2016 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS SAMOA GENDER DYNAMICS MONOGRAPH APRIL 2020 Samoa Bureau of Statistics United Nations Population Fund Apia, Samoa Pacific Sub Regional Office Samoa and Fiji 2016 POPULATION AND HOUSING CENSUS SAMOA GENDER DYNAMICS MONOGRAPH APRIL 2020 CONTENTS FOREWORD II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III ACRONYMS IV LIST OF FIGURES V LIST OF TABLES VI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY VII CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background and context 1 1.2 Gender and development 3 1.2.1 Gender and development in Samoa 3 1.2.2 Why a gender monograph 6 1.3 Methodology 7 1.4 Concepts and definitions 7 1.5 Limitations 7 1.6 Outline of the monograph report 8 CHAPTER 2. POPULATION DEMOGRAPHICS AND DYNAMICS 9 2.1 Introduction and overview 9 2.2 National population by gender 10 2.2.1 Population growth – male-to-female comparison 10 2.2.2 Population distribution – male-to-female ratio 10 2.2.3 Population pyramid 11 2.3 Region, district and village population 13 2.3.1 Population by region and gender 13 2.3.2 Population by district and gender 14 2.3.3 Population by village and sex 16 2.4 Citizenship status and migration 18 2.5 Marital status 21 2.5.1 Marital status by gender 21 2.5.2 Marital status by gender and age 22 2.6 Religious status 23 2.7 Summary 26 CHAPTER 3. EDUCATION 28 3.1 Introduction and overview 28 3.2 Educational attendance 28 3.2.1 Population ever-attended school by sex and region 28 3.2.2 Population aged 3 to 24 years currently attending school by sex 29 3.2.3 Population aged 6 to 24 years currently attending school 31 3.2.4 Population aged 3 years and over currently attending school by sex 33 3.3 Educational attainment 36 3.3.1 Highest education level attained by sex 36 3.3.2 Population’s qualifications by sex 38 3.3.3 Population’s qualifications by sex and age 39 3.4 Literacy 42 3.5 Summary 44 CHAPTER 4. HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 46 4.1 Introduction and overview 46 4.2 Life expectancy 46 4.3 Fertility 47 4.3.1 Total fertility 47 4.3.2 Women who had given birth by age and urban-rural residence 48 4.3.3 Age-specific fertility 49 4.3.4 Teenage fertility 50 4.3.5 Current fertility differentials 53 4.4 Mortality 55 4.4.1 Population mortality by sex 55 4.4.2 Child mortality by sex 56 4.5 Disability 57 4.5.1 Domain of disability by sex 57 4.5.2 Disability by sex and age 58 4.6 Summary 61 CHAPTER 5. EMPLOYMENT, INCOME, HOUSEHOLDS AND ASSETS 63 5.1 Introduction and overview 63 5.2 Employment 63 5.2.1 Economically and non-economically active 63 5.2.2 Main activity 64 5.2.3 Labour force participation rate 69 5.2.4 Occupation by gender 76 5.2.5 Occupation by sex and age 77 5.3 Income 79 5.3.1 Wage levels by sex 79 5.3.2 Wage levels by sex and occupation 80 5.4 Households and assets 82 5.4.1 Household heads and compositions 82 5.4.2 Land tenure 83 5.4.3 Access to a mobile phone 86 5.5 Summary 87 CHAPTER 6. DECISION-MAKING PARTICIPATION 91 6.1 Introduction and overview 91 6.2 Matai title population by gender 91 6.2.1 Matai title proportion by sex 91 6.2.2 Inter-census data on matai records by sex 92 6.2.3 Matai by sex and age 93 6.2.4 Matai title distribution across regions by sex distribution 94 6.2.5 Matai title distribution across districts by sex distribution 95 6.3 Summary 98 CHAPTER 7. IMPLICATIONS AND CONCLUSION 99 7.1 Introduction 99 7.2 Implications and recommendations 99 7.2.1 Population demographics and dynamics 99 7.2.2 Education 102 7.2.3 Health and well-being 103 7.2.4 Employment, income, households and assets 105 7.2.5 Decision-making participation 107 7.2.6 There is a need for more research into areas of gender disparities as highlighted by the evidence presented in this monograph. 108 7.3 Conclusion 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY 111 ANNEXES 112 ANNEX 1. PACIFIC SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS (SDGS) INDICATOR FRAMEWORK 112 ANNEX 2. TOTAL POPULATION BY REGION, DISTRICT, VILLAGE AND SEX 117 ANNEX 3. TOTAL POPULATION BY SEX AND SINGLE AGE 124 ANNEX 4. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY SEX RANKED BY MOST POPULATED VILLAGE 125 FOREWORD With the strong sentiments of “leaving no one behind” and “reaching the furthest behind” the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have put gender inequality at the forefront and centre of sustainable and inclusive development. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5: “Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls” recognizes that women and girls worldwide face many challenges that limit their full participation in social-political and economic development opportunities. Women, children, and people living with a disability, including those living in isolated and hard-to-reach communities, are often the most marginalized members of a society and are therefore most vulnerable and at risk of being left furthest behind in accessing services, basic needs, and many other opportunities. The Government of Samoa has acknowledged the existence of gender inequality in Samoa. The Strategy for the Development of Samoa 2016-2020 stipulates under Outcome 8.1 that the: “Inclusion of vulnerable groups (women, youth, people with disabilities, children, elderly and disadvantaged people) in community planning and governance activities will be enhanced”. