehensive child protection system that can respond to the special protection needs of children. The recommendations also propose roles and responsibilities for the Government, national institutions, non-government organisations, UN agencies, the private sector, communities, families and individuals to prevent and respond to the commercial sexual exploitation of children in Viet Nam. Nguyễn Trọng Đàm Lotta Sylwander Vice-Minister Representative MOLISA UNICEF Viet Nam 8 AN ANALYSIS OF THE COMMERCIAL SEXUAL EXPLOITATION OF CHILDREN IN SELECTED PROVINCES AND CITIES OF VIET NAM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Committed to understanding and responding to the commercial sexual exploitation of Viet Nam’s children, UNICEF Viet Nam and the Department of Social Evil Prevention (DSEP) within the Ministry of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (MOLISA) jointly initiated this situational analysis in December 2010. The research team included: Ms Anita Dodds (researcher/team leader), Dr Do Ngoc Khanh (research assistant), Ms Nguyen Thi Ha and Ms Le Hong Loan (who facilitated the research on behalf of UNICEF), Ms Vu Thanh Van, Mr Ha Ngoc Anh and Ms Phan Minh Chau (UNICEF translators), Mr Nguyen Van Minh, Ms Le Thi Ha, Mr Cao Van Thanh, Mr Nguyen Xuan Long, Ms Nguyen Thi Mai Anh, Mr Pham Ngoc Dung, Mr Pham Tien Thanh, Ms Vu Thi Kim Dung, Mr Luu Thi Hien and Ms Vu Thuy Hang (DSEP research team). UNICEF and DSEP (MOLISA) would like to sincerely thank the many individuals, organisations and agencies who generously contributed their valuable comments, documents and expertise in support of the study: Central Government Ministry of Public Security (MPS), Border Guards, Supreme People’s Court, Viet Nam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT), Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), Ministry of Justice (MOJ), Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC), Viet Nam Women’s Union (VWU), and DSEP (MOLISA). Provincial Government In Lao Cai, Khanh Hoa, An Giang, Ho Chi Minh City and Ha Noi: Department of Labour, Invalids and Social Affairs (DOLISA), Department of Justice (DOJ), Department of Public Security (DPS), Department of Health (DOH), People’s Committee, Women’s Union, Border
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