A Guide to the Marine Flora and Fauna of the Bay of Fundy

Home , Bay of Fundy, Phyllodoce maculata, Phyllodoce mucosa

~If ... ~"""' ~g.3 fJ3f( Guide to the Marine Flora and Fauna of the Bay of Fundy: Polychaete Larvae from ·. Passamaquoddy Bay :IF9ft;

T. C. Lacalli

Biological Station, St. Andrews, N. B., EOG 2XO

June 1980

Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 940 ,...--.._.-,nn r="\~, ...... - n..---. - . . I r 11 I c::::- CV & Information ARLIS- Alasl

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Government of Canada Gouvemement du Canada I. Fisheries and Oceans Pilches et ~ns ::j

Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences These reports contain scientific and technical information that represents an important contribution to existing knowledge but which for some reason may not be appropriate for primary scientific (i.e. Journal) publication. Technical Reports are directed primarily towards a worldwide audience and have an international distribution. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, namely, fisheries management, technology and development, ocean sciences, and aquatic environments relevant to Canada. Technical Reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report will be abstracted in Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts and will be indexed annually in the Department's index to scientific and technical publications. · Numbers 1-456 in this series were issued as Technical Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 457-714 were issued as Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development Directorate Technical Reports. Numbers 715-924 were issued as Department of Fisheries and the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 925. Details on the availability of Technical Reports in hard copy may be obtained from the issuing establishment indicated on the front cover.

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ARLIS Alaska Resources Library & Information Servtces Ancl.vrag.:., Alaska CA

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l 'habitat, ·Jes des larves le~ , ies and, once arva has been made choices to be made -2-

- eye

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j o\•IS scot roch

lobes

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l~S s~ots 11 l c a b c Trochonhores and nectochaetes arc si correspond rhe compound

5 -6- PHYLLODOCIJAE

Trochophores have a characteristic angular shape with the prototroch girdling the middle. The epi sphere bears t11o characteristic structures: (1) a curved and pointed tuft of long, immobile cilia referred to as the ventral sensory organ or frontal organ and patch of short dly iscotroch. can be up to two in some species the telotroch is Nectochaete stages lose the cal cilia and develop the antennae, tentacular rri, dorsu l cirri and compound setae characteristic of the adult. Determination to genus is usually possible using these features.

Fig. 6. Phyllodoc 6a. trochophore, front v1ew 6b. trochophor~, side view 6c. advanced metatrochophore

NERE I D/\E

Nereid larvae usually hatch as nectochaetes or, for species hatching as trochophores, develop rapidly to the nectochaete stage. A minimum of three segments are present, and the larvae usually become benthic before very many additional segments J can be added. Parapodial lobes are nent and bear compound setae. Developing and tentacular cirri may be visible. ] 200~

Fig. 7. Nereid nectochaete -7-

dome-shaped rc

PL specimens. 8a The nectochaete its transparent e projecti dorsally

Fig. 8. 8a. 8b.

The larvae are hatching may devel before settlement. are borne longest are found of deve 1opi

Fig. 9 larva -8-

CAPITELLIDAE

Larvae of the genus Capitella a cylindri- cal body, two eyes, and equally prominent pt·ototroch and telotroch. The setigerous stages lacr parapodia. The first fe1v segments have capi 11 ary setae, but the remainder bear hooked setae that project only sl i from the body. It is difficult to ze 1 arvae of the fami Capitellidae as a whole because the trochophore stage is quite important in some of the other f genera. These genera are probably best dealt 11ith individually (see, for example, the section on HAtAromastus). The presence of hooked setae in the posterior body segments s, h01·1ever, an general characteristic of the family. TT 10

Fig. 10. Setigerous larva of Capitella

OvJENI IDAE

This family has a characteristic helmet-shaped larva known as a mitrari a. Tv10 bundles of ong provisional setae project from the body. The setae are usually iridescent. In advanced stages, the AP~ everted trunk rudiment and developing setae are visible.

200}..!

