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The Art, Science and Algorithms of Photography This Week Exposure

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The Art, Science and Algorithms of Photography This Week Exposure This Week! • Exposure! The Art, Science and Algorithms – Camera Basics! of Photography! – Simple Math! • Zone System! Exposure & Metering! CSCI 4900/6900! Maria Hybinette! 1! 2! Maria Hybinette! Exposure! Shutter Speed! • Controls light to digital sensor (or film)! • Controls how long the sensor is exposed to light! • Two main controls (parameters):! • Linear effect on exposure until sensor saturates! – Shutter Speed! • Denoted in fraction of a second: ! – 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500! • Controls amount of time light ‘shines’ on the sensor! – Get the pattern ?! – Aperture! • On a normal lens, hand-hold down to 1/60! • Controls the amount of light falls on a unit area per second! – Rule of thumb: shortest exposure: 1/ focal length! • 1/50 for a 50 mm lens (slower motion blur)! • Exposure = Irradiance x Time! • 1/500 for a 500mm lens, ! – so large lenses needs faster shutter speeds to avoid camera !"#$%&$#'()*%$)+!""#$%&'("%)"*+,-(").**+'," shake! %'"."&'+("./0."%)"10'1%/"20/"103%'45" 3! 4! Side-Effect of Shutter Speed! Creative Shutter Speeds! :-%(%";/04+(!""" • Motion Blur! :.1.'("<6*+3=/" • Halving the shutter doubles the motion blur.! 3 seconds 4 seconds Bulb: 3-10 second >?@A":.''+'," @A"103%'41" >B"103%'41" Wikipedia 6.1("7-&80/"72004"" 7*%9"7-&80/"72004"" 6! 5! Effect of shutter speed! Shutters! • Freezing motion! •! Central Shutters ! – Rule of thumb! –! Mounted within lens assembly (some in-front of lens, early cameras)! Walking people" Running people" Car" Fast train" –! Leaf mechanism generally used for this (see next slide for a simple version) 1/125th second! –! Diaphragm shutter (thin blades) 1/500th second! •! Focal plane shutters near the focal plane and 1/125" 1/250" 1/500" 1/1000" moves to uncover sensor! •! Modern are mostly electronic! •! Digital cameras typically use a combination of mechanical and electronic timings! 7! 8! Shutter! Shutter! •! Simple leaf-shutter, typically ,-."+#'/#01',2&3#$' only one speed! >5! 7-&80/"2*.(0" C5! #20/(&/0"3%D0/04" –! Disposable cameras! @5! #20/(&/0"4&/+',"0E2%1&/0" F5! G0.)"H*.40" •! Typically long way from B5! ;.(3-"$03-.'+1$" sensor plate ! I5! J&80/KL"12/+'," –! Slow to open & close! •! edges less exposure time! –! Doesn’t matter for DOF! •! Leaf-shutter, typically only one speed! •! Near focal plane shutters! –!Disposable cameras! –! Faster not to affect DOF! –! Slit action to ensure all of sensor •! Typically long way from sensor plate! get same amount of light! –!Slow to open & close = edges less exposure time! 9! 10! M+40"N20'"O)&**P" Your Best Friend! Aperture! f R"S")T'&$H0/""S"O)?UP" •! Use a tripod – it will enhance sharpness! N = )"""S")%3.*"*0',(-" D Q"S"4+.$0(0/"%20'+'," –!Avoid camera shake! •! Lens opening! •! A relative aperture size e.g,. “#”, called an f- number, written f/#, reflects the fact that it is computed by dividing the focal length by the absolute aperture! (D).! –! Example: if the focal length is 4 times the diameter, f-number is f/4, N=4! –! Greater f-number (smaller hole), less light per unit area reaches the image plane (irradiance), watts/m2! –! To maintain the same f-number a longer lens needs a larger diameter to produce the same illuminance ( lumen/m2) on focal plane (longer lenses has a magnifying effect) [example coming]! 11! 12! *%90/")T'&$H0/"*%',"*0'101").("V"0E20'1+D0" 7(%22+',"Q%9'" f R"S")T'&$H0/""S"O)?UP" f R"S")T'&$H0/""S"O)?UP" N = )"""S")%3.*"*0',(-" N = )"""S")%3.*"*0',(-" D Aperture!Q"S"4+.$0(0/"%20'+'," D Aperture!Q"S"4+.