VIS-NIR-SWIR FIELD SPECTROSCOPY AS APPLIED TO PRECIOUS METALS EXPLORATION: GOLD SYSTEMS

VISIBLE RANGE ILLITES

Lepidocrocite

Ferrihydrite 795 961

782 Maghemite

922 Goethit

769 959

Hematite

761 920

748 Aluminum content of illites can be estimated from Iron oxides 855 the 2.2 m absorption feature, which shifts oxyhydroxides relative to the percent aluminum present. There Feature positions for a cross section of appears to be a deposit-specific correlation in muscovites and illites from SPECMIN  range that when illite/”sericite”/muscovite alteration is – Plots of europium, neodymium oxide, from 2198nm to 2212 nm, with the majority present, there are higher amounts of aluminum samarium oxide, praseodymium oxide falling within 2200-2204 nm. The more common iron oxides apparently associated with the ore zones. This from the USGS reference library . The illites plotted in Figure 9 are from different and hydroxides are lepidocrocite, also has been documented by Post and Noble environments and from top to bottom are [A] ferrihydrite, maghemite. Goethite (1993) and their data is plotted against spectral 745 Hog Ranch, Nevada, epithermal gold deposit; wavelength values collected from their published 703 and hematite [B] Chuquicamata, Chile, porphyry copper; [C] 766 . samples. Leadville, Colorado, gold vein system; [D] 894 Acid Iron Sulfates Cananea, Mexico, porphyry copper deposit; Schwertmannite [E] Round Mountain, Nevada, disseminated 733 917 gold deposit; [F, G, H] sedimentary illites from Jarosite 920 713 Illinois shales 927

682 435 874 Copiapite 862 USGS

References 430 655 468 560 776

Coquimbite 430 518 The three most common iron minerals

430 Melanterite encountered in Au and Cu deposits are 871 jarosite, goethite and hematite. The plot A very important series is the one from shows spectral profiles and wavelengths montmorillonite (A) through to muscovite [I]. Iron sulfates are very useful to This goes through mixed layer smectite/illite for these minerals in the visible range, determine pH. They include [B] and illite/smectite [C, D] to illite [E, F, G, where most of their diagnostic features Schwertmannite, jarosite, H]. This is the most complicated series occur. The emission features are more copiapite, coquimbite and commonly worked with in alteration systems. consistent and reproducible then the melanterite Changes in water content, profile shape and absorption features. These features all wavelength are all subtle between the Different water sites from channel water in different species in the series beryl to molecular water in gypsum to have a range. These minerals are usually zeolite channel water to interlayer water in mixtures of each other. smectite to surface water. EPITHERMAL GOLD - LOW SULFIDATION

Major Global Deposits EL PEÑON, Chile MARTA, Peru ESQUEL, Argentina ROUND MOUNTAIN, Nv CERRO VANGUARDIA, Argentina COMSTOCK, Nv HISHIKARI, Japan SLEEPER, Nevada GOSAWONG , Indonesia MIDAS, Nevada KUPOL, Russia WAIHI , New Zealand ROSIA MONTANA, Romania GOLDEN CROSS, NZ LIHIR, PNG CERRO BAYO, Chile TRES CRUCES, Peru KORI KOLLO, Bolivia

COMMON ALTERATION MINERALS- LSS Model for a low-sulfidation epithermal gold ILLITE KAOLINITE CHLORITES system. Note distribution of alteration ILLITE/SMECTITE BUDDINGTONITE EPIDOTE zoning and known deposits. (Corbett and Montmorillonite ADULARIA* ZEOLITES Kesler, S.E., 1994, Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment : Leach, 1998) QUARTZ CALCITE HEMATITE Macmillan, New York, 394 p *Adularia is not infrared active.

QSP QSA Argillic Intermediate Argillic

QSA alteration plot includes Illite, mixed layer illite/smectite, Minerals include illite, mixed layer Intermediate Argillic Alteration shows quartz, illite, muscovite, pyrite. montmorillonite, quartz, calcite, dolomite, illite/smectite, montmorillonite, quartz, kaolinite, illite, illite/smectite, kaolinite and pyrite “adularia”,kaolinite and buddingtonite montmorillonite, quartz, pyrite

