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Coreanas MUNDIAL Estas Estatuillas De Gres Datan De Los Siglos V-VI De Nuestra Era (Época Antigua De Silla)

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Coreanas MUNDIAL Estas Estatuillas De Gres Datan De Los Siglos V-VI De Nuestra Era (Época Antigua De Silla) Una ventana El C]orT*Pf) ^e ^a unesco abierta al mundo S? ¿?- ¡Í£aúd££i». Hi TESOROS DEL ARTE Figurillas coreanas MUNDIAL Estas estatuillas de gres datan de los siglos V-VI de nuestra era (época antigua de Silla). Aunque a menudo de factura rudimentaria, este tipo de figurillas no carecen de expresividad, mostrando incluso un sentido agudo de la observación y un alegre humorismo. En la foto, un hombre (8,5 cm de altura) y una mujer (5.3) obra de los antiguos alfareros escultores coreanos, que mostraban no menor talento en la República reproducción de animales de todas clases (reptiles, perros, vacas, tigres, pájaros, conejos, etc.) de Corea Foto © Kim Tae-byok, Seúl ei Correo ^e *a unesc° páginas 4 CORRIENTES ESPIRITUALES EN LA COREA TRADICIONAL por Chang Byung-kil DICIEMBRE 1978 AÑO XXXI 11 200 AÑOS ANTES DE GUTENBERG, PUBLICADO EN 19 IDIOMAS LOS VERDADEROS INVENTORES DE LA TIPOGRAFÍA por Chon Hye-bong Español Italiano Turco Hindi Urdu Inglés 13 UN ALFABETO QUE RETRATA LA VOZ HUMANA Francés Tamul Catalán por Lee Ki-mun Ruso Hebreo Malayo Alemán . Persa Coreano 14 "EL CANTO DE LA TIERRA" Arabe Portugués (Fotos) Japonés Neerlandés 16 UN FRESCO ANIMADO DE LA VIDA COTIDIANA 19 UN APORTE ORIGINAL A LA PINTURA ORIENTAL Publicación mensual de la UNESCO por Choe Sun-u (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura) 22 UN ARTE VIVIENTE QUE VUELVE DE ULTRATUMBA Venta y distribución : por Kim Won-yong Unesco, place de Fontenoy, 75700 París Tarifas de suscripción : 31 LOS MAESTROS CERAMISTAS DE COREA un año : 35 francos (España : 750 pesetas) dos años : 58 francos. por Chong Yang-mo Tapas para 11 números : 24 francos. Los artículos y fotografías que no llevan el signo © (copyright) 32 EL TEMPLO DEL BUDA DE LA LUZ INFINITA pueden reproducirse siempre que se haga constar "De por Hwang Su-yong EL CORREO DE LA UNESCO", el número del que han sido tomados y el nombre del autor. Deberán enviarse a EL CORREO tres ejemplares de la revista o periódico que los 35 UNA CONCEPCIÓN PRACTICA DE LA CIENCIA publique. Las fotografías reproducibles serán facilitadas por la Redacción a quien las solicite por escrito. Los artículos firma¬ Del reloj de sol al pluviómetro dos no expresan forzosamente la opinión de la Unesco o de la por Jeon Sang-woon Redacción de la revista. En cambio, los títulos y los pies de fotos son de la incumbencia exclusiva de esta última. 38 LOS SEIS ROSTROS DE LA TORTUGA COREANA Redacción y Administración : por Zo Za-yong Unesco, place de Fontenoy, 75700 París Jefe de redacción : 40 LOS PINTORES ANÓNIMOS DEL ALMA POPULAR por Zo Za-yong Subjefe de redacción : Olga Rodel 44 LA LEYENDA DORADA DEL ANIMAL Y EL HOMBRE por Li Ogg Secretaria de redacción : Gillian Whitcomb 50 CONFERENCIA GENERAL DE LA UNESCO Redactores principales : Español : Francisco Fernández-Santos (París) 2 TESOROS DEL ARTE MUNDIAL Francés : Inglés : Howard Brabyn (París) REPÚBLICA DE COREA : Figurillas coreanas Ruso : Victor Goliachkov (París) Alemán : Werner Merkli (Berna) Arabe : Abdel Moneim El Sawi (El Cairo) Japonés : Kazuo Akao (Tokio) Italiano : María Remiddi (Roma) Hindi : H.L. Sharma (Delhi) Nuestra portada Tamul : M. Mohammed Mustafa (Madras) Hebreo : Alexander Broido (Tel-Aviv) Antes de llamarse con el nombre con que hoy Persa : Fereydun Ardalan (Teherán) se la conoce en el mundo, Corea se llamaba Portugués : Benedicto Silva (Río de Janeiro) en su propia lengua Tsio-tsíen (en chino Neerlandés : Paul Morren (Amberes) Chao-sein y en japonés Cho-sen), que quiere Turco : Mefra Arkin (Estambul) decir, "país de la mañana serena" o, más Urdu : Hakim Mohammed Said (Karachi) concretamente, "país de Levante". A levante, 'Catalán : Cristian Rahola (Barcelona) en afecto, de China y a poniente del Japón, Malayo : Azizah Hamzah (Kuala Lumpur) Corea se sitúa geográfica e históricamente Coreano : Lim Moun-Young (Seul) entre los dos grandes países del Lejano Oriente, pero con caracteres netamente Redactores adjuntos : peculiares que hacen de ella desde el Español : Jorge Enrique Adoum principio una cultura independiente y Francés : Djamel Benstaali sumamente original. A esa cultura, sus Inglés : Roy Malkin tradiciones, su arte, sus logros científicos y técnicos, está dedicado enteramente este Documentación : Christiane Boucher número de El Correo de la Unesco. Con él Ilustración : Ariane Bailey nuestra revista desea contribuir a la acción Composición gráfica : Robert Jacquemin que la Unesco viene realizando con vistas a un estudio general de las culturas asiáticas. En la portada, retrato en seda de un La correspondencia debe dirigirse personaje ilustre (Yi Chae) por un pintor al Director de la revista. anónimo