$0(0/"%20'+'," •! f/2 on a 50 mm lens (N=2) 2 = 50/D (D=25 mm)! •! f/2 on a 50 mm lens (N=2) 2 = 50/D (D=25 mm)! •! f/2 on a 100 mm lens (N=2) 2 = 100/D (D=50 mm)! •! f/2 on a 100 mm lens (N=2) 2 = 100/D (D=50 mm)! ! ! •! Doubling both the absolute aperture diameter (D) and the focal length (f) cancel; leaving the same relative 13! 14! aperture size (N). In this example, both lenses are f/2.! # f &2 f # f &2 f Area = "% ( N = Area = "% ( N = $ 2N' Aperture! D $ 2N' Aperture ! D •! Irradiance (light on unit area of sensor per •! Doubling D, increases the area by 4X.! second ) is proportional to the area of the ! ! –!light falling per unit area decreases by 4X! aperture:! ! ! –! Square of the aperture diameter D! •! Doubling N reduces D by 2x, light by 4x! –! Inverse square distance to the sensor (~ focal –!Example: going from f/2.0 to f/4.0 ! length f)! •! C"E"Q""O4%&H*+',"(-0".20/(&/0PW"+(1"./0." •! Cuts the light by 4x! O-0'30"(-0"*+,-("(-.("3.'",0("(-/%&,-"+(P" –!Cut the light by 2, increase N by "2! +'3/0.101"HL"FX5" •! #1"(-0"4+1(.'30"(%"(-0"10'1%/"+1"4%&H*04W" (-0"./0."+'(0/103Y',"(-0"3%'0"+'3/0.101" HL"F""1%"(-0"*+,-(").**+',"20/"&'+("./0." 15! 4#5$#06#6'HL"FX! 16! Main Side-Effect of Aperture! Depth of Field (preview)! •! A point in the scene is •! Depth of field (more on that later)! focused at a point on the sensor! •! Doubling N (two f/stops) doubles depth of •! Moving the sensor in z! field! •! the depth where this happens is called the depth of focus! •! this corresponds in the scene to a depth of field! •! halving the aperture diameter (smaller) doubles the depth of field! 17! 18! Exposure ! Reciprocity! • Exposure = Irradiance x Time! • Assume we know how much light we need ! – Aperture (f=stop) & Shutter Speed! • We have the choice of an infinity of shutter speed/ aperture pairs! • Reciprocity! 72#'60.#'#8")6&$#'-6')9%0-*#4':-%2'0*' #8")6&$#'%:-5#'06'+)*;'0*4'0*'0"#$%&$#' !"#!'20+1'06'9-;" • Irradiance (I)! – Controlled by aperture! – Lowering one f/stop doubles exposure! • What will guide our choice of a shutter speed?! – Freeze motion vs. motion blur, camera shake! – Lowering by two f/stop doubles DOF! • What will guide our choice of an aperture?! • Exposure time (T)! – Depth of field! – controlled by the shutter ! • Often we must compromise! – – doubling exposure time doubles H! Open more to enable faster speed (but shallow DoF)! 19! – doubling exposure time doubles motion blur! 20! Trading off motion for DOF! Sensitivity (ISO)! • third variable for exposure! • film: trade sensitivity for grain! • digital: trade sensitivity for noise ! – multiply signal before analog-to-digital conversion ! – linear effect (200 ISO needs half the light as 100 ISO)! more in noise lecture! 21! 22! Demo! Single Reflex Camera! • Trade-offs affecting brightness! • Flash Demo (from Stanford)! Nikon F4 ! (film camera)! -82!??,/.2-+3151(.')%/4504&?3%&/101?31>Z[T23! >A?.22*0(1?0E2%1&/05-($*" 24! Single Reflex Camera! Summary Exposure ! • Aperture (f number) (depth of field control)! – Ratio between focal length &aperture diameter: # !diameter = f / <f number>! – Small f number means large aperture (factors of " 2)! • Examples: f/2.0, f/2.8, f/4.0, f/5.6, f/8.0, f/11, f/16! – A good standard lens has max aperture f/1.8 (less expensive f/3.5)! • Shutter speed (motion blur control)! – In fraction of a second! • Examples: 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250, 1/500 (factor of 2)! – Rule of thumb:! • Hand-hold up to 1/f seconds, where f is focal length without camera shake! • Sensitivity (sensor noise control)! Nikon F4 ! – Gain applied to sensor! – In ISO, bigger number, more sensitive (100, 200, 400, 800, 1600)! (film camera)! Reciprocity between these three numbers, for a given exposure:# two degrees of freedom (2 things you can change)! 25! Slide Credits/Resources! • Prof. Fredo Durand! • Prof. Marc Levoy! • London, Stone, Upton “Photography”! • Wikipedia! 27!.
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