DOCSLIB.ORG

Promoting a Sharing Economy in a Small Town an Empirical Study Assessing Future Potential and Challenges in the Town of Norrtälje

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Promoting a Sharing Economy in a Small Town an Empirical Study Assessing Future Potential and Challenges in the Town of Norrtälje DEGREE PROJECT IN THE FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY CIVIL ENGINEERING AND URBAN MANAGEMENT AND THE MAIN FIELD OF STUDY THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT, SECOND CYCLE, 30 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Promoting a sharing economy in a small town An empirical study assessing future potential and challenges in the town of Norrtälje LISA LUNDSTRÖM KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT Title Swedish: Främja en delningsekonomi i en småstad: En empirisk studie som utvärderar framtida potential och utmaningar i Norrtälje stad Cover image: © Andrii Yalanskyi / Alamy Stock Photo Author: Lisa Lundström Supervisor: Åsa Callmer KTH - Division oF Urban and Regional Studies Date: 2020-06-25 Acknowledgements I would like to start by thanking my supervisor, Åsa Callmer, who, despite the very confusing times that the COVID-19 pandemic has presented this past spring, has ofFered great help and highly valued encouragements during this project. I would also like to thank all of the people who have taken their time to participate in this project in any shape or form, contributing with knowledge and insights crucial For the success of this study. Finally, I want to say thank you to my Friends and Family who always support me. Drawing on the Fact that this study marks the end oF five years oF studies at KTH for me, I would also like to acknowledge all of the wonderful people I’ve met on my journey and all of the valuable experiences I bring with me into the Future. I know that I leave KTH as a better, wiser and more confident person - and For that I am forever grateful. 2 Abstract The concept sharing economy (collaborative economy or collaborative consumption) has recently gained attention in several cities over the world, with its promotion ofFering a prospective new path to sustainable development. In current research, most scholars cover global initiatives or initiatives in larger cities, but very few to none of them seem to have investigated the situation and potential in smaller cities. This empirical study therefore investigates both existing initiatives and work with collaborative consumption as well as the Future potential and possible challenges For Further promotion in a small town context, using Norrtälje town in Sweden as a case study For exploring the topic. In this study, a sharing economy is defined as a socio-economic system enabling consumers to gain access to commonly under-utilized physical assets in collaborative practices of sharing, borrowing, bartering, swapping, renting, redistributing, buying second-hand, repairing and rebuilding goods, instead of consuming new goods and/or owning privately, taking place either via online platforms or through physical infrastructure, possibly in exchange for financial compensation. A miXed method approach, including both qualitative and quantitative methods, was used in this study. The data collection included semi-structured interviews with both sharing economy initiators and the Norrtälje municipality Sustainability strategist, an online survey shared with residents in Norrtälje, as well a qualitative desk-based study. The collected results were then analysed though the lens of a formed theoretical framework, covering the themes of conditions For success and important stakeholders in a sharing economy context, as well as drivers for starting or using these initiatives and possible environmental, social and economic benefits of implementing a sharing economy. The findings showed that 11 initiatives currently eXist in Norrtälje, and that the Norrtälje residents generally are very positive towards using sharing economy services. Further, it was Found that the municipality is not actively working with collaborative consumption, but has been, and still is, involved in a Few sharing economy activities. The Findings oF this study contribute to discussions on the actual role of the municipality in a sharing economy conteXt, suggesting that the involvement of the municipality indeed is very important in regards to sharing economy initiatives, but that it is unclear From a municipal perspective whether it is actually included in the role oF the municipality to promote and work with sharing economy initiatives. The results from this study suggests that the future for sharing economy initiatives in Norrtälje town looks bright. However, some challenges were found in relation to the promotion of a sharing economy in a small town context, including the current political situation not prioritising municipal involvement, the economic situation of the municipality not being able to prioritise municipal involvement, difficulties in understanding the concept among those who work for the municipality, negative mindsets among municipal workers, and lack of funding to eXisting and possible future initiatives. These challenges might have to be overcome in order For sharing economy initiatives to be able to grow and thrive. Further, this study Found that it is believed From a small town municipal perspective it most likely is easier for a larger city to work with sharing economy initiatives, while on the contrary existing scholars suggest that the small town context might indeed be more beneficial for these types of initiatives. 