de mediados del siglo XVIII. , Corrientes espirituales en la Corea tradicional por Chang Byung-kil SEGÚN una antigua leyenda que las gyo tiene unos 4.000 años de antigüedad. taoísta. Según los testimonios escritos, las investigaciones arqueológicas y lin¬ Su concepto de dios es uno y trino : crea¬ enseñanzas de Lao-tse y de Chuang-tsu güísticas parecen confirmar, hace dor, maestro y soberano temporal. Su fueron introducidas en Corea en el siglo Vil miles de años un grupo de tribus instaladas nombre es Hanul. Este dios tomó forma de nuestra era. Acontecía incluso que cier¬ en los montes Altai emprendieron la emi¬ humana en la persona de Tangun, el padre, tos templos budistas se convirtieran en gración hacia el este a través de Siberia y maestro y rey del pueblo coreano, que des¬ templos taoístas a medida que el poder de Manchuria. Algunas de ellas, que se cree cendió del cielo al más elevado pico de Koguryo se iba debilitando. eran de origen tongu, llegaron hasta la Corea, probablemente el monte Pektu, hoy También en Pekche surgió una tendencia en el territorio de Corea del Norte. La península de Corea. Satisfechas con aque¬ a creer en los seres espirituales del taoísmo. llas nuevas tierras, se extendieron a partir leyenda afirma que tal acontecimiento Pero donde más vigorosa impronta dejó el ocurrió en el año 2333 a. de J.C, y hasta del tercer milenio a. de J.C. por la penín¬ taoísmo es en los principios rectores del sula y allí se asentaron definitivamente con¬ una época reciente el calendario coreano cuerpo o grupo selecto Hwarung del reino virtiéndose en la etnia dominante. empezaba a partir de ese año. de Silla, a cuyos miembros se les educaba El coreano primitivo, dedicado a la caza y Tangun se convirtió en el maestro y en la paciencia, la sencillez, el contenta¬ a la pesca, se sentía sorprendido y descon¬ legislador de las tribus que encontró insta¬ miento y la armonía esencia¬ certado por la forma como las cosas se pro¬ ladas en la península de Corea, reinando les de la ética taoísta , así como en la doc¬ ducían en torno suyo. Se preguntaba sobre ellas durante 93 años, al final de los trina confuciana de la lealtad, la piedad incluso si esas cosas no estaban, como él cuales ascendió de nuevo a los cielos. filial, la honradez y la buena fe, y en la mismo, habitadas por espíritus. Las comunidades tribales se fueron enseñanza budista de la compasión. Su esfuerzo por comprender su entorno constituyendo gradualmente en reinos. En Aunque el taoísmo no llegó a propagarse y por mantener una relación armónica con el siglo I de nuestra era había en el país tres como culto independiente, continuó él terminó por inculcarle la creencia de que de esos reinos, a saber, Koguryo, Pekche y impregnando todas las capas del pueblo en las fuerzas naturales y en los objetos ani¬ Silla. Entre los ritos religiosos comunes a llano de Corea. La huella más ostensible de mados e inanimados que le rodeaban resi¬ estos estados tribales figuraba un servicio la influencia taoísta entre los coreanos es la dían una serie de espíritus poderosos. Así, destinado a concillarse los favores del cielo. búsqueda de la beatitud y de la longevidad, cuando un cazador tenía que matar un ani¬ Durante el periodo de los Tres Reinos los que es el más vigoroso de los rasgos de la mal para proveer a su alimento, ejecutaba ritos tribales, dirigidos por los jefes milita¬ religiosidad taoísta. La marca indeleble del un rito invocando la aprobación del espíritu res, a los que se consideraba como "men¬ taoísmo se observa en los dos caracteres totem de la víctima que iba a cazar. Y sajeros del Emperador Celeste", se halla¬ chinos su (longevidad) y pok (beatitud o cuando los labradores deseaban obtener ban sólidamente establecidos lo mismo felicidad), que hoy se utilizan para decorar una buena cosecha, celebraban ceremo¬ entre la nobleza que entre los plebeyos ; a tantos objetos de uso doméstico, como nias cuya finalidad era concillarse a los dio¬ medida que fueron introduciéndose otras cucharas o fundas de almohadón. Si se le ses del campo y del bosque. religiones extranjeras, la pureza de la prác¬ pregunta a un viejo coreano cuáles son los más preciosos bienes, contestará sin vaci¬ Para sus necesidades personales, el indi¬ tica del Taejong-gyo fue perdiéndose poco viduo necesitaba un intermediario entre él y a poco. Ya en el siglo XV, ese culto primi¬ lar : "La longevidad, la dicha, la salud, la el mundo de los espíritus que pudiera con¬ tivo había prácticamente desaparecido en riqueza y la procreación de los hijos". jurar o curar la enfermedad y la fortuna cuanto tal. Cuando el budismo comenzó a penetrar adversa y asegurarle un tránsito favorable Fue durante el periodo de los Tres Rei¬ en Corea, en el siglo IV de nuestra era, la de este mundo al de ultratumba cuando le nos (57 a. de J.C.-668 de la era cristiana) península mediaba ya casi el periodo de los llegara la hora.
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