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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië Datum Februari 2021 Pagina 1 van 112 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië | Colofon Plaats Den Haag Opgesteld door Directie Sub-Sahara Afrika Afdeling Ambtsberichten Redacteur(en): Pagina 2 van 112 Algemeen Ambtsbericht Ethiopië | Inhoudsopgave Colofon ..........................................................................................................2 Inhoudsopgave ...............................................................................................3 Inleiding .........................................................................................................6 1 Politieke en veiligheidssituatie .................................................................... 7 1.1 Politiek(e)(-bestuurlijke) ontwikkelingen ............................................................7 1.1.1 Aantreden Abiy Ahmed .....................................................................................7 1.1.2 Wittebroodsweken ...........................................................................................7 1.1.3 Etnisch federalisme ..........................................................................................9 1.1.4 Hervormingen ............................................................................................... 10 1.1.5 Prosperity Party & Verkiezingen ....................................................................... 11 1.2 Legale oppositiebewegingen ............................................................................ 14 1.2.1 Coalities/samenwerkingsverbanden/allianties .................................................... 14 1.2.2 Afzonderlijke partijen ..................................................................................... 17 1.2.3 Qeerroo ........................................................................................................ 20 1.3 Illegale oppositiebewegingen .......................................................................... 21 1.4 Gewelddadige methodes door illegale oppositiepartijen ...................................... 23 1.4.1 Door Qeerroo ................................................................................................ 25 1.5 Operatiegebied van illegale oppositiebewegingen ............................................... 26 1.6 Rol van en ontwikkelingen rondom het OLF ....................................................... 26 1.7 Verhoudingen met de buurlanden, Eritrea, Somalië, Soedan en Zuid-Soedan ........ 28 1.7.1 Eritrea.......................................................................................................... 28 1.7.2 Soedan ........................................................................................................ 30 1.7.3 Zuid-Soedan ................................................................................................. 33 1.7.4 Somalië ........................................................................................................ 34 1.8 Veiligheidssituatie .......................................................................................... 35 1.8.1 Veranderingen in de veiligheidssituatie in Ethiopië ............................................. 35 1.8.2 Oromia ......................................................................................................... 37 1.8.3 Amhara ........................................................................................................ 41 1.8.4 Benishangul-Gumuz ....................................................................................... 44 1.8.5 SNNPRS ....................................................................................................... 45 1.8.6 Somali Regional State .................................................................................... 46 1.8.7 Tigray .......................................................................................................... 47 1.8.8 Afar ............................................................................................................. 50 1.8.9 Gambela ...................................................................................................... 51 1.9 Achtergrond geweldsincidenten: toename of afname? Willekeur of gericht? .......... 51 1.9.1 Ontwikkelingen ............................................................................................. 51 1.9.2 Gericht of willekeurig ..................................................................................... 53 2 Identiteit, nationaliteit en documenten ..................................................... 54 2.1 Identiteit, nationaliteit en documenten ............................................................. 54 2.1.1 INVEA .......................................................................................................... 54 2.1.2 Kebele kaart ................................................................................................. 54 2.1.3 Nationale identiteitskaart ................................................................................ 56 2.1.4 Paspoort ....................................................................................................... 57 2.1.5 Geboorteregistratie en -akte ........................................................................... 58 2.1.6 Vluchtelingendocument(en) en -registratie ....................................................... 60 2.2 Mogelijkheid voor legaal in Ethiopië verblijvende vluchtelingen om de Ethiopische nationaliteit te verkrijgen ............................................................................... 61 Pagina 3 van 112 3 Mensenrechten .......................................................................................... 63 3.1 Positie van specifieke groepen ......................................................................... 63 3.1.1 Bescherming van burgers door autoriteiten dan wel andere actoren ..................... 63 3.1.2 Uitsluiting van bepaalde (sociale) groepen van bescherming of opgelegde voorwaarden om bescherming te krijgen .......................................................... 65 3.2 Etnische groepen ........................................................................................... 65 3.2.1 Positie en behandeling van verschillende etnische groeperingen .......................... 65 3.2.2 Vervolging of discriminatie van minderheden door medeburgers en/of overheid en de mate van bescherming van de overheid ....................................................... 69 3.2.3 Achterstelling van bepaalde etnische groepen ................................................... 71 3.2.4 Problemen vanwege betrokkenheid bij of lidmaatschap van OLF, ONLF of PG7 ...... 71 3.2.5 Behandeling vanwege betrokkenheid bij of lidmaatschap van OLF of ONLF............ 74 3.2.6 Ontwikkelingen rondom onderling etnisch geweld in Ethiopië .............................. 77 3.3 Leden van oppositiepartijen/politieke activisten ................................................. 77 3.3.1 Monitoren van politieke opposanten in het buitenland ........................................ 77 3.3.2 Welke activiteiten worden gemonitord en op wat voor manier? ............................ 79 3.3.3 Rol van ambassades en van de Ethiopische inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten bij monitoring in het buitenland ........................................................................... 79 3.3.4 Gevolgen van marginale oppositionele activiteiten ............................................. 79 3.3.5 Risico op represailles bij deelname aan een demonstratie in het buitenland .......... 80 3.3.6 Hoe handelt de Ethiopische overheid in dat soort situaties?................................. 81 3.3.7 Mogelijk strafrechtelijke vervolging na terugkeer ............................................... 81 3.3.8 Positie van sympathisanten en leden van organisaties zoals het OLF, het ONLF en PG7 ............................................................................................................. 81 3.3.9 Positie van leden van oppositiepartijen ............................................................. 81 3.4 Naleving en schendingen ................................................................................ 84 3.4.1 Stand van zaken betreffende de naleving en schending van mensenrechten ......... 84 4 Vluchtelingen en ontheemden ................................................................... 89 4.1 Aantallen vluchtelingen en ontheemden ........................................................... 89 4.2 Opvanglocaties voor binnenlandse ontheemden................................................. 91 4.2.1 Wat is de feitelijke situatie in deze gebieden? ................................................... 91 4.3 Wettelijke bepalingen en beleid met betrekking tot Eritrese vluchtelingen/asielzoekers .............................................................................. 93 4.3.1 Toegang tot de asielprocedure in Ethiopië en recente beperkingen die Ethiopië heeft ingevoerd ..................................................................................................... 94 4.3.2 Bepaalde beperkingen voor specifieke groepen uit Eritrea ................................... 96 4.3.3 Risico op uitzetting bij het niet verkrijgen van een vluchtelingenstatus of als de asielzoeker niet geregistreerd wordt ................................................................ 97 4.3.4 Toegang van Eritrese minderjarigen tot asielprocedure ...................................... 97 4.3.5 Registratie door de ARRA van (Eritrese) asielzoekers ........................................
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