3 Sammanfattning Konceptet delningsekonomi (kollaborativ ekonomi or kollaborativ konsumtion) har nyligen Fått uppmärksamhet i Flera städer över hela världen, då dess främjning erbjuder en ny potentiell väg till hållbar utveckling. I aktuell Forskning undersöker de Flesta Forskare globala initiativ eller initiativ i större städer, men mycket få till ingen av dem verkar ha undersökt situationen och potentialen i mindre städer. Denna empiriska undersökning undersöker därför både befintliga initiativ och arbete med kollaborativ konsumtion, samt den framtida potentialen och möjliga utmaningar för ytterligare främjning i ett småstadssammanhang, och använder Norrtälje stad som en fallstudie för att utforska ämnet. I denna studie definieras en delningsekonomi som ett socioekonomiskt system som gör det möjligt för konsumenter att få tillgång till vanligtvis underutnyttjade fysiska tillgångar genom att dela, låna, byta, hyra, omfördela, köpa begagnat, reparera och bygga om varor, istället för att köpa nya varor och/eller äga privat, vilket sker antingen via online-plattformar eller genom fysisk infrastruktur, eventuellt i utbyte mot ekonomisk kompensation. Både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder användes i denna studie. Datainsamlingen inkluderade semistrukturerade intervjuer med både initiativtagare för delningsekonomiinitiativ och den kommunala hållbarhetsstrategen i Norrtälje, en onlineundersökning som delades med invånarna i Norrtälje, samt en kvalitativ skrivbaserad studie. De insamlade resultaten analyserades sedan genom ett teoretiskt ramverk, som inkluderade förutsättningar för framgång och viktiga intressenter i ett delningsekonomisammanhang, samt drivkrafter För att starta eller använda dessa initiativ och möjliga miljömässiga, sociala och ekonomiska Fördelar med att främja en delningsekonomi. Resultaten visade att 11 initiativ För närvarande Finns i Norrtälje, och att Norrtälje-invånarna i allmänhet är mycket positiva till att använda delningsekonomitjänster. Vidare konstaterades att kommunen inte aktivt arbetar med kollaborativ konsumtion, men har varit, och FortFarande, är involverad i några delningsekonomiaktiviteter. Resultaten av denna studie bidrar till diskussioner om kommunens faktiska roll i ett delningsekonomiskt sammanhang, vilka tyder på att kommunens engagemang är av stor vikt när det gäller främjningen av dessa initiativ, men att det är oklart ur ett kommunalt perspektiv om det Faktiskt ingår i kommunens roll att främja och arbeta med detta. Resultaten från denna studie tyder på att framtiden för delningsekonomiinitiativ i Norrtälje stad ser ljus ut. Vissa utmaningar hittades emellertid i anknytning till upprättandet av en delaningsekonomi i ett småstadssammanhang, inklusive om den nuvarande politiska situationen inte prioriterar kommunalt engagemang, om kommunens ekonomiska situation inte kan prioritera kommunalt engagemang, svårigheter att Förstå konceptet bland de som arbetar För kommunen, negativa tankesätt bland kommunala arbetare och brist på Finansiell Finansiering till både befintliga och möjliga framtida initiativ. Dessa utmaningar kan behöva komma att övervinnas För att delningsekonomiinitiativ ska kunna växa och bli Framgångsrika. Vidare Fann denna studie att det antas ur ett småstadskommunalt perspektiv att det troligtvis är lättare för en större stad att arbeta med delningsekonomiinitiativ, medan befintliga studier tvärtom tyder på att småstadskonteXten faktiskt kan vara mer fördelaktig för dessa typer av initiativ. 4 Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Sammanfattning ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 1.1 Problem statement .........................................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Sustainable Is the Sharing Economy? on the Sustainability Connotations of Sharing Economy Platforms
    Journal of Cleaner Production 206 (2019) 419e429 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Cleaner Production journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jclepro How sustainable is the sharing economy? On the sustainability connotations of sharing economy platforms Andrea Geissinger a, b, Christofer Laurell c, d, Christina Oberg€ a, b, *, Christian Sandstrom€ b, e a Orebro€ University, School of Business, SE-701 82, Orebro,€ Sweden b The Ratio Institute, P.O. Box 3203, SE-103 64, Stockholm, Sweden c Stockholm School of Economics, P.O. Box 6501, SE-113 83, Stockholm, Sweden d Jonk€ oping€ University, P.O. Box 1026, SE-551 11, Jonk€ oping,€ Sweden e Sciences and Technology Studies, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden article info abstract Article history: The sharing economy has evolved and spread to various sectors of the economy. Its early idea linked to Received 1 December 2017 the creation of more sustainable uses of resources. Since then, the development of the sharing economy Received in revised form has included a professionalization with self-employed suppliers rather than peers, and the question is 31 March 2018 whether the platforms following this development maintain the focus on sustainability. This paper Accepted 24 September 2018 describes and classifies the sustainability connotation of sharing economy platforms. It analyses 121 Available online 25 September 2018 platforms derived through social media analytics to figure out whether they describe themselves as sustainable. The findings suggest that the sustainability connotation closely connects to specific sectors Keywords: Platform such as fashion, on-demand services and logistics. Meanwhile, the dominant role model platforms do not fi Sharing economy communicate about being sustainable.
