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The Role of Police in Identifying and Assisting Victims of Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: an Empirical Study in Vietnam

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The Role of Police in Identifying and Assisting Victims of Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: an Empirical Study in Vietnam The role of police in identifying and assisting victims of human trafficking for sexual exploitation: An empirical study in Vietnam by Oanh Van Nguyen Thesis Submitted to Flinders University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy College of Business, Government and Law August 2019 CONTENTS SUMMARY .....................................................................................................................................V DECLARATION .............................................................................................................................VI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. VII CREDIT .........................................................................................................................................IX LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................X LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... XI LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................ XII LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................... XIII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 14 1.1. Background of the problem ................................................................................................ 14 1.2. Statement of the problem .................................................................................................. 17 1.3. Research objectives and questions ................................................................................... 18 1.3.1. Objectives of research ................................................................................................. 18 1.3.2. Research questions ..................................................................................................... 19 1.4. Structure of thesis .............................................................................................................. 19 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 21 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.2. External factors influencing police in the identification and assistance of victims of sex trafficking ........................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Definitions of sex trafficking: unresolved problems ....................................................... 21 2.2.2. Victims of human trafficking: inconsistent notions ........................................................ 24 2.2.3. Techniques of traffickers .............................................................................................. 27 2.2.4. Non-cooperation of victims of trafficking ....................................................................... 27 2.3. Internal factors impacting on police identification of and assistance for victims of sex trafficking ........................................................................................................................... 30 2.3.1. Lack of knowledge and understanding about human trafficking ................................... 30 2.3.2. Training problems regarding identification of victims of human trafficking .................... 31 2.3.3. Methods to find victims of human trafficking ................................................................. 32 2.3.4. Lack of personnel, time, protocols and funds ............................................................... 34 2.3.5. Language barriers ........................................................................................................ 35 2.3.7. Inter-agency cooperation ............................................................................................. 36 2.3.8. Police culture ............................................................................................................... 37 2.4. Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER 8. HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN VIETNAM .................................................................... 41 8.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 41 8.2. Vulnerability to trafficking in persons in Vietnam ................................................................ 41 8.3. Human trafficking in Vietnam ............................................................................................. 44 8.3.1. Routes and patterns in human trafficking ..................................................................... 44 i 8.3.2. The situation of labour migration in Vietnam................................................................. 46 8.4. The legal system and national responses to human trafficking in Vietnam......................... 48 8.4.1. Legislation on human trafficking in Vietnam ................................................................. 48 8.4.2. National responses to human trafficking in Vietnam ..................................................... 52 8.5. Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 59 CHAPTER 9. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 60 9.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 60 9.7. Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 60 9.10. Research design .............................................................................................................. 62 9.10.2. Study sites ................................................................................................................. 62 9.10.3. Methods of recruitment for surveys ............................................................................ 64 9.10.4. Methods of recruitment for in-depth interviews ........................................................... 67 9.11. Data collection ................................................................................................................. 68 9.11.1. Surveys ...................................................................................................................... 68 9.11.2. In-depth interviews ..................................................................................................... 70 9.12. Data analysis ................................................................................................................... 70 9.12.1. Quantitative data analysis .......................................................................................... 70 9.12.2. Qualitative data analysis ............................................................................................ 71 9.13. Role of the researcher ..................................................................................................... 72 9.14. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 17. POLICE PERCEPTIONS OF VICTIMS OF SEX TRAFFICKING IN VIETNAM ..... 74 17.1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 74 17.2. Gender ............................................................................................................................ 74 17.2.1. Female victims ........................................................................................................... 74 17.2.2. Male victims ............................................................................................................... 77 17.3. Age .................................................................................................................................. 79 17.3.1. Adult victims ............................................................................................................... 79 17.3.2. Child victims ............................................................................................................... 81 17.5. Employment problems ..................................................................................................... 85 17.5.1. Occasional employment ............................................................................................. 85 17.5.2. Sex workers ............................................................................................................... 86 17.6. Education problems ......................................................................................................... 87 17.6.1. Low level of education ................................................................................................ 87 17.6.2. Interrupted education ................................................................................................
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