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Effects of Variable-Retention Treatments on Numbers of Singing Effects of Variable-Retention Treatments on Numbers of Singing Small Passerine Birds in Pacific Northwest Forests Author: Randall J Wilk Source: Northwestern Naturalist, 100(1) : 60-70 Published By: Society for Northwestern Vertebrate Biology URL: https://doi.org/10.1898/NWN18-19 BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Complete website, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/terms-of-use. Usage of BioOne Complete content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Northwestern-Naturalist on 07 Mar 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library (NAL) GENERAL NOTES NORTHWESTERN NATURALIST 100:60–70 SPRING 2019 EFFECTS OF VARIABLE-RETENTION TREATMENTS ON NUMBERS OF SINGING SMALL PASSERINE BIRDS IN PACIFIC NORTHWEST FORESTS RANDALL JWILK ABSTRACT—Forest birds are sensitive to habitat tions Study (DEMO) is a long-term retention change and may be suitable for measuring responses experiment initiated in the 1990s to understand to retention forestry. I present the short-term effects of treatment effects of retention and cut pattern on 6 treatments in a 6 block randomized design experi- an array of flora and fauna components in ment on 15 breeding small bird species in mature mature Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) for- Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in western ests in western Washington and Oregon (Hal- Washington and Oregon, 1994–2001. The 13-ha treat- ment stands contained aggregated (A) green-tree pern and Raphael 1999). The Short-term retentions of 100, 75, 40 and 15%, and a dispersed tree treatment responses of vertebrate fauna have distribution pattern (D) of 40 and 15% retention. I been published for communities of salamanders compared numbers of entire singing bird territories and small mammals (Erickson and West 2003; (abundances) mapped inside sampling plots in post- Maguire and others 2005; Gitzen and others (2-y x¯) and pre-treatments (1 y). Species richness 2007; Holloway and others 2011; Wilk and others significantly declined in both 15% treatments. In the 2015), but not bird communities. Responses of 15%D treatment, significantly lower richness and passerine bird species are of particular interest lower species similarity were less than A treatments because they are sensitive responders to habitat with 40% retention, and significantly lower species change (Wu and others 2018), which may make diversity was less than the other treatments. The size of decline of abundances of canopy-associated species them suitable indicators for measuring the (summed members) increased with successively lower outcomes of variable tree retention (Rosenvald tree retention; the cavity-nesting species declined with and Lohmus˜ 2008). Nearly 2 decades have lower snag retention in treatments 40% retention; passed since initial treatments were completed, and there was no response for species associated with during which time wood demand from the understory vegetation, but medians of the percentage growing human population has increasingly change in abundance of understory species were subsumed forests (Alig and Plantinga 2004; negative in cut treatments. There was no detectable Nowak and Walton 2005; Nowak and others difference in treatment effects between tree distribution 2005), and climate change has heightened cut patterns. Greater amounts of tree retention helped concerns about effects on forest resources (van maintain composition and abundance better than less retention, and overall the variety of treatments Mantgem and others 2009; Fettig and others maintained all species. For maintaining richness, 2013). Presentation of short-term effects lacking similarity, and diversity, the 15%A and 40%D treat- hitherto is fundamental and necessary to help ments were transitional between the A treatments identify initial post-treatment response thresh- 40% retention, where these community parameters olds for maintaining bird communities to better were maintained, and 15%D, which did not maintain inform and help advance management of Pacific natural diversity or species persistence. Northwest forests. The DEMO hypotheses addressed a triad of Key words: bird communities, Brown Creeper, bird groups (identified by superscripts 1, 2, and cavity nest, Chestnut-backed Chickadee, Dark-eyed 3 below) positing: (1) that