    [Show full text]
  • Reuse Explorations Guide Innovative Programs and Strategies
    Reuse Explorations Guide Innovative Programs and Strategies Written by Athena Lee Bradley and Mary Ann Remolador Northeast Recycling Council, Inc. (NERC) With funding from the Rural Utility Services, United States Department of Agriculture NERC is an equal opportunity provider and employer. August 2016 Acknowledgements The Northeast Recycling Council, Inc. (NERC) is a nonprofit organization that conducts projects in the eleven Northeast states, as well as around the country. Its mission is to promote sustainable materials management by supporting traditional and innovative solid waste best practices, focusing on waste prevention, toxics reduction, reuse, recycling and organics recovery. NERC received a grant from the United States Department of Agriculture, Rural Utility Services for “Innovative Strategies & Best Management Practices for Implementing Reuse Programs in Rural Communities in New York State & the St. Regis Mohawk Nation.” Through the project NERC provided webinars, trainings, resources, and technical assistance. The following individuals and organizations provided invaluable and generous assistance in the development and implementation of the project. NERC would like to extend its appreciation to and acknowledge the following people who worked with NERC on reuse: • Jan M. Oatman, Regional Recycling Coordinator, Development Authority of the North Country • St. Lawrence County Reuse Partnership: John Tenbusch, St. Lawrence County Environmental Management Council; Larry Legault, Operations/Recycling Manager, St. Lawrence County Solid Waste Operations; Chelle Lindahl, Co-Coordinator, Local Living Venture; and, Jennifer Lauzon, New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Region 6 • Larry Thompson, Recycling Coordinator, Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe (Akwesasne) • Catherine (Katie) Liendecker & others with Lyons Falls, New York and Lyons Falls Alive • MaryEllen Etienne, The Reuse Institute • Diane Cohen, Executive Director, Finger Lakes ReUse, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Motivating Collaborative Consumption in Fashion: Consumer Benefits, Perceived Risks, Service Trust, and Usage Intention of Online Fashion Rental Services
    sustainability Article Motivating Collaborative Consumption in Fashion: Consumer Benefits, Perceived Risks, Service Trust, and Usage Intention of Online Fashion Rental Services Sae Eun Lee 1, Hye Jung Jung 2,* and Kyu-Hye Lee 1,* 1 Human-Tech Convergence Program, Department of Clothing and Textiles, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; [email protected] 2 Da Vinci College of General Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.J.J.); [email protected] (K.-H.L.) Abstract: This study explored the conceptual constructs of consumer benefits and perceived risks of online fashion rental services (Online FRS) and their impacts on usage intention towards Online FRS. The mediating roles of perceived risks and service trust were examined in this research. A survey was performed on female shoppers between the ages of 20–30 residing in a metropolitan area. Results of this research were as follows: (1) The results analyzing the sub-dimension of benefits (Reasonable cost, Wearing at right time, place and occasion (TPO), Space Saving, Entertaining, Product Variety, Style Conformity) and perceived risks (Financial, Performance, Social) clearly presented factorial structures. (2) Reasonable cost, Style Conformity, and Product Variety showed significantly positive influences on usage intentions towards online fashion rental services; in addition, Financial, Performance, and Social risks of rental services had a negative effect on usage intentions. (3) Service trust and consumer perceptions of Financial and Performance risks had important mediating roles in the relationship Citation: Lee, S.E.; Jung, H.J.; Lee, between consumer benefits and usage intentions towards Online FRS. This study highlighted that K.-H.