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) further recognizes that the empowerment of all women and girls, and the realization of reproductive rights in both development and humanitarian settings, is essential to advance gender equality and achieve universal access to sexual and reproductive health by 2030, as well as to realize its strategic vision of zero maternal mortality; zero unmet need for family planning; and zero gender-based violence (GBV) by 2030. One of the many ways in which UNFPA supports countries, including Samoa, in their efforts towards achieving the 2030 Agenda and gender equality is through strengthening national data capabilities. This includes the generation of effective and reliable population data, disaggregated by sex, and analysis to use demographic intelligence for evidence-based policy, advocacy and programming. This gender monograph provides a detailed analysis of the social differences that exist between females and males in Samoa based on available national census data and information, administrative data and information, and other existing available research and studies. The evidence-based analyses of national census data and other available information presented in this monograph, confirms that gender inequalities and disparities exist in our society and need addressing. This monograph further provides recommendations on key areas for policy and programme considerations to address gender inequality in Samoa. We acknowledge the support of everyone who contributed to this monograph. The assistance of the Samoa Bureau of Statistics’ management and staff who contributed to making data available is noted with appreciation. We also acknowledge with sincere thanks the financial support and technical advice from UNFPA, under the leadership of Dr. Jennifer Butler, Director and Representative Pacific Sub-Regional Office, which enabled this monograph to be published. We also acknowledge the additional expert critiques and editorial contributions by Ms Kim Robertson of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Special thanks to Muliagatele Dr Potoae Roberts-Aiafi for the analysis and writing of this monography. We hope that this monograph will add value in informing all-inclusive development efforts; policies, programmes and activities for the benefit of Samoan people. Ali’imuamua Malaefono Taua T. Faasalaina Government Statistician/ Chief Executive Officer Samoa Bureau of Statistics II 2016 Population and Housing Census ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was produced as part of the ongoing partnership between the SBS and UNFPA. The report was initiated and completed under UNFPA’s Transformative Agenda Programme funded by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) Australia and the Pacific Regional Sexual and Reproductive Health Programme (PRSRHP) activities in Samoa, funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MFAT) New Zealand. The report was written by Potoae Roberts-Aiafi (UNFPA National Consultant), with technical and project management oversight provided by Ms Taiaopo Faumuina (Assistant Chief Executive Officer – Census, Surveys and Demographic Statistics Division, SBS) and staff of UNFPA PSRO. SBS appreciates comments and inputs received from Ms Kim Robertson (SPC Fiji), Ms. Alexandra Robinson, Ms. Sandra Paredez and Dr Ibironke Oyatoye (UNFPA PSRO). SBS would like to acknowledge Ms. Esther Bayliss for the report edits and Ms. Karlien Truyens for the design. Samoa Gender Dynamics Monograph III ACRONYMS ASFR Age-Specific Fertility rate AUA Apia Urban Area CCCS Congregational Christian Church of Samoa CDR Crude Death Rate DHS Demographic and Health Survey ECE Early Childhood Education EFKS Ekalesia Faalapotopotoga Kerisiano o Samoa GBV Gender-Based Violence IMR Infant Mortality Rate LDS Latter Day Saints MDG Millennium Development Goals MPE Ministry of Public Enterprises MWCSD Ministry of Women, Community and Social Development NS Not Stated NUS National University of Samoa NWU North West Upolu NZ New Zealand OEC Office of the Electoral Commissioner PhD Doctor of Philosophy PSC Public Service Commission PSSC Pacific Secondary School Certificate ROU Rest of Upolu SBS Samoa Bureau of Statistics SC School Certificate SDGs Sustainable Development Goals SLRC Samoa Law Reform Commission SNE Special Needs Education SPC Secretariat of the Pacific Community SSLC Secondary School Leaving Certificate TFR Total Fertility Rate U5MR Under-Five Mortality Rate UN United