short-term abundanc- Junco, DEMO, Douglas-fir, forest management, Hermit 1 Pseudotsuga menziesii es of canopy-dwelling birds and birds associat- Warbler, Oregon, Pacific Wren, , 2 Townsend’s Warbler, Washington ed with understory vegetation would decline with decreasing levels of tree retention; (2) Retention forestry strives to maintain natural among nesting cavity-dependent species3 (sub- biodiversity and manage risk of defaunation group of the canopy group), declines would (Franklin and others 1997; Lindenmayer and occur from losses of snags in treatments 40% Franklin 2002; Gustafsson and others 2012). The retention; and (3) aggregation of tree retention Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Op- (versus dispersed) would lessen the effects 60 Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Northwestern-Naturalist on 07 Mar 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library (NAL) SPRING 2019 GENERAL NOTES 61 (Lehmkuhl and others 1999). The objective here is to address these hypotheses by describing treatment effects on the triad of bird groups. Six randomized blocks on federal and state lands west of the Cascade Range crest repre- sented the upland physiography of mature (65– 170 y-old) sub-climax Douglas-fir forests. Three blocks are in the Cascade Range and 1 is in the Black Hills, southwestern Washington; and 2 are in the Cascade Range of southwestern Oregon (Aubry and others 2009). Each block had 13-ha treatment unit stands of basal area retention (tree retention) of continuous aggregated (A) no-tree removal controls (100%A); low removal 75%A retained basal area, with 3 logged circular 1-ha patches; medium removal 40%A retained in 5 not cut 1-ha circle A patches evenly spaced within the treatment unit; high removal 15%A retained in 2 not cut 1-ha diagonally spaced circle A patches; and 40 and 15% treatments in a dispersed cut pattern (D) of evenly distributed dominant and co-dominant trees (USDA FS 2014). Singing territories were spot-mapped from 4 point-count sampling circle station centers per unit (75-m radius) spaced 160 m apart, each visited 6 times evenly spaced between late April and mid-July. This was done to capture breeding phenology and to delineate territory perimeters during 1 y pre-treatment (hereafter Pre) and 2 consecutive treatment years, ending 1–3 y after the completion of logging (hereafter Post) in 2001 (Lehmkuhl and others 1999; Aubry and others 2007). Statistical independence of treat- ments was maintained by constraining the response variable to the number of mapped entire territories contained inside sampling circles (excluding partial territories), resulting in species with small territories, which lends the analysis to the stand-scale space (Manuwal and Manuwal 2002) in breeding season time; and since entire territories were de facto abundances, FIGURE 1. Bird species richness (top), similarity detection probabilities were not warranted (Sie- (species in common with Pre [%]; center), and alpha gel 2009). diversity (Shannon-Weiner H, bottom) by treatment and sampling period (Pre-, Post-treatment). Horizontal I used error bar overlap rules for confidence axis shows percentages of tree retention and distribu- intervals (95% CI) to estimate P-values between tion pattern (A ¼ aggregated; D ¼ dispersed). Post (2-y x¯) and Pre, and across treatments, and to show the precision of estimates, effect sizes, and the uncertainty with interpretation of results For percentages, I used integers to compute CIs (Cumming 2009; Fidler and Loftus 2009). Error and estimate P, and the error bars are highly bar proportional overlap of 0.59 has an approx- asymmetrical when P is closer to 0 or 100% imate P-value of 0.05, and P gets smaller as (Cumming 2012). I used Gardiner (2018) for CIs overlap decreases (see Cumming 2009: Fig. 1). for alpha diversity (Shannon-Weiner). I show P- Downloaded From: https://bioone.org/journals/Northwestern-Naturalist on 07 Mar 2019 Terms of Use: https://bioone.org/terms-of-use Access provided by United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library (NAL) 62 NORTHWESTERN NATURALIST 100(1) TABLE 1. Post-treatment summary of forest feature measurements (x¯ 6 sx,¯ n ¼ 6[*n ¼ 5]), subdivided by treatment (tree retention % and pattern; A ¼ aggregated, D ¼ dispersed). Across rows, treatment values with the same letters are similar and different letters indicate
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