    [Show full text]
  • Embracing the Peer-Production Economy
    Embracing the Peer-Production Economy Eli Lehrer and Andrew Moylan nthusiasts of the growing “peer-production” or “sharing” Eeconomy are convinced that the new decentralized, technology-based approach to connecting consumers and providers of services is going to revolutionize commerce and transform modern life. The true promise of this emerging sector — which has taken the form of ride-sharing apps like Uber, space-sharing platforms like Airbnb, work-sharing businesses like TaskRabbit, and a host of other emerging digital services — remains to be seen. But it is already becoming apparent that the sharing economy could have some significant political implications. The key political questions are to what extent peer-production ser- vices should be regulated and how. These are particularly challenging questions for the left. Taking an accommodating, hands-off approach to such regulation would appeal to the educated, young, urban con- sumers of such services who tend to be liberals, but it would run the risk of alienating core liberal constituencies like unions, trade guilds, and trial lawyers — not to mention undercutting the default progressive faith in the wisdom of the regulatory state. For the right, there is more opportunity than risk, but making the most of it would require finding a way to shape a free-market message that would appeal to the largely young, wealthy city-dwellers who use sharing services and for whom the broader conservative agenda is largely anathema. Managing the peer-production economy in a prudent fashion and standing up for its interests has the potential to pay huge political divi- dends for the party that does it best, but it will not be easy.
    [Show full text]
  • Alternative Marketplaces in the 21St Century: Building Community Through Sharing Events
    Journal of Consumer Behaviour, J. Consumer Behav. 11: 303–315 (2012) Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/cb.1389 Alternative marketplaces in the 21st century: Building community through sharing events PIA A. ALBINSSON1* and B. YASANTHI PERERA2 1Appalachian State University, The Walker College of Business, Department of Marketing, Boone, NC, USA 2New Mexico State University, College of Business, Department of Management, Las Cruces, NM, USA ABSTRACT We examine alternative consumption including collaborative consumption, sharing, and unconsumption (i.e., postconsumption activities such as upcycling, reuse, recycling, etc.) at non-monetary-based private and public sharing events including Really Really Free Markets (RRFMs). These alternative marketplaces (RRFMs) were initially organized by the Anarchist Movement as a form of resistance to the capitalist economic model. However, many consumer groups now utilize this model to stage public sharing events as a means of raising awareness about various issues including sustainability and overconsumption. Participants bring, share, and take goods without any expectation of monetary or other exchange. There is limited research on collaborative consumption and sharing in non-monetary marketplaces. We address this gap by exploring alternative marketplaces, organized by consumers for consumers, utilizing qualitative research methods. Our findings indicate that a sense of community is both a driver of participation and an outcome of these events. Organizers and participants utilize these venues to share knowledge and possessions for various ideological and practical reasons. Our findings also indicate that these events challenge the entrenched notions of exchange and reciprocity. Our research contributes to the literature by highlighting the importance of community, collaboration, and changing consumer mindsets to the success of such sharing efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • Hennepin County Zero Waste Guide
    Zero waste guide Tips and tricks for a low-waste lifestyle Welcome to the Zero Waste Challenge! This guide includes information about many actions you can take to reduce waste. The guide also includes planning worksheets, templates, and sample recipes to provide assistance and inspiration in setting goals, tracking your progress, and taking action. Developing low-waste habits is a gradual process. Start with actions that make sense for you and your family. Focus on what will motivate you and the others in your household – whether that be improving your health, saving money, or protecting the environment. Try different actions to find what works for you, and build on your successes to keep slashing your trash bit by bit. Contents Getting started: diverting waste . 3 Conduct a household waste sort ...........................................................................................4 Get everyone on board.....................................................................................................4 Recycling and compost everything you can ................................................................................4 Recycling 101 ..............................................................................................................5 Composting and organics recycling 101 ....................................................................................8 Backyard composting basics................................................................................................9 Organics recycling.........................................................................................................12