Steam Heated Argillic Silicic Propylitic

Minerals include opal, chalcedony, Minerals include sulfur, pyrite. Chalcedony, Minerals include: Mg-Chlorite, Fe-Chlorite, quartz, hematite, and pyrite. opal, kaolinite, alunite, jarosite epidote, illite/smectite, zeolite. Montmorillonite and calcite EPITHERMAL GOLD - HIGH SULFIDATION HOT SPRINGS List of Well Known Deposits – Distribution GOLDFIELD, NV ZIJINSHAN, China YANACOCHA, Peru SIPAN, Peru SUMMITVILLE, CO TAMBO, Chile LEPANTO, Phillipines TANTAHUATAY, Peru PASCUA-LLAMA, Chile-Argentina AQUA RICA, Argentina PIERINA, Peru QUIMSACOCHA, Ecuador PUEBLO VIEJO, Dominican Republic MARTABEIndonesia ALTA CHACAMA,Peru VELADERO, Argentina LA COIPA, Chile RODIQUILAR, Spain MULATOS, Mexico FURTEI, Sardinia

COMMON ALTERATION MINERALS- HSS Unknown source ALUNITE • OPAL • DICKITE • PYROPHYLLITE • DIASPORE • ZUNYITE • TOPAZ • ILLITE • KAOLINITE • CHLORITES • ILLITE/SMECTITE • EPIDOTE • QUARTZ • MONTMORILLONITE GEOTHITE • JAROSITE • HEMATITE

STEAM HEATED Steam Heated BLANKET Opaline silica, Cristobalite Model for High Sulfidation Gold System showing alteration zones Microcrystalline quartz and feeder structure. Source: Henley and Ellis, 1983 Kaolinite, Alunite, Natroalunite Montmorillonite, Melanterite Source: Stuart Simmons, 2007 Sulfur, Alunogen, Copiapite, Gypsum, Fe- sulfates, Fe oxyhydroxides

Vuggy silica Silicic

NH4 Minerals

Hot Springs Vuggy silica alteration includes alunite, jarosite, quartz, sulfur, Minerals include quartz, Advanced Argillic pyrite, hematite chalcedondy, alunite, hematite, Minerals include: SILICA OPAL pyrite. Barite is not IR active. OPAL BUDDINGTONITE ALUNITE-K, Minerals include: NH4- Alunite-K, Alunite-Na Zunyite ALUNITE-Na KAOLINITE ILLITE, jarosite, NH4-alunite, NH4- COPIAPITE, Fe-Sulfates, Fe Kaolinite Dickite Pyrophyllite, illite, Buddingtonite Hydroxides Topaz, Diaspore SKARNS RETROGRADE RETROGRADE OROGENIC GOLD

CLAYS

Illite, Illite/smectite, Actinolite, tremolite, epidote, - clinozoisite, Fe-Chlorite, Mg-chlorite, montmorillonite, nontronite, biotite, phlogopite, vesuvianite, and and pyrite. prehnite Cr-muscovite, paragonite muscovite, roscoelite, illite, Zonation of most skarns reflects the geometry kaolinite, quartz, siderite, ankerite, calcite, of the pluton contact and fluid flow. Such skarns dolomite.chlorites, carbonates, illite, kaolinite, quartz are zoned from proximal endoskarn to proximal exoskarn, dominated by garnet. More distal skarn usually is more pyroxene-rich and the skarn front, especially in contact with marble, may be dominated by pyroxenoids or vesuvianite. Meinert, L.D., 1992

Poulsen et CARBONATES al, 2000

Minerals include Ankerite, Minerals include forsterite, calcite, dolomite, Fe- serpentine, talc, calcite, tremolite, dolomite, siderite. magnetite Corbett, G.J., and Leach, T.M., 1998, Southwest Pacific rim gold-copper systems: Structure, alteration and mineralisation: Economic Geology, Special Publication 6, 238 p., Society of Economic Geologists. Cox, D. P., and Singer, D. A., eds., 1986, Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey, Bulletin 1693, 379 p Henley, R. W. and Ellis, A. J. (1983) Geothermal systems, ancient and modern: a geochemical review. Earth Sci. Rev. 19, 150. Kesler, S.E., 1994, Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment : Macmillan, PROGRADE ALTERATION New York, 394 p Meinert LD (1992) Skarns and skarn deposits. Geoscience Canada. 19:145-162 . Minerals include: Scapolite-meionite, Poulsen, K.H., R.F., and Dubé, B., 2000, scapolite-marialite, scapolite-mizzonite, Spectral International, Inc. Geological classification of Canadian gold deposits: Geological Survey of www.spectral-iinternational.com Canada, Bulletin 540, 106 p. diopside, hedenbergite, olivine, rhodonite, SpecMIN™, available from Spectral International, Inc., is the source for spectra used in grossularite, andradite, wollastonite, and PO BOX 1027, Arvada CO 80001 this document. vesuvianite. Tel. 303.403.8383 Stuart Simmons, 2007,Northwest Mining Association Annual Meeting, Short Course on Email: [email protected] Epithermal Gold Systems