Fig. 1. Oweni id lla. traria larva llb. larva with everted trunk rudiment Arabella iricolor

1y ~~/\PI Crube

Capitella capitata (

14b -10-

Heteromastus filiformis aparede Larvae are not common, but can smal numbers in the plankton through the first half of June. Larvae from Bay were identical to those descri (1956 . The smallest Here 130 ~ of 11, the thin 1ayer of trunk shoH signs of segmentation. 5 Heteromastus filiformis can be from those of other species; the transparent and delicate as in trochophores (e. g. serpula, unlike the serpulids, the gut presses against the Hall obliterate the bl Heteromastus phores are usual seen s1vimming sl epi held gid and immobile, are e of greater changes in trochophores. The prototroch can contracted by band of circular muscle as in phyllodocid larvae. In addition the epi can be contracted by ci ar muscle above the When contracted together, the istortion of lar hand puppet 1·1hen green spots may be surface in 1 ate stages by The eyes are red.

A small number of Heteromastus found in These were similar in egg masses Phyllodoce mucosa were more yolky and e lov1 in rather pale green. Eggs were ~ in diameter. The 19 hatched trochophores Here kept in fi bov1l s. They grev1 by feeding on bacteria in bov1l s and began to metamorphose within 2l wk. Adults of H. filiformis have not been recorded Passamaquoddy Bay and presumably are not very

15. [I) 17-18. l . Fig. 20.

20b-c. Dor;/·illeu caecus (Hebster and ~)enedict

appeared August 21 monthly periodicity, during the time of full moon, lunar phase in the control of translucent, lowish In finger s at havi six trochal ger larva an 6-seti \'ler·e mm

were not 22 200)..!

Fig. 21-23. Dorvillea l. 2. i larva 3.

ly GL Grube

ycera dibranchiata -12-

Lumbrineris fragilis F. t·1uller 1 Numerous specimens were examined. All Lumbrineris larvae described here are es. and surface plankton duri August, and September September. The seen Dorvillea, in the control of 24 l'lere 190-210 l1 in , ng in color from brown or yel ow. Trochophores devel and a broad prototroch cilia means of which they sv1am near water surface kept in finger bowls. Development led to a settled 1-setiger larva after about 6 d in the laboratory. During this time the tissue of the larva become vely 1 ess oped a pattern ~;ere usua 1 red and ack n the settled stages, apparent. A genera 1 discussion of Lumbr iner is 1 arval development can be found in Cazaux (1972) and Richards (1967).

nigripes Through the bri orange eggs. were found in July are intertidal mud along iricolor. -13-

Cll._!menella torquata {Lei

-PT swimmi l OVI, n the

Clymenella torquata is corrrron on inter-tidal sand f1 ats Praxillella praetermissa, Praxillella loveni have also been subtidal. the 8-29. 8. at ing the exception of Cly2enella 9 larva 2 d after hatching about their (1975) v1as in present -14- Far:lily incis:1

throughout the uottr)fns, found is the ected

s' -15-

Nephtys

,----,F---.,200jJ.

Fig. -37. 3 trochophnr'-: dorsal vie:v.' j()llng m2tatrochoohor2

Ag::._aophamus neotenus

An 8-setiger nephtyid found with translucent pygidi unpi arvae

Nova Scoti

Fi~. 38. Ayl.aopl1a.mus rphosing setiger -16~

Nereis virens Sars

This species is conll10n rock pools the about on cl 10\1-or'ange, They increased 210 ~ in heeri, with

Pectinaria granulata (Linn§ 1757)

can th plankton the tubes irreguia.r mounted

46. 47 -12-

Phyllodoce maculata 1767)

contraction, Phyllodoce trochophores actively cor1tractile as those of Hetetomastus. The mmers and s

51 200}J.

egg life Sl.Z2 48. Phyllodoce Phyllodoce maculata Fig. 50~53. 50. hatching d 53.

r.10re of Eulal idis co 11 ec ted i n he Bay, but no eggs or arvae attributable o this genus v1ere recovered. Larvae reached a ments before metamorphosis size wil metamorpho~e are 54-57 54a.

57. -20-

Eteone longa (Fabrici

1 arvae never 59

and first This pi on was qulte 200A however, being conspicuous in some specimens and a 1most absent in others. The degree of development of certai structures such as varied beh1een described similar

Eteone numbers in all mud the most common Fig. 58-62. Eteone longa species 58-59 1 arvae Y/el'e These matched descriptions E. from Deninark. 61. discussion Eteone larvae. 62. Lepidonotus

64~

66 6 7' 68. -22-

J\I

rare.

Fig. 69.

73. Spirorbis

Pholoe minuta (Fabric ·jus 1780)

7 4-7 5. 76 CJrube

77 78

Fig.

egg Prionospio

80 81 82

RU-33

82.

sp.

86-87. 88. anc

ll .