    [Show full text]
  • Review of the Collaborative Economy in NSW
    Review of the collaborative economy in NSW NSW Department of Finance, Services and Innovation October 2015 Review of the collaborative economy in NSW Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... i 1 What is the collaborative economy? ............................................................................... 8 1.1 Definition .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Features of the collaborative economy............................................................................ 10 1.3 Economics of the collaborative economy......................................................................... 11 1.4 The rise of the collaborative economy in Australia ........................................................... 12 2 Transportation and automotive..................................................................................... 16 2.1 Ridesharing ..................................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Car sharing ...................................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Peer-to-peer car sharing services .................................................................................... 19 3 Accommodation services .............................................................................................. 20 3.1
    [Show full text]
  • Moralessanchezpaulaximena20
    PRECYCLE THE ATTITUDE OF THE CONSUMER PAULA XIMENA MORALES SANCHEZ PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA Y DISEÑO CARRERA DE DISEÑO INDUSTRIAL Bogotá D.C. 2011 PRECYCLE THE ATTITUDE OF THE CONSUMER AUTOR PAULA XIMENA MORALES SANCHEZ Presentado para optar al título de Diseño Industrial DIRECTORES PIER PAOLO PERUCCIO ALESSANDRA RASETTI PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA Y DISEÑO CARRERA DE DISEÑO INDUSTRIAL Bogotá D.C. 2011 Nota de advertencia: Artículo 23 de la Resolución No. 13 de Julio 1946 “La universidad no se hace responsable por los conceptos emitidos por su s alumnos en sus trabajos de tesis. Solo velará por que no se publique nada contrario al dogma y a la moral católica y por qué las tesis no contengan ataques personales contra persona alguna, antes bien se ve en ellas el anhelo de buscar la verdad y la justicia.” Politecnico di Torino - I Facoltá di Architettura - a.a 2010/2011 Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Ecodesign Student: Paula Ximena Morales Sanchez Tutor: Pier Paolo Peruccio Co-tutor: Alessandra Rasetti Index Introduction 1 1. Consumption, brief story and actual situation 4 1.1 To consume 1.2 Modernism 1.2.1 Modern Consumption 1.3 Postmodern 1.3.1 Postmodern Consumption 1.3.2 Postmodern Consumer 1.4 Hypermodernism 1.4.1 Hypermodernism Consumption 1.4.2 Hypermodern Consumer 1.5 The big problem of consumption Summary 2. Collaborative Consumption 22 2.1 Collaborative Consumption, definition Consumer attitude and actions 2.2 New Economy Summary 3. Categories, activities and case studies
    [Show full text]
  • DB Swiss Fundraising Bern 08-06-12.Pptx
    4. SwissFundraisingDay 2012, Bern «Zukunft Wirtschaft & Gesellschaft und Auswirkungen auf das Fundraising» Dr. David Bosshart I 855©GDI Freitag, 8. Juni 2012 Diese Präsentation ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Art des Vervielfältigens ist verboten. Wiedergaben sind nur mit schriftlicher Bewilligung des Autors erlaubt. This presentation is protected by copyright. Any form of copying is prohibited. Reproduction is permitted only subject to the written consent of the author. Die digitale Welt ist längst da . Können Sie: - Relevanter und bedeutungsvoller werden für mehr und mehr Kunden - Scale und Scope neu definieren - Sich anpassen an ein viel vernetzteres Umfeld und mit einem viel breiteren Set von Wettbewerbern umgehen, die Sie bislang noch nicht hatten - Definieren, wofür Sie stehen, weil klare substantielle Werte wichtiger denn je werden (Wofür stehen wir? Warum?) - Diversity managen, und zwar von Alter, Geschlecht, Nationen, Wünschen . - Kooperieren & mit neuen Partnerschaften umgehen (Frenemies, Freemium) - Flexibler werden bezüglich Kunden/Stakeholder Interaktion - Umgehen mit steigender Transparenz, Feedbackorientierung 1 GDI Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute Langhaldenstrasse 21 P.O. Box 531 CH-8803 Rüschlikon/Zurich Fon +41 44 724 61 11 www.gdi.ch [email protected] / photostream /o/in/ sizes /6246939024/ surisun / photos / www.flickr.com http:// 3 Welten, die sich heute überlappen 1. Industriekapitalismus + Wohlfahrtsstaat (Friedensraison – bis 1970er) 2. Finanzmärkte + Philanthrokapitalismus („Giving back“ – seit 80er) 3. Wissenskapitalismus + Social Networks (Sharing Economy, Fairness – ab 10er) 2 GDI Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute Langhaldenstrasse 21 P.O. Box 531 CH-8803 Rüschlikon/Zurich Fon +41 44 724 61 11 www.gdi.ch [email protected] Handlungsbedarf - 3 Ebenen der WS – wie weiter? - Bildungsinnovationen - Soziale Innovationen - Finanzmarktinnovationen - Demokratisierung Risk Management - Empathic Tech Was heisst “Social” in der digitalen Welt? Verliererbegriff der 90er & 00er wird Kultbegriff in den 10ern • Einsames Individuum vs.
    [Show full text]
  • November 2013 Reuse, Repair and Repurpose Strategy
    November 2013 Reuse, Repair and Repurpose Strategy Reuse, Repair and Repurpose Strategy The Regional Municipality of York Environmental Services Department 17250 Yonge Street, Newmarket, ON L3Y 6Z1 www.york.ca www.SM4RTLIVING.ca Accessible formats or communication supports are available upon request Contact: [email protected] or call 905-830-4444 Ext. 73000 Reuse, Repair and Repurpose Strategy Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 2.0 BACKGROUND AND TRENDS ........................................................................................ 1 2.1 TRADITIONAL APPROACHES TO REUSE ....................................................................................... 2 2.2 WHERE THE NEED REMAINS .................................................................................................... 4 2.3 INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO REUSE ......................................................................................... 7 3.0 REUSE STRATEGY ......................................................................................................... 8 3.1 NEW USES FOR OLD STUFF CAMPAIGN ...................................................................................... 8 3.1.1 New Uses for Old Stuff .................................................................................................. 9 3.1.2 Share your stuff........................................................................................................... 10
    [Show full text]
  • Flytenow's Petition for Writ of Certiorari
    No. _________ ================================================================ In The Supreme Court of the United States --------------------------------- --------------------------------- FLYTENOW, INC., Petitioner, v. FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION, Administrator, Respondent. --------------------------------- --------------------------------- On Petition For A Writ Of Certiorari To The United States Court Of Appeals For The District Of Columbia Circuit --------------------------------- --------------------------------- PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI --------------------------------- --------------------------------- JONATHAN RICHES* ADITYA DYNAR GOLDWATER INSTITUTE SCHARF-NORTON CENTER FOR CONSTITUTIONAL LITIGATION 500 E. Coronado Rd. Phoenix, AZ 85004 (602) 462-5000 [email protected] *Counsel of Record Counsel for Petitioner ================================================================ COCKLE LEGAL BRIEFS (800) 225-6964 WWW.COCKLELEGALBRIEFS.COM i QUESTIONS PRESENTED 1. In deciding what level of deference is due an agency’s interpretation when it predominately inter- prets common law terms, five circuit courts of appeals have held no deference is due such an interpretation. Three others have held such an interpretation is “not entitled to great deference.” The D.C. Circuit here af- forded deference under Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997) to the Federal Aviation Administration’s (“FAA”) legal interpretation predominately interpreting the common law term, “common carriage.” What, if any, def- erence is due
    [Show full text]
  • Peer-To-Peer As a Travel Accommodation Option and the Customer Value
    Saimaa University of Applied Sciences Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Imatra Degree Programme in Hotel, Tourism and Restaurant Management Rakovets Elizaveta Peer-to-peer as a travel accommodation option and the customer value Thesis 2016 Abstract Elizaveta Rakovets Peer-to-peer as a travel accommodation option and the customer value, 40 pages, 2 appendices Saimaa University o Applied Sciences Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Imatra Degree Programme in Hotel, Tourism and Restaurant Management Bachelor’s Thesis 2016 Instructors: senior lecturer Heli Korpinen, Saimaa University of Applied Sciences The purpose of the study was to investigate the concept of peer-to-peer accommodation as a travel lodging option from the customers’ point of view and the reasons for choosing that. Airbnb and Couchsurfing were used as examples of peer- to-peer accommodation. The theoretical section of the thesis covers the history of the homestay concept as the original form of peer-to-peer accommodation, its features as a part of hospitality exchange network, and the influence of modern technologies. The Gen Y representatives’ lifestyle and purchasing behavior is studied. The information for the theoretical part was gathered from different web articles and literature. The empirical section presents the study of the reasons for choosing peer-to-peer accommodation and the customers’ satisfaction overview. The data of the empirical part was gathered through an online questionnaire survey. The results of the study show that most peer-to-peer accommodation customers are the Gen Y representatives and are basically satisfied with the lodging option. The two main reasons for choosing that are social and financial.
    [Show full text]